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Journal articles on the topic 'Standing cycling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Arkesteijn, Marco, Simon Jobson, James Hopker, and Louis Passfield. "The Effect of Cycling Intensity on Cycling Economy During Seated and Standing Cycling." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 7 (October 2016): 907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0441.

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Background:Previous research has shown that cycling in a standing position reduces cycling economy compared with seated cycling. It is unknown whether the cycling intensity moderates the reduction in cycling economy while standing.Purpose:The aim was to determine whether the negative effect of standing on cycling economy would be decreased at a higher intensity.Methods:Ten cyclists cycled in 8 different conditions. Each condition was either at an intensity of 50% or 70% of maximal aerobic power at a gradient of 4% or 8% and in the seated or standing cycling position. Cycling economy and muscle activation level of 8 leg muscles were recorded.Results:There was an interaction between cycling intensity and position for cycling economy (P = .03), the overall activation of the leg muscles (P = .02), and the activation of the lower leg muscles (P = .05). The interaction showed decreased cycling economy when standing compared with seated cycling, but the difference was reduced at higher intensity. The overall activation of the leg muscles and the lower leg muscles, respectively, increased and decreased, but the differences between standing and seated cycling were reduced at higher intensity.Conclusions:Cycling economy was lower during standing cycling than seated cycling, but the difference in economy diminishes when cycling intensity increases. Activation of the lower leg muscles did not explain the lower cycling economy while standing. The increased overall activation, therefore, suggests that increased activation of the upper leg muscles explains part of the lower cycling economy while standing.

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Dupont, Francois, Pierre-Majorique Léger, Mickael Begon, François Lecot, Sylvain Sénécal, Elise Labonté-Lemoyne, and Marie-Eve Mathieu. "Health and productivity at work: which active workstation for which benefits: a systematic review." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 5 (January 28, 2019): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105397.

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In order to reduce sedentary behaviour at work, research has examined the effectiveness of active workstations. However, despite their relevance in replacing conventional desks, the comparison between types of active workstations and their respective benefits remains unclear. The purpose of this review article is thus to compare the benefits between standing, treadmill and cycling workstations. Search criteria explored Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases. The review included studies concerning adults using at least two types of active workstations, evaluating biomechanical, physiological work performance and/or psychobiological outcomes. Twelve original articles were included. Treadmill workstations induced greater movement/activity and greater muscular activity in the upper limbs compared with standing workstations. Treadmill and cycling workstations resulted in elevated heart rate, decreased ambulatory blood pressure and increased energy expenditure during the workday compared with standing workstations. Treadmill workstations reduced fine motor skill function (ie, typing, mouse pointing and combined keyboard/mouse tasks) compared with cycling and standing workstations. Cycling workstations resulted in improved simple processing task speeds compared with standing and treadmill workstations. Treadmill and cycling workstations increased arousal and decreased boredom compared with standing workstations. The benefits associated with each type of active workstation (eg, standing, treadmill, cycling) may not be equivalent. Overall, cycling and treadmill workstations appear to provide greater short-term physiological changes than standing workstations that could potentially lead to better health. Cycling, treadmill and standing workstations appear to show short-term productivity benefits; however, treadmill workstations can reduce the performance of computer tasks.

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Hansen, EA, H. Waldeland, and J. Hallén. "SEATED-STANDING TRANSITION INTENSITY IN UPHILL CYCLING." Journal of Biomechanics 40 (January 2007): S193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70189-6.

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4

Davidson, Christopher J., Bruce M. Wagner, and James C. Martin. "Seated and Standing Maximal Neuromuscular Cycling Power." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01648.

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5

Carriker, Colin R., Reid McLean, Jeremy McCormick, and Len Kravitz. "Weighted Vest Standing Cycling Increases Metabolic Cost." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000496302.65245.fc.

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Davidson, Christopher J., Bruce M. Wagner, and James C. Martin. "Seated and Standing Maximal Neuromuscular Cycling Power." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01648.

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7

Stone, Cal, and Maury L. Hull. "Rider/Bicycle Interaction Loads during Standing Treadmill Cycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 9, no. 3 (August 1993): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.9.3.202.

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This paper provides measurements of rider-induced loads during standing cycling. Two strain gauge dynamometers were used to measure these loads while three subjects rode bicycles on a large motorized treadmill; the cycling situation simulated hill climbing while standing. Comparing the results to those previously published for seated cycling revealed that the loading for standing cycling differed fundamentally from that for seated cycling in certain key respects. One respect was that the maximum magnitude normal pedal force reached substantially higher values, exceeding the weight of the subject, and the phase occurred later in the crank cycle. Another respect was that the direction of the handlebar forces alternated indicating that the arms pulled up and back during the power stroke of the corresponding leg and pushed down and forward during the upstroke. Inasmuch as these forces were coordinated (i.e., in phase) with the leaning of the bicycle, the arms developed positive power.

