Journal articles: 'Staphylococcus aureus plasmids'

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Zorbas, Ioannis, Robert T. Hall, Sue L. Hall, William G. Barnes, and Marvin Rogolsky. "Molecular analyses of conjugative, gentamicin-resistance plasmids from staphylococcal clinical isolates." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 1050–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-185.

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Gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains which were isolated from infants with staphylococcal bacteremia were analyzed for the presence of self-transmissible gentamicin-resistance (Gmr) plasmids. Conjugative GMr plasmids of approximately 43.8–63 kilobases (kb) were found in all S. aureus strains. Inter- and intra-species transfer of Gmr plasmids by conjugation was observed from S. aureus to S. aureus and to S. epidermidis recipient strains. However, neither inter- nor intra-species transfer of gentamicin resistance by conjugation was observed with nine out of nine S. epidermidis donor strains which were mated with either S. epidermidis or S. aureus recipient strains. These conjugative Gmr plasmids were unable to comobilize a smaller (15-kb) plasmid present in all but two S. aureus clinical isolates. Many of the conjugative Gmr plasmids also carried genetic determinants for kanamycin, tobramycin, neomycin, and ethidium bromide resistance, and for β-lactamase synthesis. EcoRI restriction endonuclease digests of the S. aureus Gmr conjugative plasmids revealed three different digestion patterns. Four EcoRI restriction endonuclease digestion fragments of 15, 11.4, 6.3, and 4.6 kb in size were common to all plasmids. These plasmids and conjugative Gmr staphylococcal plasmids from other geographical regions shared restriction digestion fragments of similar molecular weights. DNA hybridization with biotinylated S. aureus plasmid pIZ7814 DNA revealed a high degree of homology among these plasmids. A 50.9-kb plasmid from one of the nonconjugative S. epidermidis clinical isolates showed homology with the probe DNA but lacked a portion of a 6.3-kb fragment which was present in all conjugative plasmids and believed to carry much genetic information for conjugation.

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Udo, E. E., L. E. Jacob, and E. M. Mokadas. "Conjugative transfer of high-level mupirocin resistance from Staphylococcus haemolyticus to other staphylococci." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41, no. 3 (March 1997): 693–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.41.3.693.

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A conjugative plasmid, pXU10, encoding high-level mupirocin resistance was transferred from a Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolate, CN216, to other coagulase-negative staphylococci and a restriction deficient Staphylococcus aureus strain, XU21, but not to clinical isolates or a restriction-proficient laboratory strain (strain WBG541) of S. aureus. However, from XU21 it was cotransferred with a 3.5-kb chloramphenicol resistance plasmid to WBG541. The results demonstrated the ability of pXU10 to mobilize nonconjugative plasmids.

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DD Moro. "Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and plasmid profiles of nasal staphylococci from apparently healthy Nigerians." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2021.6.1.0035.

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A total of 480 nasal samples from apparently healthy Nigerian students were collected aseptically and analyzed bacteriologically. Staphylococci were recovered from 432 (90%) of the subjects, constituting 288 (66.7%) and 144 (33.3%) of S. aureus and S. epidermidis respectively. The in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion technique showed high multiple resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics by Staphylococcus aureus such as penicillin (98.6%), ampicillin (97.2%), tetracycline (95.8%) and streptomycin (84.7%), but less resistance to erythromycin (9.7%), rocephin (8.3%), peflacin (4.2%) respectively. The S. epidermis showed less resistance to all the antibiotics tested. Sixty percent of S. aureus harbored plasmids which molecular sizes ranged from 0.1 to 12.0 kilobases. The high prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance appear to be plasmid mediated as plasmid profile analysis showed that about 90% of S. aureus harbored plasmids

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Navaratna, Maduwe A. D. B., Hans-Georg Sahl, and John R. Tagg. "Two-Component Anti-Staphylococcus aureusLantibiotic Activity Produced by Staphylococcus aureusC55." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 4803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.12.4803-4808.1998.

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ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus C55 was shown to produce bacteriocin activity comprising three distinct peptide components, termed staphylococcins C55α, C55β, and C55γ. The three peptides were purified to homogeneity by a simple four-step purification procedure that consisted of ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by XAD-2 and reversed-phase (C8 and C18) chromatography. The yield following C8 chromatography was about 86%, with a more-than-300-fold increase in specific activity. When combined in approximately equimolar amounts, staphylococcins C55α and C55β acted synergistically to kill S. aureus or Micrococcus luteus but not S. epidermidis strains. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of all three peptides were obtained and staphylococcins C55α and C55β were shown to be lanthionine-containing (lantibiotic) molecules with molecular weights of 3,339 and 2,993, respectively. The C55γ peptide did not appear to be a lantibiotic, nor did it augment the inhibitory activities of staphylococcin C55α and/or C55β. Plasmids of 2.5 and 32.0 kb are present in strain C55, and following growth of this strain at elevated temperature (42°C), a large proportion of the progeny failed to produce strong bacteriocin activity and also lost the 32.0-kb plasmid. Protoplast transformation of these bacteria with purified 32-kb plasmid DNA regenerates the ability to produce the strong bacteriocin activity.

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Amirsoleimani, Atena, Gail Brion, and Patrice Francois. "Co-Carriage of Metal and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sewage Associated Staphylococci." Genes 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12101473.

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Controlling spread of resistance genes from wastewater to aquatic systems requires more knowledge on how resistance genes are acquired and transmitted. Whole genomic sequences from sewage-associated staphylococcus isolates (20 S. aureus, 2 Staphylococcus warneri, and 2 Staphylococcus delphini) were analyzed for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs). Plasmid sequences were identified in each isolate to investigate co-carriage of ARGs and MRGs within. BLASTN analysis showed that 67% of the isolates carried more than one ARG. The carriage of multiple plasmids was observed more in CC5 than CC8 S. aureus strains. Plasmid exchange was observed in all staphylococcus species except the two S. delphini isolates that carried multiple MRGs, no ARGs, and no plasmids. 85% of S. aureus isolates carried the blaZ gene, 76% co-carried blaZ with cadD and cadX, with 62% of these isolates carrying blaZ, cadD, and cadX on the same plasmid. The co-carriage of ARGs and MRGs in S. warneri isolates, and carriage of MRGs in S. delphini, without plasmids suggests non-conjugative transmission routes for gene acquisition. More studies are required that focus on the transduction and transformation routes of transmission to prevent interspecies exchange of ARGs and MRGs in sewage-associated systems.

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Bjorland, Jostein, Terje Steinum, Marianne Sunde, Steinar Waage, and Even Heir. "Novel Plasmid-Borne Gene qacJ Mediates Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Equine Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus intermedius." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 10 (October 2003): 3046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.10.3046-3052.2003.

