Academic literature on the topic 'Standing cycling'
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Journal articles on the topic "Standing cycling"
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Arkesteijn, Marco, Simon Jobson, James Hopker, and Louis Passfield. "The Effect of Cycling Intensity on Cycling Economy During Seated and Standing Cycling." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 7 (October 2016): 907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0441.
Full textAbstract:
Background:Previous research has shown that cycling in a standing position reduces cycling economy compared with seated cycling. It is unknown whether the cycling intensity moderates the reduction in cycling economy while standing.Purpose:The aim was to determine whether the negative effect of standing on cycling economy would be decreased at a higher intensity.Methods:Ten cyclists cycled in 8 different conditions. Each condition was either at an intensity of 50% or 70% of maximal aerobic power at a gradient of 4% or 8% and in the seated or standing cycling position. Cycling economy and muscle activation level of 8 leg muscles were recorded.Results:There was an interaction between cycling intensity and position for cycling economy (P = .03), the overall activation of the leg muscles (P = .02), and the activation of the lower leg muscles (P = .05). The interaction showed decreased cycling economy when standing compared with seated cycling, but the difference was reduced at higher intensity. The overall activation of the leg muscles and the lower leg muscles, respectively, increased and decreased, but the differences between standing and seated cycling were reduced at higher intensity.Conclusions:Cycling economy was lower during standing cycling than seated cycling, but the difference in economy diminishes when cycling intensity increases. Activation of the lower leg muscles did not explain the lower cycling economy while standing. The increased overall activation, therefore, suggests that increased activation of the upper leg muscles explains part of the lower cycling economy while standing.
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Dupont, Francois, Pierre-Majorique Léger, Mickael Begon, François Lecot, Sylvain Sénécal, Elise Labonté-Lemoyne, and Marie-Eve Mathieu. "Health and productivity at work: which active workstation for which benefits: a systematic review." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 5 (January 28, 2019): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105397.
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In order to reduce sedentary behaviour at work, research has examined the effectiveness of active workstations. However, despite their relevance in replacing conventional desks, the comparison between types of active workstations and their respective benefits remains unclear. The purpose of this review article is thus to compare the benefits between standing, treadmill and cycling workstations. Search criteria explored Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases. The review included studies concerning adults using at least two types of active workstations, evaluating biomechanical, physiological work performance and/or psychobiological outcomes. Twelve original articles were included. Treadmill workstations induced greater movement/activity and greater muscular activity in the upper limbs compared with standing workstations. Treadmill and cycling workstations resulted in elevated heart rate, decreased ambulatory blood pressure and increased energy expenditure during the workday compared with standing workstations. Treadmill workstations reduced fine motor skill function (ie, typing, mouse pointing and combined keyboard/mouse tasks) compared with cycling and standing workstations. Cycling workstations resulted in improved simple processing task speeds compared with standing and treadmill workstations. Treadmill and cycling workstations increased arousal and decreased boredom compared with standing workstations. The benefits associated with each type of active workstation (eg, standing, treadmill, cycling) may not be equivalent. Overall, cycling and treadmill workstations appear to provide greater short-term physiological changes than standing workstations that could potentially lead to better health. Cycling, treadmill and standing workstations appear to show short-term productivity benefits; however, treadmill workstations can reduce the performance of computer tasks.
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Hansen, EA, H. Waldeland, and J. Hallén. "SEATED-STANDING TRANSITION INTENSITY IN UPHILL CYCLING." Journal of Biomechanics 40 (January 2007): S193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70189-6.
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Davidson, Christopher J., Bruce M. Wagner, and James C. Martin. "Seated and Standing Maximal Neuromuscular Cycling Power." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01648.
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Carriker, Colin R., Reid McLean, Jeremy McCormick, and Len Kravitz. "Weighted Vest Standing Cycling Increases Metabolic Cost." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000496302.65245.fc.
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Davidson, Christopher J., Bruce M. Wagner, and James C. Martin. "Seated and Standing Maximal Neuromuscular Cycling Power." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01648.
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Stone, Cal, and Maury L. Hull. "Rider/Bicycle Interaction Loads during Standing Treadmill Cycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 9, no. 3 (August 1993): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.9.3.202.