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Juker, Daniel, Stuart McGill, and Peter Kropf. "Quantitative Intramuscular Myoelectric Activity of Lumbar Portions of Psoas and the Abdominal Wall during Cycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 14, no. 4 (November 1998): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.14.4.428.

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The purpose of this study was to quantify activation using intramuscular EMG from lumbar psoas and the three layers of the abdominal wall during several styles of cycling: normal posture (slightly flexed), upright posture, racing in flexed posture, standing up from the saddle, and standing during maximal sprint effort. Lumbar erector spinae and rectus femoris were also monitored with surface electrodes. Results demonstrated that the activity patterns were influenced by the style of cycling. Furthermore, psoas activity peaked at 14% of MVC (or less) during the upstroke phase of normal cycling but became much more active at TDC during flexed cycling (approximately 30% MVC) and approached 60% of MVC during sprinting. Generally, the abdominal wall was activated to relatively low but continual levels except during standing and sprinting. Erector spinae activity was very low at less than 5% MVC throughout the cycle until standing or sprinting styles were adopted. These normalized and scaled data on deep muscle activity during ergometer cycling provide insight into the functioning of these muscles; this information can be used to prescribe rehabilitation and training programs and can help biomechanists understand muscle activity associated with cycling.

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Tang, Yunqi, Donghai Wang, Yong Wang, Keyi Yin, Cui Zhang, Limin Zou, and Yu Liu. "Do Surface Slope and Posture Influence Lower Extremity Joint Kinetics during Cycling?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 2846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082846.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of surface slope and body posture (i.e., seated and standing) on lower extremity joint kinetics during cycling. Fourteen participants cycled at 250 watts power in three cycling conditions: level seated, uphill seated and uphill standing at a 14% slope. A motion analysis system and custom instrumented pedal were used to collect the data of fifteen consecutive cycles of kinematics and pedal reaction force. One crank cycle was equally divided into four phases (90° for each phase). A two-factor repeated measures MANOVA was used to examine the effects of the slope and posture on the selected variables. Results showed that both slope and posture influenced joint moments and mechanical work in the hip, knee and ankle joints (p < 0.05). Specifically, the relative contribution of the knee joint to the total mechanical work increased when the body posture changed from a seated position to a standing position. In conclusion, both surface slope and body posture significantly influenced the lower extremity joint kinetics during cycling. Besides the hip joint, the knee joint also played the role as the power source during uphill standing cycling in the early downstroke phase. Therefore, adopting a standing posture for more power output during uphill cycling is recommended, but not for long periods, in view of the risk of knee injury.

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Berkemeier, Quint N., Chelsie Fechtner, Brent Alumbaugh, Michael Reeder, and Gerald A. Smith. "Muscle Activation in Seated and Standing Uphill Cycling." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486232.56261.8d.

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11

Caldwell, Graham E., James M. Hagberg, Steve D. McCole, and Li Li. "Lower Extremity Joint Moments during Uphill Cycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 15, no. 2 (May 1999): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.15.2.166.

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Lower extremity joint moments were investigated in three cycling conditions: level seated, uphill seated and uphill standing. Based on a previous study (Caldwell, Li, McCole, & Hagberg, 1998), it was hypothesized that joint moments in the uphill standing condition would be altered in both magnitude and pattern. Eight national caliber cyclists were filmed while riding their own bicycles mounted to a computerized ergometer. Applied forces were measured with an instrumented pedal, and inverse dynamics were used to calculate joint moments. In the uphill seated condition the joint moments were similar in profile to the level seated but with a modest increase in magnitude. In the uphill standing condition the peak ankle plantarflexor moment was much larger and occurred later in the downstroke than in the seated conditions. The extensor knee moment that marked the first portion of the down-stroke for the seated trials was extended much further into the downstroke while standing, and the subsequent knee flexor moment period was of lower magnitude and shorter duration. These moment changes in the standing condition can be explained by a combination of more forward hip and knee positions, increased magnitude of pedal force, and an altered pedal force vector direction. The data support the notion of an altered contribution of both muscular and non-muscular sources to the applied pedal force. Muscle length estimates and muscle activity data from an earlier study (Li & Caldwell, 1996) support the unique roles of mono-articular muscles for energy generation and bi-articular muscles for balancing of adjacent joint moments in the control of pedal force vector direction.

