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Lvovska, Tetyana, Tetyana Lytvynenko, and Alla Kariuk. "Soil Compaction Methods Development." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14605.
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A process of soil compaction methods development including new authors’ methodology is described. The importance of soil compaction for engineering purposes is substantiated. Preconditions for Proctor compaction test appearance are highlighted. Proctor’s approach and suggestions for the degree of soil compaction assessing are analyzed. Soviet version of Proctor’s equipment and Modified Proctor compaction test are given. Principal differences between Proctor test, Standard compaction test and Modified Proctor test are presented. The problems and disadvantages of existent soil compaction tests are revealed. New authors’ physical experiment methodology for patterns establishment of water migration in subgrade embankment depth, in the capacity factors of what it is accepted: clay soil type (its number plasticity); moisture, at what the soil was compacted; soil skeleton density; embankment height; «rest» time after subgrade erection and before it’s operation is developed and realized. By laboratory and field tests water migration patterns in compacted subgrade soils depth are established. As a result of statistical processing of research results, the empirical dependence of compacted clay soil stabilized moisture is obtained. Empirical dependence parameter corresponds to maximum molecular moisture capacity at what it is advisable to do the subgrade clay soils multilayer consolidation for their long-term strength ensuring.
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Yamali, Fakhrul Rozi, and Fadlan Fadlan. "ANALISIS ENERGI PEMADATAN TANAH DI LABORATORIUM." Jurnal Civronlit Unbari 2, no. 1 (October 28, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/civronlit.v2i1.12.
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The density test for soil in the laboratory can be a mild density test (standard proctor) and a modified density test (modification proctor). Both types of compaction provide different levels of density. This paper aims to analyze the energy produced by both types of compaction. The results show that the compaction modification energy is greater than the standard compaction energy. These results are influenced by the number of layers and the difference of the mass of the pounder on both types of compactionKey words: compaction energy, standard proctor, modified proctor
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Hernández, Joseín, René Mora, and Emmanuel Munguía. "DETERMINACIÓN DE LAS DIFERENCIAS EN LOS RESULTADOS DE DOS PROCEDIMIENTOS DE EJECUCIÓN DEL ENSAYO PROCTOR ESTÁNDAR." Revista Espacio I+D Innovación más Desarrollo IX, no. 24 (November 1, 2012): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31644/imasd.24.2020.a08.
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El grado de compactación de los suelos se evalúa a través de dos parámetros: su peso específico seco máximo (γdmáx) y su humedad óptima (wopt), los cuales se pueden determinar en el laboratorio a través de diversos métodos. Una de las técnicas de mayor uso a nivel mundial es el ensayo Proctor estándar. El procedimiento clásico de este ensayo establece la construcción de una curva de compactación utilizando una sola porción de suelo que se compacta varias veces durante todo el procedimiento. Sin embargo, en la ejecución habitual de esta prueba ha surgido la variante de utilizar varias porciones de suelo en lugar de una sola. El objetivo de esta investigación es aportar información acerca de las diferencias en los resultados obtenidos entre estas dos variantes de la prueba Proctor estándar. Para lograrlo, en un primer grupo de ensayos se determinaron los parámetros óptimos de compactación de dos suelos diferentes del estado de Tabasco siguiendo el procedimiento clásico del ensayo Proctor Estándar. Estos resultados sirvieron de control. A continuación, en un segundo grupo de ensayos y para los mismos suelos, se repitieron las pruebas Proctor estándar pero utilizando varias porciones de suelo en lugar de una sola, esto con la finalidad de que cada porción solo se compactara una vez. Todos los ensayos Proctor se realizaron por triplicado y los resultados se ajustaron mediante una línea polinómica. Comparada con los resultados del ensayo Proctor estándar clásico, la variante que utiliza varias porciones de suelo generó un descenso de alrededor del 1% en los va-lores de los pesos específicos secos máximos, y aumentos en las humedades óptimas en torno al 1.3%. Estas diferencias se originan debido al proceso de preparación de las muestras de suelo en la variante del ensayo Proctor
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Kowalska, Magdalena. "Compactness of Scrap Tyre Rubber Aggregates in Standard Proctor Test." Procedia Engineering 161 (2016): 975–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.836.
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Sulewska, Maria J., and Dariusz Tymosiak. "Analysis of compaction parameters of the exemplary non-cohesive soil determined by Proctor methods and vibrating table tests." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. Land Reclamation 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sggw-2018-0008.
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Abstract The purpose of the work is to analyze compaction parameters of non-cohesive uniformly graded soil – optimum moisture content (wopt) and maximum dry density (ρdmax), obtained from Proctor tests and using vibrating table. The research was conducted on even-graded medium sand (Safgr), of uniformity coefficient CU = 3.10 and coefficient of curvature CC = 0.99. Compaction parameters were examined by using Proctor tests – standard Proctor tests (I and II) and modified Proctor tests (III and IV) in compliance with PN-B-04481:1988, and also standard (A+A and A+B) and modified (B+A and B+B) according to PN-EN 13286-2:2010, and by using a vibrating table in compliance with PN-EN 13286-5:2006 at four sample loading attempts. The moisture content of the samples increased by 1–2% in the range of about 0% to about 10%. On the basis of the analysis of data from soil studies with uniform grain size (poorly compactable soil), it can be concluded that the values of test results ρdmax of medium sand with standard (or modified) Proctor tests according to PN-B-04481:1988 and PN-EN 13286-2:2010 are close to each other. It can be concluded that in the case of ρdmax, the vibrating table method (with the assumed test conditions) allows to achieve results comparable to those of Proctor (mean relative difference 1.88%). Using the vibrating table the wopt values were lower than those obtained by Proctor tests (mean relative difference of 18.84%).
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جواد عزيز, ليث. "A new method for increasing the density of modulated sandy soils by using cement dust." Kufa Journal of Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/121338.
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This research is an empirical method for estimating the possibility of using cement dust as an additive for sandy soil during the field compaction process. The soil samples were brought from Al-Najaf city and treated with cement dust .Twenty test models were prepared and compacted in the standard and modified mould of Proctor test. These models were divided into two broad series, firstly consisted of ten soil samples, five from these samples were carried out at constant compactive energy (E=355.5 kJ/m3) for cement dust (4 , 8, 12 and 16%) in addition to one case with no cement dust. This energy is less than standard Proctor test energy. Another retained models were tested with compactive energy equal to the energy of standard Proctor test (E=592.5 kJ/m3) for the same percentage cement dust. The second series of models were involved ten models, five samples compacted at energy corresponding to Modified Proctor Test (E=1197.03 kJ/m3) and other retained models at compactive energy higher than compactive energy of the modified Proctor test (E=2681.4 kJ/m3). The results of laboratory tests which carried out on selected soil showed with increasing compactive energy, the optimum cement dust decreased (this percent was corresponding to the peak dry density in the laboratory) . In other words, the optimum cement dust percents were equal to (4%), (6.6%), (8%) and (12%) for compactive energy (E=355.5, 592.5, 1197.03 and 2681.4 kJ/m3) respectively, and the addition of these percents of cement dust leaded to increase in the maximum dry density (4%, 5.3%, 17.1% and 20.5%) for compactive energy (E=355.5, 592.5, 1197.03 and 2681.4 kJ/m3) respectively.
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Brata, Angga, and Chandra Afriade Siregar. "PERBANDINGAN PEMADATAN TANAH GUNUNG HEJO KABUPATEN PURWAKARTA PADA PENGUJIAN SECARA LAPANGAN DAN LABORATORIUM MENGGUNAKAN METODE A." Sistem Infrastruktur Teknik Sipil (SIMTEKS) 1, no. 1 (September 10, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32897/simteks.v1i1.805.
