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1
Hjafta, Corneels, and n/a. "Implementing national competency standards in the professions in Australia : lessons for Namibia." University of Canberra. Education, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060725.095855.
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This study originated from a professional interest of the researcher in
competency standards and their implementation in the professions. The
study was conducted with the aim of informing policy development and
implementation in Namibia in this area by drawing lessons from the
Australian experience. It set out to identify the factors that influenced
the implementation of this policy in Australia, the importance of these
factors and the strategies employed by implementors to enhance
successful implementation. The study is grounded in policy
implementation theory.
Twenty professions have been involved in developing and implementing
competency standards in Australia under the guidance and with the
support of a national government organisation called the National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition (NOOSR). The main objectives of the
Australian government in implementing this policy were the
improvement of migrant skills recognition and the achievement of
recognition for professional qualifications across state and territory
borders.
Time and budgetary constraints would not allow the involvement of all
the professional groups in this study, so four groups were selected based
on their size and progress made in developing and implementing the
standards. The groups ranged from a very large professional group
(more than 250 000 members) to a very small professional group
(approximately 3 500 members). Eleven respondents from NOOSR and
the professional groups participated in the study. Data was gathered by
structured interview, a rating schedule and document analysis.
The study found that there were seventeen factors that influenced this
process as perceived by the respondents. These factors were classified
into five categories: technical, political, economic, administrative and
political, and then placed on a matrix with the levels at which they
exerted their greatest pressure: external, internal to the professional
body, and on the steering group. This classification of factors gave
indications of the types of strategies and the level of intervention which
may address implementation problems best. The study compiled a list of
the factors in order of importance as rated by the respondents. This
ranking showed that leadership was the most important factor, followed
by experience and expertise of the steering group and the need for and
appropriateness of the standards for the professions. The study also
found that the Australian government employed inducement, capacity
building and facilitation strategies to enhance the successful
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implementation of the standards, while the professional bodies
employed mainly staff development and training as strategies.
The study concluded that Namibian policy makers and implementors
can draw the following lessons from the Australian experience:
1. there is a need for a balance between pressure and support from
government;
2. there is a role for a national implementation plan;
3. the main attraction of national competency standards is still the
many uses it can be put to and the many purposes it serves for
different organisations;
4. assessment strategies need to be considered from the beginning;
5. the methodology of using a representative steering group to lead
standards development is one of the best features of the Australian
approach;
6. Over time, the original objectives of the policy became low priority
for NOOSR and the government;
7. the classification matrix can be used as a planning tool; and
8. the ranking of the factors indicates the importance of organisational,
technical and economic factors.
2
au, sandy heldsinger@uwa edu, and Sandra Heldsinger. "Accounting for unit of scale in standard setting methodologies." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070717.160817.
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Substantial sums of money are invested by governments in state, national and international testing programs. Australia in particular engages at all three levels. There are number of purposes served by these programs. One of these is to report student performance against standards.
Standard setting exercises with respect to a particular assessment are commonly used by testing programs where there is a requirement to determine the point at which it can be said that students have demonstrated achievement of a standard. Several methodologies have been devised that use expert judgements to derive a numerical cut-score on an achievement scale. A commonly used standard setting methodology is one proposed by Angoff (1971).
The kernel of the Angoff procedure is the independent judgement of the probability that a minimally competent person can or cannot answer a dichotomously scored item correctly. This methodology typically involves three stages: orientation and training, a first round of performance estimation followed by feedback, and then a second round of performance estimation. In the orientation session, judges are asked to define a hypothetical target group. This definition is dependent upon the judges tacit understanding of the standard. For example, in the context of a mathematics test, judges would be asked to agree the skills the students should be expected to have mastered. Then they would be asked to envisage a student with those skills and to estimate the proportion of a hypothetical group of equally competent students (as defined by the expected standard) who would answer each item correctly. This proportion is the estimate of the required probability. Then the sum of these probabilities is taken as the raw cut-score on a test composed of the items.
Several studies, however, question the validity of the Angoff methodology because of the finding that judges were unable to perform the fundamental task required of them: to estimate the probability a student would answer an item correctly, (Shepard, 1995) even for groups of students who are well known to them (Impara and Blake, 1996).
In addition, standard-setting exercises invariably take place in situations where the reporting of educational standards has a high profile and is of political importance. To address the accountability requirements that accompany such a task, a wide range of stakeholders are invited to act as judges in the exercises. Inevitably, however, variability between the judges conception of the standard, as represented by the cut-score set by each of them, causes concern. Can the public have confidence in the standard set if the judges themselves cannot agree? Several studies report the introduction of further rounds of performance estimation and more refined feedback in an attempt to obtain greater consistency between the judges ratings (Impara and Blake, 2000; McGinty and Neel, 1996; Reckase, 2000).
In more recent studies Green, Trimble and Lewis (2003) report a study in which three standard setting procedures were implemented to set cut-scores and which required judges to synthesise the results to establish final cut-points. Green et al report studies such as Impara and Blake (2000) where convergence of results among multiple standard settings are used as evidence of validity of cut-scores, but note that while convergence may occur to a reasonable degree when variations of the same method are used, there are few reports of convergence when different procedures are used.
The distinguishing factor between the standard-setting exercises reported in the literature, which rely on judges tacit understanding of the standard and this study, is the existence of an explicitly and operationally defined standard. In 1996 the Australian Ministers for Education agreed to a national framework for reporting of student achievement in literacy and numeracy and arising from this decision was the drafting of benchmark standards against which the achievement of students in years 3, 5, 7 and 9 could be reported. The benchmark standards are articulated in two components. Criteria describe the skills that students need to have acquired if it is to be said that they achieved the standard and sample work exemplify these criteria.
The setting of standards independently of placing them on a scale permitted a more rigorous assessment of the effects of different designs on the setting of cut-scores. Two different standard-setting methodologies have been employed in this study to translate descriptions of the standards into cut-scores. One draws on the Angoff method and involves the use of a rating scale. Judges consider the items of a test and indicate the probability that a student at the cut-score will answer each item correctly. The probabilities are in increments of 0.10, ranging from 0.0 to 1.0. The sum of the probabilities that a judge gives to the items is taken as the raw score cut-score from that judge. The second study involves a method of pairwise comparison of the same items together with items that are operationalised to be benchmark items. The judge has to decide which of each pair of items is the more difficult.
The results of the two benchmark setting designs appear to support findings from other standard-setting exercises reported in the literature. Namely,
i. Judges were unable to estimate absolute item difficulty for a student of prescribed ability.
ii. Where two different designs were used, there is no convergence in results.
iii. Ratings from different judges within each design varied widely.
To indicate the resultant discrepancy in setting the benchmark on the same test, the rating methodology gives a value of 16.08 and the pairwise a value of 7.10 on ostensibly the same scale. A closer examination of the judges ratings, however, suggests that despite the evidence of dramatically different cut scores between the two exercises, the judges were highly consistent in their interpretation of relative item difficulty. Two lines of evidence indicate this high level of internal consistency: (i) the reliability index for the pairwise data; and (ii) the correlation between the item estimates obtained from the rating and pairwise exercises, which was 0.95. In addition, the correlation of the relative item difficulties with those obtained from students responding to the same items was a satisfactory 0.80 and 0.74 for the ratings and for the pairwise designs, respectively.