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Skotte, Jørgen, Mette Korshøj, Jesper Kristiansen, Christiana Hanisch, and Andreas Holtermann. "Detection of Physical Activity Types Using Triaxial Accelerometers." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 1 (January 2014): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2011-0347.

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Background:The aim of this study was to validate a triaxial accelerometer setup for identifying everyday physical activity types (ie, sitting, standing, walking, walking stairs, running, and cycling).Methods:Seventeen subjects equipped with triaxial accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+) at the thigh and hip carried out a standardized test procedure including walking, running, cycling, walking stairs, sitting, and standing still. A method was developed (Acti4) to discriminate between these physical activity types based on threshold values of standard deviation of acceleration and the derived inclination. Moreover, the ability of the accelerometer placed at the thigh to detect sitting posture was separately validated during free living by comparison with recordings of pressure sensors in the hip pockets.Results:Sensitivity for discriminating between the physical activity types sitting, standing, walking, running, and cycling in the standardized trials were 99%–100% and 95% for walking stairs. Specificity was higher than 99% for all activities. During free living (140 hours of measurements), sensitivity and specificity for detection of sitting posture were 98% and 93%, respectively.Conclusion:The developed method for detecting physical activity types showed a high sensitivity and specificity for sitting, standing, walking, running, walking stairs, and cycling in a standardized setting and for sitting posture during free living.

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Merkes, Paul F. J., Paolo Menaspà, and Chris R. Abbiss. "Reducing Aerodynamic Drag by Adopting a Novel Road-Cycling Sprint Position." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0560.

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Purpose: To assess the influence of seated, standing, and forward-standing cycling sprint positions on aerodynamic drag (CdA) and the reproducibility of a field test of CdA calculated in these different positions. Methods: A total of 11 recreational male road cyclists rode 250 m in 2 directions at around 25, 32, and 40 km·h−1 and in each of the 3 positions, resulting in a total of 18 efforts per participant. Riding velocity, power output, wind direction and velocity, road gradient, temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure were measured and used to calculate CdA using regression analysis. Results: A main effect of position showed that the average CdA of the 2 d was lower for the forward-standing position (0.295 [0.059]) compared with both the seated (0.363 [0.071], P = .018) and standing positions (0.372 [0.077], P = .037). Seated and standing positions did not differ from each other. Although no significant difference was observed in CdA between the 2 test days, a poor between-days reliability was observed. Conclusion: A novel forward-standing cycling sprint position resulted in 23% and 26% reductions in CdA compared with a seated and standing position, respectively. This decrease in CdA could potentially result in an important increase in cycling sprint velocity of 3.9–4.9 km·h−1, although these results should be interpreted with caution because poor reliability of CdA was observed between days.

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14

Davidson, Christopher J., Robert D. Horscroft, John McDaniel, Aleksandar Tomas, Elaine L. Hunter, Justin D. Grisham, Jason M. McNeil, Lex D. Gidley, Colleen Carroll, and Fredrick T. Thompson. "The Biomechanics Of Standing And Seating Maximal Cycling Power." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-02028.

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Davidson, Christopher J., Robert D. Horscroft, John McDaniel, Aleksandar Tomas, Elaine L. Hunter, Justin D. Grisham, Jason M. McNeil, Lex D. Gidley, Colleen Carroll, and Fredrick T. Thompson. "The Biomechanics Of Standing And Seating Maximal Cycling Power." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-02028.

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16

Hull, M. L., Andrew Beard, and Hemant Varma. "Goniometric measurement of hip motion in cycling while standing." Journal of Biomechanics 23, no. 7 (January 1990): 687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(90)90168-3.

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17

Brayman, Andrew A., and Morton W. Miller. "Bubble cycling and standing waves in ultrasonic cell lysis." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 18, no. 4 (January 1992): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(92)90049-g.

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18

Caldwell, Graham E., Li Li, Steve D. McCole, and James M. Hagberg. "Pedal and Crank Kinetics in Uphill Cycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 14, no. 3 (August 1998): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.14.3.245.