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This paper provides measurements of rider-induced loads during standing cycling. Two strain gauge dynamometers were used to measure these loads while three subjects rode bicycles on a large motorized treadmill; the cycling situation simulated hill climbing while standing. Comparing the results to those previously published for seated cycling revealed that the loading for standing cycling differed fundamentally from that for seated cycling in certain key respects. One respect was that the maximum magnitude normal pedal force reached substantially higher values, exceeding the weight of the subject, and the phase occurred later in the crank cycle. Another respect was that the direction of the handlebar forces alternated indicating that the arms pulled up and back during the power stroke of the corresponding leg and pushed down and forward during the upstroke. Inasmuch as these forces were coordinated (i.e., in phase) with the leaning of the bicycle, the arms developed positive power.
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Juker, Daniel, Stuart McGill, and Peter Kropf. "Quantitative Intramuscular Myoelectric Activity of Lumbar Portions of Psoas and the Abdominal Wall during Cycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 14, no. 4 (November 1998): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.14.4.428.
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The purpose of this study was to quantify activation using intramuscular EMG from lumbar psoas and the three layers of the abdominal wall during several styles of cycling: normal posture (slightly flexed), upright posture, racing in flexed posture, standing up from the saddle, and standing during maximal sprint effort. Lumbar erector spinae and rectus femoris were also monitored with surface electrodes. Results demonstrated that the activity patterns were influenced by the style of cycling. Furthermore, psoas activity peaked at 14% of MVC (or less) during the upstroke phase of normal cycling but became much more active at TDC during flexed cycling (approximately 30% MVC) and approached 60% of MVC during sprinting. Generally, the abdominal wall was activated to relatively low but continual levels except during standing and sprinting. Erector spinae activity was very low at less than 5% MVC throughout the cycle until standing or sprinting styles were adopted. These normalized and scaled data on deep muscle activity during ergometer cycling provide insight into the functioning of these muscles; this information can be used to prescribe rehabilitation and training programs and can help biomechanists understand muscle activity associated with cycling.
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Tang, Yunqi, Donghai Wang, Yong Wang, Keyi Yin, Cui Zhang, Limin Zou, and Yu Liu. "Do Surface Slope and Posture Influence Lower Extremity Joint Kinetics during Cycling?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 2846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082846.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of surface slope and body posture (i.e., seated and standing) on lower extremity joint kinetics during cycling. Fourteen participants cycled at 250 watts power in three cycling conditions: level seated, uphill seated and uphill standing at a 14% slope. A motion analysis system and custom instrumented pedal were used to collect the data of fifteen consecutive cycles of kinematics and pedal reaction force. One crank cycle was equally divided into four phases (90° for each phase). A two-factor repeated measures MANOVA was used to examine the effects of the slope and posture on the selected variables. Results showed that both slope and posture influenced joint moments and mechanical work in the hip, knee and ankle joints (p < 0.05). Specifically, the relative contribution of the knee joint to the total mechanical work increased when the body posture changed from a seated position to a standing position. In conclusion, both surface slope and body posture significantly influenced the lower extremity joint kinetics during cycling. Besides the hip joint, the knee joint also played the role as the power source during uphill standing cycling in the early downstroke phase. Therefore, adopting a standing posture for more power output during uphill cycling is recommended, but not for long periods, in view of the risk of knee injury.
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Berkemeier, Quint N., Chelsie Fechtner, Brent Alumbaugh, Michael Reeder, and Gerald A. Smith. "Muscle Activation in Seated and Standing Uphill Cycling." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486232.56261.8d.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Standing cycling"
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Clews, Clayton, and n/a. "A physiological comparison between standing cycling and running during an intermediate term anaerobic capacity session." University of Canberra. Human & Biomedical Sciences, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060628.160711.
Full textAbstract:
This study wished to compare the same physiological responses of elite athletes to a typical
intermediate term anaerobic capacity track running session with those of standing cycling of
similar intensity and duration. Twelve well trained/elite male distance runners completed
maximal running, standing cycling and strength testing sessions; and Intermediate Term
Anaerobic Capacity Sessions (ITACS) in running and standing cycling; each comprising eight
efforts of approximately 30 seconds duration at 90% maximal effort in each mode of activity,
separated by 2 minutes rest.
The experimental sessions took place from the end of November 1996 to the beginning of
March 1997. The subjects were required to attend three maximal experimental sessions,
which were performed on separate days and used for baseline data collection. On completing
these they participated in both running and standing cycling ITACS, performed on separate
days with at least 48 hours between each test protocol. There was complete randomisation of
all test protocols.