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Penelitian ini membahas tentang korelasi pemadatan di lapangan menggunakan sand cone test dan pemadatan standard proctor di laboratorium dengan metode A. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mengikuti standard yang sudah teruji keakuratannya seperti AASHTO, ASTM, dan lain sebagainya. Hasil akhir dari pengujian ini OMC pemadatan standar di laboratorium = 37 % dan MDD = 1.394 gr/cm3 dan hasil pemadatan dilapangan OMC = 30.619 % dan MDD = 1.052 gr/cm3. Korelasi dari kedua hasil uji tersebut adalah MDD Standar Met. A = MDD Sand Cone + 0.342 dan OMC Standar Met. A = OMC Sand Cone + 6.381Kata Penelitian ini membahas tentang korelasi pemadatan di lapangan menggunakan sand cone test dan pemadatan standard proctor di laboratorium dengan metode A. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mengikuti standard yang sudah teruji keakuratannya seperti AASHTO, ASTM, dan lain sebagainya. Hasil akhir dari pengujian ini OMC pemadatan standar di laboratorium = 37 % dan MDD = 1.394 gr/cm3 dan hasil pemadatan dilapangan OMC = 30.619 % dan MDD = 1.052 gr/cm3. Korelasi dari kedua hasil uji tersebut adalah MDD Standar Met. A = MDD Sand Cone + 0.342 dan OMC Standar Met. A = OMC Sand Cone + 6.381KataÂ
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Zhemchuzhnikov, Alexandr, Khosrow Ghavami, and Michéle dal Toé Casagrande. "Static Compaction of Soils with Varying Clay Content." Key Engineering Materials 668 (October 2015): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.668.238.
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The use of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) is widespread in the field of earth construction. They present better mechanical performance than adobe and the equipment for their production is simple. Laboratory testing of compressed earth blocks requires large amounts of material. There are variations of unconfined strength testing procedures such as testing halves of the blocks with layers of mortar between them or testing whole blocks in diverse directions. This complicates the interpretation of test results as the shape factor and mortar characteristics influence the results significantly. Static compaction test can be used to produce cylindrical samples representative of CEBs. The water content of soil used for the production of CEBs is often determined in standard Proctor test while experimental data indicate that the optimum moisture content for static and dynamic compaction is different. The present article addresses the behavior of four soil mixes with varying clay content compacted statically with a constant rate of strain. Static compaction curves were compared with those obtained in standard Proctor test. For all the soil mixes the static optimum moisture content was found to correspond to the start of consolidation. The compaction curve presented no wet side of optimum in contrast to Proctor test. The energy needed to achieve a desired density by static compaction was analyzed for soils with varying clay contents. Static compaction was found to be more efficient than dynamic for clayey soils. An increase in water content was observed to help achieving higher densities at low pressures, which can improve the performance of manual CEB presses.
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Nugraha, Andrias Suhendra. "PENGARUH ENERGI PEMADATAN DI LABORATORIUM TERHADAP PARAMETER KOMPAKSI MATERIAL CRUSHED LIMESTONE PADALARANG." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jts.v16i1.2496.
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Pelaksanaan konstruksi timbunan jalan (road embankment) merupakan suatu pekerjaan yang memerlukan kajian geoteknik. Kajian geoteknik dilakukan terhadap material timbunan (fill material) yang akan digunakan pada saat tahapan pemadatan (kompaksi) di lapangan. Evaluasi terhadap hasil suatu proses kompaksi mengacu terhadap parameter kompaksi dari fill material yang telah disyaratkan oleh spesifikasi desain. Parameter kompaksi tersebut antara lain adalah kadar air optimum (optimum moisture content, wopt) dan berat isi kering maksimum (maximum dry density, ?dry max).
Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan mengevaluasi pengaruh energi pemadatan di laboratorium terhadap parameter kompaksi material crushed limestone yang berasal dari daerah Padalarang, Jawa Barat. Terdapat 4 (empat) variasi energi pemadatan (E) yang ditinjau pada studi ini yaitu : 605 kN.m/m3 (energi standard Proctor, E1); 1.4 E1; 2.2 E1 dan 3.0 E1. Keseluruhan uji kompaksi di laboratorium menggunakan mold dan rammer untuk standard Proctor test (ASTM D 698).
Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan energi pemadatan untuk kompaksi di laboratorium sebesar 3 kali energi pemadatan standard Proctor, hanya menghasilkan kenaikan gdry max sebesar 5% dan merubah nilai wopt sebesar 3%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan energi pemadatan di laboratorium tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap nilai gdry max maupun wopt , untuk kondisi crushed limestone bergradasi buruk (poorly graded) dengan rentang ukuran butir 0.85mm – 4.75mm.
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Jankovic Pantic, Jovana, Dragoslav Rakic, Irena Basaric Ikodinovic, Tina Djuric, and Gordana Hadzi-Nikovic. "Geotechnical Effects of Municipal Solid Waste Destruction with Different Compaction Methods." Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 75, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2022.01.13.
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Disposal of waste in municipal solid waste landfills is the only way of waste disposal in Serbia, with daily compaction and covering with soil material. Due to less space for the construction of new landfills, it is necessary to use their maximum capacity. Well-compacted municipal solid waste takes up less volume and enables safer storage, so it is useful to previously determine the compaction parameters in the laboratory: maximum dry unit weight (γdmax) and optimal water content (wopt). In the practice so far, the standard method has been used to obtain these parameters (Proctor compaction test) which is common in soil mechanics. However, although this methodology has been adopted, different treatments of municipal solid waste at the landfill (including pre-treatment) indicate the need to change this classical approach. Therefore, during the research, various innovative solutions are introduced, such as the change of the classic flat Proctor hammer, by adding spikes, whose function, in addition to compaction, is partial destruction and shredding of municipal waste. In this way, the operation of compactors (hedgehogs) in the field is simulated. The paper presents the behaviour of four artificially prepared samples of municipal solid waste of different composition. The samples were tested in the standard Proctor apparatus at the same compaction energy, using different hammers, a standard flat hammer, and an innovative hammer with spikes. After that, the geotechnical effects of compaction depending on the applied approach were analyzed.
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Rocha, Gissele Souza, Claudio Henrique de Carvalho Silva, Heraldo Nunes Pitanga, Ecidinéia Pinto Soares de Mendonça, Dario Cardoso de Lima, and Gustavo Diniz da Côrte. "Effect of lime on the mechanical response of a soil for use in unpaved forest roads." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 42 (November 29, 2019): e44764. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v42i1.44764.
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The main objective of this study was to propose the application of soil-lime mixtures asa primary coating layerof unpavedforestroads based on the premise that this layer can be considered mechanically similar to a flexible pavementsub base layer, aiming to fill a gap in the current technical literature and engineering practice in this field of knowledge. In the study, a laboratory test program was carried out in a residual gneiss soil encompassing: (i) geotechnical characterization tests; (ii) compaction tests at the standard Proctor energy on soil specimens and on soil-lime mixturespecimens prepared with lime contents of 2, 4 and 6% related to the dry soil mass; (iii) unconfined compressive strength tests on soil specimens compacted at the standard Proctor optimum parameters; and (iv) unconfined compressive strength tests on specimens of soil-lime mixtures compacted at the standard Proctor optimum compaction parameters with lime contents of 2, 4 and 6%, and cured at 22.8°C in the curing periods of 3, 7, 28 and 90 days. The results showed that the addition of lime resulted in: (i) reduction in soil maximum dry unit weight (gdmax) and increase in soil optimum water content (wopt);and(ii) significant gains in soil unconfined compressive strength that evidenced the expressive occurrence of pozzolanic reactions in the mixtures.Based on the hypothesis of a similar requirement for soil-cement and soil-lime mixtures, the tested soil-lime mixtures met the minimum mechanical strength (1.2MPa) required for application as a primary coating layer of unpaved forest roads.