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ABSTRACT We identified a novel plasmid-borne gene (designated qacJ) encoding resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in three staphylococcal species associated with chronic infections in four horses. qacJ was located on a 2,650-bp plasmid (designated pNVH01), a new member of the pC194 family of rolling-circle replication plasmids. The 107-amino-acid protein, QacJ, showed similarities to known proteins of the small multidrug resistance family: Smr/QacC (72.5%), QacG (82.6%), and QacH (73.4%). The benzalkonium chloride MIC for a qacJ-containing recombinant was higher than those for otherwise isogenic recombinants expressing Smr, QacG, or QacH. Molecular epidemiological analyses by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggested both the clonal spread of a qacJ-harboring Staphylococcus aureus strain and the horizontal transfer of pNVH01 within and between different equine staphylococcal species. The presence of pNVH01 of identical nucleotide sequence in different staphylococcal species suggests that recent transfer has occurred. In three of the horses, a skin preparation containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide had been used extensively for several years; this might explain the selection of staphylococci harboring the novel QAC resistance gene.

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Pyzik, E., and A. Marek. "Plasmid profile analysis and evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from table chicken eggs." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0042.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to isolate and characterize Staphylococcus aureus bacteria present on the shell surfaces and in the contents of chicken eggs, taking into account their phenotypic properties, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and the presence of plasmid DNA. The study included 90 table chicken eggs from laying farms situated in the vicinity of Lublin. A total of 105 bacterial strains identified as Staphylococcus were isolated from the material, of which 18 (17.14%) were of the species Staphylococcus aureus. All 18 S. aureus strains were found to be resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested, while some (55.55%) showed resistance to five or more of the 17 therapeutic agents. The greatest number of strains showed resistance to erythromycin (66.66%), tetracycline (66.66%), oxytetracycline (61.11%), penicillin G (50%), and amoxicillin (44.44%). The plasmid profile analysis of the S. aureus strains made it possible to evaluate the dependence between antibiotic susceptibility and the presence of plasmids in particular isolates. The results showed that plasmids in various quantities and of varying molecular weights were isolated from 17 of the strains. Most often isolated were small plasmids, of 5.6 kb - from 11 of the S. aureus strains (61.11%), 2.5 kb - from 9 strains (50%), 4.1 kb - from 8 (44.44%), and 4.6 kb - from 7 (38.88%) of the strains.

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Firth, Neville, Sumalee Apisiridej, Tracey Berg, Brendon A. O'Rourke, Steve Curnock, Keith G. H. Dyke, and Ronald A. Skurray. "Replication of Staphylococcal Multiresistance Plasmids." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 8 (April 15, 2000): 2170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.8.2170-2178.2000.

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ABSTRACT Based on structural and functional properties, three groups of large staphylococcal multiresistance plasmids have been recognized, viz., the pSK1 family, pSK41-like conjugative plasmids, and β-lactamase–heavy-metal resistance plasmids. Here we describe an analysis of the replication functions of a representative of each of these plasmid groups. The replication initiation genes from theStaphylococcus aureus plasmids pSK1, pSK41, and pI9789::Tn552 were found to be related to each other and to the Staphylococcus xylosus plasmid pSX267 and are also related to rep genes of several plasmids from other gram-positive genera. Nucleotide sequence similarity between pSK1 and pI9789::Tn552 extended beyond theirrep genes, encompassing upstream divergently transcribed genes, orf245 and orf256, respectively. Our analyses revealed that genes encoding proteins related to the deducedorf245 product are variously represented, in several types of organization, on plasmids possessing six seemingly evolutionarily distinct types of replication initiation genes and including both theta-mode and rolling-circle replicons. Construction of minireplicons and subsequent functional analysis demonstrated that orf245is required for the segregational stability of the pSK1 replicon. In contrast, no gene equivalent to orf245 is evident on the conjugative plasmid pSK41, and a minireplicon encoding only the pSK41 rep gene was found to exhibit a segregational stability approaching that of the parent plasmid. Significantly, the results described establish that many of the large multiresistance plasmids that have been identified in clinical staphylococci, which were formerly presumed to be unrelated, actually utilize an evolutionarily related theta-mode replication system.

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Anthonisen, I. L., M. Sunde, T. M. Steinum, M. S. Sidhu, and H. Sørum. "Organization of the Antiseptic Resistance Gene qacA and Tn552-Related β-Lactamase Genes in Multidrug- Resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus Strains of Animal and Human Origins." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 11 (November 2002): 3606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.11.3606-3612.2002.

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ABSTRACT A part (12 kb) of a plasmid containing the β-lactamase genes of Tn552, the disinfectant resistance gene qacA, and flanking DNA has been cloned from a Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolate and sequenced. This region was used to map the corresponding regions in six other multiresistant S. haemolyticus isolates of human and animal origin. The organizations of the genetic structures were almost identical in all isolates studied. The β-lactamase and qacA genes from S. haemolyticus have >99.9% identities at the nucleotide level with the same genes from S. aureus, demonstrating that various staphylococcal species able to colonize animal and human hosts can exchange the genetic elements involved in resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants. The use of antibiotics and disinfectants in veterinary practice and animal husbandry may also contribute to the selection and maintenance of resistance factors among the staphylococcal species. Different parts of the 12-kb section analyzed had high degrees of nucleotide identity with regions from several other different Staphylococcus aureus plasmids. This suggests the contribution of interplasmid recombination in the evolutionary makeup of this 12-kb section involving plasmids that can intermingle between various staphylococcal species. The lateral spread of resistance genes between various staphylococcal species is probably facilitated by the generation of large multiresistance plasmids and the subsequent interspecies exchange of them.

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Scharn, Caitlyn R., Fred C. Tenover, and Richard V. Goering. "Transduction of Staphylococcal Cassette ChromosomemecElements between Strains of Staphylococcus aureus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 11 (August 12, 2013): 5233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01058-13.

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ABSTRACTMethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is a well-known public health concern. However, the means by which methicillin resistance genes are transferred among staphylococci in nature remains unknown. Older scientific literature suggests transduction as a means ofmecAtransfer, but the optimal conditions are reported to require plasmids and potentially a lysogenic phage. These reports preceded discovery of the staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) elements. We undertook studies to confirm and clarify the conditions promoting transduction of SCCmecinS. aureuspopulations using well-characterized donor and recipient strains primarily of the USA300 lineage. Both bacteriophages 80α and 29 were capable of transducing SCCmectype IV and SCCmectype I to recipient strains ofS. aureus. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis andmec-associateddrutyping were used to confirm the identity of the transductants. Transfer ofmecAvia transduction occurred at low frequency and required extended selection times formecAgene expression and the presence of a penicillinase plasmid in the recipient. However, interference with the process by clavulanic acid and the necessity of lysogeny with ϕ11 in the recipient or the presence of a small (4-kb) tetracycline resistance plasmid, as previously reported, were not confirmed. SCCmectransduction was occasionally associated with substantial deletions or truncation of SCCmecand the arginine catabolic metabolic element in USA300 recipients. Overall, these data clarify the conditions required for SCCmectransduction and document that rearrangements may occur during the process.

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Leelaporn, Amornrut, Neville Firth, Ian T. Paulsen, Anusha Hettiaratchi, and Ronald A. Skurray. "Multidrug Resistance Plasmid pSK108 from Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci; Relationships to Staphylococcus aureus qacC Plasmids." Plasmid 34, no. 1 (July 1995): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/plas.1995.1034.