Descriptive statistics were determined for all the variables. Independent t-testing was used to
determine if similar temperature and humidity readings were obtained during the maximal
testing for each mode of activity. Paired t-testing was used to compare the differences in
warmup heart rates between the maximal and ITACS, the differences in peak lactates
obtained after each type of ITACS, draw comparisons between heart rate (HR) changes over
time during the ITACS and determine if a difference existed between workloads for the two
modes of activity. It was also used to draw a comparison between the peak BLa values and
ascertain if pre-test creatine kinase (CK) levels were the same for each mode of activity. A
repeated measures one way ANOVA was used to determine if workload reduced over time for
each type of ITACS. A three way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (repetition)
was performed on HR response. It was used to determine if there was a difference between
the workload/recovery HR response; if workload/recovery HR values increased over the
duration of each ITACS; and if the workload/recovery HR response over time was mode
specific. A two way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (repetition) was
performed on blood lactate (BLa) response. It was used to determine if there was a significant
interaction between the mode of activity and time, if BLa increased over the duration of each
ITACS and if there was an effect of mode on its own on the BLa response. A two way
repeated measures ANOVA was used to ascertain whether there was a difference in CK levels
between the two modes of activity, with Tukey's multiple comparison tests used in post hoc
analyses to show the amount of difference. A linear regression analysis was performed to
determine if BLa response was similar across the duration of each type of ITACS.
The effects of temperature (22.3 ± 1.2 vs 21.1 ± 0.3 °C, run vs cycle, t = -0.94, n = 12, p =
0.36)) and humidity (57 ±4.2 vs 52 ± 1.7%, run versus cycle, t = -1.04, n = 12, p = 0.31) did
not influence any of the results obtained during the ITACS. Nor did differing warmup
intensities (as indicated by heart rate - HR) during the maximal (160 ± 5.7 vs 158 ± 3.1 beats
per minute (bpm), run vs cycle, t = - 0.45, n = 9, p = 0.66) and ITACS (160 ± 3.6 vs 152 ± 3.1
bpm, run vs cycle, t = -2.81, n = 9, p = 0.02). An equal test preparation was confirmed by the
warmup blood lactate (BLa) levels, which were not significantly different between the
exercise modes for both the maximal (11.0 ±0.6 vs 11.8 ± 1.0 mmol-l1, run vs cycle, t = 2.26,
ii
n = 10, p =0.23) and ITACS (4.2 ± 0.7 vs 4.2 ± 0.6 mmol-1 ', run vs cycle, t = 0.27, n = 10, p
= 0.796).
A significantly higher workload was achieved during the running ITACS as compared to the
standing cycling ITACS (105 ± 1.1 vs 89 ±2.9 %, run vs cycle, t = 10.45, n = 12, p<0.0005).
The increase in workload/recovery HR response and their changes as each type of ITACS
progressed was not mode specific [F(l,40) = 0.94, p > 0.05]. Those subjects who possessed
high BLa concentrations performed less work on the cycle ergometer. There was a strong
negative relationship for average workloads and BLa accumulation for the standing cycling
exercise (Spearmans rho = -0.799, n = 11, p<0.005) suggesting that BLa accumulation was a
limiting factor in work production. The increase in BLa levels was not mode specific F(l,20)
= 1.36, p > 0.05]. The BLa response was comparatively similar because the rate of increase in
BLa accumulation and peak BLa values (19.7 vs 16.9 mmol-l'1, cycle vs run, t = 2.1, n = 11, p
= 0.06) were not significantly different between the modes of activity. Mode in conjunction
with time affected standing cycling BLa response to a greater extent than running BLa levels
[F(4.80) =3.929, p <. 0.05]. Standing cycling BLa concentrations were significantly
negatively correlated with knee extension peak torque (Spearmans rho = - 0.771, n = 11, p <
0.01) and total work (Spearmans rho = - 0.802, n = 11, p < 0.01) measurements. In running
they were negatively correlated with knee flexion total work measurements (Spearman rho = -
0.685, n = 11, p < 0.05) These findings suggest that BLa accumulation occurs from different
muscle fibre recruitment patterns. Less work was performed in isokinetic knee extension
following standing cycling as compared to running (2234 ± 68.4 vs 2462 ± 78.9 Nm, t = 2.23,
n = 11, p < 0.05) suggesting that standing cycling is more fatiguing on the quadriceps than
running. There was no difference in the knee flexion testing (1799 ± 89.6 vs 1785 ± 69.2,
cycle vs run, t = 2.23, n = 11, p = 0.96). There was a significant difference in mean creatine
kinase (CK) activity between the two modes 24 hours after completing the ITACS (450 ±
73.2 vs 320 ± 46.5 I/U, running vs cycle, F = 6.44, df = 1,17, p < 0.01). There was a
significantly greater increase in CK activity and therefore muscle damage, following the
running (mean increase of 190 I/U) as compared to the standing cycling session (mean
increase of 44.0 I/U).