The high correlation between judgements across the two exercises, in conjunction with the relatively high correlation of the item difficulties from the judges data and from the student data, suggests that problems observed in the literature do not arise because judges cannot differentiate the relative difficulties of the items. Accordingly, the unit of scale as assessed by the standard deviations of the item difficulties were calculated and examined.
The standard deviation of the items from judges in the likelihood design was half that of the item difficulties from the student responses, and the standard deviation of the items from the pairwise design was over twice that of the student scale. The substantial difference between the standard deviations suggests a difference between the units of scale, which presents a fundamental problem for common equating. In general, and in the literature, it seems that the unit of scale as evidenced from the standard deviations is not considered and it seems that it is simply assumed that the unit of scale produced by the students and the judges is the same and each design should be the same. Then if the results of different modes of the data collections do not arrive at the same or very similar cut-scores, it is not considered that this might be only a result of different units of scale.
In retrospect, it is not surprising that different formats for data collection produce different units of scale, and that different cut-scores result. In addition, it is not surprising that these might also produce a different unit of scale from that produced by the responses of the students. The reasons that the different designs are likely to produce different units of scale are considered in the thesis.
Differences in the unit of scale will inevitably have an impact on the location of the benchmark or cut-score. When the difference in standard deviation is accounted for, and the cut-scores are placed on the same scale as that produced by the students, the two exercises provide similar locations of the benchmark cut-score. Importantly, the thesis shows that these locations can be substantiated qualitatively as representing the defined standard. There are two main conclusions of the study. First, some of the problems reported in the literature in setting benchmarks can be attributed to difference in the units of scale in the various response formats of judges relative to those of students. Second, this difference in unit of scale needs to be taken into account when locating the standard on the student scale.
This thesis describes in detail the two cut-score setting designs for the data collection, and the transformations that are necessary in order to locate the benchmark on the same scale as that produced by the responses of the students.
3
Michelotti, Marco 1970. "Changing employment protection systems : the comparative evolution of labour standards in Australia and Italy 1979 to 2000." Monash University, Dept. of Management, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5612.
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Potter, Bradley N., and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Reforming Australian public sector accounting: An episode of institutional thinking." Deakin University. School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, 2003. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051017.155728.
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In recent years in Australia, accounting reforms have been developed which have resulted in the application of commercial systems of accounting to diverse public sector organisations. The reforms, which include the requirement to recognise infrastructure and heritage resources as assets in financial reports, endorse financial notions of accountability and performance that have been traditionally applied within private sector, profit-seeking organisations. Such notions are applied to a range of public sector organisations for the first time, even though the primary missions or objectives of many of these organisations are social, rather than financial in orientation. This critical, interpretative case study, set within the context of not-for-profit public museums, seeks to enhance an understanding of public sector accounting change based on these unique social organisations.
The study examines three aspects of the reforms, namely, their development, their promotion and their defence. This examination is undertaken using the ideas contained in Mary Douglas (1986) How Institutions Think as the key theoretical construct. The supplementary perspectives of problematisation and epistemic communities are used to assist in applying the primary theoretical construct by explaining how, and by whom, these reforms were advocated and implemented in this specific instance. The study shows how the interpretation and application of the statements comprising the conceptual framework have shaped the development, promotion and defence of detailed standards developed for specific public sector organisations. In doing so, the study addresses two key research questions: (1) How were financial notions of accountability and performance of Australian public sector organisations constructed during the period 1976-2001 and articulated in the CF, once its development began, within this reform period? (2) How were these notions and other concepts of financial reporting outlined in the CF interpreted and applied in the (i) development; (ii) promotion; and (iii) defence of detailed accounting standards for not-for-profit public museums in Australia during the period under investigation?
The study demonstrates that the concepts of financial reporting outlined in the conceptual framework were used by a relatively small group of technical experts located in influential positions in accounting regulation and in other fields to justify the application of accrual accounting within diverse public sector organisations. During the period examined, only certain questions were posed and certain issues considered and many problems associated with the implementation of the reforms were not considered. Accordingly, a key finding of the study is that each aspect of the reform period was guided and constrained by institutional thinking. In addition, the study shows how the framework's content can be used to permit equally well-argued, but conflicting, accounting policies to be adopted and defended for the same items, indicating the framework to be of only limited value as a technical tool. This leads to another key finding of the study, namely, that the framework is best understood as a political tool, serving a crucial role in enabling accrual accounting reforms to be developed, promoted and defended within the public sector. Thus, the study seeks to offer an enhanced understanding of the nature and determinants of accounting change, and accordingly, it broadens an understanding of the use of the conceptual framework, as an institution, in developing, promoting and defending changes to accounting practice.
5
Kaplanová, Lucie. "Kulturní standardy Austrálie." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162289.
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The first part of the thesis deals with the concept of culture, its elements and problems which may arise between two cultures. Then I mention the elements on which compare culture Hofstede, Trompenaars and Thomas. The second part focus on general information about Australia and then on characteristics of Australian culture mentioned in the literature. In the last part, I analyze how the Czechs perceive Australian culture on the basis of survey. The end of the thesis includes advice and recommendations on how to deal with the Australian cultural specifics.
6
Michelotti, Marco 1970. "Changing employment protection systemsthe comparative evolution of labour standards in Australia and Italy 1979 to 2000 /." Monash University, Dept. of Management, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7618.
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Wang, Shiheng. "Timing equity issuance in response to mandatory accounting standards change in Australia and the European Union." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1308.
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Keys, Wendy, and n/a. "Grown-Ups In a Grown-Up Business: Children's Television Industry Development Australia." Griffith University. School of Arts, Media and Culture, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060928.135325.
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This dissertation profiles the children's television industry in Australia; examines the relationship between government cultural policy objectives and television industry production practices; and explores the complexities of regulating and producing cultural content for child audiences. The research conducted between 1997 and 2002 confirms that children's television is a highly competitive business dependent on government regulatory mechanisms and support for its existence. For example, the Australian Broadcasting Authority's retaining of mandatory program standards for children's programs to date, is evidence of the government's continued recognition of the conflict between broadcasters' commercial imperatives and the public-interest. As a consequence, the industry is on the one hand insistent on the government continuing to play a role in ensuring and sustaining CTV - however, on the other hand, CTV producers resent the restrictions on creativity and innovation they believe result from the use of regulatory instruments such as the Children's Television Standards (CTS). In fact, as this dissertation details, the ABA's intended policy outcomes are inevitably coupled with unintended outcomes and little new or innovative policy development has occurred. The dissertation begins with an investigation into the social, cultural and ideological construction of childhood within an historical and institutional context. I do this in order to explore how children have been defined, constructed and managed as a cultural group and television audience. From this investigation, I then map the development of children television policy and provide examples of how 'the child' is a consistent and controversial site of tension within policy debate. I then introduce and analyse a selection of established, establishing and aspiring CTV production companies and producers. Drawing on interviews conducted, production companies profiled and policy documents analysed, I conclude by identit~'ing ten key issues that have impacted, and continue to impact, on the production of children's television programming in Australia. In addressing issues of industry development, the question this dissertation confronts is not whether to continue to regulate or not, but rather, how best to regulate. That is, it explores the complexities of supporting, sustaining and developing the CTV industry in ways which also allows innovative and creative programming. This exploration is done within the context of a broadcasting industry currently in transition from analogue to digital. As communications and broadcasting technologies converge, instruments of regulation - such as quotas designed around the characteristics of analogue systems of broadcasting - are being compromised. The ways in which children use television, and the ways in which the CTV producers create content, are being transformed. The ten key issues identified in this dissertation, I propose, are crucial to industry development and policy debate about the future of children's television in Australia. In integrating the study of policy with the study of production, I have given prominence to the opinions and experiences of those working in the industry. In doing so, this dissertation contributes to the growing body of work in Australia which incorporates industry with cultural analysis, and which includes the voices of the content providers.