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Alterations in kinetic patterns of pedal force and crank torque due to changes in surface grade (level vs. 8% uphill) and posture (seated vs. standing) were investigated during cycling on a computerized ergometer. Kinematic data from a planar cine analysis and force data from a pedal instrumented with piezoelectric crystals were recorded from multiple trials of 8 elite cyclists. These measures were used to calculate pedal force, pedal orientation, and crank torque profiles as a function of crank angle in three conditions: seated level, seated uphill, and standing uphill. The change in surface grade from level to 8% uphill resulted in a shift in pedal angle (toe up) and a moderately higher peak crank torque, due at least in part to a reduction in the cycling cadence. However, the overall patterns of pedal and crank kinetics were similar in the two seated conditions. In contrast, the alteration in posture from sitting to standing on the hill permitted the subjects to produce different patterns of pedal and crank kinetics, characterized by significantly higher peak pedal force and crank torque that occurred much later in the downstroke. These kinetic changes were associated with modified pedal orientation (toe down) throughout the crank cycle. Further, the kinetic changes were linked to altered nonmuscular (gravitational and inertial) contributions to the applied pedal force, caused by the removal of the saddle as a base of support.

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Tanaka, Hirofumi, David R. Bassett Jr., Shane K. Best, and Kenny R. Baker Jr. "Seated Versus Standing Cycling in Competitive Road Cyclists: Uphill Climbing and Maximal Oxygen Uptake." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 21, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h96-013.

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Seven competitive road cyclists (M ± SE = 23.7 ± 1.5 yr, 70.5 ± 1.7 kg) participated to determine the effects of cycling body position on physiological responses during uphill cycling and maximal oxygen uptake [Formula: see text]. There was no significant difference in [Formula: see text] between seated and standing positions on a cycle ergometer (66.4 ± 1.6 vs. 66.4 ± 1.7 ml∙kg−1∙min−1). When the subjects rode their own bicycle on a treadmill, oxygen uptake and heart rate were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during standing when subjects bicycled at 20.0 km∙h−1 (4% grade), but no difference was observed when riding at 12.3 km−1 (10% grade). Leg RPE was significantly (p < 0.05) lower for standing position up a 10% grade. The results suggest that the standing position is less economical during moderate hill climbing, but during steep hill climbing, it results in a decreased sensation of effort in the legs. Key words: bicycling, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion

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Costes, Antony, Nicolas A. Turpin, David Villeger, Pierre Moretto, and Bruno Watier. "Influence of Position and Power Output on Upper Limb Kinetics in Cycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, no. 2 (April 2016): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0295.

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Several suggestions on the upper limb involvement in cycling exist but, to date, no study has quantified upper limb kinetics in this task. The aim of this study was to determine how crank power and pedaling position (seated or standing) affect upper limb kinetics. Handlebar loadings and upper limb kinematics were collected from 17 participants performing seated or standing pedaling trials in a random order at 6 crank powers ranging from 20% (112 ± 19 W) to 120% (675 ± 113 W) of their spontaneous sit-to-stand transition power. An inverse dynamics approach was used to compute 3D moments, powers, and works at the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints. Over 29 parameters investigated, increases in crank power were associated with increases in the magnitudes of 23 and 20 of the kinetic variables assessed in seated and standing positions, respectively. The standing position was associated with higher magnitudes of upper limb kinetics. These results suggest that both upper and lower limbs should be considered in future models to better understand whole body coordination in cycling.

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Díez, Noel, Mo Qiao, Juan Luis Gómez-Urbano, Cristina Botas, Daniel Carriazo, and Maria Magdalena Titirici. "High density graphene–carbon nanosphere films for capacitive energy storage." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 11 (2019): 6126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta12050a.

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22

Cordillet, Sébastien, Nicolas Bideau, Benoit Bideau, and Guillaume Nicolas. "Estimation of 3D Knee Joint Angles during Cycling Using Inertial Sensors: Accuracy of a Novel Sensor-to-Segment Calibration Procedure Based on Pedaling Motion." Sensors 19, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112474.

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This paper presents a novel sensor-to-segment calibration procedure for inertial sensor-based knee joint kinematics analysis during cycling. This procedure was designed to be feasible in-field, autonomously, and without any external operator or device. It combines a static standing up posture and a pedaling task. The main goal of this study was to assess the accuracy of the new sensor-to-segment calibration method (denoted as the ‘cycling’ method) by calculating errors in terms of body-segment orientations and 3D knee joint angles using inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based and optoelectronic-based motion capture. To do so, 14 participants were evaluated during pedaling motion at a workload of 100 W, which enabled comparisons of the cycling method with conventional calibration methods commonly employed in gait analysis. The accuracy of the cycling method was comparable to that of other methods concerning the knee flexion/extension angle, and did not exceed 3.8°. However, the cycling method presented the smallest errors for knee internal/external rotation (6.65 ± 1.94°) and abduction/adduction (5.92 ± 2.85°). This study demonstrated that a calibration method based on the completion of a pedaling task combined with a standing posture significantly improved the accuracy of 3D knee joint angle measurement when applied to cycling analysis.

