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Academic literature on the topic 'Standard precautions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Standard precautions"

Smiles, Robinson. "Standard Precautions/Universal Precautions." Annals of SBV 1, no. 1 (2012): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10085-1112.

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Blobaum, Paul M. "Standard Precautions." Journal of the Medical Library Association 95, no. 3 (July 2007): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.95.3.366.

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Abou El-Enein, Nagwa Younis, and Hala M. El Mahdy. "Standard precautions." Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 86, no. 1&2 (April 2011): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.epx.0000395430.92943.69.

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Kim, Su Jung, and Eun Ju Lee. "Factors Influencing Emergency Department Nurses’ Compliance with Standard Precautions Using Multilevel Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 6149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116149.

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Standard precautions protect patients and nurses from infection. Nevertheless, compliance with standard precautions is lower among emergency department nurses than other nurses. We examined the individual and organizational factors that influence emergency department nurses’ compliance with standard precautions via a cross-sectional study. A self-reported questionnaire survey was administered to 140 nurses working in nine emergency departments in South Korea. It included items regarding ethical awareness and standard precaution self-efficacy at the individual level as well as safety environment, organizational culture for infection control, and degree of compliance with standard precautions at the organizational level. Individual and organizational predictors were identified using a multilevel analysis. The results indicated that 81.1% of nurses’ compliance with standard precautions was influenced by individual differences, while only 18.9% was influenced by organizational differences. Individual- and organizational-level predictors explained 46.7% and 55.4% of the variance in emergency department nurses’ compliance with standard precautions, respectively. Emergency department nurses’ compliance with standard precautions was predicted by ethical awareness and standard precaution self-efficacy at the individual level and by organizational culture for infection control at the organizational level. Our findings provide evidence for the need to improve facilities and human resource management as well as the organizational culture for infection control.

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O.M., Julius, Salamat O.A., Bukola T.M., Joshua O.O., and Deborah F.O. "Factors Influencing Standard Precaution Practices Among Nurses in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria." African Journal of Health, Nursing and Midwifery 4, no. 5 (July 27, 2021): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajhnm-ix3l8vo0.

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Introduction: Nurses are known to be at the frontline of risks and victims to occupational hazards within the healthcare system. These hazards include exposure to infections that may arise from injuries from sharps and contacts with body fluids. Standard precautions are taken to mitigate and minimize hazards in hospitals. This study assessed the factors influencing standard precaution practices among Nurses in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. Method and material: This study involved a descriptive cross-sectional study which was carried out among 305 nurses in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja. A self-structured instrument was employed for this study and data were gathered from consented respondents. The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25. The research questions were answered using descriptive statistics of mean, frequency and percentage. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 41.64±10.1 years and many (68.5%) had more than 10 years of work experience. The respondents had above average level of knowledge (24.69±2.16) and close to two-third (59.7%) had a positive attitude towards standard precaution practices. The most reported factors influencing the practice of standard precautions were non-availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) (92.1%), lack of regular training on standard precautions (91.1%) and lack of good policy on standard precautions (81.5%). Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had above average level of knowledge and positive attitude towards standard precaution. There is a need for continued sensitization and monitoring of standard precaution practices by nurses to sustain the high level. Also, healthcare institutions should ensure the availability of PPE for standard precautions and regular in-service training of nurses on standard precaution practices.

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Faller, Rebecca, Priya Sampathkumar, and Stacy (Tram) Ung. "How Standard Are Standard Precautions? Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Standard Precautions at an Academic Medical Center." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.816.

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Background: Standard precautions are the basis of infection prevention and include a set of common-sense infection control practices that prevent transmission of diseases acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes. These measures include hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), cleaning and disinfecting, linen handling, waste disposal, sharps safety and respiratory etiquette. Standard precautions require that the risk for exposure be assessed and appropriate precautions taken based on risk. Observations and anecdotal evidence have led us to believe that understanding of standard precautions is lacking among healthcare personnel. Methods: A survey was conducted at a large health system to assess knowledge and practices related to specific elements of standard precautions. Results: More than 3,000 HCWs responded from inpatient settings (41%), outpatient settings (37%), and both settings (22%). Nurses comprised the majority of respondents (54%), and others included physicians (9%), respiratory therapists, as well as physical and occupational therapists. Discussion: The vast majority (96%) of respondents agreed that standard precautions were required in the care of all patients, but a significant proportion (34%) interpreted that to mean that standard precautions always involve wearing gloves, and 22.5% thought that PPE was always required for standard precautions. Hand hygiene and sharps safety were identified as the best understood elements of standard precautions. Respiratory etiquette and cleaning and disinfection were reported as the least understood elements, with PPE, waste disposal, and linen handling also being reported as inadequately understood components of standard precautions (Fig. 1). Conclusions: In an era of increasing drug resistance and fewer effective antibiotics, standard precautions are our best defense against the spread of infections in the healthcare setting. Our survey showed that there is room for improvement among healthcare workers in understanding of the elements of standard precautions. We plan to use the survey to craft a targeted education campaign to improve understanding of and adherence to standard precautions.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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Spendlove, Julie. "Standard precautions in dentistry." Dental Nursing 7, no. 12 (December 2011): 692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denn.2011.7.12.692.

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Abdul Wahab, Patimah, and Fatin Amanina Mohd Adie. "Knowledge and Compliance of Standard Precautions Among The Undergraduate Nursing Students." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARE SCHOLARS 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/ijcs.v4i2.184.

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Background: Lack of knowledge and understanding of standard precautions, and insufficient compliance with the established guidelines in nursing students will increase the risk of exposure to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). This study aims to determine knowledge and compliance of standard precautions among the undergraduate nursing students and to identify the associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the undergraduate nursing students from a Malaysian public university in Pahang. A convenience sampling was used to select the participants. The participants were asked to complete an online survey consisting of questionnaire of knowledge and compliance of standard precautions. Results: A total of 178 undergraduate nursing students completed the questionnaires (response rate = 95%). Their mean age was 22.7 years old (SD = 1.1). The score of standard precautions knowledge was 90.9% (mean score = 16.4/18, SD = 1.5) and the score of compliance was 91.8% (mean score = 73.4/80, SD = 10.7). There were significant associations between age (p = 0.002), year of study (p = 0.032) and clinical posting experience (p = 0.010) with knowledge of standard precautions. Whilst only age (p = 0.011) was significantly associated with compliance of standard precautions. There was a significant positive association between knowledge and compliance of standard precautions (rs = 0.187, p = 0.012). Conclusion: Knowledge and compliance of standard precaution among the undergraduate nursing students were high and achieved the expected requirement for clinical posting. A continuous effort to improve adherence to standard precautions in nursing students is necessary to protect and prevent them from getting infected particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Lim, Ji-Hye, Jung-Won Ahn, and Youn-Jung Son. "Association between Hospital Nurses’ Perception of Patient Safety Management and Standard Precaution Adherence: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 4744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234744.

