Dissertations / Theses: 'Standard/non-standard language'

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Kjellström, Antonia. "Twisting the standard : Non-standard language in literature and translation from English to Swedish." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-70039.

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Non-standard language, or dialect, often serves a specific purpose in a literary work and it is therefore a challenge for any translator to recreate the non-standard language of the source text into a target language. There are different linguistic tools an author can use in order to convey non-standard language, and the same is true for a translator – who can choose from different strategies when tasked with the challenge of translating dialectal features. This essay studies the challenge of recreating dialectal, non-standard speech in a work of literature and compares four different translations of that same piece of literature into another language. With this purpose in mind, the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens is analysed using samples of non-standard language which have been applied to indicate a character’s speech as dialectal. The same treatment is given to four different Swedish translations. The method consists of linguistically analysing four text samples from the original novel, to see how non-standard language is represented and which function it serves, and thereafter, comparing the same samples to the four Swedish translations in order to establish whether non-standard features are visible also in the translated novels and which strategies the translators have used in order to achieve this. It is concluded that non-standard language is applied in the source text and is represented on each possible linguistic level, including graphology, morphosyntax, and vocabulary. The main function of the non-standard language found in the source text samples was to place the characters in contrasting social positions. The target texts were found to also use features of non-standard language, but not to the same extent as the language used in the source text. The most common type of marker was, in all five of the texts, lexical items. It was also concluded that the most frequently used translation strategy used in the target texts was the use of various informal, colloquial features.

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Casaregola, Laura. "How Our Music Tastes Relate to Language Attitudes with Standard and Non-standard Varieties of English." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1044.

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Sociolinguistics studies on language perception have shown that listeners form different attitudes toward speakers based on the speakers’ language varieties (Lukes and Wiley 1996, Lippi-Green 2012, Thompson, Craig, and Washington 2004). Just from hearing a voice, listeners form opinions, and these opinions are often informed by societal archetypes, as well as societal stereotypes. For example, Standard American English is generally perceived with more prestige and respect than non-standard varieties. Unfavorable perceptions of non-standard varieties can, and in many documented cases does, lead to inequitable and/or discriminatory situations (Baugh 2003). Non-standard and standard varieties are found in language use in music. The emergence of the Internet and music playing platforms, as well as more diverse musicians getting mainstream radio play and pay, leads to non-standard varieties reaching new listeners in a new format. In this thesis, I survey the types of music to which people listen, and their perceptions to speakers of Standard American English, Southern American English, and African American English to investigate how the music people listen to connects to their language attitudes. The results show that overall, listeners of any genre have more favorable attitudes toward Standard American English; and, that listeners of rap and/or hip-hop have more favorable attitudes than other groups of listeners toward the non-standard varieties.

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Galanakis, Linda. "Learners' attitudes to standard vs non-standard South African English accents of their teachers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4259.

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Thesis (MPhil (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is interested in the relationship between accent and hearers’ perception of the speaker. It investigates the kinds of stereotypes related to phonological features of the speaker’s language. Specifically this thesis focused on the perceptions that high school girls have of their Mathematics teachers who speak English with a non-standard accent. The general aims of the study were to establish whether high school girls perceived non-standard English speaking Mathematics teachers negatively and, if so, whether this perception changed as the girls mature. Twenty-seven Grade 8 learners and 14 Grade 12 learners from a private English-medium school in the Gauteng Province of South Africa participated in this study. The school attracts learners from the affluent socio-economic group, and the majority of the learners are white (76.8%) and first language speakers of English (86%). These participants completed questionnaires using the matched-guise technique (Lambert, Hodgson, Gardner and Fillenbaum 1960) to determine their perceptions of six accents. Five speakers were recorded reading the same Mathematics lesson in English. One reader read the same passage twice, using a so-called Standard South African English accent for one recording and a second language accent of an isiZulu mother tongue speaker for the second recording. The results of this investigation indicate that high school girls are inclined to stereotype teachers according to the teachers’ accents. Some of the characteristics attributed to the non-standard English speaking teachers were positive, but generally learners held a negative perception of such teachers. There was very little change in this perception from Grade 8 to Grade 12. Of particular importance in the National Curriculum Statement for Grades 10 to 12 is that learners emerge from this phase of their schooling being “sensitive to issues of diversity such as poverty, inequality, race, gender, language, age, disability and other factors” (www.sabceducation.co.za/). The school where the research was conducted has addressed diversity in numerous ways in an attempt to prepare the learners for life in multilingual and multicultural South Africa. That the Grade 12 learners in this study, whether first language speakers of English or not, still display accent prejudice suggests that the life skills objectives are not adequately met and that this form of prejudice needs to be addressed in more creative ways.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:: Hierdie studie stel belang in die verhouding tussen aksent en hoorders se waarneming van die spreker. Dit ondersoek die soort stereotipering wat saamhang met die fonologiese eienskappe van die spreker se taal. Hierdie tesis het spesifiek gefokus op die persepsies wat hoërskoolmeisies het van hul Wiskunde-opvoeders wat Engels met ‘n nie-standaard aksent praat. Die algemene doelstellings van die studie was om vas te stel of hoërskoolmeisies hierdie opvoeders negatief beoordeel op grond van hul aksent en, indien wel, of hierdie oordeel minder fel raak met ouerdom. Sewe-en-twintig Graad 8-leerders en 14 Graad 12-leerders aan ‘n privaat- Engels-medium skool in die Gauteng Provinsie van Suid-Afrika het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die skool se leerders kom uit die hoë sosio-ekonomiese groep, en die meerderheid is Wit (76.8%) en eerstetaalsprekers van Engels (86%). Die deelnemers het vraelyste voltooi as deel van sogenaamde “matched guise”- (Lambert, Hodgson, Gardner en Fillenbaum 1960) navorsing om hul persepsies van ses aksente te bepaal. Vyf sprekers is op band opgeneem terwyl hulle dieselfde Wiskunde-les in Engels lees. Een leser het die les twee maal gelees, een maal met ’n sogenaamde Standaard Suid-Afrikaanse Engelse aksent en een maal met ’n tweedetaal aksent tipies van ‘n isiZulu moedertaalspreker. Die resultate van hierdie ondersoek dui daarop dat hoërskoolmeisies geneig is om opvoeders te stereotipeer op grond van die opvoeders se aksent. Party eienskappe wat aan die nie-standaard Engelssprekende opvoeders toegeskryf is, was positief, maar oor die algemeen het leerders ’n negatiewe persepsie van sulke opvoeders gehad. Baie min verandering in hierdie persepsies het van Graad 8 tot Graad 12 plaasgevind. Van besondere belang in die Graad 10 tot 12 Nasionale Kurrikulm is dat leerders aan die einde van hierdie fase ‘n sensitiwiteit sal hê vir kwessies aangaande “diversiteit, soos armoede, ongelykheid, ras, geslag, taal, ouderdom, gestremdheid en ander faktore” (www.sabceducation.co.za/). Die skool waar hierdie navorsing gedoen is, spreek diversiteit op velerlei maniere aan in ’n poging om leerders voor te berei vir lewe in veeltalige en multikulturele Suid-Afrika. Die feit dat Graad 12- leerders in hierdie studie, of hulle eerstetaalsprekers van Engels is al dan nie, steeds aksentvooroordele toon, dui aan dat die doelstellings van lewensvaardigheid onderrig nie voldoende bereik word nie en dat hierdie vorm van vooroordeel op meer kreatiewe maniere aangespreek moet word.