In terms of reducing the risk of injury, achieving a similar cardiovascular response and
achieving comparable BLa accumulation (even though mechanism/s of accumulation may be
different) standing cycling appears to be is a satisfactory substitute for running during an
ITACS. The results of this research strengthen the concept of utilising a simulated mode of
activity as a substitute for the primary activity in order to maximise transfer effects,
providing there is a careful balance between the specific training and the near specific
training. The differing physiological responses between the exercise modes (ie- different
muscle fibre recruitment patterns, different workload capacity, different CK measures)
suggest that standing cycling cannot act as a total/comprehensive replacement for running. A
training study is warranted to further investigate the findings of this research.
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Schmid, Amy V. "Coarse Woody Debris and the Carbon Balance of a Moderately Disturbed Forest." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3777.
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Landscapes are comprised of multiple ecosystems shaped by disturbances varying in severity and source. Moderate disturbance from weather, pathogens, insects, and age-related senescence, in contrast to severe disturbances that fell trees, may increase standing woody debris and alter the contribution of coarse woody debris (CWD) to total ecosystem respiration (RE). However, woody debris dynamics are rarely examined following moderate disturbances that substantially increase standing dead wood stocks. We used an experimental manipulation of moderate disturbance in an upper Great Lakes forest to: 1) examine decadal changes in CWD stocks through a moderate disturbance; 2) quantify in situ CWD respiration during different stages of decay for downed and standing woody debris and; 3) estimate the annual contribution of CWD respiration to the ecosystem C balance through comparison with RE and net ecosystem production (NEP). We found that the standing dead wood mass of 24.5 Mg C ha-1 was an order of magnitude greater than downed woody debris stocks and a large source of ecosystem C flux six years following disturbance. Instantaneous in situ respiration rates from standing and downed woody debris in the earliest stages of decay were not significantly different from one another. Independently derived estimates of ecosystem CWD respiration of 1.1to 2.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 six years following disturbance were comparable in magnitude to NEP and 12.5 % to 23.8 % of RE, representing a substantial increase relative to pre-disturbance levels. Ecosystem respiration and NEP were stable following moderate disturbance even though ecosystem CWD respiration increased substantially, suggesting a reduction in the respiratory C contribution from other sources. We conclude that CWD is an essential component of the ecosystem C balance following a moderate forest disturbance.
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Yung-Chun and 許詠鈞. "The Effects of FES-Cycling Training on Muscle Tone and Standing Balance in Stroke Patients." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73191852791165609092.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中山醫學大學
醫學研究所
96
Background: For poststroke patients, increasing muscle tone and associated reaction in the paretic limbs sometimes disturb the activities of daily living. Patients with asymmetrical lower limb functions are difficult to perform continuous and smooth reciprocal movements in the lower limb, such as walking. For this reason, decay in cardiopulmonary function and muscle atrophy will also cause them much physical restrictions in the daily life. To enhance residual functions of patients with partial motor disorders, electrical stimulation (ES) combined with cycling exercise has been utilized as a rehabilitation technology recently. Mazzocchio and colleagues were the first investigators who reported on the ability to establish a target speed increased and H-reflex size decreased more after cycling training involving frequent changes in pedal resistance that required calibrated locomotor compensatory action than with training involving constant pedal resistances and lesser compensation. The degree of performance improvement correlated with the reduction in the amplitude of the H-reflex. But there were no detailed report in documents about the effects of muscle tone and functional standing balance with neural plastic changes after the pedaling exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether (1) a single bout cycling training with stroke can improve abnormal tone and functional standing balance of paretic leg; (2) ES to the paretic leg during cycling has more effects than cycling without ES. Material and Method: Eighteen stroke patients were recruited, 15 male and 3 female, all subjects gave informed consent as approved by the internal review board of the Chung Shan Medical University School of Medicine and were randomly devided into 2 groups. The experimental group (ES-LCE) performed leg cycling exercise with tolerable ES that evoked muscle contractions during a lower resistance and constant speed cycling training; to evaluate muscle tone and standing balance before and after the training period (20 min). The control group (LCE) received the same study protocol except the ES. In this study, we used the paired sample t-test to assess the changes between the baseline and post-test, and on the other hand the repeated measures ANCOVA was used to analysis the differences between groups. Results: The H/Mmax ratio was significantly decreased in ES-LCE (p= 0.027) and LCE (p= 0.004). The RI was significantly increased in the ES-LCE (p= 0.012), but not in the LCE (p= 0.078). Muscle strength was not significantly changed after training. Scores on the forward limits of stability (LOS) control improved (ie, the MXE increased in the ES-LCE (p= 0.012), and furthermore the significant improvements of RT (p= 0.044), MVL (p= 0.009) and EPE (p= 0.044) were in the LCE). On the other hand scores on the EPE, MXE, and DCL in the affected-ward trial were significantly improved in 2 groups. Training-induced temporal changes of H/Mmax , RI and LOS were no significant difference between the 2 groups. Discussion and Conclusion: This present study showed that a short cycling training program is an useful therapeutic intervention to reduce the muscle tone and to improve the standing balance control of lower paretic limb in patients with stroke. But the use of ES had no additional effects in this specific group of subjects with stroke.