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Tronarp, Rebecca, André Nyberg, Mattias Hedlund, Charlotte K. Häger, Suzanne McDonough, and Martin Björklund. "Office-Cycling: A Promising Way to Raise Pain Thresholds and Increase Metabolism with Minimal Compromising of Work Performance." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5427201.

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Aim.Establishing the effects of low intensity cycling (LC), moderate intensity cycling (MC), and standing at a simulated office workstation on pain modulation, work performance, and metabolic expenditure.Methods.36 healthy adults (21 females), mean age 26.8 (SD 7.6) years, partook in this randomized3×3crossover trial with 75 minutes of LC on 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) output, 30 minutes of MC on 50% of MAP, and standing 30 minutes with 48-hour wash-out periods. Outcome measures were pain modulation (pressure pain threshold (PPT) and thermal pain threshold)), work performance (transcription, mouse pointing, and cognitive performance), and metabolic expenditure.Results.PPTs increased in all conditions. PPT trapezius showed the highest increase after LC, 39.3 kilopascals (kPa) (15.6; 78.6), compared to MC, 17.0 kPa (2.8; 49.9), and standing, 16.8 kPa (−5.6; 39.4),p=0.015. Transcription was reduced during LC and MC. Mouse pointing precision was best during standing and worst and slowest during MC. Cognitive performance did not differ between conditions. Metabolic expenditure rates were 1.4 (1.3; 1.7), 3.3 (2.3; 3.7), and 7.5 (5.8; 8.7) kcal/minute during standing, LC, and MC, respectively(p<0.001).Conclusions.LC seems to be the preferred option; it raised PPTs, more than doubled metabolic expenditure, whilst minimally influencing work performance.

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MILLET, GR??GOIRE P., CYRILLE TRONCHE, NICOLAS FUSTER, and ROBIN CANDAU. "Level ground and uphill cycling efficiency in seated and standing positions." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 10 (October 2002): 1645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200210000-00017.

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Li, Yong, Daixin Ye, Bin Shi, Wen Liu, Rui Guo, Haijuan Pei, and Jingying Xie. "Free-standing reduced graphene oxide/MnO2–reduced graphene oxide–carbon nanotube nanocomposite flexible membrane as an anode for improving lithium-ion batteries." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 11 (2017): 7498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp07784f.

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Wang, Bin, Tengfei Qiu, Xianglong Li, Bin Luo, Long Hao, Yunbo Zhang, and Linjie Zhi. "Synergistically engineered self-standing silicon/carbon composite arrays as high performance lithium battery anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 2 (2015): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta06088a.

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Self-standing, ordered arrays of uniform Si/C wire-in-tube nanocomposites are developed, showing high specific capacity and extraordinary cycling stability whilst delivering competitive areal capacity.

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Chen, Huanhui, Jiao He, Yongliang Li, Shan Luo, Lingna Sun, Xiangzhong Ren, Libo Deng, Peixin Zhang, Yuan Gao, and Jianhong Liu. "Hierarchical CuOx–Co3O4 heterostructure nanowires decorated on 3D porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers as flexible and free-standing anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 13 (2019): 7691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00275h.

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Sprangers, R. L., K. H. Wesseling, A. L. Imholz, B. P. Imholz, and W. Wieling. "Initial blood pressure fall on stand up and exercise explained by changes in total peripheral resistance." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.523.

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To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the initial fall in blood pressure on standing upright from the supine position, we measured the beat-to-beat changes in intra-arterial pressure in eight healthy male subjects in response to standing. Changes in stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were computed from the pressure waveform using a pulse contour method. To determine possible mechanisms for the changes observed on standing, similar measures were made on passive tilting and a brief (3-s) bout of cycle exercise. Standing elicited a transient 25% (23-mmHg) fall in mean blood pressure as a result of a 36% fall in total peripheral resistance. Head-up tilt elicited a gradual change in haemodynamic parameters, which reached plateau levels in 20-30 s. Cycling elicited a transient 17% (18-mmHg) fall in blood pressure and a 41% fall in total peripheral resistance. In addition, we measured right atrial and esophageal pressures in two subjects on standing and cycling and found a 10- to 15-mmHg rise in right atrial pressure without a corresponding change in esophageal pressure. This points to the cardiopulmonary reflex as the primary effector of peripheral vasodilation, but we cannot exclude the possibility that 1) local metabolic vasodilation and 2) central command-mediated cholinergic vasodilation contributed to the fall in vascular resistance.