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Cai, Jia Chang, Yan Yan Hu, Hong Wei Zhou, Gong-Xiang Chen, and Rong Zhang. "Dissemination of the Samecfr-Carrying Plasmid among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Isolates in China." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 6 (April 13, 2015): 3669–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.04580-14.

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ABSTRACTSixcfr-harboring methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) isolates, which belonged to the same clone of sequence type 5 (ST5)-staphylococcal cassette chromosomemecelement II (SCCmecII)-spat311, were investigated in this study. Complete sequencing of acfr-carrying plasmid, pLRSA417, revealed an 8,487-bp fragment containing a Tn4001-like transposon,cfr,orf1, and ISEnfa4. This segment, first identified in an animal plasmid, pSS-01, was observed in several plasmids from clinical coagulase-negative staphylococci in China, suggesting that thecfrgene, which might originate from livestock, was located in the same mobile element and disseminated among different clinical staphylococcal species.

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Berg, Tracey, Neville Firth, Sumalee Apisiridej, Anusha Hettiaratchi, Amornrut Leelaporn, and Ronald A. Skurray. "Complete Nucleotide Sequence of pSK41: Evolution of Staphylococcal Conjugative Multiresistance Plasmids." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 17 (September 1, 1998): 4350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.17.4350-4359.1998.

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ABSTRACT The 46.4-kb nucleotide sequence of pSK41, a prototypical multiresistance plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus, has been determined, representing the first completely sequenced conjugative plasmid from a gram-positive organism. Analysis of the sequence has enabled the identification of the probable replication, maintenance, and transfer functions of the plasmid and has provided insights into the evolution of a clinically significant group of plasmids. The basis of deletions commonly associated with pSK41 family plasmids has been investigated, as has the observed insertion site specificity of Tn552-like β-lactamase transposons within them. Several of the resistance determinants carried by pSK41-like plasmids were found to be located on up to four smaller cointegrated plasmids. pSK41 and related plasmids appear to represent a consolidation of antimicrobial resistance functions, collected by a preexisting conjugative plasmid via transposon insertion and IS257-mediated cointegrative capture of other plasmids.

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Anand, Syam P., Poulami Mitra, Asma Naqvi, and Saleem A. Khan. "Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus PcrA Helicases Can Support DNA Unwinding and In Vitro Rolling-Circle Replication of Plasmid pT181 of Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 2195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.7.2195-2199.2004.

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ABSTRACT Replication of rolling-circle replicating (RCR) plasmids in gram-positive bacteria requires the unwinding of initiator protein-nicked plasmid DNA by the PcrA helicase. In this report, we demonstrate that heterologous PcrA helicases from Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus are capable of unwinding Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pT181 from the initiator-generated nick and promoting in vitro replication of the plasmid. These helicases also physically interact with the RepC initiator protein of pT181. The ability of PcrA helicases to unwind noncognate RCR plasmids may contribute to the broad-host-range replication and dissemination of RCR plasmids in gram-positive bacteria.

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Andrade-Oliveira, Ana Luisa, Ciro César Rossi, Thaysa Souza-Silva, and Marcia Giambiagi-deMarval. "Staphylococcus nepalensis, a commensal of the oral microbiota of domestic cats, is a reservoir of transferrable antimicrobial resistance." Microbiology 166, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000940.

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Staphylococcus nepalensis is a commensal bacterium from the oral microbiota of domestic cats, with a still obscure clinical importance. In this work, we analysed the ability of feline strains of S. nepalensis to transfer antimicrobial resistance genes to Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans through plasmids. To this end, we first analysed all publicly available genomes from cat staphylococci using computational methods to build a pan-resistome. Genes that encode resistance to erythromycin, gentamicin, mupirocin and tetracycline, common to human and cat staphylococci and previously described to be located in mobile genetic elements, were chosen for the next analyses. We studied 15 strains of S. nepalensis , which were shown to be genetically different by GTG5-PCR. As observed by disc diffusion, resistance to tetracycline was widespread (80 %), followed by resistance to erythromycin (40 %), gentamicin (27 %) and mupirocin (7 %). The strains were positive for several antimicrobial resistance genes and more than half of them harboured plasmids. The loss of plasmids and resistance genes in some strains were induced by stress with SDS. Through conjugation experiments, we observed that these plasmids can be transferred to S. aureus , thus increasing its potential to resist drug therapy. Our findings show that S. nepalensis , an underestimated inhabitant of the cat microbiota, can be a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes for S. aureus and, like many other staphylococci, be an overlooked and silent threat to their animal hosts and humans living with them.

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Pereira, Pedro M., Helena Veiga, Ana M. Jorge, and Mariana G. Pinho. "Fluorescent Reporters for Studies of Cellular Localization of Proteins in Staphylococcus aureus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 13 (May 7, 2010): 4346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00359-10.

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ABSTRACT We have constructed a set of plasmids that allow expression, from their native chromosomal loci, of Staphylococcus aureus proteins fused to one of four different fluorescent proteins (green fluorescent protein [GFP], cyan fluorescent protein [CFP], yellow fluorescent protein [YFP], and mCherry), using two different resistance markers (kanamycin and erythromycin). We have also constructed a plasmid that allows expression of proteins from the ectopic spa locus in the S. aureus chromosome. This toolbox can be used for studies of the localization of proteins in S. aureus, a prominent pathogen in both health care and community settings.

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Zhu, Wenming, Nancye C. Clark, Linda K. McDougal, Jeffery Hageman, L. Clifford McDonald, and Jean B. Patel. "Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Associated with Inc18-Like vanA Plasmids in Michigan." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 2 (December 3, 2007): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00908-07.

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ABSTRACT Five of the seven cases of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) infection identified to date have occurred in southeastern Michigan. VRSA isolates from the four most recent cases (all from Michigan) were characterized. The vanA gene was localized to a single plasmid in each VRSA isolate. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of chromosomal DNA and the restriction profile of the plasmid demonstrated that the four isolates were unique and differed from the first three VRSA isolates. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) isolates, all of which were Enterococcus faecalis, were recovered from case patients 4 to 6. Each VRE isolate transferred vancomycin resistance to E. faecalis JH2-2 by conjugation. PCRs for vanA and the Inc18-like plasmid genes traA and repR confirmed the presence of an Inc18-like vanA plasmid in all VRE isolates and transconjugants. An Inc18-like vanA plasmid was identified in the VRSA isolate from case patient 7. These findings suggest a role of Inc18-like plasmids as vanA donors.

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Thomas, William D., and Gordon L. Archer. "Mobilization of recombinant plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus into coagulase negative Staphylococcus species." Plasmid 27, no. 2 (March 1992): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-619x(92)90017-5.

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Gillespie, M. T., and R. A. Skurray. "Structural relationships among chloramphenicol-resistance plasmids of Staphylococcus aureus." FEMS Microbiology Letters 51, no. 2-3 (June 1988): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02998.x.