9
Wallace, Gabrielle, and not supplied. "Microeconomic reform of the building and development process: the development and outcomes of building regulation reform in Australia 1990-2003." RMIT University. Social Science and Planning, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070205.123414.
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As a component of the regulatory structure controlling building construction and land development in Australia, the system of building regulation was reformed during a period of significant restructuring of the Australian economy. The microeconomic reforms aimed to find efficiencies in government and industry sectors, and with respect to the latter, facilitate the development of competitive trade structures across national and global markets. The research provides a critical narrative account of the development and outcomes of the microeconomic reform of building regulation between 1990 and 2003. The microeconomic reform process is examined in the context of the vastly differing approaches of two Australian states, Victoria and New South Wales, with respect to the national reform agenda which was initiated and led by the Commonwealth government in response to the increasing globalization of the national economy. An understanding of what happened and why and how t he states differed with respect to the national reform agenda enabled the outcomes of the reforms to be examined for their impact upon government, industry and the community. The regulation of building construction is a constitutional responsibility of the state governments and has traditionally been controlled by local government. However, control is increasingly being centralized at the national level, in response to international pressures to adopt performance-based regulations, standards and governance systems that accord to neoliberal ideology. This has resulted in a reduction of state and local government involvement in certain building control functions with a commensurate increased role for the private sector; an increase in the complexity and quantity of regulatory instruments; a reduction in government accountability for the standard of building construction; the development of structures to facilitate competitive intranational and international trade in construction-related goods and services and a reduction in the quality and standard of buildings. The principal benefits of the reforms have accrued to industry and to government and the least benefits have accrued to the community/consumer.
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Galagedera, Don U. A. "Investment performance appraisal and asset pricing models." Monash University, Dept. of Econometrics and Business Statistics, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5780.
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Gwatkin, Jan. "Investigating the viability of a national accreditation system for Australian piano teachers." University of Western Australia. School of Music, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0099.
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The Federal education system has 12 nationally accredited and portable qualifications issued by the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) which cover three sectors; Higher Education, Vocational Education and Training (VET) and Schools. A mandatory minimum bachelor qualification together with education units, state registration and ongoing professional development is imposed for all classroom music teachers. In direct contrast, however, Australian studio piano teachers and school instrumental teachers may or may not have formal qualifications, registration with professional associations, or ongoing professional development. All teachers must be registered with State registration boards for Working With Children (WWC) but no monitoring controls exist for studio teachers. Qualifications are available from public examination boards, private enterprises and state Music Teacher Associations (MTAs) but these are not recognised within the national system and consequently have no status or portability, although they are used and recommended within the industry and higher education institutions as course prerequisites. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether a National Accreditation System (NAS) for Australian studio piano teachers could be a viable system, adding unprecedented professionalism to the field and drawing upon the existing systems of government, private industry and educational institutions. In the thesis, current systems of accreditation, education and training available for classroom music teachers, school instrumental music teachers and other recognised professions such as lawyers, engineers, accountants, health professionals and sports coaches were reviewed as a comparative basis upon which to assess similar contexts for studio piano teachers. Results are combined with a survey of Australian piano teachers' perceptions, from which the study ascertained the extent to which studio piano teachers' needs were being catered for and met in available systems of accreditation and training.
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Ruhupatty, Leroy. "The value relevance and reliability of information provided with respect to non-current assets under Australian GAAP." UWA Business School, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0031.
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[Truncated abstract] Following the introduction in 1999 of Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) 1041: 'Revaluations of Non-Current Assets' (Australian Accounting Standards Board 2001a), this study set out to examine the impact of the introduction of this new standard on: the number (percentage) of Australian firms revaluing various classes and submajor classes of non-current assets; and the value relevance and reliability of the information provided with respect to various sub-major classes of non-current assets. The study also set out to examine the apparent motivations for Australian companies electing the fair value (FV) basis, rather than the historic cost (HC) basis, for reporting property, plant and equipment (PP&E). The sample analysed in this study consisted of Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) listed firms that were included in each of the Connect4, Aspect Financial and Core Research Data (CRD) databases. After excluding firms not covered by all three databases and firms where there were missing data problems, 398 and 424 firms were left in the 1999 and 2002 samples, respectively. Of the 398 and 424 firms, there were 194 firms that were common to both sample periods and a separate analysis of these 'common' firms allowed a 'like-for-like' comparison to be made. The financial year ending June 30, 1999 provides data under the previous standard AASB 1010 (Australian Accounting Standards Board 2000) before the introduction of AASB 1041, while the financial year ending 30 June 2002 provides data under AASB 1041 (the new standard). ... At the disaggregated level (that is, for various sub-major classes of non-current assets), it appears that there was a decline in the number (percentage) of firms choosing to revalue investment property, property, and plant and equipment, while there was no change in the number (percentage) of firms choosing to revalue listed or unlisted investments. It appears that AASB 1041's requirement to revalue frequently when the FV basis was adopted discouraged firms from choosing the FV basis for some asset classes, presumably because the costs associated with frequent revaluations outweighed the perceived benefits. In terms of value relevance, the results suggest that where the variables of interest are scaled there was no improvement in the value relevance of the information provided by Australian companies following the introduction of AASB 1041. However, the results from the unscaled regressions do not support this conclusion and instead suggest that the introduction of AASB 1041 was associated with an overall improvement in the value relevance of the information provided with respect to the various sub-major classes of non-current assets investigated in this study. Resolution of this conflicting result is beyond the scope of this dissertation and is an issue worthy of future research. In terms of reliability, the results suggest that the introduction of AASB 1041 was generally associated with: an improvement in the reliability of information reported with respect to non-current assets reported at FV; and a deterioration in the reliability of information reported with respect to non-current assets reported at HC. Finally, with respect to the potential motivations behind a company's choice of the FV basis for reporting PP&E, the results suggest that firms are motivated to revalue PP&E to: improve their borrowing capacity; for signalling purposes; and to reduce information asymmetry.
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Gravina, Rebecca Jane. "Non-linear overload behaviour and ductility of reinforced concrete flexural members containing 500MPa grade steel reinforcement." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg777.pdf.
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Includes corrigenda (inserted at front) and list of publications published as a result of this research. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-199) Investigates the overload behaviour and modes of collapse of reinforced concrete flexural members containing 500MPa grade reinforcing steel and evaluates the adequacy of current ductility requirements for design according to AS 3600 to ensure strength and safety.
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O'Donnell, Brian Charles, of Western Sydney Macarthur University, and Faculty of Education and Languages. "A model for registering teachers, accrediting teacher education and awarding advanced certification in Australia : a means for advancing the status of teaching as an autonomous profession." THESIS_FEL_XXX_O'Donnell_B.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/78.