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Puheng, Yang, Wang Wenxu, Zhang Xiaoliang, Li Honglei, Zhang Shichao, and Xing Yalan. "Self-standing Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2/graphene membrane as a binder-free cathode for Li-ion batteries." RSC Advances 8, no. 69 (2018): 39769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra06086j.

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Morishima, Takuma, Robert M. Restaino, Lauren K. Walsh, Jill A. Kanaley, and Jaume Padilla. "Prior exercise and standing as strategies to circumvent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction." Clinical Science 131, no. 11 (May 10, 2017): 1045–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20170031.

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We have previously shown that local heating or leg fidgeting can prevent prolonged sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction. However, whether physical activity prevents subsequent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction remains unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction would be prevented by prior exercise. We also examined if, in the absence of exercise, standing is an effective alternative strategy to sitting for conserving leg endothelial function. Fifteen young healthy subjects completed three randomized experimental trials: (1) sitting without prior exercise; (2) sitting with prior exercise; and (3) standing without prior exercise. Following baseline popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) measurements, subjects maintained a supine position for 45 min in the sitting and standing trials, without prior exercise, or performed 45 min of leg cycling before sitting (i.e. sitting with prior exercise trial). Thereafter, subjects were positioned into a seated or standing position, according to the trial, for 3 h. Popliteal artery FMD measures were then repeated. Three hours of sitting without prior exercise caused a significant impairment in popliteal artery FMD (baseline: 3.8±0.5%, post-sitting: 1.5±0.5%, P<0.05), which was prevented when sitting was preceded by a bout of cycling exercise (baseline: 3.8±0.5%, post-sitting: 3.6±0.7%, P>0.05). Three hours of standing did not significantly alter popliteal artery FMD (baseline: 4.1±0.4%, post-standing: 4.3±0.4%, P>0.05). In conclusion, prolonged sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction can be prevented by prior aerobic exercise. In addition, in the absence of exercise, standing represents an effective substitute to sitting for preserving leg conduit artery endothelial function.

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Liu, Xiao-Zhi, Tang Tang, Wen-Jie Jiang, Qing-Hua Zhang, Lin Gu, and Jin-Song Hu. "Fe-doped Co3O4 polycrystalline nanosheets as a binder-free bifunctional cathode for robust and efficient zinc–air batteries." Chemical Communications 56, no. 40 (2020): 5374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc01024c.

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Self-standing Fe-Co₃O₄@CC bifunctional electrocatalysts enabled high-performance Zn–air batteries with a power density of 268.6 mW cm⁻² and superior cycling stability.

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León-Peláez, Juan D., William Caicedo-Ruiz, and Jeiner Castellanos-Barliza. "Reactivation of nutrient cycling in an urban tropical dry forest after abandonment of agricultural activities." Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 27, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.11.068.

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Introduction: Standing leaf litter represent an essential source of organic matter and nutrients to dynamize biogeochemical processes at the ecosystem level. Objectives: To characterize the accumulation and decomposition of organic materials and flow of nutrients from standing litter in an urban dry tropical forest in a successional stage, after 10 years of abandonment of agricultural activities, and to determine the potential use of three species in future active restoration activities. Materials and methods: Standing litter samples were collected from a forest fragment in Santa Marta, Colombia, separating leaves, reproductive material, woody material and other residues. Additionally, leaves of three species of interest for ecological restoration (Albizia niopoides Spruce ex Benth., Cordia alba [Jacq.] Roem. & Schult. and Machaerium milleflorum Dugand G. A.) were separated and Ca, Mg, K, N and P concentrations were determined. Results and discussion: Total standing litter was 8.3 Mg∙ha-1 with a mean residence time of two years. The leaves represented 20% of the standing litter, with a mean residence time of 1.4 years. Based on the decomposition constant (kj = 0.73) and the rate of leaf litterfall, organic matter returns accounted for 3.4 Mg∙ha-1∙year-1. Leaf decomposition rate decreased in the following order C. alba > M. milleflorum > A. niopoides. P represented the greatest limitation with low release rates (0.1 to 1.2 kg∙ha-1∙year-1). Conclusions: The passive restoration strategy allowed reactivation of biogeochemical cycle via fine leaf litter. Cordia alba showed potential for inclusion in restoration activities, with lower values for leaf N/P ratio, and higher rates for leaf litterfall, litter decomposition and nutrient release.

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Hansen, Ernst A., and Harry Waldeland. "Seated versus standing position for maximization of performance during intense uphill cycling." Journal of Sports Sciences 26, no. 9 (July 2008): 977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410801910277.