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Gennaro, M. L., J. Kornblum, and R. P. Novick. "A site-specific recombination function in Staphylococcus aureus plasmids." Journal of Bacteriology 169, no. 6 (1987): 2601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.169.6.2601-2610.1987.

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Baba, Tadashi, Kyoko Kuwahara-Arai, Ikuo Uchiyama, Fumihiko Takeuchi, Teruyo Ito, and Keiichi Hiramatsu. "Complete Genome Sequence of Macrococcus caseolyticus Strain JSCS5402, Reflecting the Ancestral Genome of the Human-Pathogenic Staphylococci." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 4 (December 12, 2008): 1180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01058-08.

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ABSTRACT We isolated the methicillin-resistant Macrococcus caseolyticus strain JCSC5402 from animal meat in a supermarket and determined its whole-genome nucleotide sequence. This is the first report on the genome analysis of a macrococcal species that is evolutionarily closely related to the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. The essential biological pathways of M. caseolyticus are similar to those of staphylococci. However, the species has a small chromosome (2.1 MB) and lacks many sugar and amino acid metabolism pathways and a plethora of virulence genes that are present in S. aureus. On the other hand, M. caseolyticus possesses a series of oxidative phosphorylation machineries that are closely related to those in the family Bacillaceae. We also discovered a probable primordial form of a Macrococcus methicillin resistance gene complex, mecIRAm , on one of the eight plasmids harbored by the M. caseolyticus strain. This is the first finding of a plasmid-encoding methicillin resistance gene. Macrococcus is considered to reflect the genome of ancestral bacteria before the speciation of staphylococcal species and may be closely associated with the origin of the methicillin resistance gene complex of the notorious human pathogen methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

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Omoe, Katsuhiko, Dong-Liang Hu, Hiromi Takahashi-Omoe, Akio Nakane, and Kunihiro Shinagawa. "Identification and Characterization of a New Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Related Putative Toxin Encoded by Two Kinds of Plasmids." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 10 (October 2003): 6088–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.10.6088-6094.2003.

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ABSTRACT We identified and characterized a novel staphylococcal enterotoxin-like putative toxin, which is named SER. Nucleotide sequencing analysis of the ser gene revealed that ser was most closely related to the seg gene. The ser gene product, SER, was successfully expressed as a recombinant protein in an Escherichia coli expression system, and recombinant SER (rSER) showed significant T-cell stimulation activity. The SER production in ser-harboring Staphylococcus aureus strains was confirmed by Western blot analysis using anti-rSER antibody. Moreover, ser was seen to be encoded by at least two types of plasmids. In particular, one kind of plasmid encoding the ser gene has been known as a sed- and sej-carrying pIB485-related plasmid.

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Sidhu, Maan Singh, Even Heir, Truls Leegaard, Karianne Wiger, and Askild Holck. "Frequency of Disinfectant Resistance Genes and Genetic Linkage with β-Lactamase Transposon Tn552 among Clinical Staphylococci." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 9 (September 2002): 2797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.9.2797-2803.2002.

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ABSTRACT A total of 61 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 177 coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains were isolated from the blood of patients with bloodstream infections and from the skin of both children under cancer treatment and human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. The MIC analyses revealed that 118 isolates (50%) were resistant to quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC). The frequencies of resistance to a range of antibiotics were significantly higher among BC-resistant staphylococci than among BC-sensitive staphylococci. Of 78 BC-resistant staphylococcal isolates, plasmid DNA from 65 (83%), 2 (3%), 43 (55%), and 15 (19%) isolates hybridized to qacA or -B (qacA/B), qacC, blaZ, and tetK probes, respectively. The qacA/B and blaZ probes hybridized to the same plasmid in 19 (24%) staphylococcal strains. The plasmids harboring both qacA/B and blaZ genes varied from approximately 20 to 40 kb. The Staphylococcus epidermidis Fol62 isolate, harboring multiresistance plasmid pMS62, contained qacA/B and blaZ together with tetK. Molecular and genetic studies indicated different structural arrangements of blaZ and qacA/B, including variable intergenic distances and transcriptional directions of the two genes on the same plasmid within the strains. The different organizations may be due to the presence of various genetic elements involved in cointegration, recombination, and rearrangements. These results indicate that qac resistance genes are common and that linkage between resistance to disinfectants and penicillin resistance occurs frequently in clinical isolates in Norway. Moreover, the higher frequency of antibiotic resistance among BC-resistant strains indicates that the presence of either resistance determinant selects for the other during antimicrobial therapy and disinfection in hospitals.

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Virani, Zarin, and W. C. Noble. "Antibiotic resistance and plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus from normal populations." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 29, no. 1 (1992): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/29.1.35.

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GELMI, M., I. FORESTI, G. RAVIZZOLA, C. BONFANTI, R. VERARDI, A. CARUSO, and A. TURANO. "Antibiotic resistances and plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus from Italian hospitals." Journal of Medical Microbiology 23, no. 2 (March 1, 1987): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-23-2-111.

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Mohammed, Srwa A., Mohammed I. J. Al-ani, Dereh L. Mohammed, Lina R. Salar, and Banaz M. Rasul. "Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes by using plant extracts." Innovaciencia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/2346075x.469.

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Introduction: Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that causes septicemia and bacteremia and is often associated with serious complications, such as endocarditis and osteomyelitis. Some Staphylococcus enterotoxins require only minute quantities to be toxic in humans. The present study focused on investigation how to remove this problematic issue. Objectives: This study was conducted to inhibit S. aureus enterotoxin genes that obtained from positive blood culture bottles of patients at the pediatric hospital in Sulaimania city. Methods: Twenty five isolates of S. aureus were isolated among 100 positive blood culture bottles and determined the strains that produce enterotoxins through culture method. Then, the enterotoxin genes that located on plasmids were cured by two medicinal plants (Eugenia caryophyllata and Cinnamomum zeylanicum). Results: The results showed that nine out of 25 isolates were released enterotoxins from which the plasmid encoding enterotoxin genes were confirmed in four of them. And, two of the isolates were transferred to recipient DH10B E. coli isolate successfully. Methanol extracts of (E. caryophyllata and C. zeylanicum) were used at sub minimum inhibition concentration as curing agents. Conclusion: Methanol extracts of (E. caryophyllata and C. zeylanicum) have grate effect on eliminating the plasmidsencoding enterotoxin gene of S. aureus.

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Gómez-Sanz, Elena, Kristina Kadlec, Andrea T. Feßler, Myriam Zarazaga, Carmen Torres, and Stefan Schwarz. "Novelerm(T)-Carrying Multiresistance Plasmids from Porcine and Human Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 That Also Harbor Cadmium and Copper Resistance Determinants." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 7 (April 29, 2013): 3275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00171-13.