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Teaching in Australia is acknowledged as a profession. The public, however, generally perceives teaching as a poorly paid occupation whose practitioners exert little control over their own standards of practice. Consequently, the professional status of teachers is low, and very few of the most capable school leavers and high ability university graduates are attracted to teaching as a career. Furthermore, teachers' perceptions that the public does not appreciate their work have led to low morale, high rates of resignations, and early retirements among experienced practitioners. These factors will contribute to serious shortages of teachers in the new millennium. In the past Australian employers in both government and non-government school sectors have attempted to circumvent teacher shortages by reducing qualifications required for teaching. This anti-professional practice has contributed to the belief that teaching is something that anyone can do. It is argued in this thesis that the status of the teaching profession in Australia must be enhanced if teaching is to attract capable new recruits and retain knowledgeable, experienced practitioners. This could be achieved by giving teachers greater responsibility for their profession's standards through a system of statutory regulatory boards, comprised largely of practising teachers. The boards would be responsible for establishing and enforcing standards for registration of teachers, accreditation of teacher education, and provision of advanced certification. Furthermore, such regulation of the profession should be on a national basis to ensure that all children in all schools in Australia have access to competent, professionally qualified teachers, and to overcome the problems of interstate mobility of teachers. The thesis concludes by calling on all stakeholders to acknowledge teaching as a full profession. This could be achieved by accepting that teachers should regulate their professional standards in the same way that other professions do. A model to achieve that end is presented.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Kenyon, Jonn Mark. "Non-linear analysis of reinforced concrete plane frames /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk368.pdf.
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Bernzen, Amely [Verfasser], Boris [Akademischer Betreuer] Braun, Elmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Kulke, and Paul [Akademischer Betreuer] Kristiansen. "Global Food Trade Beyond the 'Standards' Debate. Conventions, Institutions and Uncertainties in Organic Food Imports to Germany and Australia / Amely Bernzen. Gutachter: Boris Braun ; Elmar Kulke ; Paul Kristiansen." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1047666545/34.
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Bernzen, Amelie [Verfasser], Boris [Akademischer Betreuer] Braun, Elmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Kulke, and Paul [Akademischer Betreuer] Kristiansen. "Global Food Trade Beyond the 'Standards' Debate. Conventions, Institutions and Uncertainties in Organic Food Imports to Germany and Australia / Amely Bernzen. Gutachter: Boris Braun ; Elmar Kulke ; Paul Kristiansen." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1047666545/34.
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Dolezal, Ashley Gayle. "International public relations : perceptions of the effects of language usage and culture on codes of professional standards." Scholarly Commons, 2009. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/722.
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This -study identifies how language usage and culture affect international PR practitioners in three Western cultures-- America, England and Australia.
Likewise, this study examined how language usage and culture affect three major PR organizations-- PRSA in America, CIPR in England and PRIA in Australia. Content analysis and in-depth interviews were conducted with PR practitioners and members of all three PR organizations to address the following three research questions: (1) What is the impact of language usage on the ethics and professional practice of professional public relations? (2) What is the impact of culture on the ethics and professional practice of professional public relations? and (3) How does language usage and culture effect the professional practice of international organizations?
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Dixon, William Michael. "An Examination of the Common Law Obligation of Good Faith in the Performance and Enforcement of Commercial Contracts in Australia." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16123/.
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This examination of the common law obligation of good faith in the performance and enforcement of commercial contracts in Australia seeks to achieve a number of objectives. First, to chart the historical development of the implied good faith obligation. Secondly, to identify a number of issues that remain unresolved at Australian lower court level. Thirdly, to consider five doctrinal approaches that could be adopted by the High Court when ultimately confronted by the competing claims and tensions that have proven divisive in the courts below. Fourthly, to assess each approach against three identified benchmarks. The essential thesis is that good faith should be implied, as a matter of law, in commercial contracts that are relational in nature with an additional call being made for the High Court to explicitly recognise that the underlying basis of the implied good faith obligation is the reasonable expectations of the contractual parties. This approach is the one approach that satisfies all three benchmarks and provides the most satisfactory resolution of the issues that presently bedevil the commercial good faith debate in Australia.
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Martin, Marjolaine. "De l'accentuation lexicale en anglais australien standard contemporain." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952144.
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La littérature scientifique dédiée à l'accentuation en anglais australien standard contemporain (SAusE) est, contrairement à celle qui concerne la prononciation de ses voyelles, peu étendue. Après un chapitre introductif proposant le contexte historique dans lequel le SAusE est né et a été décrit, sa définition actuelle ainsi que sa description phonologique, notre étude est consacrée à un examen systémique de l'accentuation lexicale en SAusE. Un corpus test a été mis en place spécifiquement, qui comporte la quasi-totalité des verbes dissyllabiques, des préfixés pluricatégoriels et des exceptions aux règles d'accentuation des mots de deux syllabes et plus, ainsi qu'un large échantillon d'emprunts aux langues aborigènes. Ces quelques 3500 items ont été choisis précisément parce qu'ils font partie des mots les plus susceptibles de connaître une variation accentuelle en anglais contemporain. Notre approche se situe dans la lignée de Lionel Guierre et propose un traitement dictionnairique dans lequel les éléments du corpus sont tous étudiés au travers des données de chacune des éditions les plus récentes des Longman Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge English Pronunciation Dictionary et Macquarie Dictionary qui constituent les dictionnaires de références dans le domaine de la prononciation de l'anglais. Ces données ont été complétées, lorsque cela était nécessaire, par des données fréquentielles issues du Corpus of Contemporary American English et par des données orales enregistrées spécialement pour cette étude, selon une démarche similaire à la première partie du protocole du projet Phonologie de l'Anglais Contemporain. Notre analyse met en évidence une grande stabilité accentuelle intervariétale entre le SAusE, l'anglais britannique standard et l'anglais américain standard et propose un relevé étayé et détaillé des spécificités accentuelles lexicales du SAusE contenues dans le corpus étudié.
21
Bonanno, Rosaria, of Western Sydney Macarthur University, and Faculty of Education and Languages. "The Existence of standard Italian in Australia and its promotion since immigration." THESIS_FEL_XXX_Bonanno_R.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/728.
Full textAbstract:
Language is a form of human expression. It is the way people communicate with one another to express thoughts, ideas, decisions, desires and essentially to relay information successfully. There are numerous types of language, perhaps the most common of which are the written and spoken languages. Other forms include sign language, Braille and even primitive smoke signals. The term language comes via French, from the Latin word lingua meaning tongue. Even today, the spoken language is often referred to as tongue. It is not known exactly when language began or even how it began, although a common theory is that it began as an imitation of natural sounds of animals such as grunts, groans, whistles and barks. What is known, however, is that language changes everyday as it is influenced by human and historical changes. Words that exist in our vocabulary today did not exist for example a hundred years ago. Nor, perhaps, will they exist a hundred years from now. This is the same for all languages around the world, including the Italian language. Since the beginning of Italian history, Italians have spoken innumerable varieties of language. Discussions concerning these countless varieties could continue incessantly; and for this reason it is important to outline immediately the aim of this discussion. Throughout the ensuing chapters, all information gathered and analysed, has been done in order to achieve one aim: to discuss the existence of a standard Italian language in Australia as well as various dialects and regional varieties, and to analyse its promotion since Italian immigration to Australia. There is an immense wealth of information about Italian and English languages and so it is my objective not to be lost in general discussion but rather to adhere to my main aim as closely as possibleMaster of Arts in Interpreting and Translation
22
Bonanno, Rosaria. "The existence of standard Italian in Australia and its promotion since immigration /." View thesis, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031119.093049/index.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A) -- University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, 1999."University of Western Sydney, Macarthur in completion of Master of Arts Degree in Interpreting and Translation, 1999" Bibliography: leaves 61-63.