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Standard precautions should be applied to prevent health care-associated infections during every nursing activity. However, adherence to standard precautions was reported to be inadequate. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the rates of standard precaution adherence and the association between perception of patient safety management and standard precaution adherence. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a convenience sample of nurses was recruited from a university-affiliated teaching hospital in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected using a structured self-report questionnaire. Among the 332 questionnaires returned (response rate: 94.9%), a total of 329 nurses were analyzed. In the present study, the overall standard precaution adherence rate was approximately 53.5%. The multiple linear regression results revealed that participants’ perceptions of patient safety management were only significantly associated with standard precaution adherence after adjusting other covariates (β = 0.412, p < 0.001). Nurse supervisors should focus more on raising awareness about nurses’ perception of patient safety management based on the specific work environment, such as the total number of nurses working together and the nurse-to-patient ratio. Nurse educators should develop integrated curricula to help graduate nurses transition smoothly into professional practice and enhance adherence to standard precautions in diverse health care settings.

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Aung, Sa Sa, Nursalam Nursalam, and Yulis Setiya Dewi. "FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPLIANCE OF MYANMAR NURSES IN PERFORMING STANDARD PRECAUTION." Jurnal Ners 12, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v12i1.2294.

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Introduction: Exposure to pathogens is a serious issue for nurses. The literature explains that standard precaution have not consistently done in nursing. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the compliance of nurses in Myanmar in performing standard precautions. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. Samples included 34 nurses in Waibagi Specialist Hospital (SHW), Myanmar. The independent variables were the characteristics of nurses, knowledge of standard precaution, and exposure to blood / body fluids and needle puncture wounds. The dependent variable was the performance of standard prevention. Data analyzed using descriptive analysis and logistic regression. Results: The result showed that almost respondents (91.18%) had a good knowledge about prevention standards and 73.5% of respondents had good adherence in performing standard precaution. However, in practice nurses have not been consistent in closing the needles that have been used correctly. The results showed that nurse characteristics did not significantly affect adherence to standard precaution with statistical test results as follows: age (p = 0.97), gender (p = 1.00), religion (p = 0.72), education (p = 0.85), work experience at SHW (p = 0, 84), education training program (p = 0.71), knowledge (p = 0.76), and needle stick injury (p = 0,17). But, there was a significant influence between adherence to standard precaution on the incidence of injury due to puncture needle with p value = 0.01. Discussion: The barriers to applying standard precautions by Myanmar nurses can be reduced by providing basic training, supervision and improvement of operational standard procedures.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Standard precautions"

Gina, Ncobile Sidzandza Victoria. "Assessment of knowledge and factors affecting student nurses’ compliance regarding standard precautions for preventing tuberculosis and HIV in eSwatini University." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78673.

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Introduction and background: Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are among the top ten causes of death globally. To prevent the spread of these infections in a hospital setting, health care workers and students should apply a set of principles called “standard precautions”. However, student nurses were found not complying to the standard precautions for prevention of Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus when allocated for clinical practice in the Eswatini healthcare setting. Many studies from different countries have shown non-use of protective clothing and students' failure to adhere to standard precautions. The knowledge of student nurses on standard precautions and the factors affecting their compliance regarding standard precautions had not been determined in-depth in the past. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and factors affecting student nurses’ compliance to standard precautions with the intention of recommending measures that can be taken to facilitate this compliance among student nurses. Methodology: A non-experimental quantitative approach was used to conduct a survey on senior student nurses of Eswatini University using questionnaires. The total population of third, fourth- and fifth-year students was selected through census sampling method. A Statistical Package for Social Science version 26 software was used to analyze the data. Findings: Among the student nurses asked, 91% were found to have adequate knowledge on standard precautions but they did not comply on washing hands and wearing gloves, safety glasses and aprons. Factors which influence compliance among student nurses were found to be: adequate knowledge, students’ willingness to take measure, hospital support through training and infection control policies, supportive nurses, availability of the post- exposure prophylaxis, the university’s continuous support, lack of resources and poor role- modelling. Recommendations: The researcher recommends that TB and HIV prevention skills be demonstrated to student nurses in the skills laboratory and that clinical facilitators should accompany students in the clinical area. In the hospitals, ordering and monitoring of supplies should be done well to eliminate shortage of resources and preceptors should be exempted from other duties so that they can be able to supervise student nurses.
Dissertation (MCur)--University of Pretoria, 2020.

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Nieuwoudt, Susandra. "Adherence to standard precautions in clinical nursing practice : a comparative study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86425.

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Thesis (MCurr)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to compare the impact of a four-day structured Basic Infection Prevention and Control course on the knowledge of, and adherence to, Standard Precautions in clinical nursing practice amongst nurses who had completed the course and those who did not. The specific precautionary measures of investigation included hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE) and sharps management. The secondary aim of the study was to identify any personal and contextual factors that influenced the application of such Standard Precautions measures in public healthcare facilities within the Cape Winelands and Overberg District. Sixty eight students (those who had been trained) with a similar number of controls (who had not been trained) were enrolled in the study. Although both the participants and controls had the knowledge, their adherence to hand hygiene, PPE and sharps management in clinical nursing practice was poor. Staff attitude was found to be the main factor for non-adherence. The knowledge of the participants was good as they had answered most of the questions correctly. It seems as if there was retention of knowledge after the four-day Basic Infection Prevention and Control course. There were, however, no significant differences between the two groups. For both groups attitude and behavioural change must be addressed in order to improve adherence to hand hygiene, PPE and sharps management. The findings of the study will form recommendations towards improved infection prevention and control practices at public healthcare facility level in the Cape Winelands District.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om die impak van 'n 4-dag gestruktureerde Basiese Infeksiebeheerkursus op die kennis en toepassing van Standaard Voorsorgmaatreëls in kliniese praktyk in die Kaapse Wynland en Overberg Distrikte ondersoek, vergeleke met 'n groep wat nie die kursus bygewoon het nie. Die spesifieke Voorsorgmaatreëls wat ondersoek is, het handhigiëne, die gebruik van beskermende drag en die hantering en beheer van skerpvoorwerpe ingesluit. Die studie het ook gekyk na enige kontekstuele en persoonlike faktore wat die toepassing van Standaard Voorsorgmaatreëls in openbare gesondheidsorgfasiliteite beïnvloed. Agt en sestig verpleegkundiges het die 4-dag Basiese Infeksiebeheerkursus bygewoon en 'n gelyke aantal kontrole studente het nie die kursus bygewoon nie. Alhoewel beide groepe die kennis van handhigiëne, die dra van beskermende drag en die hantering van skerpvoorwerpe gehad het, was die toepassing van die Standaard Voorsorgmaatreëls in kliniese praktyk baie swak. Personeel se houding was die grootste faktor wat gelei het tot die nie-toepassing van Standaard Voorsorgmaatreëls. Die kennis van die kursusgangers was goed, want albei groepe het die meeste van die vrae korrek beantwoord. Die waarneming wat gemaak is, is dat die kursusgangers se kennis wel verbeter het na die bywoning van die 4-dag Basiese Infeksiebeheerkursus. Data weerspieël egter geen noemenswaardige verskille tussen die groepe nie. Beide groepe se houding en gedrag moet aangespreek word om die toepassing van handhigiëne, die dra van beskermende drag en die hantering van skerpvoorwerpe te verbeter. Die bevindinge van die studie sal gebruik word om aanbevelings te maak ten einde infeksiebeheerpraktyke in die Kaapse Wynland Distrik te verbeter.