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ABSTRACTThis study describes three novelerm(T)-carrying multiresistance plasmids that also harbor cadmium and copper resistance determinants. The plasmids, designated pUR1902, pUR2940, and pUR2941, were obtained from porcine and human methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) of the clonal lineage ST398. In addition to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance geneerm(T), all three plasmids also carry the tetracycline resistance genetet(L). Furthermore, plasmid pUR2940 harbors the trimethoprim resistance genedfrKand the MLSBresistance geneerm(C), while plasmids pUR1902 and pUR2941 possess the kanamycin/neomycin resistance geneaadD. Sequence analysis of approximately 18.1 kb of theerm(T)-flanking region from pUR1902, 20.0 kb from pUR2940, and 20.8 kb from pUR2941 revealed the presence of several copies of the recently described insertion sequence ISSau10, which is probably involved in the evolution of the respective plasmids. All plasmids carried a functional cadmium resistance operon with the genescadDandcadX, in addition to the multicopper oxidase genemcoand the ATPase copper transport genecopA, which are involved in copper resistance. The comparative analysis ofS. aureusRN4220 and the threeS. aureusRN4220 transformants carrying plasmid pUR1902, pUR2940, or pUR2941 revealed an 8-fold increase in CdSO4and a 2-fold increase in CuSO4MICs. The emergence of multidrug resistance plasmids that also carry heavy metal resistance genes is alarming and requires further surveillance. The colocalization of antimicrobial resistance genes and genes that confer resistance to heavy metals may facilitate their persistence, coselection, and dissemination.

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Udo, Edet E., and Eiman Sarkhoo. "Genetic analysis of high-level mupirocin resistance in the ST80 clone of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.013268-0.

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Four community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) isolates expressing high-level mupirocin resistance (MIC >1024 mg l−1) were isolated from four sites of a diabetic patient and characterized for the genetic location of their resistance determinants and typed using PFGE, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), the coagulase gene and multilocus sequence typing to ascertain their relatedness. The presence of genes for resistance to high-level mupirocin (mupA), tetracycline (tetK) and fusidic acid (far1), Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL), accessory gene regulators (agr) and capsular polysaccharide (cap) were detected in PCR assays. The isolates were resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, fusidic acid and cadmium acetate, and harboured mupA, tetK, far1, PVL, agr3 and cap8. They had identical PFGE patterns and coagulase gene type, possessed the type IV SCCmec element and belonged to sequence type 80 (ST80). However, they had three different plasmid profiles: (i) 28.0 and 26.0 kb; (ii) 28.0, 21.0 and 4.0 kb; and (iii) 41.0 and 4.0 kb. Genetic studies located the resistance to tetracycline, fusidic acid and cadmium acetate on the 28 kb plasmid and mupA on the related non-conjugative 26 and 21 kb plasmids. One of the 21 kb mupirocin-resistance plasmids was derived from the ∼41 kb plasmid during transfer experiments. The emergence of high-level mupirocin resistance in the ST80-SCCmec IV MRSA clone demonstrates the increasing capacity of CA-MRSA clones to acquire resistance to multiple antibacterial agents. The presence of different plasmid profiles in genetically identical isolates creates difficulty in the interpretation of typing results and highlights the weakness of using plasmid analysis as the sole method for strain typing.

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Yepes, Ana, Gudrun Koch, Andrea Waldvogel, Juan-Carlos Garcia-Betancur, and Daniel Lopez. "Reconstruction ofmreBExpression in Staphylococcus aureus via a Collection of New Integrative Plasmids." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 13 (April 18, 2014): 3868–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00759-14.

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ABSTRACTProtein localization has been traditionally explored in unicellular organisms, whose ease of genetic manipulation facilitates molecular characterization. The two rod-shaped bacterial modelsEscherichia coliandBacillus subtilishave been prominently used for this purpose and have displaced other bacteria whose challenges for genetic manipulation have complicated any study of cell biology. Among these bacteria is the spherical pathogenic bacteriumStaphylococcus aureus. In this report, we present a new molecular toolbox that facilitates gene deletion in staphylococci in a 1-step recombination process and additional vectors that facilitate the insertion of diverse reporter fusions into newly identified neutral loci of theS. aureuschromosome. Insertion of the reporters does not add any antibiotic resistance genes to the chromosomes of the resultant strains, thereby making them amenable for further genetic manipulations. We used this toolbox to reconstitute the expression ofmreBinS. aureus, a gene that encodes an actin-like cytoskeletal protein which is absent in coccal cells and is presumably lost during the course of speciation. We observed that inS. aureus, MreB is organized in discrete structures in association with the membrane, leading to an unusual redistribution of the cell wall material. The production of MreB also caused cell enlargement, but it did not revert staphylococcal shape. We present interactions of MreB with key staphylococcal cell wall-related proteins. This work facilitates the useS. aureusas a model system in exploring diverse aspects of cellular microbiology.

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Kupferwasser, Leon Iri, Ronald A. Skurray, Melissa H. Brown, Neville Firth, Michael R. Yeaman, and Arnold S. Bayer. "Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Thrombin-Induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein in Staphylococci: Role of theqacA Locus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 2395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.10.2395.

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ABSTRACT Thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein 1 (tPMP-1) is a small, cationic peptide released from rabbit platelets following thrombin stimulation. In vitro resistance to this peptide among strains of Staphylococcus aureus correlates with the survival advantage of such strains at sites of endothelial damage in humans as well as in experimental endovascular infections. The mechanisms involved in the phenotypic resistance of S. aureus to tPMP-1 are not fully delineated. The plasmid-encoded staphylococcal gene qacA mediates multidrug resistance to multiple organic cations via a proton motive force-dependent efflux pump. We studied whether the qacA gene might also confer resistance to cationic tPMP-1. Staphylococcal plasmids encoding qacA were found to confer resistance to tPMP-1 in an otherwise susceptible parental strain. Deletions which removed the region containing theqacA gene in the S. aureus multiresistance plasmid pSK1 abolished tPMP-1 resistance. Resistance to tPMP-1 in theqacA-bearing strains was inoculum independent but peptide concentration dependent, with the level of resistance decreasing at higher peptide concentrations for a given inoculum. There was no apparent cross-resistance in qacA-bearing strains to other endogenous cationic antimicrobial peptides which are structurally distinct from tPMP-1, including human neutrophil defensin 1, protamine, or the staphylococcal lantibiotics pep5 and nisin. These data demonstrate that the staphylococcal multidrug resistance geneqacA also mediates in vitro resistance to cationic tPMP-1.

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Kehrenberg, Corinna, and Stefan Schwarz. "Distribution of Florfenicol Resistance Genes fexA and cfr among Chloramphenicol-Resistant Staphylococcus Isolates." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 4 (April 2006): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.4.1156-1163.2006.

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ABSTRACT A total of 302 chloramphenicol-resistant Staphylococcus isolates were screened for the presence of the florfenicol/chloramphenicol resistance genes fexA and cfr and their localization on mobile genetic elements. Of the 114 isolates from humans, only a single Staphylococcus aureus isolate showed an elevated MIC to florfenicol, but did not carry either of the known resistance genes, cfr or fexA. In contrast, 11 of the 188 staphylococci from animal sources were considered florfenicol resistant and carried either cfr (one isolate), fexA (five isolates), or both resistance genes (five isolates). In nine cases we confirmed that these genes were carried on a plasmid. Five different types of plasmids could be differentiated on the basis of their sizes, restriction patterns, and resistance genes. The gene fexA, which has previously been shown to be part of the nonconjugative transposon Tn558, was identified in 10 of the 11 resistant isolates from animals. PCR assays were developed to detect different parts of this transposon as well as their physical linkage. Complete copies of Tn558 were found in five different isolates and shown by inverse PCR to be functionally active. Truncated copies of Tn558, in which the tnpA-tnpB area was in part deleted by the integration of a 4,674-bp segment including the gene cfr and a novel 2,446-bp IS21-like insertion sequence, were seen in a plasmid present in three staphylococcal isolates.