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Osborne, Sonya Ranee, and n/a. "Compliance with standard precautions and occupational exposure reporting among operating room nurses in Australia." University of Canberra. Nursing, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060823.161225.
Full textAbstract:
Occupational exposures of healthcare workers tend to occur because of
inconsistent compliance with standard precautions. Also, incidence of occupational
exposure is underreported among operating room personnel. The purpose of this
project was to develop national estimates for compliance with standard precautions
and occupational exposure reporting practices among operating room nurses in
Australia. Data was obtained utilizing a 96-item self-report survey. The Standard
Precautions and Occupational Exposure Reporting survey was distributed
anonymously to 500 members of the Australian College of Operating Room Nurses.
The Health Belief Model was the theoretical framework used to guide the analysis of
data. Data was analysed to examine relationships between specific constructs of the
Health Belief Model to identify factors that might influence the operating room nurse
to undertake particular health behaviours to comply with standard precautions and
occupational exposure reporting. Results of the study revealed compliance rates of
55.6% with double gloving, 59.1% with announcing sharps transfers, 71.9% with
using a hands-free sharps pass technique, 81.9% with no needle recapping and 92.0%
with adequate eye protection. Although 31.6% of respondents indicated receiving an
occupational exposure in the past 12 months, only 82.6% of them reported their
exposures. The results of this study provide national estimates of compliance with
standard precautions and occupational exposure reporting among operating room
nurses in Australia. These estimates can now be used as support for the development
and implementation of measures to improve practices in order to reduce occupational
exposures and, ultimately, disease transmission rates among this high-risk group.
24
McNeill, Matthew, and n/a. "Approaches to the development of human resources management competency standards in the Australian Public Service." University of Canberra. Professional and Community Education, 1996. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061013.142754.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is derived from a work project, the consideration of approaches to the
development of Human Resource Management competency standards for the Australian
Public Service. The thesis is a vehicle for examining and exploring a complex Human
Resource Development strategy, through dealing with the details of the project. This
project was undertaken from 16 January to 13 April 1995. The project occurred in a
turbulent environment with limited resources.
The decision whether or not to develop Human Resource Management competencies was
an important step in the implementation of the National Training Reform Agenda by the
Australian Public Service, being influenced by a number of changes in the national
environment as well as having to accommodate a number of factors internal to the
Australian Public Service. Factors included: the impact of changes to vocational
education and training at the national level such as the introduction of the Australian
Qualifications Framework; the impact of a devolved management structure; the differing
needs of stakeholders; the need to accommodate industrial relations issues; and the impact
of resource constraints (including time).
The thesis explains the context and conduct of the project. It critically examines the
development of action plans and progress made over the course of the project. It explains
the process and content of project activities and provides comments on them. This allows
insights into the development of Human Resource Development policy in the public
sector. In particular it shows how the nature of the project changed from its anticipated
focus on competency identification to its final focus on preparing advice to the Joint
Australian Public Service Training Council. That advice recommended that separate
Human Resource Management competency standards should not, after all, be identified.
It concluded that they should be integrated with the core competency standards for the
Australian Public Service.
The thesis reflects on key aspects of the project including its subject matter, processes,
and outcomes. Some of these concern the impact of the systemic, conceptual and
structural changes in the National Training Reform Agenda on strategic Human Resource
Development. In addition the thesis reflects on the many roles of the project officer in
strategic Human Resource Development activities, suggesting that the project officer
should act as a consultant rather than servant. To illustrate this point the thesis describes
how the project officer was able to facilitate processes during this project that resulted in
management accepting outcomes that differed from their expectations but better met their
needs. The work of Lippitt and Lippitt (1986) is found to be helpful in identifying the
project officer's roles.
Finally the thesis considers the outcomes of the project in the light of the publication of the
Karpin report (1995) and finds that the outcome is consistent with the thrust of that
report.
25
James, Kieran E. "Accounting for acquired goodwill in Australian business combinations: is there value to choose?" Full text available, 2005. http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt-WCU20061129.142400.
Full text
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Buckley, David, and n/a. "Sediment quality guidelines for Australian waters : a framework for development and use." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1997. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060619.163639.
Full textAbstract:
The Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) and the Agriculture and Resource Management Council of
Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ) have announced that the 1997
review of the Australian Water Quality Guidelines will include for the first time,
consideration of sediment quality guidelines. For this reason, it is timely to
review the methods for establishing such guidelines, and the manner in which
they could be used in managing the quality of sediments in Australian rivers,
lakes and drainage systems.
In this thesis, the problem of the development of sediment quality guidelines is
introduced and basic questions relating to the development of such guidelines
are addressed. The importance of sediment monitoring and sediment quality
assessment in aquatic ecosystem management is demonstrated, and the role of
sediment quality guidelines in the process of sediment quality assessment is
discussed. The arguments considered in this thesis are illustrated by specific
reference to the setting and use of sediment quality guidelines for heavy metal
contamination.
A number of physico-chemical factors (grain size distribution, pH, redox
potential, alkalinity and hardness, salinity, organic matter) can affect the
bioavailability and toxicity of contaminants in sediments, and these factors may
vary spatially and temporally within and between sediment deposits. Changes
in physico-chemical conditions as a result of natural or anthropogenic
processes may lead to major changes in bioavailability of sediment
contaminants. The variability of these physico-chemical factors has
ramifications for the way in which sediment quality guidelines are derived and
used.
Factors affecting the way in which toxicity is measured (test species chosen,
toxicological end-point measured, duration of test relative to life-cycle), and
toxicity data is interpreted, are also important to the development of useful
sediment quality guidelines. All of these factors must be taken into account in
deriving sediment quality guidelines for Australian conditions.
The large number of factors affecting the sensitivity and efficiency of sediment
quality guidelines means that a simple set of numerical guidelines, as has been
used in the past, is not appropriate. A multi-step assessment procedure will be
required.
Methods of setting sediment quality guidelines that have been used by
authorities in overseas jurisdictions were reviewed. Advantages and
disadvantages of the various methods were compared. None of the methods
used overseas has been shown to be applicable to Australian conditions. In the
absence of a suitable method for deriving Australian sediment quality guidelines
in the short term, the adoption of the Canadian Interim Sediment Quality
Guidelines as interim sediment quality guidelines for Australia is recommended.
Sediment quality guidelines need to be viewed in the context of the overall
environmental management process, of which they form an integral part. The
policy background to environmental management in Australia, and the
management frameworks that have been put in place to implement the policy,
are outlined. The AS/NZS/ISO 14000 series of standards for environmental
management systems provides a framework which is consistent with the
principles and objectives of environmental management in Australia. It
therefore provides an appropriate framework within which to develop and use
sediment quality guidelines.