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Sawalha, Murad Adnan. "Jordanian paediatric nurses' views on compliance with Standard Precautions : a qualitative study." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16472.

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INTRODUCTION Compliance with evidence-based Standard Precautions Guidelines (SPGs) among healthcare practitioners is essential to combat Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI). However, it is widely understood that non-compliance with these precautions remains a common problem in paediatric nursing practice. Most existing studies into this problem have used quantitative methods. However, these studies have failed to explain noncompliant behaviour or address the issues that are specific to paediatric clinical areas. AIM This study is designed to investigate paediatric nurses' perceptions and experiences of infection control measures and to achieve a better understanding of the factors that influence nurses’ compliance with SPGs. METHODS This qualitative study used an adapted constructivist grounded theory approach. The study was conducted in five Jordanian hospitals. Thirty one (n=31) qualified paediatric nurses from different paediatric areas were reccruited to the study. Data were gathered using face-to-face semi-structured audio-taped interviews, which were transcribed and coded through constant comparative analysis. RESULTS This study identified causes of enduring failure by nurses to comply fully with SPGs. Four themes emerged (Children are different; Nurses are human first; Limited professional status; The challenges of the working environment). Paediatric nurses claim to be willing to comply with SPGs, but sometimes fail to achieve this. Risk of exposure to microorganisms was perceived as a major factor in compliance. Paediatric nursing practice was seen as different to adult practice and nurses construed the need for SPGs differently. DISCUSSION A key issue is the fact that nurses were reluctant to see themselves as change-agents to improve practice. This resulted in problems with SPGs being well understood but not acted on. Nurse’s prioritised compliance with the nursing culture in their specific clinical area, over more general principles of care, such as SPGs. Nurses did appreciate that compliance with SPGs was suboptimal and did sometimes criticise this situation. However, most nurses had a value system, which militated against the proper use of Standard Precautions and which served to diminish the influence of them. IMPLICATION The chief implication of this study is that infection control is unlikely to improve further until nurses feel empowered to initiate change. Nursing in this area of the world is essentially semi-professional in nature. Nursing needs to develop to become fully professional in its orientation so that nurses take full responsibility for their actions. Only when nurses see their actions and behaviour as fully their responsibility, will nursing issues such as this be properly addressed. Until this occurs, the imposition of rules and guidelines, documentation and policies, will not be sufficient to progress care in this important area of practice.

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Osborne, Sonya Ranee, and n/a. "Compliance with standard precautions and occupational exposure reporting among operating room nurses in Australia." University of Canberra. Nursing, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060823.161225.

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Occupational exposures of healthcare workers tend to occur because of inconsistent compliance with standard precautions. Also, incidence of occupational exposure is underreported among operating room personnel. The purpose of this project was to develop national estimates for compliance with standard precautions and occupational exposure reporting practices among operating room nurses in Australia. Data was obtained utilizing a 96-item self-report survey. The Standard Precautions and Occupational Exposure Reporting survey was distributed anonymously to 500 members of the Australian College of Operating Room Nurses. The Health Belief Model was the theoretical framework used to guide the analysis of data. Data was analysed to examine relationships between specific constructs of the Health Belief Model to identify factors that might influence the operating room nurse to undertake particular health behaviours to comply with standard precautions and occupational exposure reporting. Results of the study revealed compliance rates of 55.6% with double gloving, 59.1% with announcing sharps transfers, 71.9% with using a hands-free sharps pass technique, 81.9% with no needle recapping and 92.0% with adequate eye protection. Although 31.6% of respondents indicated receiving an occupational exposure in the past 12 months, only 82.6% of them reported their exposures. The results of this study provide national estimates of compliance with standard precautions and occupational exposure reporting among operating room nurses in Australia. These estimates can now be used as support for the development and implementation of measures to improve practices in order to reduce occupational exposures and, ultimately, disease transmission rates among this high-risk group.

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Pereira, Fernanda Maria Vieira. "Adaptação cultural e validação da Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS) para enfermeiros brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/83/83131/tde-07012016-142215/.