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Gill, Steven R., Derrick E. Fouts, Gordon L. Archer, Emmanuel F. Mongodin, Robert T. DeBoy, Jacques Ravel, Ian T. Paulsen, et al. "Insights on Evolution of Virulence and Resistance from the Complete Genome Analysis of an Early Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strain and a Biofilm-Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Strain." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 7 (April 1, 2005): 2426–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.7.2426-2438.2005.

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ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and the major causative agent of numerous hospital- and community-acquired infections. Staphylococcus epidermidis has emerged as a causative agent of infections often associated with implanted medical devices. We have sequenced the ∼2.8-Mb genome of S. aureus COL, an early methicillin-resistant isolate, and the ∼2.6-Mb genome of S. epidermidis RP62a, a methicillin-resistant biofilm isolate. Comparative analysis of these and other staphylococcal genomes was used to explore the evolution of virulence and resistance between these two species. The S. aureus and S. epidermidis genomes are syntenic throughout their lengths and share a core set of 1,681 open reading frames. Genome islands in nonsyntenic regions are the primary source of variations in pathogenicity and resistance. Gene transfer between staphylococci and low-GC-content gram-positive bacteria appears to have shaped their virulence and resistance profiles. Integrated plasmids in S. epidermidis carry genes encoding resistance to cadmium and species-specific LPXTG surface proteins. A novel genome island encodes multiple phenol-soluble modulins, a potential S. epidermidis virulence factor. S. epidermidis contains the cap operon, encoding the polyglutamate capsule, a major virulence factor in Bacillus anthracis. Additional phenotypic differences are likely the result of single nucleotide polymorphisms, which are most numerous in cell envelope proteins. Overall differences in pathogenicity can be attributed to genome islands in S. aureus which encode enterotoxins, exotoxins, leukocidins, and leukotoxins not found in S. epidermidis.

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WAAGE, S., J. BJORLAND, D. A. CAUGANT, H. OPPEGAARD, T. TOLLERSRUD, T. MØRK, and F. M. AARESTRUP. "Spread of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin and tetracycline within and between dairy herds." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 1 (August 2002): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880200715x.

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One hundred and seven bovine isolates of penicillin and tetracycline resistant Staphylococcus aureus, recovered from 25 different dairy herds in various parts of Norway, were characterized using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, ribotyping, plasmid analysis and serotyping of capsular polysaccharide. Forty-one isolates from one particular herd, 37 isolates from 5 herds that used a common pasture and milking parlour in summer and 21 isolates from 12 herds in 8 different counties belonged to the same strain. The remaining 8 isolates, which originated from herds in 5 different counties, were assigned to 6 different strains. Seven out of these 8 isolates had the same plasmid restriction profile. In conclusion, penicillin and tetracycline resistant S. aureus occurring in dairy herds in Norway mainly seems to represent one particular strain that has achieved widespread distribution or belong to one of several different strains carrying identical plasmids.

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Daniel, Ebakota, Osarueme Osazee, Frances Olisaka, Jocelyn Aibangbee, Panmwa GALAU, and Joseph Osazee. "Antibiotic susceptibility, plasmid isolation and curing of some foodborne pathogens." International Journal of Biological Research 4, no. 2 (November 27, 2016): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6779.

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The indiscriminate use of antibiotics by individuals as well as in food production has been tagged one of the major reasons for the spread of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. Thus, there is a concern that foodborne bacteria may act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes when distributed in large doses with food. This study aimed at determining the antibiotic susceptibility, plasmid isolation and curing of foodborne bacteria isolated from ready to eat (RTE) foods and salads in eating centers at the Benson Idahosa University, Benin City. Isolates were Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus sp. and Salmonella sp with S. aureus occurring most frequently. Total resistance to cefuroxime and augmentin as well as considerable resistance to ceftazidime and cefixime were observed in all isolates in antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on Mueller-Hinton agar. Relative sensitivity to gentamicin, ofloxacin, nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin were observed. Plasmid profiling indicated that all isolates possess plasmids ranging from 100 bp to 1 kbp. Plasmid curing using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) improved the sensitivity of isolates to antibiotics they were previously sensitive to but most isolates remained resistance to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefixime, and augmentin. This study shows that foodborne bacteria can possess and possibly transfer persistent antibiotic resistance plasmids thus calling for more caution in the use of antibiotics in food production and reduced antibiotics abuse. Further research is currently ongoing to cure the isolates of all plasmids and to elucidate how these plasmids are being transferred.

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Tenover, Fred C., Linda M. Weigel, Peter C. Appelbaum, Linda K. McDougal, Jasmine Chaitram, Sigrid McAllister, Nancye Clark, et al. "Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolate from a Patient in Pennsylvania." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 1 (January 2004): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.1.275-280.2004.

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ABSTRACT A vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolate was obtained from a patient in Pennsylvania in September 2002. Species identification was confirmed by standard biochemical tests and analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA, gyrA, and gyrB sequences; all of the results were consistent with the S. aureus identification. The MICs of a variety of antimicrobial agents were determined by broth microdilution and macrodilution methods following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. The isolate was resistant to vancomycin (MIC = 32 μg/ml), aminoglycosides, β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracycline, but it was susceptible to linezolid, minocycline, quinupristin-dalfopristin, rifampin, teicoplanin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The isolate, which was originally detected by using disk diffusion and a vancomycin agar screen plate, was vancomycin susceptible by automated susceptibility testing methods. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI-digested genomic DNA indicated that the isolate belonged to the USA100 lineage (also known as the New York/Japan clone), the most common staphylococcal PFGE type found in hospitals in the United States. The VRSA isolate contained two plasmids of 120 and 4 kb and was positive for mecA and vanA by PCR amplification. The vanA sequence was identical to the vanA sequence present in Tn1546. A DNA probe for vanA hybridized to the 120-kb plasmid. This is the second VRSA isolate reported in the United States.

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Mendes, Rodrigo E., Lalitagauri M. Deshpande, Hector F. Bonilla, Stefan Schwarz, Michael D. Huband, Ronald N. Jones, and John P. Quinn. "Dissemination of a pSCFS3-Likecfr-Carrying Plasmid in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Clinical Isolates Recovered from Hospitals in Ohio." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 7 (April 9, 2013): 2923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00071-13.