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Jr, Romildo Aparecido Soares, and Ivan A. Soares. "Regressão linear com mínimos quadrados para representação dos resultados do ensaio proctor normal/ Linear regression with least squares for the representation of standard proctor test results." Brazilian Journal of Development 7, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 77822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n8-139.
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Edeh, Joseph E., Adrian O. Eberemu, and James Mzuaor Aburabul. "Effect of Compactive Efforts on the Strength Properties of Groundnut Shell Ash Stabilized Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.12.
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Large quantities of groundnut shell ash (GSA) are generated from the combustion of groundnut shell, disposed in large quantities on production sites while large volume of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) aggregates are also generated during pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction and disposed along road alignments. This paper presents results of the laboratory evaluation of the effect of compactive efforts on the strength properties of GSA stabilized RAP with a view to determining its suitability as highway pavement material in pavement constructions. The RAP-GSA mixtures were subjected to Reduced British Standard light, RBSL (reduced Proctor); British Standard light, BSL (standard Proctor); West African Standard, WAS and British Standard heavy, BSH (modified Proctor) compactive efforts to determine the compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio (CBR), durability and water absorption characteristics. Test results show that the properties of RAP improved with GSA treatment. The particle grading improved from 99.13 % coarse aggregate and 0.87 % fines, with AASHTO classification of A-1-b for 100 % RAP, and 9.08 % coarse aggregate and 90.92 % fines, with AASHTO classification of A-4 for 100 % GSA to 15.6691.72 % coarse aggregate and 8.2884.32 % fines, with AASHTO classification in the range A-4 (silty soil) to A-1-a (granular materials), for the various RAP-GSA mixes. Maximum dry density (MDD) decreased while the optimum moisture content (OMC) increased with higher GSA content in the RAP + GSA mixes and with decreased compactive effort from BSH to RBSL. Optimum CBR values of 35.1% (unsoaked) and 44.1% (soaked) recorded for 90% RAP + 10% GSA mix achieved with BSH compactive effort, satisfied the durability requirements with insignificant expansion and water absorption and can be used as subbase material in flexible pavements construction. This research provides the results of evaluation of the effect of compactive efforts on the strength properties of GSA stabilized RAP as highway construction material, as it is based on CBR determination. Further work may be encouraged to assess resilient modulus of this material under cyclic load.
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Putra, Heriansyah, and Irgie Yudhistira. "Improvement of the California Bearing Ratio of Peat Soil Using Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 2411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-11-04.
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Due to its high organic matter, moisture content, and low bearing capacity, peat soil needs to be stabilized for use as a subgrade. The soybean crude urease calcite precipitation (SCU-CP) method is a grouting technique using carbonate precipitation and soybean as a biocatalyst. This study aims to analyze the effect of the SCU-CP method and soil density on the California bearing ratio (CBR) value to obtain the best stabilization alternative for reducing the field’s compaction energy. The CBR test was conducted in both soaked and unsoaked conditions. The study was conducted with variations of 50%, 70%, and 90% density of Standard Proctor and used grouting treatment with a combination of optimum SCU-CP solution for the treated samples. The results showed a significant increase in CBR, with an average increase of more than two times compared to untreated samples. In terms of compaction effort, a density of 70% Proctor in unsoaked conditions with SCU-CP treatment is the best alternative. However, considering the soil saturation level and the swelling of the subgrade layer, 90% proctor density with SCU-CP treatment can be recommended as a stabilization method without dewatering. This research concluded that the SCU-CP method could improve the CBR value of peat soil.
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Lunev, A. A., and A. V. Iavinskii. "California Bearing Ratio of class F pond ash of various genesis." Construction and Geotechnics 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9826/2021.2.03.
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To study the bearing capacity of pond ash, samples were taken from dumps of a number of power plants in the Russian Federation: Omsk TPP-4, Novocherkasskaya TPP, Serovskaya TPP, Apatitskaya TPP, producing pond of various genesis. All studied materials classified to class F according to ASTM C-618-12. At the first stage of the study, the maximum dry density of soil and the optimum moisture content were determined by the Proctor method (type B mold and type A compaction hammer), the results of which were compared with the results of determining the same parameters by the SoyuzDorNII method (using a large standard compaction device). At the second stage, the Californian bearing ratio (CBR) of all samples of pond ash in a water-unsaturated state at different densities was determined (corresponding to compaction 7, 21 and 56 by blows of a compaction hammer on a layer of pond ash in the a Proctor mold). At the third stage of the study, the deformation modulus of pond ash were determined on samples with optimal moisture content and maximum dry density of soil by the method of oedometer test. Samples were prepared with the using a large standard compaction device of the SoyuzDorNII design. At the end of the study, the results were analyzed and conclusions were drawn about the linear relationship of the parameters (optimal moisture content and maximum dry density) determined by the method of Proctor and SoyuzDorNII, the presence of a correlation between CBR and the compaction coefficient of the PA, and the absence of a statistically significant correlation ( R 2
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Vitales, V. V., A. E. Amaludin, Y. HO, and N. A. Amaludin. "Soil plasticity and standard proctor compaction characteristics of stabilized Kota Kinabalu clay using biomass silica (SH-85)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1217, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1217/1/012006.
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Abstract In the Pan Borneo Highway (PBH) project, the occurrence of clay soils is likely to increase construction costs, due to its low shear strength and high compressibility characteristics. In recent years, the use of non-traditional stabilizers e.g., Biomass Silica (SH-85) compound is becoming more prevalent. This study aims to determine the soil plasticity behaviour and to ascertain the Standard Proctor Compaction characteristics of clay soil by mixing it with varying dosages of SH-85. After soil classification was carried out, the Initial Lime Consumption Test was performed to estimate the suitable SH-85 dosage. The compound was mixed with the soil at concentrations of 3, 6, 9 and 15% (by soil sample weight). Moreover, Atterberg Limits test was also carried out to determine the change in soil plasticity. Subsequently, the compaction tests were performed to obtain the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) on the natural and stabilized soil. The trend of test results show that the OMC increases with increasing SH-85 dosages, while reducing the overall MDD values. The optimal quantity of SH-85 to achieve good compactibility was discovered to be 9%, producing a stabilized mix with a strength gain of +366% compared to the natural soil.
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Zabielska-Adamska, Katarzyna, Mariola Wasil, and Patryk Dobrzycki. "Resilient Response of Cement-Treated Coarse Post-Glacial Soil to Cyclic Load." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 6495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216495.
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Stabilisation with cement is an effective way to increase the stiffness of base and subbase layers and to improve the rutting of subgrade. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of different percentages of cement additives (1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0%) on the resilient modulus of coarse-grained soil used on road foundations. The influence of the compaction method, the standard Proctor and the modified Proctor, as well as the sample curing time is analysed. The cement addition significantly increases the resilient modulus and reduces the resilient axial strain. Extending the curing time from 7 to 28 days also improves the resilient modulus. The change in the compaction energy from standard to modified does not increase the resilient modulus of the stabilised gravelly sand due to its compaction characteristics. The test results of the resilient modulus of the gravelly sand stabilised with cement indicate the possibility of using it as a material for the road base and subbase due to meeting the AASHTO requirements. However, the non-stabilised gravelly sand does not meet the above requirements. It has been sheared during cyclic tests at the first load sequence, regardless of the compaction method.