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Basham, Tamara Sue. "Ecophysiology and ecosystem-level impacts of an invasive C4 perennial grass, Bothriochloa ischaemum." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/23141.
Full textAbstract:
The anthropogenic introduction of species into new ecosystems is a global phenomenon, and identifying the mechanisms by which some introduced species become dominant in their introduced ranges (i.e., invasive) is crucial to predicting, preventing, and mitigating the impacts of biological invasions. Introduced perennial C₄ grasses are invading semi-arid grassland and savanna ecosystems throughout the south-central U.S. We hypothesized that in these semi-arid ecosystems, where variable precipitation patterns strongly influence vegetation dynamics, the success of an invasive plant species may be due in part to ecophysiological traits that enable high performance in response to unpredictable water availability. We also hypothesized that increased primary productivity and decreased plant input quality associated with these grass invasions have the potential to alter ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycling and storage by altering the ratio of inputs (productivity) to outputs (decomposition/respiration). We tested the first hypothesis by quantifying ecophysiological performance differences between an invasive C₄ grass, Bothriochloa ischaemum, and co-occurring C₃ and C₄ native grasses under wet and dry conditions in the field and under two levels of simulated precipitation frequencies in a greenhouse experiment. We tested the second hypothesis by examining whether increased primary productivity and decreased C₃:C₄ grass ratios in savanna grass-matrices associated with B. ischaemum invasion altered (1) plant input quality and thus nutrient cycling and/or (2) net ecosystem carbon uptake in invaded areas. B. ischaemum's success as an invader was not directly related to its ability to cope with precipitation variability and availability, but its ability to rapidly produce large amounts of biomass may allow it to directly out-compete native species. B. ischaemum invasion decreased plant input quality and soil nitrogen availability. B. ischaemum invasion shifted ecosystem C-uptake from being nearly year-round to occurring predominantly in the summer. Greater C-uptake during the summer and under drier conditions compensated for a shorter growing seasons in B. ischaemum-invaded areas and cumulative annual NEE was similar between invaded and native-dominated areas. We conclude that B. ischaemum's impacts on soil nitrogen availability and plant-canopy microhabitat may allow it to exclude native species from invaded areas, but that its impacts on ecosystem C sequestration may be small.text
Books on the topic "Standing cycling"
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Reid, Margaret A. Changes in impedance of Ni electrodes upon standing and cycling. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.
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Development, Ontario Legislative Assembly Standing Committee on Resources. Report under Standing Order 108 on bicycle helmets. Toronto: Standing Committee on Resources Development, 1993.
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Schraff, Anne E. Ghost Biker (Standing Tall Mysteries). Saddleback Publishing, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Standing cycling"
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Garimella, Raman, Koen Beyers, Toon Huysmans, and Stijn Verwulgen. "Rigging and Re-posing a Human Model from Standing to Cycling Configuration." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 525–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20216-3_49.
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Peeters, Thomas, Jochen Vleugels, Stijn Verwulgen, and Guido De Bruyne. "The Influence of the Transformation Between Standing and Cycling Position on Upper Body Dimensions." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 207–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20142-5_21.
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Khan, Ali Mehmood, and Michael Lawo. "Recognizing Physical Activities using Wearable Devices." In Handbook of Research on Innovations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, 362–81. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8234-4.ch019.
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Physical activity is a major part of the user's context for wearable computing applications. The System should be able to acquire the user's physical activities using body worn sensors. The authors propose developing a personal activity recognition system that is practical, reliable, and can be used for health-care related applications. They propose to use the wearable device which is a readymade, light weight, small and easy to use device for identifying physical activities (i.e. lying, sitting, walking, standing, cycling, running, ascending stairs and descending stairs), fitness studio activities (i.e. using elliptical trainer, butterfly, bench-press and pull down) and swimming techniques (i.e., dolphin, back-stroke, breast-stroke and free-style) using machine learning algorithms. In this chapter, the authors present an approach to build a system that exhibits this property and provides evidence based on user studies. Their results indicate that the system has a good accuracy rate.