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Introdução: As precauções-padrão (PP) constituem um conjunto de medidas que têm como finalidade minimizar o risco de transmissão ocupacional de patógenos, sendo indispensável sua utilização por profissionais de saúde, sobretudo pelos enfermeiros. No entanto, a não adesão às PP constitui problemática amplamente discutida em todo o mundo. Embora haja diversos estudos brasileiros que visem avaliar a adesão às PP , ainda tem-se observado grande fragilidade no processo de construção e de validação dos instrumentos utilizados para avaliação deste construto. Objetivo: Realizar a adaptação cultural e validação da Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS) para enfermeiros brasileiros. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico para a adaptação e validação da CSPS. Essa escala é composta por 20 itens com quatro opções de respostas, e destina-se a avaliar a adesão às PP. O processo de adaptação consistiu em Tradução, Consenso entre Juízes, Retrotradução e Validação Semântica. A primeira etapa foi a tradução do idioma original para o português do Brasil. Após foi realizado um comitê composto por sete juízes, a versão de consenso obtida na etapa anterior foi traduzida novamente para o idioma de origem. Foram avaliadas as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento, considerando-se as validades de face e de conteúdo, a validade de construto e a confiabilidade. A versão para o Português do Brasil da CSPS (CSPS-PB) foi aplicada em uma amostra de 300 enfermeiros que atuam na assistência a pacientes em um hospital localizado na cidade de São Paulo/SP. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por meio da consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach) e teste reteste (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse - ICC). Para a validação de construto, foi utilizada a comparação entre grupos diferentes, análise fatorial exploratória e análise fatorial confirmatória, segundo o Modelo de Equações Estruturais (SEM). Utilizou-se o software IBM® SPSS, 19.0. Para a análise fatorial confirmatória foi utilizado o módulo específico Analysis of Moment Structures (IBM® SPSS AMOS). Para a análise paralela utilizou-se o programa RanEigen Syntax. O nível de significância adotado foi ? = 0,05. Todos os aspectos éticos foram contemplados. Resultados: A tradução realizada por tradutores juramentados garantiu qualidade a esse processo. A validação de face e de conteúdo possibilitou a realização de modificações pertinentes e imperativas a fim de atender aos critérios de equivalências conceituais, idiomáticas, culturais e semânticas. Obteve-se ?=0,61 na avaliação da consistência interna, indicando confiabilidade satisfatória. O ICC indicou uma correlação de 0,87 quase perfeita para o teste reteste duas semanas após a primeira abordagem, conferindo estabilidade satisfatória. A validade de construto mostrou que a CSPS-PB foi capaz de discriminar as médias de adesão às PP entre grupos distintos referente à idade (F=5,15 p<=0,01), ao tempo de experiência clínica (F = 8,9 p<= 0,000) e a ter recebido treinamento (t = 2,48 p<=0,01). Na análise fatorial confirmatória, o modelo foi subidentificado. A análise fatorial exploratória indicou que todos os itens apresentaram cargas fatoriais adequadas (>=0,30), sendo identificados quatro fatores pela análise paralela. O total de variância explicada foi de 35,48%. Conclusão: A CSPS-PB, trata-se de um instrumento adequado, confiável e válido para medir a adesão às PP entre enfermeiros brasileiros
Introduction: Standard precautions (SP) are a set of measures that aim to minimize the risk of occupational transmission of pathogens, being essential their use by health professionals, especially nurses. However, the non-adhesion to SP is a widely discussed problem. Although there are several Brazilian studies aimed at evaluating adhesion to SP, a great weakness in the construction and validation process of the instruments used to assess this construct was observed. Objective: To conduct the cultural adaptation and validation of the Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS) for Brazilian nurses. Methodology: This is a methodological study to adapt and validate the CSPS. This scale consists of 20 items with four response options to evaluate adhesion to standard precautions. The adaptation process consisted of Translation, Consensus among Judges, Back-translation and Semantic Validation. The first step was the translation of the original language to Brazilian Portuguese. After that, a committee composed of seven judges analyzed the translation; the consensus version obtained in the previous step was translated back into the original language. The psychometric properties of the instrument were evaluated considering the validity of face and content, construct validity and reliability. The version for Brazilian Portuguese of CSPS (CSPS-PB) was applied to a sample of 300 nurses who work in the care of patients in a hospital located in city of São Paulo. Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha) and test retest (intraclass correlation coefficient-ICC). For construct validation, it was used comparisons among different groups, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, according to the Structural Equation Model (SEM). IBM® SPSS 19.0 was used. For the confirmatory factor analysis, it was used the specific module Analysis of Moment Structures (IBM® SPSS AMOS). For parallel analysis, it was used the RanEigen Syntax program. The significance level was ?=0.05. All ethical aspects were included. Results: The translation conducted by sworn translators assured quality to this process. Validation of face and content made possible the performance of relevant and imperative modifications in order to meet the criteria of conceptual, idiomatic, cultural and semantic equivalence. The evaluation of internal consistency obtained ?=0.61, indicating satisfactory reliability. The ICC indicated a near-perfect correlation of 0.87 for the test-retest two weeks after the first approach, giving satisfactory stability. Construct validity showed that the CSPS-PB was able to discriminate the average of adhesion to PP among different groups related to age (F=5.15 p<=0.01), to the time of clinical experience (F=8.9 p<=0.000) and to have received training (t=2.48 p<=0.01). In confirmatory factor analysis, the model was under identified. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that all items had adequate factor loadings (>=0.30), being identified four factors by parallel analysis. The total variance explained was 35.48%. Conclusion: CSPS-PB is an appropriate instrument, reliable and valid to measure adhesion to PP among Brazilian nurses

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Osborne, Sonya. "Compliance with standard precautions and occupational exposure reporting among operating room nurses in Australia." Thesis, University of Canberra, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/66689/1/Osborne_2002_SP_and_OER_UC_Masters_Thesis.pdf.

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Duminy, Joanneil Merl. "An nvestigation into the knowledge and compliance with standard precautions amongst nurses in Tygerberg Hospital in the Western Cape." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3587_1360932849.

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Everyday thousands of nurses are rendering bedside nursing care in health care settings as a result they are exposed to blood, body fluids and sharp objects that are contaminated with Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV. Therefore they are at risk of getting infected. In 1996, standard precautions were implemented by the Centre of Disease Control to reduce the risk of transmission of micro-organisms from any source of infection in the hospital. In the year 2008, the three tertiary hospitals together in the Western Cape reported that they had 733 needle prick injuries. Therefore the aim of the study was to determine if nurses comply with and have adequate knowledge of standard precautions. A non-experimental design and a self administered questionnaire were used to collect the data for the study. The study was done at Tygerberg Hospital and the participants (n=143) that were involved in the study were all nursing categories (professional, enrolled nurse and auxiliary nurse). Stratified random sampling was used to ensure that there was a representation of all the nurses working in the different modules at Tygerberg Hospital. Therefore three wards were randomly selected from each module and all the nurses on duty working in the three selected wards were given a questionnaire by the Assistant Director of the specific module. After the data was collected it was analysed through the statistical package for social sciences. The findings of the study showed that nurses have inadequate knowledge regarding standard precautions and the mean score of the nurses overall self reported compliance of standard precautions was 87.5%. The results also showed that when patients are HIV positive nurses intend to over comply the use of personal protective equipment. No association was found between the nurses&rsquo
knowledge and compliance regarding standard precautions. It is therefore important that every nurse should be educated about the basic principles of standard precautions and also the policies and protocols of infection control in order to prevent each nurse from getting infected. Training needs to be implemented starting in the wards through the unit manager to improve all the nurses&rsquo
knowledge and practice.

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Yeung, Suk-ching Stephenie, and 楊淑貞. "The effectiveness of educational programs to improve the knowledge andcompliance of healthcare workers towards standard precautions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012180.

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Yeung, Suk-ching Stephenie. "The effectiveness of educational programs to improve the knowledge and compliance of healthcare workers towards standard precautions /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38297279.

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Pereira, Fernanda Maria Vieira. "Adesão às precauções-padrão por profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em terapia intensiva em um hospital universitário do interior paulista." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-19012012-105417/.