Within the broad AS/NZS/ISO 14000 policy, a framework for the
development and use of sediment quality guidelines is proposed, which will
provide a technically and legally defensible basis for the management of aquatic
sediments in Australia, in the short term and long term. The proposed
framework involves the setting of Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines for
Australia, based on the best scientific knowledge currently available. The
framework recognises that the factors affecting the bioavailability and toxicity
of sediment contaminants are complex, and that the current level of knowledge
of sediment processes is incomplete. Therefore, a conservative approach to
setting guidelines is taken, and a highly sensitive guideline based on that used in
Canada, is proposed. The framework further recognises that this approach will
lead to over protection of the environment in some cases, so a "Decision
Tree" approach is taken. The "decision tree" allows the consideration of more
complex interactions than can be incorporated into simple numeric guidelines,
while attempting to simplify the assessment process. In keeping with the ISO
14000 series of standards for environmental management, the framework also
explicitly includes steps designed to ensure that monitoring data are regularly
collated, and analysed, and where necessary, guidelines are able to be updated
in light of new knowledge gleaned from the review process.
The proposed framework is appropriate to, and supportive of, the principles of
environmental management as set out in Australian Government policy
documents, inter governmental and international agreements, and legislation.
It provides a basis for the on-going collection of data suited to increasing our
understanding of the factors influencing the behaviour of contaminants in
sediments, and thereby lead to continual improvement in sediment quality
guidelines for use in Australian conditions.
27
Hrbáček, Pavel. "E-Government v anglosaských zemích s přihlédnutím na Velkou Británii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2003. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-74881.
Full textAbstract:
A goal of the thesis "E-Government in Anglo-Saxon countries with a special attention to United Kingdom" is to investigate a progress of eGovernment implementations in selected English speaking countries and to compare their achievements to Czech Republic. Reasons why governments motivate themselves to introduce eGovernment services are investigated in the first part of the document, together with a description of mandatory legal, technical and social requirements and risk involved. Next part analyses different kinds of a cost and benefits of eGovernment implementation. The final parts focus on a common list of 20 eGovernment services and their implementation. Comparing results of all countries shows a leading role of United Kingdom and still below-the-average utilization of eGovernment services in Czech Republic.
28
Hurst, Gavin. "The due process of accounting standard setting in Australia : the case of AAS27 : financial reporting by local governments." University of Ballarat, 2003. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14636.
Full textAbstract:
"This study enquires into the accounting standard system in Australia and questions the appropriateness of its core democratic participatory vehicle, the due process. In doing so it highlights issues associated with self-regulating authorities and their policy making practices. The study is pertinent to the extent it reviews a major paradigm shift within the Australian public sector and more specifically local government financial reporting. Spanning the course of three decades it examines the reasons for such a paradigm shift, the major actors involved, the actual changes made and the effectiveness of those changes."Doctor of Business Administration
29
Williams, Jennifer Ann. "The Chiltern Standard newspaper 1859-1860 : an expression of community life /." Connect to thesis, 1986. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2387.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a study of a Victorian country newspaper, the Chiltern Standard during the period 1859-60. Using the Indigo-Chiltern goldfield (discovered in 1858) as a case study, it investigates how the life of the community was expressed through the pages of its local paper.
30
Avard, Georgina Louise. "Technology enhanced learning innovation, TEQSA threshold standards and Australian higher education : a developmental phenomenographic study of educational designer's understandings and experiences." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2017. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/125921/.
Full textAbstract:
In this Developmental Phenomenographic study, twenty-six Educational Designers/Developers’ (EDs’) understandings and experiences of Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) innovation both generally, and whilst working under TEQSA Threshold Standards (TS), were investigated with the aim of illuminating how TEL innovation is shaped within Australian Higher Education (HE) contexts. I employ Feenberg’s (2005, 2006) Critical Theory of Technology as a lens for exploring EDs’ understandings of TEL innovation and the socio-political environments in which HE sits. The variances in understanding and experiencing is illuminated by four outcome spaces, with each showing understandings and experiences in a hierarchical manner, and with higher levels subsuming understandings and experiences of lower levels. In outcome space one, EDs’ understandings of TEL innovation in general were labelled as: Maintained; Enhanced or; Transformed; whilst in outcome space two, their experiences of TEL innovation on-the-ground were labelled as Sustaining, Constraining, or Influencing. In outcome space three, EDs understandings of TEL work under TEQSA TS were Static; Narrow or; Broad; whilst in outcome space four, their experiences were: Maintained; Constrained; Supported or; Encouraged. The inclusion of a referential aspect of Support suggests that EDs believe that support via projects or strategies offer additional reinforcement when it comes to innovating under TEQSA TS. Further presented is an analysis of: outcome space one cross referenced with outcome space two; and outcomes space three cross referenced with outcome space four. Variations here were attributed to the EDs general understanding of TEL innovation and the socio-political influences that they encounter on a daily basis. Overall, it is suggested that the variation of EDs’ experiences of TEL innovation under TEQSA TS were similar to that of generally innovating. One difference was that institutional projects and strategies were seen as beneficial to innovating with TEL and working under TEQSA TS, whilst outside of this, they were to some extent seen as constraining innovations. The study also constructively critiques the concepts of pedagogy before technology; evidence and best practice, which were repeatedly mentioned by EDs as underpinning their understandings and conceivably shaping their experiences of TEL.
31
Kondo, Manabu. "AUSTRALIA'S WATER MARKETS An evaluation of Ausralia's water market as a new global standard for managing water resources." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/189632.
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32
Grenade, Linda Elise. "Accreditation of residential aged care facilities : experiences of service providers /." Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, 2003. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15068.
Full textAbstract:
The need to address the issue of quality in aged care service provision in Australia has received increasing emphasis in recent decades. Particularly since the 1980s, the federal government has played a key role in ensuring that this is the case through the implementation of various reforms and regulatory strategies. In 1998, the national standards monitoring system which had been in place since the mid 1980s was replaced with a new system based on an accreditation model. In contrast to the former system which was wholly controlled by government and involved one-off inspections by government standards monitors, responsibility for managing the new system has been devolved to an independent body, the Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency. One of the Agency's primary functions is to assess compliance with the accreditation standards. A key component of the new system is its emphasis on continuous improvement which has been incorporated into the accreditation standards. As a consequence, the new system requires a much greater level of involvement and commitment by providers than previously. In order to continue receiving government funding all facilities had to be accredited by January 1st 2001. This study represents an evaluation of the accreditation system based on the views and experiences of service providers in Western Australia. It explored a number of issues relating to the basic philosophy and principles underlying the new system, the implementation process, the accreditation standards that are used as a basis for assessing service quality and the overall impact of the system on providers. It also sought providers' views about the strengths and limitations of the system and any areas in need of change or improvement. A descriptive design, using in-depth interviews as the method of data collection, was adopted for the study.Participants from three levels of service provision, namely, facilities, organisations and peak bodies were selected on a stratified purposive basis. A total of 45 informants were interviewed. The findings indicated that, overall, as a regulatory approach the accreditation system was generally supported by providers and was regarded as having a number of positive features, particularly in comparison to the previous system. At the same time a number of concerns were identified. These related in particular to the assessment process, specifically the lack of consistency amongst assessors and the self assessment tool, and to the extent of information and guidance provided by the Agency. Concerns regarding the latter's role in relation to, and extent of independence from, the federal government were also identified. The study also found that the introduction of the system had impacted on providers in a variety of ways, both positive and negative, but particularly in terms of the demands on staff and financial resources. A number of 'broader' level factors, such as funding, nursing shortages and other often competing demands (e.g. assessing residents according to the Resident Classification Scale) were also felt to be impacting on providers' capacity to meet the requirements of the system. These concerns, along with concerns about the way in which the system would develop in the future, appear to have created a degree of uncertainty and in some cases apprehension amongst many providers. Although this study has focused on the experiences of Western Australian service providers, evidence from other reviews of the accreditation system where providers' views have been sought has indicated a widespread similarity in perceptions. This suggests, therefore, that there is a need for further review and refinement of certain aspects of the system as it moves into the second round.