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Artaxo, Paulo. "The Atmospheric Component of Biogeochemical Cycles in the Amazon Basin." In The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.003.0006.
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Tropical forests, with their high biological activity, have the potential to emit large amounts of trace gases and aerosol particles to the atmosphere. The accelerated development and land clearing that is occurring in large areas of the Amazon basin suggest that anthropogenic effects on natural biogeochemical cycles are already occurring (Gash et al. 1996). The atmosphere plays a key role in this process. The tropics are the part of the globe with the most rapidly growing population, the most dramatic industrial expansion and the most rapid and pervasive change in land use and land cover. Also the tropics contain the largest standing stocks of terrestrial vegetation and have the highest rates of photosynthesis and respiration. It is likely that changes in tropical land use will have a profound impact on the global atmosphere (Andreae 1998, Andreae and Crutzen 1997). A significant fraction of nutrients are transported or dislocated through the atmosphere in the form of trace gases, aerosol particles, and rainwater (Keller et al. 1991). Also the global effects of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other trace gases have in the forest ecosystems a key partner. The large emissions of isoprene, terpenes, and many other volatile organic compounds could impact carbon cycling and the production of secondary aerosol particles over the Amazon region. Vegetation is a natural source of many types of aerosol particles that play an important role in the radiation budget over large areas (Artaxo et al. 1998). There are 5 major reservoirs in the Earth system: atmosphere, biosphere (vegetation, animals), soils, hydrosphere (oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater), and the lithosphere (Earth crust). Elemental cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements interact with the different reservoirs of the Earth system. The carbon cycle has important aspects in tropical forests due to the large amount of carbon stored in the tropical forests and the high rate of tropical deforestation (Jacob 1999). In Amazonia there are two very different atmospheric conditions: the wet season (mostly from November to June) and the dry season (July-October) (see Marengo and Nobre, this volume). Biomass burning emissions dominate completely the atmospheric concentrations over large areas of the Amazon basin during the dry season (Artaxo et al. 1988).
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Moore, John C., and Jill Sipes. "Trophic Structure and Nutrient Dynamics of the Belowground Food Web within the Rhizosphere of the Shortgrass Steppe." In Ecology of the Shortgrass Steppe. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135824.003.0015.
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Belowground organisms are key components of the trophic structure and they mediate the dynamics of nutrients of all terrestrial ecosystems. The interactions among assemblages of belowground microorganisms and their consumers mediate the cycling of plant-limiting nutrients, influence aboveground plant productivity, affect the course of plant community development, and affect the dynamic stability of aboveground communities following natural and anthropogenic disturbances (Clarholm, 1985; Ingham et al., 1985; Laakso and Setälä, 1999; Naeem et al., 1994; Tilman et al., 1996; Wall and Moore, 1999). The influence of belowground organisms on the aboveground plant community is heightened in systems such as the shortgrass steppe (Blair et al., 2000), given the relatively high percentage of plant production that is diverted belowground through plant roots. Many of the human-induced changes that the shortgrass steppe has been subjected to during the past 150 years fall outside the scope of the natural variations in climate and grazing. This conflict between the natural history of the shortgrass steppe and the more recent human legacy forms the backdrop of this chapter. First we present a detailed description of the belowground food web for the native shortgrass steppe and present its structure in terms of the patterns of trophic interactions, the distribution of biomass, the flow of energy, and the strengths of interactions. Second, we explore how three disturbances—managed grazing, agricultural practices, and climate change (altered precipitation and temperature, and elevated CO2)—have altered the structure of the belowground community. We conclude with a synthesis of the common patterns that we observed in the grassland’s response to these disturbances, and speculate on their consequences. Aboveground plant parts provide from 20% to 40% cover with exposed soil between them (Lauenroth and Milchunas, 1991). Much of the aboveground production remains in place as standing dead, rather than falling to the soil surface as litter. The ratio of shoot production to root production is roughly 1:1, contrasting sharply with forests, where far more production is allocated aboveground (Jackson et al., 1996; Milchunas and Lauenroth, 1993, 2000). Hence, in the shortgrass steppe, plant roots provide the major input of carbon to soil. As such, plant roots are the focal point of biological activity in soils (Coleman et al., 1983).
Conference papers on the topic "Standing cycling"
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Wilczynski, Herve, and Maury L. Hull. "A Dynamic System Model for Estimating Surface-Induced Frame Loads During Off-Road Cycling." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0284.