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Bouillod, Anthony, Julien Pinot, Aurélien Valade, Johan Cassirame, Georges Soto-Romero, and Frédéric Grappe. "Influence of standing position on mechanical and energy costs in uphill cycling." Journal of Biomechanics 72 (April 2018): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.02.034.

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Qi, Bin, Liu He, Xiangjie Bo, Haijing Yang, and Liping Guo. "Electrochemical preparation of free-standing few-layer graphene through oxidation–reduction cycling." Chemical Engineering Journal 171, no. 1 (June 2011): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.078.

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Hu, Renzong, Hanyin Zhang, Jiangwen Liu, Dongchang Chen, Lichun Yang, Min Zhu, and Meilin Liu. "Deformable fibrous carbon supported ultrafine nano-SnO2 as a high volumetric capacity and cyclic durable anode for Li storage." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 29 (2015): 15097–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03401a.

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A free-standing anode was fabricated by filling SnO₂ nanocrystals (NCs) into multidimensional carbonized filter paper (CFP). The SnO₂NC@CFP hybrid demonstrated excellent rate capability and long cycling life, attributed to the deformable fibrous carbon scaffolds.

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Lu, Mengjie, Duo Chen, Ruiqing Li, Boran Wang, Dong Cai, La Li, and Wei Han. "Hierarchical nickel cobalt sulfide nanosheet arrays supported on CuO/Cu hybrid foams as a rationally designed core–shell dendrite electrocatalyst for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 8 (2020): 4039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00266f.

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Porous nickel cobalt sulfide shells decorated on a CuO nanowire core supported on a CuO/CF hybrid foam form the unique 3D self-standing core–shell dendritic electrocatalyst of Ni–Co–S@CuO/CF for OERs, with high activity and long-term cycling cyclic stability.

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De Lorenzo, D. S., and M. L. Hull. "Quantification of Structural Loading During Off-Road Cycling." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 121, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2798337.

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To provide data for fatigue life prediction and testing of structural components in off-road bicycles, the objective of the research described herein was to quantify the loads input to an off-road bicycle as a result of surface-induced loads. A fully instrumented test bicycle was equipped with dynamometers at the pedals, handlebars, and hubs to measure all in-plane structural loads acting through points of contact between the bicycle and both the rider and the ground. A portable data acquisition system carried by the standing rider allowed, for the first time, this loading information to be collected during extended off-road testing. In all, seven experienced riders rode a downhill trail test section with the test bicycle in both front-suspension and full-suspension configurations. The load histories were used quantitatively to describe the load components through the computation of means, standard deviations, amplitude probability density functions, and power spectral density functions. For the standing position, the coefficients of variation for the load components normal to the ground were greater than 1.2 for handlebar forces and 0.3 and 0.5–0.6 for the pedal and hub forces, respectively. Thus, the relative contribution of the dynamic loading was much greater than the static loading at the handlebars but less so at the pedals and hubs. As indicated by the rainflow count, high amplitude loading was developed approaching 3 and 5 times the weight of the test subjects at the front and rear wheels, respectively. The power spectral densities showed that energy was concentrated in the band 0–50 Hz. Through stress computations and knowledge of material properties, the data can be used analytically to predict the fatigue life of important structural components such as those for steering. The data can also be used to develop a fatigue testing protocol for verifying analytical predictions of fatigue life.

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Awdziejczyk, Alexis N., Ross A. Sherman, Jeffrey A. Potteiger, and Sango Otieno. "Impact of Standing up During Sprint Cycling on Power Output in Female Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000487119.77504.22.

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CRESPO, NOE C., SARAH L. MULLANE, ZACHARY S. ZEIGLER, MATTHEW P. BUMAN, and GLENN A. GAESSER. "Effects of Standing and Light-Intensity Walking and Cycling on 24-h Glucose." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48, no. 12 (December 2016): 2503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001062.

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Reiser, Raoul, Joseph Maines, Joey Eisenmann, and John Wilkinson. "Standing and seated Wingate protocols in human cycling. A comparison of standard parameters." European Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2002): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0694-1.

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Yu, Shicheng, Zigeng Liu, Hermann Tempel, Hans Kungl, and Rüdiger-A. Eichel. "Self-standing NASICON-type electrodes with high mass loading for fast-cycling all-phosphate sodium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 37 (2018): 18304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07313a.

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A Na-ion battery with high rate capability and long cycling life consists of high mass loading self-standing NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ anode and Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode.