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As Unidades de Terapia Intensiva atendem pacientes críticos, que demandam cuidados de alta complexidade. Com isso, a freqüente realização de procedimentos invasivos favorece a exposição do profissional e dos pacientes a riscos biológicos. Para diminuir os riscos associados ao trabalho dos profissionais que atuam nessas unidades, é imprescindível utilizar medidas preventivas durante a assistência das quais destacamos as precauções-padrão. Objetivos: Avaliar os fatores individuais, relativos ao trabalho e organizacionais relacionados à adesão às precauções-padrão por profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em terapia intensiva em um hospital universitário do interior paulista. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, desenvolvido no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de dezembro de 2010 a junho de 2011. A população de estudo constituiu-se por 178 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem - enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem- que atuavam na assistência a pacientes em terapia intensiva, de duas unidades distintas da instituição. Os instrumentos para a coleta de dados foram escalas psicométricas do tipo Likert desenvolvidas por Gershon et al. (1995), traduzidas e validadas por Brevidelli e Cianciarullo (2009), somando 57 questões divididas em 10 escalas, que compreendem fatores individuais, do trabalho e organizacionais. A análise estatística foi feita por meio do software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), versão 15.0., utilizando-se estatística descritiva e teste de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: A maior parte dos profissionais foi do sexo feminino 171 (79,2) com predomínio da categoria de auxiliar de enfermagem com 94 (52,8%). Obteve-se que 79 (44,4%) dos profissionais trabalhavam 50 horas ou mais durante a semana. Na escala de adesão às precauções-padrão obteve-se um escore de 4,45 (DP=0,27) classificado como intermediário para as duas unidades. Houve correlação quando comparada com fatores individuais, para Escala de Personalidade de Risco (r=- 0,169; p=0,024) e fatores relativos ao trabalho representada pela Escala de Obstáculos para Seguir as precauções-padrão (r=-0,359; p=0,000). Para a unidade B os fatores organizacionais com a Escala de Clima de Segurança (r=0,243; p=0,014) apresentaram correlação estatisticamente significante quando comparados com a Escala de Adesão. Conclusão: Para as unidades A e B de terapia intensiva, a adesão às PP foi intermediária entre enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem, ou seja, não ocorreu em sua totalidade. O comportamento individual, a identificação de obstáculos e a organização do trabalho são aspectos que devem ser revistos, pois fatores individuais, relativos ao trabalho e organizacionais influenciaram na adesão às precauções-padrão por profissionais que atuam em terapia intensiva.
Introduction: Intensive Care Units serve critically ill patients requiring highly complex care. Thus, frequent invasive procedures promote the professional and the patients exposure to biological hazards. To reduce the risks associated with the work of professionals working in these units, it is essential to use preventive measures for the assistance of which we highlight the standard precautions. Objectives: To assess the individual factors related to work-related and organizational adherence to standard precautions for nurses working in intensive care at a university hospital in the interior of São Paulo. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study, developed at the Hospital das Clinicas of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo in the period of December 2010 to June 2011. The study population consisted of 178 professionals of the nursing staff - nurses, technicians and nursing assistants who worked in patient care in intensive care, two distinct units of the institution. The instruments for data collection were the psychometric Likert scales developed by Gershon et al. (1995), translated and validated by Brevidelli and Cianciarullo (2009), totaling 57 questions divided into 10 scales, which include individual factors, and organizational work. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 15.0., Using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation test. Results: Most professionals were 171 females (79.2) with a predominance of the category of nursing assistant with 94 (52.8%). It was found that 79 (44.4%) of the professionals were working 50 hours or more during the week. On a scale of adherence to standard precautions we obtained a score of 4.45 (SD = 0.27) classified as intermediate for the two units. There was a correlation when compared with individual factors to Risk Personality Scale (r =- 0.169, p = 0.024) and factors related to the work represented by the scale of Obstacles to follow the standard-precautions (r =- 0.359, p = 0.000). For the B unit the organizational factors with Safety Climate Scale (r = 0.243, p = 0.014) showed statistically significant when compared with the adherence scale. Conclusion: For the A and B intensive care units, adherence to SP was intermediate between nurses, technicians and nursing assistants, or did not occur in its entirety. The individual behavior, identification of obstacles and work organization must be reviewed because individual factors, related to work and organizational influence on adherence to standard precautions by professionals working in intensive care.

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Books on the topic "Standard precautions"

Institution, British Standards. British Standard fire precautions in the design and construction of buildings. London: British Standards Institution, 1991.

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Institution, British Standards. British Standard fire precautions in the design and construction of buildings. London: British Standards Institution, 1986.

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Great Britain. Standing Committee on Fire Precautions. Standard fire precautions: For contractors engaged on works for Crown Civil and Defence Estates. London: HMSO, 1991.

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Institution, British Standards. British Standard fire precautions in the design and construction of buildings =: Règles de prévention des incendies dans la conception et la construction des bâtiments = Brandschutzmassnahmen bei Planung und Errichtung von Gebäuden. London: British Standards Institution, 1991.

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Commission, South African Law. Aspects of the law relating to AIDS: Interim report on: disposable syringes, needles and other hazardous materials; universal work place infection control measures (universal precautions); national compulsory standard for condoms; regulations relating to communicable diseases and the notification of notifiable medical conditions; national policy on HIV testing and informed consent. [Pretoria]: The Commission, 1997.

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Commission, South African Law. Aspects of the law relating to AIDS: National compulsory standard for condoms, disposable syringes, needles and other hazardous materials, universal work place infection control measures (universal precautions), medical certificates in respect of HIV/AIDS related deaths, national policy on HIV testing and informed consent, regulations relating to communicable diseases and the notification of notifiable medical conditions. [Pretoria]: The Commission, 1996.

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Key federal requirements for nursing facilities. New York: Springer Pub. Co., 1992.

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E, Allen James. Key federal requirements for nursing facilities. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Pub. Co., 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Standard precautions"

David, Sandeep Nathanael. "Standard Precautions Against Biohazardous Diseases." In Clinical Pathways in Emergency Medicine, 601–8. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2710-6_49.

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Hunt, Debra L. "Standard (Universal) Precautions for Handling Human Specimens." In Biological Safety, 341–59. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815899.ch18.

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Meehan, Patricia, and Oksana P. Mishler. "Infection Control in the Dental Office: Standard Precautions." In Infection Control in the Dental Office, 77–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30085-2_6.

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Hunt, Debra L. "Standard Precautions for Handling Human Fluids, Tissues, and Cells." In Biological Safety, 443–62. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555819637.ch22.

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Mcheick, Hamid, Youmna Nasser, Farah Al Wardani, and Batoul Msheik. "Design COVID-19 Ontology: A Healthcare and Safety Perspective." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 141–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09593-1_11.