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Diana, Willis, Edi Hartono, Agus Setyo Muntohar, and Kartika Wulandary. "Evaluation of Soil Compaction in Building Construction Projects." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 28, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v28i1.32720.
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Soil compaction is one of the robust methods to improve the strength and compressibility of earthwork since the method is more efficient and practical. However, the compaction work must be evaluated to meet the maximum dry density (MDD) required from the standard laboratory compaction test. The common method used for the evaluation of field density is the sand-cone test. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relative compaction of the borrow-fill at the building construction using the sand-cone test. The test procedure followed the ASTM D1556/D1556M-15e1 and ASTM D698-12e2 for sand-cone test and Proctor standard compaction test. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the density and moisture obtained from the field test at Dorm and Research and Innovation Center (RIC) project construction. The probability (p) of the compaction work exceeded the 0,9 MDD or Rc=90% was calculated p=13% and p=18%. The results corresponded to average relative compaction (Rc) of 80% and 82% at the Dorm and RIC project, respectively, with the deviation standard of 8.69 dan 8.81.
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Budihardjo, M. A., M. Hadiwidodo, I. W. Wardhana, M. R. N. A. Tuasykal, B. P. Samadikun, I. S. Arumdani, and B. S. Ramadan. "The effect of demolition waste composition on the landfill liner physical characteristic." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 896, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012002.
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Abstract This study analyses the physical characteristics of demolition waste on the composite landfill liner. In this study, three characteristic composite landfill liner tests consist of swelling/specific gravity, OMC standard proctor determination, and atterberg limit test. Composite landfill liner consists of demolition material, bentonite, and lime with eight variable samples. Based on this research, specific gravity ranges from 1.8-2.1 g/cm3, OMC’s highest is V7, and MDD’s lowest is 1.81 g/cm3. Demolition waste content is below 80% can be carried out atterberg limit test. It is related to the particle size distribution test, which states that the size of demolition waste is a type of sand.
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Prabandiyani RW, Sri, Siti Hardiyati, Muhrozi Muhrozi, and Bambang Pardoyo. "Stabilisasi Tanah Lempung dengan Mengunakan Larutan Asam Sulfat (H2so4) pada Tanah Dasar di Daerah Godong - Purwodadi Km 50 Kabupaten Grogogan." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 21, no. 1 (June 8, 2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v21i1.11227.
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An expansive clay soil material that is composed of various minerals include kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite group. Mineral montmorilinite have the sensitivity to the effects of the water is very easy to expand and contract. High and low levels of development (swelling) and shrinkage (shrinkage) expansive clay is determined by the high and low content of montmorillonite on expansive clay granules. Because of these properties are very high content of montmorillonite often cause problems in the building. This study uses a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a stabilizer through the compaction process Modified Proctor on OMC Proctor standard by the number of collisions each is 10 x, 25 x and 56 x, and the amount of additional water in cc on dry ground, with variations in increments of 100%, water by 90%:10% H2SO4, water by 80%: 20% H2SO4 and water by 90%: 30% H2SO4. This research was conducted testing-testing in the laboratory include: physical properties, mechanical properties. swelling pressure, swelling potential and CBR with curing and no curing. Results of the test-the test, can increase the value of physical and mechanical properties, while pergujian against swelling pressure and swelling potential is not significantly increased.
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Khan, Tanveer Ahmed, Khalid Farooq, Mirza Muhammad, Mudasser Muneer Khan, Syyed Adnan Raheel Shah, Muhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Asif Aslam, and Syed Safdar Raza. "The Effect of Fines on Hydraulic Conductivity of Lawrencepur, Chenab and Ravi Sand." Processes 7, no. 11 (November 2, 2019): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7110796.
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The amount of fines in sand greatly influence the permeability of sandy soils. Thus, this research was conducted to study the effect of plastic and non-plastic fines on the permeability of three types of sands (Lawrencepur sand, Chenab sand and Ravi sand). For this purpose, plastic and non-plastic fines were collected from different location of Lahore. Samples were prepared by mixing plastic and non-plastic fines into each type of sand separately, in amounts ranging from 0% to 50% with increments of five percent. Overall 63 samples were prepared. Sieve analysis and hydrometric analysis were performed to obtain particle size distribution for each sample. Atterberg’s limits were also determined and each sample was classified according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Compaction tests were performed on all samples as per the procedure in a standard Proctor test. The test samples were compacted in permeability molds with optimum moisture contents to obtain the density, as per a standard Proctor test. Hydraulic conductivity tests were performed on all sixty-three samples using a constant head permeameter and a falling head permeameter. Permeability results were plotted against the percentage of fines added. It was noted from the curves that the permeability of sand-fine mixtures shows a decreasing trend with the addition of fine contents. A few trials were performed to formulate a correlation. Validation of the correlation was performed with the results of 52 data sets from the field. Finally, the devised correlation was compared with three empirical equations proposed by Mujtaba, Kozeny–Carman and Hazen.
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Suarez, Ismael F., Felix S. Tembleque, Jose M. R. Sar, Ricardo J. Rivera, and Jordi D. Martin. "Feasibility of Laser Scanning to Determine Volumetric Properties of Fine Grained Soils." Soils and Rocks 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.381059.
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This study analyses the real applicability of laser scanning techniques to determine bulk densities of fine grained soils. The method, fast and accurate, can be employed both in the field and laboratory. The technique was calibrated with benchmarks and then applied to measure volumes of small samples of a specific silty soil of well-known properties (granite sawdust); next transformed into bulk densities from the sample-weights. The results are compared against those obtained from their precursor specimens, made using the Standard Proctor test. Before calculating soil sample volumes, optimum conditions for data acquisition, exportation and post-processing were assessed. The laser scanning provides highly consistent results when compared with those obtained from Standard Proctor compaction tests. However, the study shows a limiting value of moisture content below which the laser scan provides inaccurate results. Likely, this limit varies from soil to soil and therefore the technique must be calibrated before being used to determine bulk densities and derived volumetric properties (i.e., porosity or void ratio). Accordingly, this work presents a helpful procedure to evaluate the applicability of the laser scanning based on the detection of the limiting water content, which considers as well anomalies derived from compositional heterogeneities or external electromagnetic interferences.
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Khillar, Lijarani, Srikant Pattnaik, Pinkirani Pradhan, Swagat Rangan Pradhan, and Simantinee Samal. "Stabilization of Soil Using Fly Ash." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 990–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42335.
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Abstract: Soil is the basic foundation for any civil engineering structures. It is required to bear the loads without failure. In some places, soil may be weak which cannot resist the oncoming loads. In such cases, soil stabilization is needed .Numerous methods are available in the literature for soil stabilization, But sometimes, some of the methods like chemical stabilization; lime stabilization etc. adversely affects the chemical composition of the soil. In this study, fly ash mixes with clay soil to investigate the relative strength gain in terms of unconfined compression, bearing capacity and compaction. The effect of fly ash on the geotechnical characteristics of clay-fly ash was investigated by conducting standard Proctor compaction tests, unconfined compression test, CBR tests and permeability test. The tests were performed as per Indian Standard specifications. Index Terms: Soil, Fine Fly Ash Mixture, Soil Stabilization.
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Hassan, Asem, and Gehan Nadhum. "Geotechnical-Electrical Evaluation of Soil Compaction Parameters, South of Baqubah City." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1D (April 30, 2023): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1d.12ms-2023-4-21.