33
Gerhardy, Peter G. "The impact of the issue of statement of accounting standards AAS12 on the presentation of the statement of sources and applications of funds in Australian financial reports /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecg368.pdf.
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Brownlee, Graham, and n/a. "Program evaluation : a study of evaluation in an ACT TAFE College." University of Canberra. Education, 1985. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060615.165537.
Full textAbstract:
This field study discusses curriculum evaluation in
technical and further education in Australia and the
Australian Capital Territory. The study has been developed
to include a case study of evaluation undertaken at the
Bruce College of Technical and Further Education. The case
study forms an integra1 part of the field study and
provides the focus for discussion of evaluation standards
developed by Stufflebeam and others (joint Committee, 1981)
for evaluation and meta-evaluation.
The standards suggested by the Joint Committee (1981) were
applied to the case study to examine the value of the case
study itself as a form of a meta-evaluation, together with
the advantages and limitations of the standards themselves.
Following this analysis a modified list of standards has
been prepared for application in the TAFE sector.
35
Long, Robert Llewellyn, and bizarrealong@hotmail com. "Improving fruit soluble solids content in melon (Cucumis melo L.) (reticulatus group) in the Australian production system." Central Queensland University. Biological and Environmental Science, 2005. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20051019.144749.
Full textAbstract:
Total soluble solids (TSS) is a reliable indicator of melon eating quality, with a minimum standard of 10% recommended. The state of Australian melon production with respect to this quality criterion was considered within seasons, between growing districts and over seasons. It was concluded that improvement in agronomic practice and varietal selection is required to produce sweeter melons. The scientific literature addressing melon physiology and agronomy was summarised, as a background to the work that is required to improve melon production practices in Australia.
The effect of source sink manipulation was assessed for commercially grown and glasshouse grown melon plants. The timing of fruit thinning, pollination scheduling, the application of a growth inhibitor and source biomass removal were assessed in relation to fruit growth and sugar accumulation. Results are interpreted against a model in which fruit rapidly increase in weight until about two weeks before harvest, with sugar accumulation continuing as fruit growth ceases. Thus treatment response is very dependant on timing of application. For example, fruit thinning at 25 days before harvest resulted in further fruit set and increased fruit weight but did not impact on fruit TSS (at 9.8%, control 9.3%), while thinning at 5 days before harvest resulted in a significant (Pless than 0.05) increase in fruit TSS (to 10.8%, control 9.3%) and no increase in fruit weight or number. A cost/ benefit analysis is presented, allowing an estimation of the increase in sale price required to sustain the implementation of fruit thinning.
The effect of irrigation scheduling was also considered with respect to increasing melon yield and quality. To date, recommended practice has been to cause an irrigation deficit close to fruit harvest, with the intent of 'drying out' or 'stressing' the plant, to 'bring on' maturity and increase sugar accumulation. Irrigation trials showed that keeping plants stress-free close to harvest and during harvest, facilitated the production of sweeter fruit.
The maintenance of a TSS grade standard using either batch based (destructive) sampling or (non-invasive) grading of individual fruit is discussed. On-line grading of individual fruit is possible using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), but the applicability of the technique to melons has received little published attention. Tissue sampling strategy was optimised, in relation to the optical geometry used (in commercial operation in Australia), both in terms of the diameter and depth of sampled tissue. NIR calibration model performance was superior when based on the TSS of outer, rather than inner mesocarp tissue. However the linear relationship between outer and middle tissue TSS was strong (r2 = 0.8) in immature fruit, though less related in maturing fruit (r2 = 0.5). The effect of fruit storage (maturation/senescence) on calibration model performance was assessed. There was a negligible effect of fruit cold storage on calibration performance.
Currently, the agronomist lacks a cost-effective tool to rapidly assess fruit TSS in the field. Design parameters for such a tool were established, and several optical front ends compared for rapid, though invasive, analysis. Further, for visualisation of the spatial distribution of tissue TSS within a melon fruit, a two-dimensional, or hyper-spectral NIR imaging system based on a low cost 8-bit charge coupled device (CCD) camera and filter arrangement, was designed and characterised.
36
Searle, Deane. "Low Intensity Conflict: Contemporary Approaches and Strategic Thinking." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2591.
Full textAbstract:
Low Intensity Conflict (LIC) is a significant feature of the contemporary world and it is a particular challenge to the armed forces of many states which are involved is such conflict, or are likely to become so. This thesis is not concerned with how such difficult conflict situations arise. Rather it is concerned with how, from the point of view of the state, they may be contained and ultimately brought to a satisfactory resolution. The work is thus concerned with the practicalities of ending LIC. More specifically, the purpose of this research is to establish a framework of doctrinal and military principles applicable to the prevention and resolution of LIC. The principles of this thesis are based in numerous historical examples of LIC and six in depth case studies. These distilled principles are analysed in two central chapters, and are then applied in two latter defence force chapters so as to ensure there practicality and resilience. Numerous defence academics and military practitioners have been consulted in the production of this thesis; their contribution has further reinforced the functionality of the principles examined in this research. The research illustrates the criticality of a holistic approach to LIC. The function of this approach is to guarantee the stability of the sovereign state, by unifying civil, police, intelligence and military services. The effectiveness of the military elements must also be ensured, as military force is central to the suppression of LIC. Consequently, the research makes strategic and operational prescriptions, so as to improve the capability of defence forces that are concerned with preventing or resolving LIC.
37
Yang, Shu-Jung, and 楊叔蓉. "Comparing the System of National Competency Standards and Its Contents in Australia and Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s68d2p.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
科技應用與人力資源發展學系
105
The development of Taiwan’s competency standards (CS’s) has largely followed the Australian experiences. However, the following two questions have been raised: (1) What are the differences between these two countries’ systems and contents of CS’s? and (2) What are the implications of these differences to Taiwan? To answer these questions, George Bereday’s comparative method are applied in this study to compare the CS’s and their contents in the two countries. Consequently, in terms of system, it is found that in Taiwan, the central government is responsible for building CS’s and their budgeting. Namely, the government has a leading role in the development process, but the responsibilities are rather dispersing between related ministries. However, in Australia, with the support of government funding, the industry takes charge in the development of CS’s, and the responsibilities are more centralized. As for the contents of CS’s, Taiwan’s ones focus on competencies required by different types of occupations and do not further divide into units of competency. Thus, the flexibility of CS’s are insufficient when they are applied. However, the contents of Australia’s CS’s are based on qualifications consisting of units of competency. According to the differences of the CS’s between the two countries, the following implications are drawn for Taiwan: (1)The responsibility of developing CS’s could be designated to a sole governmental ministry in order to centralize various resources; (2) Non-governmental organizations (NGO’s)or individuals could be included in developing the components and assessment criteria of vocational training; (3)Australia’s experiences of units of competency could be borrowed and flexibily efficiency of CS; and (4) CS’s could be combined with lifelong learning systems in order to optimize talent development networks.
38
Moeller, Anthony. "Best practices in drinking water quality regulation elements of an Australian model." 2001. http://business.unisa.edu.au/waterpolicylaw/documents/thesis.pdf.