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ABSTRACTNineteen linezolid-resistantStaphylococcus epidermidisand twoStaphylococcus aureusisolates recovered from two medical institutions in northeast Ohio and anS. aureuscfrindex strain previously collected in the same facilities during the 2007 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program were investigated for the genetic basis of oxazolidinone resistance and the location ofcfr. S. aureusisolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE),spatyping, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The location ofcfrwas determined by Southern blotting and hybridization. Plasmid sequencing was performed using the 454 Life Sciences (Roche) GS-FLX DNA platform. The twoS. aureusisolates showed unique PFGE patterns but were multilocus sequence type 5 (ST5) andspatype t002, whereas theS. aureusindex strain was ST239 and t037. Southern blot and hybridization experiments showed thatcfrwas plasmid located and that theS. epidermidisisolates, one of theS. aureusisolates, and theS. aureusindex strain shared an identicalcfr-carrying plasmid (39.3 kb). Sequencing results confirmed these findings. A 10-kb fragment containingcfrshowed the highest identity (99.9%) to a 9.5-kb fragment of plasmid pSCFS3 from a bovineStaphylococcus lentusisolate from Germany. In addition, these 39.3-kb plasmids from humanS. epidermidisandS. aureusexhibited BglII restriction profiles very similar to that observed for plasmid pSCFS3. Thecfr-carrying plasmid detected in the remainingS. aureusisolate (7.9 kb) was distinct and showed the highest identity to the chromosomalcfrintegrate found in the chromosomal DNA of aProteus vulgarisisolate from a pig in China.

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Flannagan, Susan E., Joseph W. Chow, Susan M. Donabedian, William J. Brown, Mary B. Perri, Marcus J. Zervos, Yoshiyuki Ozawa, and Don B. Clewell. "Plasmid Content of a Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolate from a Patient Also Colonized by Staphylococcus aureus with a VanA Phenotype." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 12 (December 2003): 3954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.12.3954-3959.2003.

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ABSTRACT Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis coisolated with vancomycin-resistant (VanA) Staphylococcus aureus was found to contain two plasmids, designated pAM830 (45 kb) and pAM831 (95 kb). pAM830, found to be conjugative and closely related to the Inc18 family of broad-host-range conjugative plasmids, encodes resistances to vancomycin (via a Tn1546-like element) and erythromycin; pAM831 encodes resistances to gentamicin, streptomycin, and erythromycin.

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Locke, Jeffrey B., Douglas E. Zuill, Caitlyn R. Scharn, Jennifer Deane, Daniel F. Sahm, Richard V. Goering, Stephen G. Jenkins, and Karen J. Shaw. "Identification and Characterization of Linezolid-Resistantcfr-Positive Staphylococcus aureus USA300 Isolates from a New York City Medical Center." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 11 (August 18, 2014): 6949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.03380-14.

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ABSTRACTThecfrgene was identified in three linezolid-resistant USA300 methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) isolates collected over a 3-day period at a New York City medical center in 2011 as part of a routine surveillance program. Each isolate possessed a plasmid containing a pSCFS3-likecfrgene environment. Transformation of thecfr-bearing plasmids into theS. aureusATCC 29213 background recapitulated the expected Cfr antibiogram, including resistance to linezolid, tiamulin, clindamycin, and florfenicol and susceptibility to tedizolid.

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Giambiagi-Marval, M., M. A. Mafra, E. G. C. Penido, and M. C. F. Bastos. "Distinct groups of plasmids correlated with bacteriocin production in Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of General Microbiology 136, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-136-8-1591.

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Garliński, P., G. Młynarczyk, W. Roszkowski, G. Pulverer, and J. Jeljaszewicz. "The role of plasmids in opsonin-independent staphylococcus aureus-leukocyte interactions." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology 266, no. 1-2 (August 1987): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-6724(87)80019-6.

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Araujo, S. A., and M. C. F. Bastos. "Incompatibility and molecular relationships between small bacteriocinogenic plasmids of Staphylococcus aureus." World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 11, no. 5 (September 1995): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00286367.

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Udo, E. E., and W. B. Grubb. "Molecular and phage typing of Staphylococcus aureus harbouring cyrptic conjugative plasmids." European Journal of Epidemiology 12, no. 6 (December 1996): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00499464.

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Cardoso, M., and S. Schwarz. "Chloramphenicol resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis." Veterinary Microbiology 30, no. 2-3 (February 1992): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(92)90116-b.

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Nakaminami, Hidemasa, Norihisa Noguchi, and Masanori Sasatsu. "Fluoroquinolone Efflux by the Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug Efflux Pump QacB Variant QacBIII in Staphylococcus aureus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 10 (July 26, 2010): 4107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01065-09.

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ABSTRACT Plasmids that carry the multidrug efflux genes qacA and qacB are widely distributed in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Although the QacA and QacB proteins are similar to each other, their respective substrate specificities may differ. We investigated the variability and structure-function relationships of QacA and QacB in MRSA isolates. The amino acid sequences of 7 QacA and 25 QacB proteins showed that QacB was present in three variants, designated QacBII, QacBIII, and QacBIV, that were different from the prototypic QacB variant encoded by plasmid pSK23, which was named QacBI, while QacA was present in two variants. When cloned and expressed in S. aureus, the strain carrying qacBIII exhibited higher susceptibility to dyes and decreased susceptibility to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin compared to strains carrying the other QacB variants. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that the residue at position 320 in QacB plays an important role in the resistance phenotypes to dyes and fluoroquinolones. Furthermore, the accumulation of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the strain carrying qacBIII was significantly decreased. Our data demonstrate that the plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump QacB variant QacBIII confers the capability for fluoroquinolone efflux on S. aureus.

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McDougal, Linda K., Gregory E. Fosheim, Ainsley Nicholson, Sandra N. Bulens, Brandi M. Limbago, Julia E. S. Shearer, Anne O. Summers, and Jean B. Patel. "Emergence of Resistance among USA300 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Causing Invasive Disease in the United States." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 9 (June 28, 2010): 3804–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00351-10.

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ABSTRACT USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates are usually resistant only to oxacillin, erythromycin, and, increasingly, levofloxacin. Of these, oxacillin and levofloxacin resistances are chromosomally encoded. Plasmid-mediated clindamycin, mupirocin, and/or tetracycline resistance has been observed among USA300 isolates, but these descriptions were limited to specific patient populations or isolated occurrences. We examined the antimicrobial susceptibilities of invasive MRSA isolates from a national surveillance population in order to identify USA300 isolates with unusual, possibly emerging, plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance. DNA from these isolates was assayed for the presence of resistance determinants and the presence of a pSK41-like conjugative plasmid. Of 823 USA300 isolates, 72 (9%) were tetracycline resistant; 69 of these were doxycycline susceptible and tet K positive, and 3 were doxycycline resistant and tet M positive. Fifty-one (6.2%) isolates were clindamycin resistant and erm C positive; 22 (2.7%) isolates were high-level mupirocin resistant (mup A positive); 5 (0.6%) isolates were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) resistant, of which 4 were dfr A positive; and 7 (0.9%) isolates were gentamicin resistant and aac 6′-aph 2″ positive. Isolates with pSK41-like plasmids (n = 24) were positive for mup A (n = 19), dfr A (n = 6), aac 6′-aph 2″ (n = 6), tet M (n = 2), and erm C (n = 8); 20 pSK41-positive isolates were positive for two or more resistance genes. Conjugative transfer of resistance was demonstrated between four gentamicin- and mupirocin-resistant and three gentamicin- and TMP-SMZ-resistant USA300 isolates; transconjugants harbored a single pSK41-like plasmid, which was PCR positive for aac 6′-aph 2″ and either mup A and/or dfr A. USA300 and USA100 isolates from the same state with identical resistance profiles contained pSK41-like plasmids with indistinguishable restriction and Southern blot profiles, suggesting horizontal plasmid transfer between USA100 and USA300 isolates.