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Soil compaction is fundamental for improving the geotechnical properties of a wide range of engineering structures. Evaluation of compaction parameters is crucial for maintaining the long-term performance of these structures. In this study, geotechnical-electrical relationships were adopted to evaluate the compaction parameters of soil south of Baqubah City. Forty-seven soil specimens, collected from eight locations, were prepared and compacted at various conditions that can be found in the geotechnical practice. First, laboratory tests such as sieve analysis, liquid limit, and plastic limit were carried out to characterize and classify the soil based on USCS classification. Second, the specimens were prepared in the lab using different moisture content, dry density, and compaction efforts. Electrical resistivity measurements were then conducted on compacted specimens using Kangda KD2571B2 instrument. All laboratory tests were performed based on ASTM standards. The results revealed that the soil at the site is fine-grained type CL of medium plasticity clay with sand. Optimum Moisture Content OMC and Maximum Dry Density MDD were, respectively, 14.72% and 1.83 g/cm3 for the Standard Proctor compaction test; and 11.08% and 1.90 g/cm3 for the Modified Proctor compaction test. Geotechnical-electrical relationships achieved showed that soil resistivity is strongly influenced by the main compaction parameters; moisture content, dry density, and compaction energy, particularly at low moisture content. A high correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.98) was achieved for the resistivity-degree of saturation and resistivity-volumetric moisture content relationships. These correlations were validated with R2 (0.896-0.934) between the measured and predicted data, which indicates the advantages of adopting the resistivity method as a complementary tool for the preliminary site investigation.
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Deschamps, Richard J. "Geotechnical and Environmental Characteristics of Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion Ash and Stoker Ash." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1577, no. 1 (January 1997): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1577-11.
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Results of geotechnical and environmental laboratory tests on atmospheric fluidized bed combustion ash and stoker ash are presented. The testing program is directed toward assessing the adequacy of using these materials as structural fill in roadway embankment construction. Geotechnical tests include specific gravity, standard Proctor compaction, permeability, California bearing ratio, strength, and swell tests. Environmental tests include bulk chemical analysis of major and trace elements, toxicity characteristic leachate procedure, extraction procedure toxicity, and Indiana neutral water leachate tests. The fluidized bed combustion ash and mixtures with stoker ash exhibit significant cementitious strength increase, and swelling with time. The implications of test results relative to use as structural fill are discussed.
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Krzic, M., C. E. Bulmer, F. Teste, L. Dampier, and S. Rahman. "Soil properties influencing compactability of forest soils in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 84, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s03-056.
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The widespread use of heavy machinery during harvesting and site preparation in timber plantations in British Columbia (BC) has led to concerns that compaction causes a reduction in long-term soil productivity. Impacts of properties such as total C, water content, and texture on compactability of forest soils in BC were assessed. Two compactability indices were used: maximum bulk density (MBD) and susceptibility to compaction (SC) determined by the standard Proctor test. Soil samples were collected from 16 sites throughout BC covering a wide range of biogeoclimatic zones. Soils varied in texture (12 to 87% sand, 9 to 76% silt, and 2 to 53% clay) and organic matter content (18 to 76 g kg-1 total C). A strong negative correlation was observed between MBD and gravimetric water content at which MBD was achieved (WMBD) and between MBD and total C. Similarly, WMBD and total C had strong effects on SC. The estimation of either MBD or SC values was not substantially improved by including texture parameters to the regression equations in addition to the total C. The implication of the relationships observed in this study is that increases in soil organic matter reduce the risk of compactability, which is particularly important for forest soils where compaction is generally not corrected by implements after tree planting. The information is also useful for assessing the extent of compaction on soils affected by machine traffic. Key words: Soil compaction, Susceptibility to compaction, maximum bulk density, Proctor test, total carbon
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Oyola-Guzmán, Romer D., and Rómulo Oyola-Morales. "Forensic Evaluation of Compacted Soils using RAMCODES." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 10 (October 30, 2018): 2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091157.
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Unexpected failure of compacted soils was explained using design curves of the Rational Methodology for Compacted Geomaterial’s Density and Strength Analysis (RAMCODES). Forensic geotechnical evaluation, applied to a compacted soil used at a construction site, demonstrated that the bearing capacity of the soil was influenced by the water content and the dry unit weight. At the construction site, the only criterion used for quality control of the compacted soil was the minimum compaction percentage; the maximum dry unit weight (achieved using the standard Proctor test) was used when the soil was compacted with light equipment, and the maximum dry unit weight (achieved using the modified Proctor test) was used when it was compacted with heavy equipment. After changing water content conditions, the soil compacted with heavy equipment and the soil compacted with light equipment exhibited changes in bearing capacity; the soil compacted with light equipment showed a failure, whereas the soil compacted with heavy equipment did not. The causes of failure were evaluated from samples of soil analyzed in the laboratory; analysis was performed using design curves obtained through a factorial experimental design. Our analysis revealed that the criterion of minimum compaction percentage was not adequate to determine the actual mechanical performance of the soil. We sought to determine why the soil compacted with light equipment did not satisfy the bearing capacity expected after compaction, and what other actions should performed at a construction site to avoid failure of soils compacted with light equipment.
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Sadiq yasun, Azhar, and Jamal N. Al Abbasi. "A Proposed Approach for Evaluating Soils Optimum Moisture Content Arithmetically and Use Statistical Functions for Checking Method." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25941.
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The processing of optimum moisture content for specific soils as indicated by ASTM D698 specifications detail relies upon developing the fitting third or second degree bend connection between dampness content versus soil dry unit weight on a fitting bend, the registered optimum moisture substance may contrast for a similar soil as for fitting bend figure and its position. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the optimum moisture content value based on computing average moisture content adapted from standard or modified Proctor compaction test trials and compared it with respect to the computing optimum moisture content using standard method. The research deals with a (52) compaction tests results with a wide range of optimum moisture content and dry unit weight to explore the relationships between them. The study also explores the maximum dry density values which versus standard optimum moisture content and average adopted moisture content. Statistical part depends on evaluating many statistical function values for standard and research method starts by evaluating significance of normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The average differences between standard optimum moisture content and an average value (this study depends) for moisture content was about (-0.20) and an average of differences for dry unit weight values was (0.261).
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M, Ramalakshmi, and Bala Nagendra Babu A. "Study on the Compaction Characteristics of Soil Mixed with Quarry Dust for Effective Recycling of Waste from Stone Quarries." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 14149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.14149ecst.
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ABSTRACT Exploring the viability of utilizing the quarry dust waste in construction is investigated in this study through laboratory experiments. Standard Proctor test is conducted for the two groups of soil samples (Group 1 soil without quarry dust, N=17; Group 2 soil with quarry dust, N=17). The results show that the optimum moisture content (OMC) of soil decreases and the maximum dry density (MDD) increases due to the addition of quarry dust with the soil. Also, there is a significant difference between the two groups of soil as the value of p<0.05. Thus the quarry dust can be used as an additive material so as to improve the compaction characteristics of the soil.
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Agrawal, Vivek Kumar. "Comparative study on Design of flexible pavement by various methods (GI method & CBR method)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2979–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37749.
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Abstract: In the project report, an attempt is made to design a road, based on the principles of pavement design and cost analysis of y two methods (Group Indexed and CBR Method). On the existing alignment of the road, soil samples are collected for the determination of soil characteristics like consistency limits, sieve analysis, C.B.R. values etc. Based on this the thickness of the pavement (flexible) is designed. The alignment of the road is also designed and fixed by surveying and leveling. The total road length being 497 meters of which, one section is 247m, other is 200m and the third section is 50m. The site selected for this study is of village road near Korba, Korba district of Chhattisgarh, India. Keywords: GI Method, Flexible Pavement, CBR Method, Liquid Limit Test, Plastic Limit, Standard Proctor test, OMS & MDD.