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AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has flooded a vast amount of information into the world. To help control this situation, good utilization of the overflow in data is required. However, data come in different forms, posing numerous challenges in subsequent processing. Therefore, a uniform knowledge representation of COVID-19 information is needed, and ontology can play a role. The ontology will model patient healthcare-related data, ranging from symptoms to side effects and medical conditions, and the necessary precautions, especially for healthcare workers, to obtain protection from the COVID-19 virus. We followed Sánchez’s methodology to build the vocabularies, which include current ontology concepts, W3C standards RDF, OWL and SWRL. This work shows promising results that can be applied by different organizations.

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Patel, Parit A. "Standard Precautions." In The Mont Reid Surgical Handbook, 95–98. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4160-4895-4.50017-2.

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Thomsen, Kirsten. "Standard Precautions." In Essential Clinical Procedures, 11–22. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4160-3001-0.50006-x.

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Garala, Miral. "Standard Precautions." In Hospital Administration: A Ready Reference, 78. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11575_8.

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Basarkar, Shishir. "Standard Precautions." In Practical Guide Book for Hospital Infection Risk Assessment, Prevention and Control, 35. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12838_6.

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"Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions." In Fast Facts for the Pediatric Nurse. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826119827.ap01.

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Conference papers on the topic "Standard precautions"

Maitieg, Mohamed, Febry Rachmat, Hussam Baseef, and Fahad Al Hadyani. "Operations Sustainability During COVID-19 Pandemic." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22076-ea.

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Abstract The paper aims to describe the experiences, challenges faced, and lessons learnt on how The Company Well Services division is managing the risks associate to COVID-19. The global COVID-19 pandemic spread in late 2019 and turned into one of the biggest challenges facing all industries including the oil and gas industry– in decades. The most challenging aspect of COVID-19 is its contagion rate, and its ability to spread from both non-symptomatic and symptomatic people to others who are in close contact through respiratory droplets, by direct contact with infected persons, or by contact with contaminated objects and surfaces. Today, we must consider this new reality into business continuity planning and take all necessary precautions to mitigate its spread within the organization. As the health and safety of the employees and contractors is paramount to the Company and based on the Company commitment to provide better service quality to its clients, a thorough emergency response system that includes precaution measures to help fighting against COVID-19 and its potential to negatively impact the business was created. Furthermore, The Company COVID-19 Management Standard set the minimum requirements, to manage the risks associate to the COVID-19. A Crisis Management Team was formed to oversee the implementation of COVID-19 decisions and raise awareness within the Company. All field personnel were required to comply to COVID-19 precautions during operations. With the implementation of new procedures, we were able to maintain the lowest confirmed case numbers among all the companies in our operational sector. Though it was challenging at the beginning for employees to comply, the new requirements have become the normal standard today. These new measures focus on the importance of employee health and safety when working through COVID-19 pandemic and has helped to educate people on the importance of following health and safety procedures as way of life for everyone while maintaining the Company Operational Sustainability.

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Zhou, Lu-yun, Ming-hai Fu, and Wei-pu Xu. "Discussion on Rules of Inspection and Type Test for Imported Pressure Piping Valves in China." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84208.

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In recent years, the number of imported Chinese pressure pipeline valves has been increasing, and the Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) issued Circular No. 151 in 2012 to clarify that the imported pressure piping valves need to have type test by the bodies approved by the type testing administration verified by AQSIQ. This paper makes a comparative study on the differences of the valve test and the test standard commonly used in China and in the foreign countries, as well as on the relevant requirements of the valve manufacturing standards involved in the imported valve type test. Through the comparison on above test standards and type test requirements, the foreign manufacturers will understand the standard differences, inspection requirements and precautions when importing China’s pressure pipeline valve. Combined with imported valve inspection and type test case analysis to help foreign enterprises fully understand our laws and regulations to ensure that when they import Chinese valve, they can meet our requirements to ensure the use security.

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Wah LAI, Terry Hau. "Calibration of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Generator in Accordance with IEC61000-4-2: 2008." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2017.38.

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This paper demonstrates the essential procedures in the Hong Kong Standards and Calibration Laboratory for the calibration of an electrostatic discharge (ESD) generator in accordance with the International Standard IEC 61000-4-2 Edition 2.0 (2008-12) of electromagnetic compatibility. All the required instruments and special precautions to perform the calibration are listed clearly. The performance of an ESD generator has been tested and reported by following the requirement of the standard. The corresponding results, including the waveform parameters of the current discharge pulse and the DC high voltage test of the ESD generator before discharge with different voltages setting, are reported. The measurement uncertainties of the calibration are clearly listed in this paper, and they are evaluated in accordance with the document "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)". The expanded measurement uncertainty U, with level of confidence of approximate 95 %probability is used in the calibration.

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Agazar, Mohamed, Denis Perrillat, Hanane Saadeddine, Christophe Robert, Laurence Casteignau, and Dominique Fortune. "Study of non-invasive instruments for the measurement of pulsed X-ray high voltage tube." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201902002.

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Non-invasive instruments (kVp meters) are widely used in radiology with diagnostic and guidance systems. Placed in the x-ray beam, they combine detectors and filters, to determine X-ray tube voltage and exposure time, which are the most important quantities in radiology and diagnostic quality control. Calibration of these instruments were limited by reference bench capabilities. General Electric Medical System France and LNE (The national metrology institute in France) have developed a reference bench for the characterization of kVp meters. The set up includes a fast high voltage generator associated with its internal measuring systems and an X-ray tube. The measurements are compared with an invasive reference standard. The set-up is installed in a Faraday cage, precautions have been taken in order to carry out accurate measurements and special adaptations have been made to avoid stray capacitances, which affect the dynamic performance of the generator. Results have shown a good agreement with the internal measuring system of the generator but the kVp meters have shown both good and bad results depending the exposure time, the current and the positioning.

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Bakken, Lars E., Tor Bjo̸rge, Tim M. Bradley, and Neal Smith. "Validation of Compressor Transient Behaviour." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30279.

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Major challenges are related to compressor and driver integration during run down. In order to understand these challenges, the pipeline compressor facility at Troll Kollsnes gas treatment plant, Norway, has been subjected to detailed trip testing and dynamic simulation analysis. The plant includes five pipeline compressors and is utilised as a pilot for analysing the transient response of a 40 MW compressor driven by a variable speed electric motor. The compressor control and protection system include an anti-surge and a hot gas bypass system. Vibration records have shown that under power outage the compressors were exposed to violent vibrations. Further investigation revealed that during a short power outage, the compressor enters the surge- and rotating stall area under certain operating scenarios. The rotating stall response resulted in reduced operating range and flexibility for the pipeline compressors. Specific precautions had to be taken to prevent the compressor from running into the low flow operating area of the performance envelope. Dynamic simulations cover important aspects related to the transient scenario analyses performed to reveal the root cause of the compressor problems. The simulation system enables sophisticated plant models to be configured from high quality standard model algorithm building blocks. Verification of the model blocks have been performed against plant records in order to validate the transient predictions. The paper reports experience from testing and verification of compressor and driver integration with reference to transient behaviour during run down. This includes the validation of the dynamic models, which apply both to the design and commissioning phase where actual plant trip tests should be used to verify the design and stability margins.