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Abstract To facilitate the rational design analysis of off-road bicycle frames, this paper reports a dynamic model of the bicycle/rider system which estimates frame loads for bicycles traveling over rough surfaces. To develop this model, the frame loads at rider contact points were first measured experimentally as a rider coasted over a test track with randomly spaced surface irregularities in both seated and standing positions. Following this measurement, a dynamic system model was developed with the aid of the commercial software package, Dynamic Analysis and Design Software (DADS). The development process consisted of two stages. The first stage involved developing component models (e.g., seat) which could reproduce the essentials of the measured data. The second stage involved identification of parameter values for those parameters shown to most profoundly affect simulated load results. These parameters were all associated with the dynamics of the body thus emphasizing the importance of reflecting the dynamic system nature of the body in the model. Following parameter identification, simulated loads were statistically tested and were not significantly different from experimental loads. Also, maximum magnitude dynamic loads were compared to corresponding static load magnitudes and were larger for eight of the ten load components measured. With the importance of dynamic loads demonstrated and the model verified, it can now be used advantageously to generate a loading database for design analysis purposes.
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Rohan, P., P. Chraska, P. Ctibor, and K. Neufuss. "Relation Between Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Porosity in Thick Zircon and Alumina Coatings." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p1067.
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Abstract For utilization of free-standing ceramic parts produced by plasma spraying it is very important to know the temperature dependence of the linear thermal expansion coefficient and its relation to the porosity of the structure. Zircon ZrSiO4 and gray alumina (96 wt % AI2O3) were plasma sprayed by the water stabilized plasma gun WSP PAL 160. Samples of both materials were cut from thick coatings with respect to their orientation to the gun axis during the gun's horizontal spraying cycling with a constant speed. Thermal expansion coefficients and the differential thermal analysis were performed using SETARAM complex measuring system (up to 1750 °C), the density/porosity was measured by several techniques, such as Archimedean weighing, helium pycnometry, etc. It was found that both, the porosity and the thermal expansion coefficient, change for different locations in the thick deposit due to the varying trajectories of individual particles/droplets in the plasma stream. Measured data for deposits are then compared with data for bulk ceramics. The dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient on porosity in a given location was determined and its general applicability for free-standing plasma spraying is then discussed in the paper.
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Funato, Tetsuro, Shinya Aoi, Nozomi Tomita, and Kazuo Tsuchiya. "Dynamical analysis of human standing model with cyclic motion." In 2014 5th IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biorob.2014.6913848.
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Tacher, Anthony, Fabrice Thouverez, and Jason Armand. "Interaction Between Coriolis Forces and Mistuning on a Cyclic Symmetric Structure With Geometrical Nonlinearity." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15343.
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Abstract An investigation of the interaction between Coriolis forces and mistuning on a cyclic symmetric structure is presented in this paper. The sensitivity of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors to mistuning is first studied with the perturbation method. A lumped parameter model is used to perform a modal analysis using a numerical approach after which geometrical nonlinearity is added to compare behavior with the linear case. Two different modes are thoroughly investigated for different rotational speeds, the first with an eigenvalue isolated from the others and the second presenting a frequency veering zone. The evolution from a standing wave domination at low speeds to a travelling wave domination at high speeds is observed for the isolated mode, whereas a standing wave domination remains around the veering zone for the second mode studied. It is also shown that the geometrical nonlinearity reinforces the mistuning effect versus the Coriolis forces.
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Ulker, M. B. C., M. S. Rahman, and M. N. Guddati. "Standing Wave-Induced Dynamic Response and Instability of Seabed Under a Caisson Breakwater." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20524.
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The wave-induced dynamic response and instability of the porous seabed and the rubble mound foundation under a composite caisson-type breakwater is studied using finite elements. In this study the focus is on the effect of inertial terms on the dynamic response and instability of the foundation material underneath the breakwater. It is assumed that a fully standing wave condition occurs in front of the caisson under the cyclic wave action and the dynamic response of the seabed and rubble mound is presented in terms of pore pressures and stresses induced around the breakwater. A complete formulation of the fully dynamic (FD) response requires inclusion of the inertial terms associated with both the motion of solid skeleton and that of pore fluid. However, partly dynamic (PD) and quasi-static (QS) idealizations are also possible. The objective of this study is to investigate the standing wave induced dynamic response and instability of seabed-rubble-breakwater system.
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Folley, Christopher, and Anil K. Bajaj. "The Dynamics of a Cyclic Ring of Coupled Duffing Oscillators." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85108.