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Verona Soares, Pedro Adelio, and Sapto Budy Wasono. "SOIL STABILIZATION (SUBGRADE) FOR AINARO LOT 2 ROAD PAPER, TIMOR – LESTE." Neutron 22, no. 2 (February 23, 2023): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/neutron.v22i2.185.
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Soil conditions in Timor Leste vary greatly in terms of grain and bearing capacity. The soil found at the laulara solerema location is clay because it can be seen from various types of samples and the results of analysis in the laboratory can determine the quality of the soil and the type of soil. This study aims to determine the characteristics of clay soil in Laura – Solerema as a road pavement material, especially the soil foundation The method used in determining the mixture through several tests, among others, sieve analysis test, compaction test (standard proctor) CBR (California Bearing Ratio) test, Swelling, Atterberg limit test and compaction test. The results of testing the clay soil in Laura – Solerema partially have values that do not meet the requirements as road pavement materials, especially subgrade layers. The stabilization study aims to study and determine the results of soil test data, to be able to determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) and dry volume (MDD), and the Atterberg limit with CBR values of 95% and 100%.
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Otieno, Meshack, Charles Kabubo, and Zachary Gariy. "Mechanical and Structural Correlation of Lateritic Soil Road Base Stabilized with Cement and Selected Biochars." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 4 (August 9, 2023): 11070–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5973.
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The study considers the strength and structural characterization of lateritic soil road base in order to increase the strength of low-volume sealed road construction. Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) and Saw Dust Ash (SDA), mixed with soil and in combination with different percentages of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), were utilized in the current study. Structural and mechanical characterization of the investigated samples was performed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Standard Proctor Test (SPT), Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) Test, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test. The observed increase in strength may be due to the reduction of mica, quartz, and calcite in the investigated samples. CaO and SiO2 contribute to the development of strength in cement, while SCBA, and SDA-stabilized lateritic soils. The microstructural study revealed that the mica, quartz, and calcite phases play a very important role in maintaining the strength and stability of the investigated samples.
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Lubis, Kamaluddin, Nuril Mahda, and Irwan. "THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LASTON AC-WC UNIT ASPHALT MIXING PLANT, FOR NATURAL RUBBER RESULTS DAKTALITAS & MARSHALL TEST." Jurnal PenSil 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpensil.v12i1.30867.
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Natural latex is the sap produced by rubber plants, often found in Sumatra, rubber is a natural product that has the potential to be used for various kinds of human needs, especially for asphalt mixture substitution needs. Natural latex can improve the quality and quality of the asphalt mixture. The method used in testing the 2018 Bina Marga & ASSTHO methods. The use of natural latex first testing for the manufacture of KAO values (optimum Asphalt content) by making test specimens mixed with asphalt content ranging from 3% and 6%. The optimum asphalt content was obtained and then tested by mixing latex with variations in the composition of the mixture starting at 0%, 3%, and 6%. The collision was carried out with a standard proctor with a collision of 2 x 75 until the test object was declared solid and then tested with a Marshall tool. The test results from determining the optimum asphalt content of 4% there are results of 845 kg, 5% asphalt content of 1015 kg, 6 and 7%, and the stability values obtained are 1015kg and 850 kg respectively. this value still meets the specified standard while the ductility test value obtained >1000 mm also still meets. Meanwhile, at levels of 3 and 6%, the stability value was reduced and did not meet the standard. The results of the tests showed the addition of latex substitution with high latex content, ductility was still met but the stability value decreased on the contrary
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Eberemu, Adrian O., Joseph E. Edeh, and A. O. Gbolokun. "The Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil Treated with Crushed Glass Cullet." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.21.
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Lateritic soil treated with up to 20% glass cullet content was subjected to grain-size distribution, consistency tests, specific gravity tests, compaction using standard proctor, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compression test, direct shear test and permeability tests. The study showed increase in grain sizes resulting in coarser soil, changes in moisture-density relationship, resulting in lower Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and higher Maximum Dry Density (MDD), an increase in CBR, an increase in unconfined compressive strength (UCS); changes in cohesion-frictional angle relationship resulting in lower cohesion (c) and higher angle of internal friction (Φ) and an increase in co-efficient of permeability, k, with increased glass cullet treatment. These results show an improvement in geotechnical properties, making glass cullet-lateritic soil blend; a potentially good highway material and suggesting the suitability of the blend for embankments, structural and non-structural fill and retaining wall backfill.
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Clarke, Christopher R., and James B. Nevels. "Shrinkage and Suction Properties of Pledger-Roebuck Alluvial Clay." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1546, no. 1 (January 1996): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154600118.
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The behavior of clays on drying leads to undesirable consequences with regard to high-plasticity clay subgrades and embankments. The soil suction and shrinkage properties of an alluvial clay soil were characterized. The CLOD shrinkage test procedure was found to be very effective in developing the experimental shrinkage curves. At the McCurtain County, Oklahoma, site, three types of samples were analyzed: undisturbed samples taken with thin-walled tubes, hand-augured soil chunks, and compacted standard Proctor samples. Results of the CLOD shrinkage tests for this site indicate consistent results regardless of the sample type and well-defined normal and residual segments of the shrinkage curve. Shrinkage limits estimated from the CLOD shrinkage curves were comparable with shrinkage limit test values. The effect of overconsolidation is reflected in the characteristic curves for different depths in the soil profile. A large suction range was calculated at the general air entry moisture content.
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Dave, Mayank, and Deepanshu Solanki. "Behaviour of Dune Sand Reinforced with Crushed Grains of Sanitary Ceramic Waste." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 6051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.6051ecst.
Full textAbstract:
Research work was taken up to cope the major environmental problem of sanitary ceramic waste, which is assumed to be 9 tons per year (waste), and dune sand, which is a cohesion less soil and of no use due its low engineering properties. The sanitary ceramic waste is major environmental problem. This study gives the best use of the waste and making the best usage of the unused soil. Properties such as strength, stiffness, compressibility, permeability, swelling potential, frost susceptibility, water sensitivity, and volume change tendency may be changed by various methods of soil stabilization. A serious problem of dispose of sanitary ceramic waste is being faced by sanitary ceramic industries and construction industry. Dune sand mixed with crushed grains of sanitary ceramic waste can be utilized for various constructions and can be used further in construction of roads. Standard proctor test and CBR test were performed at various composition mix of ceramic waste into soil sample at given MDD.
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Firdaus, Muhammad, Muhammad Suhaimi, and Fathurrozie Fathurrozie. "Metode Stabilisasi Semen Terhadap Peningkatan Nilai CBR Tanah Dasar Jalan Lingkungan." Jurnal Gradasi Teknik Sipil 3, no. 1 (July 24, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31961/gradasi.v3i1.605.
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Dalam makalah ini mendiskusikan mengenai pengembangan fasilitas infrastruktur umum di Komplek Bumi Mas Lestari Perdagangan Banjarmasin yaitu Pembangunan Jalan lingkungan yang secara khusus meninjau bagian tanah dasar dan ketebalan timbunan sirtu. Perhitungan daya dukung tanah dasar mengacu kepada input nilai CBR metode SNI yaitu index dan engineering properties, uji kepadatan tanah standar proctor di laboratorium dan uji CBR Laboratorium. Studi penelitian terhadap tanah dasar yang dibandingkan adalah tanpa dan dengan penggunaan penambahan semen 9% terhadap tanah asli lanau lunak berlempung plastisitas rendah, hasil yang dapat mewakili untuk perbandingan nilai kelayakan subgrade adalah pemenuhan terhadap ketentuan nilai CBR subgrade pada Spesifikasi Umum Bina Marga sebesar minimum 6% pada pelaksanaan timbunan jalan, karena antara nilai CBR tanah dasar asli yang dihasilkan 4% dan setelah distabilisasi menggunakan semen menghasilkan peningkatan 9,8%, tanah dasar telah memenuhi persyaratan dan dapat digunakan menjadi bagian dari konstruksi perkerasan jalan diatasnya sebagai penopang.