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Wening, Gilang Rasuna Sabdho, Nurnya Aini Dewi, Lydia Martina Santosa, Roesanto Heroesoebekti, Darmawan Setijanto, Agung Sosiawan, Taufan Bramantoro, Titiek Berniyanti, and Retno Palupi. "A Descriptive Overview of Standard Precaution Behavior among Clinical Students in the Dental Hospital Universitas Airlangga." In The 7th International Meeting and The 4th Joint Scientific Meeting in Dentistry. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007292400760080.

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White, Paul F., and Gerti Kola. "Milwaukee Streetcar Overhead Contact System: A Challenging Design Effort." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1294.

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The new Milwaukee Streetcar system has been in the planning, design and construction phases for over 10 years and on November 2, 2018, operations with a combined overhead contact system and streetcar battery power commenced ushering in a new era of growth for the City of Milwaukee. Many challenges in the design and construction of the overhead contact line and power system were encountered during this time period including budgetary constraints, multiple pole location changes, underground obstacles, low clearance bridges, alignment changes, utility conflicts, and changing vehicle requirements. The line was originally designed for pantograph operation but soon adapted for pole/pantograph current collection and then changed back to pantograph only current collection during the final design. The original design consisted of underground feeder cables to supplement a 4/0 contact wire but eventually not utilized due to budgetary constraints. Instead, a larger 350 kcmil contact wire was used with no paralleling feeder cables. The added weight of a 350 kcmil wire with wind, ice and low temperatures created high forces in the overhead contact system (OCS) leading to challenges in pole and foundation design where compliance to the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) was required. The OCS style originally proposed and finally constructed used an inclined pendulum suspension (IPS) system that was constant tensioned with rotating springs deemed by the installing contractor superior to balance weights. The pendulum system was chosen as it is simple, lightweight, less visually obtrusive, and more economical than other suspension systems such as stitch and steady arm that are being used on other streetcar or light rail systems. IPS has provided Milwaukee with an excellent operating overhead contact system. Buildings along the route that were not historic structures were utilized where possible for span wire attachment but in many locations long bracket arms up to 40 feet long had to be used requiring special designs to keep the size of the pipes standard with the rest of the system. Challenges arose at low bridge underpasses where the contact wire had to be below required code height and special precautions had to be undertaken. Other areas such as the St. Paul Lift Bridge proved challenging as well where special electrically interlocked OCS devices were initially designed to de-energize the overhead wires and is further discussed with the reasoning for their use. This paper outlines the phases of design, the changes to the design that occurred over time, the challenges encountered to the OCS design, the method of design, and the final disposition of the design for construction. It further outlines the construction of the system and problems encountered with poles, foundations, bracket arms, traction power substations, contact wire, feeder cables, and winter conditions affecting the integrity of these structures and how some of these problems were solved.

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Putro, R. ,. W. ,. S. "Surface Casing Perforation, A Promising and Reliable Solution for Producing Marginal Reserves of Shallow Reservoir Layer in Shallow Gas Prone Tunu Field." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-e-35.

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In these difficult economic conditions, oil companies might accept higher challenges and risks to grasp only marginal gains. A new frontier in production methods to answer the challenge is by performing perforations in the surface casing, which is suited to fields with shallow gas such as the Tunu field, a shallow water field in the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This pioneering method has gone through detailed engineering studies as well as risk evaluations to validate it as a new production method. Detailed reviews of integrity, safety and operational aspects have been carried out by involving well control experts to ensure that all risks have been properly identified and mitigated. The operation begins with noise logging which aims to identify any potential cement integrity problems in the outer Annulus, and then proceeds with Annulus Cementing, Cement Logging, Perforation, Sand Consolidation and ends with Clean-Up. This operation involves 3 barges: a multipurpose barge, a testing barge and a waste containment barge. This configuration aims to minimize risks and as a part of the risk mitigation measures so that well killing operations, should they be required, could be done at any time. The operations took 51 days to complete starting from the preparation phase up to the well clean-up phase. The well clean-up shows that results exceeding the target with gas production rate of 2.6 Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day (MMSCFD) and a sand rate of only 1 cc/hr with a drawdown of 11 bars from the maximum 30 bars.Maximum drawdown is limited at 30 bars to avoid resin injection rupture which functions as a “filter” for unwanted unconsolidated sand from being produced also a the same time hydrocarbon enters from formation to inside production tubing. All operational phases have been conducted with robust engineering design and high operations standards so that the major risk of sustained annulus pressure and unintentional hydrocarbon flow to the surface could be avoided. Additionally, all precautions and risk mitigations identified during the project study have been applied throughout the job resulting in safe operations. Since the end of the operations until the production phase, the well remained intact with no integrity issue. Despite breaching the dual barrier philosophy, this job has been successfully completed without major well integrity concerns. The combination of surface casing perforation and sand consolidation has proven able to answer challenges and open up opportunities for safe production of sand prone reservoirs in shallow gas zones. The success of this pilot project proves that producing from shallow reservoirs across surface casing is operationally feasible and can be carried out in a safe manner. Other candidates are being prepared with improvements in engineering design and operational aspects to achieve maximum benefits with minimum operating cost. This paper aims to review challenges and strategies carried out starting from the detailed engineering study until operations execution which could be promising for future shallow reservoir production. Innovation of perforating the surface casing to unlock reserves in the shallow section is the first time this has been performed in the world. The context of frist time in the world since this method is specifically done in a very sensitive shallow gas prone field and targeting shallow gas pocket as reservoir.The breakthrough of this unconventional method of producing hydrocarbons will open new opportunities to enhance production especially in shallow gas prone fields worldwide.

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Alema´n, Miguel A´ngel, Ramiro Bermeo, Andre´s Mendiza´bal, and Wong Loon. "Successful Social Environmental Management Model, Implemented in Ecuador to Overcome Impacts From a Heavy Crude Oil Spill." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31179.