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The dynamics of a planar ring of N coupled identical, damped Duffing oscillators with external excitation is considered. Each oscillator is in 1:1 resonance with all other oscillators. The external forcing is a mono-frequency excitation near primary resonance with each oscillator and the analysis is considered in the context of weakly nonlinear systems. The symmetry of the system is exploited to determine, for an arbitrary number of oscillators, all possible classes of periodic solutions at the excitation frequency. These are fixed-point solutions for the system and are determined by the averaged equations. These solutions are classified into standing waves, traveling waves, and motions in-phase with the external forcing. Linear stability analysis is described for each solution class containing the highest degree of symmetry. To continue the study to motions with smaller degrees of symmetry, numerical simulations using the bifurcation analysis and branch continuation software AUTO 97 are utilized. The study presents the specific example of the dynamics of three Duffing oscillators.
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Ranu, Harcharan Singh, and Aman Sweet Bhullar. "Simulation of Stress-Fracture in Human Vertebral Body due to Extreme Weight Lifting." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63080.
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Lumbar vertebrae are a heavily loaded component of human body. They are subjected to repetitive loading in daily activities. However, limited information on failure mechanism of lumbar vertebrae are available to date. Thus, the need to develop an analytical model to predict stress-fracture characteristics of vertebral body. A linear elastic fracture mechanics approach has been considered and a mathematical model has been proposed so that the predictions can be made more easily related to the occurrence of injury. Study reveals that for a person weighing 1334 N and lifting a weight of 345 kg during squat exercise causes a vertebral stress-fracture at 12 repetitive standing lifting. While same load at lowest position yields a stress-fracture at less than 3 lifting. Numerical study shows that for change of position from standing to lowest position resultant compressive force acting on spine increases by two times whereas the possibility of stress-fracture increases by five times. Similarly at dead lift exercise, lifting 325 kg from standing to lowest position increases resultant compressive forces on vertebrae by 2.5 times. However, stress-fracture ratio increases by six times. Study reveals that for a person weighing 800 N (height = 1.8 m) and lifting a weight of 900 N, vertebrae can be subjected to stress-fracture by three cyclic lifting. Rate of injury is dependent on flexion angle i.e. as flexion angle increases, so does rate of injury.
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Pasca, Dag P., Caroline Myhrvold, Roberto Tomasi, Olav A. Høibø, and Anders Q. Nyrud. "Assessment of the connection properties of a prefabricated wooden sandwich panel under static and cyclic loads." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0244.
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<p>This paper presents the results of a study assessing the resistance of a recently developed standing wood-based prefabricated sandwich panel. The work was carried out in the framework of a product test, and consisted in a total number of 154 tests upon several different configurations. The connections investigated were those involved in constituting the lateral force-resisting system for a wall assembly, namely the panel-to-sill connection and the vertical connection between panels. For some configurations the test were performed in both monotonic and cyclic condition in order to get information about strength and stiffness properties as well as ductility and energy dissipation capacity. The varied parameter within each configuration were the type of connector, screws and nails; their inclination, 90° and 60° degrees; and the material composing the sills, Solid Timber and Solid Wood Panels. The variation of the parameter allowed identifying which configuration yielded the best performances.</p>
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Gel, M., S. Kandasamy, K. Cartledge, C. L. Be, and D. Haylock. "Micro pore arrays in free standing cyclic olefin copolymer membranes: fabrication and surface functionalization strategies for in-vitro barrier tissue models." In SPIE Micro+Nano Materials, Devices, and Applications, edited by James Friend and H. Hoe Tan. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2033653.
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Polpaya, Indu Chanchal, C. Lakshmana Rao, and Susy Varughese. "Electromechanical Behavior and Microstructure of Highly Sensitive Polyaniline/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Composite Piezo-Resistive Materials." In ASME 2016 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2016-9163.
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The unique micro/nano-structure of an intrinsically conducting polymer can be tuned to get higher gauge factors (GF) and reliability, which make them better materials for piezo-resistive applications than conducting carbon based composites and metallic composites. This work reports a highly sensitive conducting polyaniline (PANI)-based composite film that showed a GF ∼66. This high GF was achieved by forming a particular microstructure of conducting PANI particles in a free standing film of PANI-DBSA/EVA. The paper also attempts to explain the mechanism for the observed high sensitivity using the electronic percolation theory, shape and size of the conducting particles and the changes in the microstructure, due to strain. The high sensitivity, high stability during cyclic loading and low electrical hysteresis together with high mechanical strength make PANI-DBSA/EVA conducting composite film a promising material for piezo-resistive strain sensing applications.