Abstract
This paper discuss infrastucture development of road transportation in Bumi Mas Lestari Housing Compex Construction mainly Road access facility construction mainly for subgrade and embankment of thickness materials. The calculation of theoretical bearing capacity of subgrade based on Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI), including Proctor Standard and CBR test laboratory.research focus on cement mixing between natural condition of subgrade using 9% cement ratio in silty clayey low plasticity type of soil sample. Conduct Bina Marga Specification of Road Construction, minimum CBR Design is 6% was allowed with 9,8% CBR Design after mixing cement as stabilitation of 4% CBR design before.
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P.K., Kolay, and Pui M.P. "Peat Stabilization using Gypsum and Fly Ash." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.75.2010.
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This paper presents the stabilization of local peat soil from Matang, Sarawak, using gypsum and fly ash. Peat soil has been identified as one of the major groups of soils found in Malaysia, which has high compressibility and low shear strength. Presence of soft or peaty soil is a major problem encountered by civil engineers in Sarawak. Different percentages of gypsum (i.e., 2, 4, 6 and 8%) and fly ash (i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) were added into peat soil at optimum moisture content and it’s maximum dry density determined by standard Proctor test. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test were conducted to determine the strength gain after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing periods. Physical properties of the peat soil have also been studied for identification and classification purposes. The unconfined compressive strength test results show that the peat soil gained strength due to the addition of different percentages of admixtures such as gypsum and fly ash and the strength also increases with the increase of curing periods.
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Yohana, Eflita, Syafrudin Syafrudin, Mochamad Arief Budihardjo, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan, Ayudya Izzati Dyah Lantasi, Fadel Iqbal Muhammad, and Natasya Ghinna Humaira. "Study of Desiccation Crack Behavior of Fly Ash - Bentonite (FAB) Composite in Landfill Liner System." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 19, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v19i1.68-77.
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The addition of bentonite to fly ash can lower the permeability coefficient of the composite landfill liner. Also, the montmorillonite bentonite can bind quite a lot of water molecules during the hydration process. In this study, the effect of mixture, water content, and salinity on the desiccation cracking phenomenon in the bentonite - fly ash mixture as a landfill liner system was investigated by conducting tests such as desiccation test, water content test, and standard proctor and permeability test. The variation in bentonite levels: 0%, 15%, 20%,25% and 25% + 1 N NH4Cl solution. The result shows that the appropriate mixture is fly ash + 15% bentonite with permeability of 4,065 x 10-7. The mixture complies with local regulations where the permeability coefficient of the bottom layer of the landfill should be less than 10–6 cm/s and have a low cracking value (CIF). Furthermore, the addition of saline solution to the composite can rise the value of the optimum moisture content. However, saline conditions can decrease the value of CIF drastically
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Skels, Peteris, Viktors Haritonovs, and Edvards Pavlovskis. "Wood Fly Ash Stabilized Road Base Layers with High Recycled Asphalt Pavement Content." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 16, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2021-16.520.
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Wood fly ash stabilised road base layers with high recycled asphalt pavements content was studied both at the laboratory and in-situ. The original recipe was chosen based on an actual stabilised pavement base layer design with cement CEM II/B-T 42.5R but optimised using wood fly ash. The existing road base layer from gravel was mixed with dolomite aggregate and recycled asphalt pavement, adding cement and wood fly ash at different proportions. The mixture was compacted at optimal water content according to the Standard Proctor test and further conditioned. Resistance to freezing and thawing of hydraulically bound mixtures was checked after 28 days of conditioning. Even 50 cycles of freezing and thawing were used. Test results indicated wood fly ash as an effective alternative to the typically used cement for road base stabilisation, including recycled asphalt pavement material. Three hydraulically bound mixtures were chosen for test sections in the pilot project. The project includes five different sections with three different hydraulic binder recipes. The performance of each section was evaluated.
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Nazaruddin, A. T., M. S. Shakri, M. A. Ladin, M. A. Hafez, N. F. Abd Rahman, and M. Mohammad. "Strength and consolidation index parameters of stabilise clay soil using scrap rubber tyre." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012056.
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Abstract Scrap rubber tyres are one of the synthetic fibre materials that can be used as a soil stabilizer. This study looks into the effects of scrap rubber tyres as a soil stabiliser on clay soil. Soil samples were collected in Kota Kinabalu, and the scrap rubber tyre was passed through a 2 mm passing sieve. Three experimental tests were carried out: compaction, consolidation, and an unconfined compression test (UCT). During the compaction test, the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) parameters were determined using the proctor standard penetration test. The shear strength of all soil samples was determined using UCT. The consolidation test also looks at the compressibility index and swelling index. Four soil sample configurations were prepared, one as a control sample and three with different soils mixed with varying percentages of scrap rubber tires: 1.5%, 2%, and 5%. This study investigates the degree of compaction, shear strength, settlement behaviour (compressibility), and swelling behaviour of scrap rubber tyres as a soil stabiliser. According to the findings, the optimal amount of scrap rubber tyres as a stabiliser that could improve the properties of clayey soil is 2%.
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Zabielska-Adamska, Katarzyna. "Water Content–Density Criteria for Determining Geomembrane–Fly Ash Interface Shear Strength." MATEC Web of Conferences 262 (2019): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926204005.
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The aim of the present paper was to determine shear strength at the interface between fly ash, as a material underlying artificial sealing layer of storage yards, and HDPE geomembranes. The fly ash was compacted at moisture contents ranging over optimum water contents ± 5% using the standard Proctor test. The shear strength and interaction tests were conducted in classic direct shear apparatus with a cylindrical shear box. For interface strength tests the bottom box frame was equipped with a polycarbonate platen, which enabled geomembrane fixing. The shear strength of the interface contact of fly ash–smooth HDPE geomembrane did not greatly depend on moisture at compaction; however, it was important for textured geomembrane. The lowest interface strength was obtained at the highest moisture w= wopt + 5%, and the greatest values at moistures w ≥ wopt, for both geomembranes.
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Kanagarathinam, L., Venkatesan Govindaraj, V. Gokul, V. Muthukumaran, and Yalam Nikhil Sai. "Laboratory Evaluation of Stabilising Components for Effective Treatment of Expansive Soil." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 20, no. 4 (July 21, 2023): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw230055.
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The experimental study is to understand the mix ratio of fly ash and GGBS (ground granulated blast-furnace slag) in improving the shrink-swell characteristic of soil. The strength of the soil improved considerably after the addition of these stabilisers. In this study, experiments were conducted to observe the influence of the soil stabilisers in the improvement of the strength of the subgrade in expansive soil regions. This influential study will reveal the percentage of Flyash and GGBS mixture. Then the Standard Proctor Compaction test is used to determine the optimum moisture content required to compact the soil with Flyash and GGBS to attain the maximum dry density. The soil’s California Bearing ratio (CBR) was computed to understand the behaviour of improved soil if used as a subgrade. Hence the existing soil can be used as a subgrade with effective treatment of soil.
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Lakshmi, N. K. Mahaa, and M. Kumar. "Experimental Analysis on the Stability of the Soil Using Medical Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 3566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54337.