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Tosh, Pritish K., Simon Agolory, Bethany L. Strong, Kerrie VerLee, Jennie Finks, Kayoko Hayakawa, Teena Chopra, et al. "Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Precursor Organism Colonization among Patients with Chronic Lower-Extremity Wounds in Southeastern Michigan." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 9 (September 2013): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/671735.

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Background.Of the 13 US vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) cases, 8 were identified in southeastern Michigan, primarily in patients with chronic lower-extremity wounds. VRSA infections develop when the vanA gene from vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) transfers to S. aureus. Incl8-like plasmids in VRE and pSK41-like plasmids in S. aureus appear to be important precursors to this transfer.Objective.Identify the prevalence of VRSA precursor organisms.Design.Prospective cohort with embedded case-control study.Participants.Southeastern Michigan adults with chronic lower-extremity wounds.Methods.Adults presenting to 3 southeastern Michigan medical centers during the period February 15 through March 4, 2011, with chronic lower-extremity wounds had wound, nares, and perirectal swab specimens cultured for S. aureus and VRE, which were tested for pSK41-like and Incl8-like plasmids by polymerase chain reaction. We interviewed participants and reviewed clinical records. Risk factors for pSK41-positive S. aureus were assessed among all study participants (cohort analysis) and among only S. aureus-colonized participants (case-control analysis).Results.Of 179 participants with wound cultures, 26% were colonized with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, 27% were colonized with methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and 4% were colonized with VRE, although only 17% consented to perirectal culture. Six participants (3%) had pSK41-positive S. aureus, and none had Incl8-positive VRE. Having chronic wounds for over 2 years was associated with pSK41-positive S. aureus colonization in both analyses.Conclusions.Colonization with VRSA precursor organisms was rare. Having long-standing chronic wounds was a risk factor for pSK41-positive S. aureus colonization. Additional investigation into the prevalence of VRSA precursors among a larger cohort of patients is warranted.

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Schwarz, St, M. Cardoso, S. Grölz-Krug, and H. Blobel. "Common Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis from Human and Canine Infections." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 273, no. 3 (August 1990): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80440-8.

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Odeyemi, Adebowale, Olusola Oluwole, Adewole Adebayo, and Seyifunmi Iseyemi. "Plasmid Profile of Multiple Antibiotics Resistant (mar) Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Water Samples from Ebira Communities in Ekiti South Senatorial District." International Journal of Biological Research 4, no. 2 (November 24, 2016): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6867.

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Plasmid curing of microbes and physicochemical analysis of water samples obtained from Ebira communities in six local governments in Ekiti South Senatorial District were analyzed. Antibiotic sensitivity and profile of bacterial isolates were analyzed using pour plating, disk diffusion method and gel electrophoresis techniques respectively while the plasmid were cured using acridine orange. The mean total bacterial count of the water samples collected from these six different local governments at different time ranged from 2.08 x 105 to 6.0 x 106 CFU/ml; the mean total coliform count ranged from 2.41 x 105 to 3.75 x 106 CFU/ml and the mean total Escherichia coli count (TEC) ranged from 1.53 x 105 to 3.45 x 105 CFU/ml. Total of 152 bacteria were recovered with E.coli having the highest distribution of 35% while Serratia marcensens had the least distribution of 0.7%. The highest antibiotic resistance of 100% was recorded against ceftazidine but only 17% of the isolates were resistant to gentamicin. About 56% of 34 selected MAR isolates carried plasmid(s) with high molecular weight ranging from 5.64Kbp to 23.13Kbp. Antibiotic resistance pattern and plasmids profile of selected MAR E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus prior to and after curing showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa became susceptible to augmentin and Staphylococcus aureus also became susceptible to ceftriazole while E. coli still maintained the earlier resistant pattern. The plasmid profiling of these isolates after curing indicated the lost of plasmids in each of the isolates. Present study however implicated the incidence of MAR bacteria in the sources of water in Ekiti-South Senatorial district as a serious health challenge, and confirmed the potential of acridine orange for plasmid curing.

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Yui Eto, Karina, Stephen M. Kwong, Patrick T. LaBreck, Jade E. Crow, Daouda A. K. Traore, Nipuna Parahitiyawa, Heather M. Fairhurst, et al. "Evolving origin-of-transfer sequences on staphylococcal conjugative and mobilizable plasmids—who’s mimicking whom?" Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 5177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab303.

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Abstract In Staphylococcus aureus, most multiresistance plasmids lack conjugation or mobilization genes for horizontal transfer. However, most are mobilizable due to carriage of origin-of-transfer (oriT) sequences mimicking those of conjugative plasmids related to pWBG749. pWBG749-family plasmids have diverged to carry five distinct oriT subtypes and non-conjugative plasmids have been identified that contain mimics of each. The relaxasome accessory factor SmpO, encoded by each conjugative plasmid, determines specificity for its cognate oriT. Here we characterized the binding of SmpO proteins to each oriT. SmpO proteins predominantly formed tetramers in solution and bound 5′-GNNNNC-3′ sites within each oriT. Four of the five SmpO proteins specifically bound their cognate oriT. An F7K substitution in pWBG749 SmpO switched oriT-binding specificity in vitro. In vivo, the F7K substitution reduced but did not abolish self-transfer of pWBG749. Notably, the substitution broadened the oriT subtypes that were mobilized. Thus, this substitution represents a potential evolutionary intermediate with promiscuous DNA-binding specificity that could facilitate a switch between oriT specificities. Phylogenetic analysis suggests pWBG749-family plasmids have switched oriT specificity more than once during evolution. We hypothesize the convergent evolution of oriT specificity in distinct branches of the pWBG749-family phylogeny reflects indirect selection pressure to mobilize plasmids carrying non-cognate oriT-mimics.

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Pérez-Roth, Eduardo, Celeste López-Aguilar, Julia Alcoba-Florez, and Sebastián Méndez-Álvarez. "High-Level Mupirocin Resistance within Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pandemic Lineages." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 9 (September 2006): 3207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00059-06.

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ABSTRACT The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) population in the Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria over a 5-year period (1998 to 2002) was marked by shifts in the circulation of pandemic clones. Here, we investigated the emergence of high-level mupirocin resistance (Hi-Mupr). In addition to clonal spread, transfer of ileS2-carrying plasmids played a significant role in the dissemination of Hi-Mupr among pandemic MRSA lineages.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Staphylococcus aureus plasmids'

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