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On February 25, 2009, OCP Ecuador S.A. faced its first incident; an oil spill consisting of 11,700 barrels of heavy crude oil in an area of high biodiversity in eastern Ecuador. An earth movement caused stress in the pipeline causing its breakage. The temporarily impacted area covered 30 hectares of soil and gravel along 180 kilometers of three rivers that form the high watershed of the Amazon River; these rivers are the Santa Rosa, Quijos and the Coca. During the emergency, while workers rallied to contain the spill and clean the affected area, other workers took safety precautions regarding the health of the inhabitants of the area. Consequently, 1,258 residents from the Gonzalo Pizarro and Orellana cantons received medical assistance in order to rule out patients with pathologies related to the oil spill. OCP executed a joint effort with the Emergency Operations Committee (COE) stationed in Coca in order to supply water for the citizens that reside in the affected area. OCP responded to the requirements claimed by residents, all of which were approved by the COE. Communities affected by the event participated in cleaning efforts through the creation of temporary jobs for them. OCP strictly adhered to the regulations passed by the Ministry of the Environment and those of internationally accepted best practices for these types of events. The media and the citizenry were kept continuously abreast of developments. In addition, all corresponding works and reliability tests were performed on March 4 in order to restart pumping activities. On September 30th, 2009, and following a rigorous process of cleaning and remediation (L&Rr—in Spanish) activities, all tasks were completed in all affected areas prior to an inspection and a walking tour of the area performed by governmental authorities, community members and independent observers. For the collective benefit of affected communities, the environment and OCP, local authorities and international auditors recognized the model established during the event. OCP created a taskforce charged with the execution of the Environmental Remediation Program (PRA—in Spanish) and environmental authorities prepared and approved this program. The Environmental Remediation Taskforce (UPRA) covered the following aspects related to the incident: legal, environmental, cleaning and remediation technical aspects, as well as social, environmental, financial, insurance, internal and external communication aspects, along with a rigorous oversight of contractors. The model implemented is the first of its kind deployed in Ecuador. National and international regulations in force validated the methodology used to remediate the soil, riverbanks and surface water contaminated with the oil caused by the incident. The application of this methodology, aptly deployed in response to the distress situation present at the various affected areas, allowed a reduction in a short period, of the total hydrocarbon concentrations established in the environmental standard, to equal or lower values than those previously indicated for sensitive ecosystems. OCP developed and implemented a technical, environmental and economic matrix that allowed the Company to choose and justify the remediation methods used in affected areas.

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Yaman, Kemal. "A Critical Review of Private Pension System in Turkey Considering the German System." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00872.

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Private pension system includes various measures met to continue existing living standards without any restrictions in old age, i.e. after the end of employment. High life expectancy, low birth rate, and institutional deficiencies in societies are major drivers for private pension. To understand seriousness of the topic mostly state pension claims are considered as being insufficient in old age. That’s why, necessity of private pension products results. In the first part, theoretical approaches to the explanation of savings behavior of people are described. In the second part of the study, the situation concerning precautions taken in Turkey is examined. In the following part, the retirement arrangements in Germany are depicted for comparison. The financial situation of elderly people in both countries is analyzed. Financial sector is the key beneficiary of developments in both countries. Governmental regulations concerning retirement system play crucial role to achieve high level of prosperity in the national economy of many developed countries. It is also seen in the study that industrialized nations are characterized by considerable private pension funds. Finally; some conclusions are drawn from the analyses performed in the study. .

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Reports on the topic "Standard precautions"

Jenkins, J. Lee, Edbert B. Hsu, Anna Russell, Allen Zhang, Lisa M. Wilson, and Eric B. Bass. Infection Prevention and Control for the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforce. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb42.

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Objectives. To summarize current evidence on exposures to infectious pathogens in the emergency medical services (EMS) and 911 workforce, and on practices for preventing, recognizing, and controlling occupationally acquired infectious diseases and related exposures in that workforce. Review methods. We obtained advice on how to answer four Guiding Questions by recruiting a panel of external experts on EMS clinicians, State-level EMS leadership, and programs relevant to EMS personnel, and by engaging representatives of professional societies in infectious diseases and emergency medicine. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, CINAHL®, and SCOPUS from January 2006 to March 2022 for relevant studies. We also searched for reports from State and Federal Government agencies or nongovernmental organizations interested in infection prevention and control in the EMS and 911 workforce. Results. Twenty-five observational studies reported on the epidemiology of infections in the EMS and 911 workforce. They did not report demographic differences except for a higher risk of hepatitis C in older workers and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in minorities. EMS clinicians certified/licensed in Advanced Life Support have a high risk for blood and fluid exposure, and EMS clinicians had a higher risk of hospitalization or death from SARS-CoV-2 than firefighters whose roles were not primarily related to medical care. Eleven observational studies reported on infection prevention and control practices (IPC), providing some evidence that hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and on-site vaccine clinics are effective. Research on IPC in EMS and 911 workers has increased significantly since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Conclusions. Moderate evidence exists on the epidemiology of infections and effectiveness of IPC practices in EMS and 911 workers, including hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and vaccine clinics. Most evidence is observational, with widely varying methods, outcomes, and reporting. More research is needed on personal protective equipment effectiveness and vaccine acceptance, and better guidance is needed for research methods in the EMS and 911 worker setting.

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A Model-Based Investigation of Electrically Split Turbocharger Systems Capabilities to Overcome the Drawbacks of High-Boost Downsized Engines. SAE International, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-5052.

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Engine downsizing is one the most common methods of coping with strict emission regulations. However, it must be coupled with complementary systems so that the engine performance would meet the standards. That is why new efficient solutions can pave the way toward this goal. The electric forced-induction system (EFIS) is the emerging replacement for conventional forced-induction systems (FIS), namely, turbochargers and superchargers. The reason behind this replacement is the drawbacks associated with FIS, among them are turbo lag and inefficiency in exhaust gas energy recycling. Electrically split turbocharger (EST) is a form of EFIS which offers a great potential for engine downsizing. In this paper, a new approach to EST utilization for lowering the fuel consumption (FC) without compromising performance has been introduced, through which the augmented degree of freedom enabled by an EST is used to optimize the air-charge boosting. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, a model-based approach is used to compare two engines with and without EST technology; the performance of an already existing 1.6-l 4-cylinder turbocharged engine has been modeled based on the experimental data, and its performance indices are used as a benchmark for a downsized 1l 3-cylinder engine equipped with an EST. A comparison of these two engines in the dynamic drive cycles of the EPA Federal Test Procedure (FTP75) and Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) has shown a 28.87% and 25.35% reduction in FC, respectively, independent of the external electrical source. Furthermore, the downsized engine has shown superior performance through full-throttle acceleration in terms of torque transient response. Finally, the concept of coherence among gas-path components and its importance is presented, and knock precautions associated with air charging in this method are addressed.

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