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Millar, Hayli Anne. "Standards for effective transitional justice decision-making: lessons from South Africa and East Timor." 2007. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2356.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the valuation of transitional justice. It argues the need for and advances a more theoretically expansive set of ideal standards that can be used to assess the process and substantive outcomes of transitional justice decision-making. In so doing, it advocates a victim-inclusive and sustainable model of justice. Effective decision-making is understood in ideal terms as being :(l) politically and publicly inclusive; (2) methodically planned; (3) politically purposive; and (4) legally comprehensive in the sense of equally recognising state obligations and victim rights.
40
Parsons, Myra, University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, and School of Nursing. "Natural eating behaviour and its effect in labour outcomes." 2005. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/20637.
Full textAbstract:
The appropriate oral intake for labouring women has long been a controversial issue among midwives and anaesthetists. Anaesthetists argue that any type of food and, to some extent, fluid consumption during labour, will increase a woman’s risk of gastric content aspiration if general anaesthesia is required. Many midwives believe that aspiration, being such a rare event with contemporary medical practice, is unlikely in the hands of a skilled obstetric anaesthetist. These midwives believe that labouring without any form of sustenance other than water or clear fluids may be detrimental for the woman, her baby and the progress of labour. To date, research has been unable to provide reliable information to support either side of this debate. This thesis presents a series of studies (three surveys and a comparative trial) designed to enhance the body of knowledge available for decisions about labouring women’s oral requirements. The surveys were conducted to describe the policies of hospitals in New South Wales, Australia, and the views and practices of anaesthetists and midwives regarding the oral intake of labouring women. The main findings of this thesis come from a comparative study conducted to explore the effect of eating or not eating food on labour and birth outcomes of 217 nulliparous women with low risk pregnancies, (Eating group = 123; Non-eating group = 94). The study employed a naturalistic approach to its design in order to capture the actual eating behaviour of labouring women rather than the manipulated approach used in a randomised control trial. The findings from this series of studies suggest women should be informed of the lack of evidence to support any dietary regime for labour, along with the possible risks and benefits, and allowed to make their own decisions about their oral intake needs for labour. Although this thesis has augmented knowledge, it has been unable to demonstrate that eating food during labour improves labour and birth outcomes. However, it did not find this practice to be harmful for mothers or babies. The lack of reliable research evidence on which to base practice decreases the ability of midwives to be assured of the ‘best practice’ for labouring women’s oral intake. Further research is essential to ascertain ‘best practice’ for this aspect of care.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Bott, Gregory. "The Effects of a Quality Grading System on the Development of Consumer Driven Best Practice Value Chains: The Example of Meat Standards Australia." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/1444.
Full textAbstract:
This research project analyzes the beef grading system in Australia. Firstly, the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) grading system as a potential value-creating and value chain-coordinating mechanism is investigated. In-depth interviews with value chain stakeholders and industry experts suggest that the implementation of the MSA grading system has had a catalytic effect of moving value chains toward a greater level of coordination. The concept of best value supply chains is also used as a benchmark in determining MSAs effect on value chain performance.
Secondly, using a survey of Australian consumers, findings suggest that the MSA certification is perceived as a trustworthy signal for tenderness and quality, reducing information asymmetry at the consumer level. This thesis then addresses the questions of whether or not it is necessary to use a grading system in consumer marketing (e.g. quality label) in order to be successful in terms of adding value to the industry.Agricultural and Resource Economics
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London, Ray William. "Comparative data protection and security : a critical evaluation of legal standards." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13859.
Full textAbstract:
This study1 addresses the key information technology issues of the age and
its unintended consequences. The issues include social control by
businesses, governments, and information age Star Chambers. The study
focuses on a comparative analysis of data protection, data security, and
information privacy (DPSIP) laws, regulations, and practices in five countries.
The countries include Australia, Canada, South Africa, the United Kingdom,
and the United States. The study addresses relevant international legal
standards and justifications. This multidisciplinary analysis includes a
systems thinking approach from a legal, business, governmental, policy,
political theory, psychosocial, and psychological perspective. The study
implements a comparative law and sociolegal research strategy. Historic,
linguistic, and statistical strategies are applied. The study concludes with a
next step proposal, based on the research, for the international community,
the five countries in the study, and specifically, South Africa as it has yet to
enact a sound DPSIP approach.LL. D.
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London, R. W. "Comparative data protection and security : a critical evealuation of legal standards." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13859.
Full textAbstract:
This study1 addresses the key information technology issues of the age and
its unintended consequences. The issues include social control by
businesses, governments, and information age Star Chambers. The study
focuses on a comparative analysis of data protection, data security, and
information privacy (DPSIP) laws, regulations, and practices in five countries.
The countries include Australia, Canada, South Africa, the United Kingdom,
and the United States. The study addresses relevant international legal
standards and justifications. This multidisciplinary analysis includes a
systems thinking approach from a legal, business, governmental, policy,
political theory, psychosocial, and psychological perspective. The study
implements a comparative law and sociolegal research strategy. Historic,
linguistic, and statistical strategies are applied. The study concludes with a
next step proposal, based on the research, for the international community,
the five countries in the study, and specifically, South Africa as it has yet to
enact a sound DPSIP approach.LL.D. (Laws)
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Adámková, Naděžda. "Domácí hospicová péče - možnost využití australských standardů při příjmu pacienta." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-383907.
Full textAbstract:
Home hospice care - applicability of Australian Standards on patient admission This master thesis inspects topic of home hospice care in the context of the Czech Republic. It aims to provide the reader with consistent overview regarding home hospice and palliative care as dealt with by particular organization, understanding of the topic in a broader context, and further information about the system and practical information. The thesis consists of a theoretical and practical section. The former introduces the general topic, mapping its history from initial thoughts up until the current day home and residential hospices while defining numerous terms applied in the latter. The empirical section then focuses on examining the process of admission of terminally ill patients into home hospice care. Firstly, the approach taken by concerned organization is examined, selecting appropriate Australian Standards for implementation. A three-month implementation period follows, which is reflected on through interviews with team members. The conclusion offers suggestions for improvements in the ways of working and hence the provided care on the whole, applicable across all home hospice teams. The text is targeted at an adult reader. Keywords: Home hospice. Palliative care. Patient admission. Standards. Australian...
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Conway, Lyn. "The South Australian curriculum standards and accountability framework in preschools: influence and outcomes." 2008. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/47058.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis topic seeks to address to what extent early childhood practitioners have adopted teaching methodology and pedagogical practices to embrace the SACSA Framework in the Communication and Language Learning Area.
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Jansen, van Vuuren Johanna Petronella. "A legal comparison between South African, Canadian and Australian workmen's compensation law." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18551.
Full textAbstract:
Workers’ compensation originated internationally because of the need to address
the plight of workers and communities left destitute due to occupationally sustained
disabilities or death. This study examines how the right to no-fault compensation
developed in South Africa in comparison to the comparable law in Canada and
Australia. Specific limitations regarding the right to workers' compensation
pursuant to the South African compensatory laws were identified. Limitations
identified include the persons falling within the ambit of the law, circumstances
creating a right to compensation, the right to claims for increased compensation
uniquely provided for in South African compensatory law and founded in the
negligent conduct of employers as well as common law redress for damages. The
background of the administrative remedy in the form of the right to compensation
for occupational injuries and diseases ought to be seen in the light of the
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996.Mercantile Law
LL.M.