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Wang, Fang, Wang Liu, Hui Wang, Chengcheng Meng, Qixing Wu, Xuelong Zhou, and Zhongkuan Luo. "Reduced Co3O4 nanowires with abundant oxygen vacancies as an efficient free-standing cathode for Li–O2 batteries." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 24 (2018): 6478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cy01583j.

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Song, Hee Jo, Da-Sol Kim, Jae-Chan Kim, Seong-Hyeon Hong, and Dong-Wan Kim. "An approach to flexible Na-ion batteries with exceptional rate capability and long lifespan using Na2FeP2O7 nanoparticles on porous carbon cloth." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 11 (2017): 5502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta00727b.

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We prepared Na₂FeP₂O₇ NPs embedded in carbon and fabricated a free-standing electrode using Na₂FeP₂O₇ nanoparticles and porous carbon cloth for flexible high-rate Na-ion batteries with superior cycling stability.

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Kong, Dezhi, Chuanwei Cheng, Ye Wang, Zhixiang Huang, Bo Liu, Yew Von Lim, Qi Ge, and Hui Ying Yang. "Fe3O4quantum dot decorated MoS2nanosheet arrays on graphite paper as free-standing sodium-ion battery anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 19 (2017): 9122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta01172e.

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Fe₃O₄QDs decorated MoS₂nanosheet arrays on graphite paper have been synthesized by a two-step hydrothermal method and further used as anodes for sodium-ion batteries with superior cycling life and rate capability.

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Read, David T., and James W. Dally. "Fatigue of Microlithographically-Patterned Free-Standing Aluminum Thin Film Under Axial Stresses." Journal of Electronic Packaging 117, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792062.

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Fatigue life as a function of number of stress cycles has been determined for three-layer titanium-aluminum-titanium thin-film specimens. For nominal stresses ranging from 50 to 90 percent of the upper-bound ultimate strength, the fatigue lives ranged up to 76 cycles. In all specimens, active cracks were observed after only a few stress cycles. These cracks grew with repeated cycling. The fatigue life was reached when the specimen could no longer sustain the maximum cyclic stress.

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Chiou, W. A., and R. Mitra. "In Situ TEM Study of Straining of Free Standing Nickel Thin Films." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600034814.

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In situ dynamic experiments in the TEM provide a powerful and unique method of investigating materials, when they are subjected to different environments or treatments. Study of plastic deformation mechanisms of free standing thin metallic films have evoked strong research interest in recent years. In the past, free standing thin metallic films have been tested in tension, where the tensile properties were measured and compared with those of bulk samples. Certain other studies dealt with metallic films attached to the substrate, where the deformation was introduced by thermal cycling or mechanical straining. The deformaion of bulk nanocrystalline samples has also been extensively studied recently. However, few publications have documented in situ straining of free standing metallic films with ultrafine grain size. In this study, an in situ straining stage was employed in the TEM to deform a free standing thin nickel film with grain sizes in submicron and nanocrystalline range, and the goal was to observe the microstructural response to deformation.

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Wang, Bo, Gang Lu, Qiu-Ping Luo, and Tianhu Wang. "Free-Standing Porous Carbon Nanofiber Networks from Electrospinning Polyimide for Supercapacitors." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4305437.

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Free-standing porous carbon nanofiber networks (CFNs) were synthesized by electrospinning method and carbonization procedure. We study the implementation of porous CFNs as supercapacitor electrodes and electrochemical measurements demonstrated that porous CFNs exhibit a specific capacitance (205 F/g at the scan rate of 5 mV/s) with high flexibility and good rate capability performance (more than 70% of its initial capacitance from 5 mV/s to 200 mV/s). Furthermore, porous CFNs exhibited an excellent cycling stability (just 12% capacitance loss after 10,000 cycles). These results suggest that porous CFNs are very promising candidates as flexible supercapacitor electrodes.

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Liang, Jin, Bitao Dong, Shujiang Ding, Cuiping Li, Ben Q. Li, Jun Li, and Guang Yang. "Facile construction of ultrathin standing α-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets on halloysite nanotubes and their enhanced electrochemical capacitance." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 29 (2014): 11299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01045k.

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Peng, Yi, Rou Tan, Jianmin Ma, Qiuhong Li, Taihong Wang, and Xiaochuan Duan. "Electrospun Li3V2(PO4)3 nanocubes/carbon nanofibers as free-standing cathodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 24 (2019): 14681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02740h.

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A novel free-standing architecture with Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ nanocubes embedded in N-doped carbon nanofibers has been successfully prepared through a facile ionic liquid-assisted electrospinning method, which exhibits an outstanding electrochemical performance including high specific capacity, stable cycling performance and superior rate capability.

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