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Abstract: Due to pandemic and other health care activities, there is an increase in generation of Medicine and Medical waste also Out of which 85% of Hospital waste disposed are general non-hazardous waste that can be recycled and reused. On the other hand, there is a need in increasing the strength of the sub-grade economically. Therefore attempts has been made to recycle the medical waste and are used as a soil stabilizer material to increase the strength of the sub-grade. In this project, Medical waste such as Plastic flakes and Expired tablets are used as a stabilizer. The effect of stabilization using these materials were evaluated by carrying out standard laboratory tests. The tests have been done for both natural soil and stabilized soil with a combination of 1% of expired medicine (GLIMI DM PLUS) with different proportion of plastic flakes such as 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%. A series of Standard proctor compaction test and Soaked California Bearing ratio test were done for both natural soil and soil with stabilizers. The test results shows that there is an improvement in the strength of the soil when adding medical waste and furthermore increase in the proportion of the medical waste causes gradual decrease in the strength of the soil. Thus adding medical waste at a certain amount increase the stability of the sub-grade.
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Mapfumo, E., D. S. Chanasyk, M. A. Naeth, and V. S. Baron. "Soil compaction under grazing of annual and perennial forages." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-100.
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This study investigated the impact of heavy, medium and light grazing of meadow bromegrass an triticale on soil bulk density, relative compaction and penetration resistance. The study was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta, on a Orthic Black Chernozem of loam to silt loam texture. Sampling was conducted in fall 1995, spring 1996, fall 1996 and spring 1997. Core samples to a 15-cm depth were collected for measurement of bulk density and moisture content. Penetration resistance to 15 cm was measured with a hand-pushed cone penetrometer. The standard Proctor test was used to determine maximum bulk density. Relative compaction was the ratio of actual bulk density to the Proctor maximum bulk density expressed as a percentage. Surface (0–2.5 cm) bulk density and penetration resistance were significantly greater under heavily grazed than under medium and lightly grazed meadow bromegrass only for fall 1995. Differences in bulk density, relative compaction and penetration resistance for different grazing intensities in spring and fall 1996 and spring 1997 were either small or not significant. Generally, bulk density decreased over winter in the top 2.5 cm, was not consistent in the 5- to 10-cm depth interval and did not change in the 10- to 15-cm interval. Except in fall 1995, the relative compaction values for all grazing intensities and forage species were less than 90%, a value considered critical for plant growth. Generally, within each grazing level, there were minimal differences in bulk density, relative compaction and penetration resistance under triticale compared to those under meadow bromegrass. Key words: Bulk density, relative compaction, penetration resistance
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Bąk, Aleksandra, and Ryszard Chmielewski. "THE INFLUENCE OF FINE FRACTIONS CONTENT IN NON-COHESIVE SOILS ON THEIR COMPACTIBILITY AND THE CBR VALUE." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 25, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.9687.
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The bearing capacity of subsoils is particularly important due to the intensive development of road and airfield pavements. Subgrade is classified due to frost susceptibility as non-frost-susceptible, low-frost-susceptible or frost-susceptible. Presented research included laboratory tests of low-frost-susceptible soils with limited potential for direct use. The main objective of this paper was focused on the study of changes of compactibility parameters and the CBR (Californian Bearing Ratio) values of silty sand (Pπ). For this purpose, seventeen soil samples with various fine fractions content (of 1.6% to 24.2%), were composed. Laboratory tests, based on soaked soil samples, encompassed the Proctor Compaction test and the CBR test. Additionally, measurements of moisture content in soaked soil samples before and after the penetration test and the displacement of annular surcharge rings while penetration test, were performed. Obtained results allowed for conclusions that penetration curves diverge from the standard curve locally, therefore direct reading of the CBR values from the penetration curves may lead to its significant overstatement. There was also noticed the dependence between the water flow in the soil and the fine fraction content. The research recognized the need for pressure measurement in soil samples during the penetration test.
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Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, Muhammad Khuzaimy Kamarul Halim, Noor Amira Sarani, and Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah. "Leachability of Heavy Metals from Steel Mill Sludge Incorporated in Fired Clay Brick." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.347.
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The reuse of sludge in clay brick material is a long-term approach to sludge disposal for economic and environmental sustainability. In this study, steel mill sludge collected from Kluang, Johor was used to be investigated to replace clay as brick material. The raw material has been characterized using X Ray Fluorescent (XRF) analysis. The optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) of the soil used was performed by using Standard Proctor Compaction Test in order to verify percentages of water used during brick manufacturing. Brick were manufactured into different percentages which are control brick (0%) and steel mill sludge brick with 5%, 10% and 15% of steel mill sludge waste. Manufactured brick was dried and fired in a furnace at 1050 °C. The results showed that zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are the higher heavy metal concentrations detected in steel mill sludge. Meanwhile, leachability test showed that heavy metals leached from steel mill sludge brick are low under permissible limit and complied with United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
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S. G, Jadhav. "Soil Stabilization using Agricultural Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 2647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36491.
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The stability and strength of structure depends on Construction design and also on the strength of subgrade soil on which the structure is being erected. Soil should poses adequate strength and stability for a safe and economic Construction work. Construction work on Expansive soils poses a problem for Civil Engineers as such soil shows swelling and shrinking when exposed to changes in the moisture content, thus methods of Soil Stabilization can be adopted. This paper examined the Effects of Agricultural Waste such as Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA) and Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) as Stabilizer Material for Economic and Environmental Friendly way of Soil Stabilization. The Geotechnical lab tests carried out were Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index Water Content, Specific Gravity Test and Standard Proctor Test on soil. Engineering tests like California Bearing Ration (CBR) (unsoaked) was performed with percentage of 8% with and without Stabilizer Material. The results showed significant improvement in CBR with addition of stabilizers. The research concludes Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA) and Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) are very effective source of soil stabilization.
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Jadhav, Shubham G. "Soil Stabilization using Agricultural Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35695.
Full textAbstract:
The stability and strength of structure depends on Construction design and also on the strength of subgrade soil on which the structure is being erected. Soil should poses adequate strength and stability for a safe and economic Construction work. Construction work on Expansive soils poses a problem for Civil Engineers as such soil shows swelling and shrinking when exposed to changes in the moisture content, thus methods of Soil Stabilization can be adopted. This paper examined the Effects of Agricultural Waste such as Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA) and Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) as Stabilizer Material for Economic and Environmental Friendly way of Soil Stabilization. The Geotechnical lab tests carried out were Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index Water Content and Specific Gravity Test and Standard Proctor Test on soil. Engineering tests like California Bearing Ration (CBR) (unsoaked) was performed with percentage of 8% with and without Stabilizer Material. The results showed significant improvement in CBR with addition of stabilizers. The research concludes Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA) and Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) are very effective source of soil stabilization.
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Ji, Richard, Nayyarzia Siddiki, Tommy Nantung, and Daehyeon Kim. "Evaluation of Resilient Modulus of Subgrade and Base Materials in Indiana and Its Implementation in MEPDG." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/372838.
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In order to implement MEPDG hierarchical inputs for unbound and subgrade soil, a database containing subgradeMR, index properties, standard proctor, and laboratoryMRfor 140 undisturbed roadbed soil samples from six different districts in Indiana was created. TheMRdata were categorized in accordance with the AASHTO soil classifications and divided into several groups. Based on each group, this study develops statistical analysis and evaluation datasets to validate these models. Stress-based regression models were evaluated using a statistical tool (analysis of variance (ANOVA)) andZ-test, and pertinent material constants (k1,k2andk3) were determined for different soil types. The reasonably good correlations of material constants along withMRwith routine soil properties were established. Furthermore, FWD tests were conducted on several Indiana highways in different seasons, and laboratory resilient modulus tests were performed on the subgrade soils that were collected from the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) test sites. A comparison was made of the resilient moduli obtained from the laboratory resilient modulus tests with those from the FWD tests. Correlations between the laboratory resilient modulus and the FWD modulus were developed and are discussed in this paper.