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Silvester, Hannah. "Translating banlieue film : an integrated analysis of subtitled non-standard language." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30976/.

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This thesis examines the subtitling of films depicting the French banlieue into English. The banlieues are housing estates situated on the outskirts of large towns and cities, and are primarily home to the underprivileged, and immigrants to France or their descendants. The sociolect spoken in the banlieue differs from standard French in terms of grammar, lexicon and pronunciation. Three films released between 2000 and the present day are studied; La squale (Genestal, 2000), L'esquive (Kechiche, 2003) and Divines (Benyamina, 2016). A new integrated methodology is developed, which examines the films within their broader contexts of release, and in light of paratextual material contributing to the context of reception, and to the viewer's understanding of the topic at hand. Directors representing the banlieue on screen generally do so with a view to provoking thought or public discussion in relation to the banlieues. In addition to macro- and micro-contextual analysis of the films and subtitles, the work is underpinned by an examination of the subtitling situation, encompassing the views and experiences of subtitlers working on banlieue film, and technical analysis of the subtitles in terms of readability. Through interviews of professional subtitlers, and close technical analysis of the subtitles, this research is contextualised within the industry, and within current conventions and guidelines. Close analysis of subtitles and the translation solutions they present reveals that some of the socio-political messages presented in the films may not be evident to a non-French speaking viewer of the English-subtitled versions. Although the informal nature of many conversations featuring the langage de banlieue is sometimes clear in the subtitled version, the unique sociolect of the characters is not. In two of the case study films, a dialect-for-dialect approach was adopted, where African American vernacular English was used in the subtitles to demonstrate the use of non-standard language. However, it is argued that ultimately, this dialect-for-dialect approach, combined with cultural similarities between the French banlieue and American street culture, could lead the British Anglophone viewer to negotiate the banlieues and those who live there via their knowledge of American street culture. This could contribute to American cultural hegemony, and does not convey the specificity of France's banlieues as cultural melting pots.

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Acheme, Doris. "THE EVALUATION OF NON-STANDARD ACCENTED ENGLISH: ANINTERGROUP PERSPECTIVE ON LANGUAGE ATTITUDES." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1529591883681638.

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Row-Heyveld, Lindsey Dawn. "Dissembling Disability: Performances of the Non-Standard Body in Early Modern England." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4906.

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The fear of able-bodied people pretending to be disabled was rampant in early modern England. Thieves were reputed to feign impairment in order to con charity out of well-meaning Christians. People told stories about these deceptive rogues in widely circulated prose pamphlets, sung about them in popular ballads, and even recorded their purported actions in laws passed to curb their counterfeiting. Feigned disability was especially prevalent--and potent--on the stage. Over thirty plays feature one or more able-bodied characters performing physical impairment. This dissertation examines the theatrical tradition of dissembling disability and argues that it played a central role in the cultural creation of disability as a category of identity. On the stage, playwrights teased out stereotypes about the non-standard body, specifically the popular notion that disability was always both deeply pitiful and, simultaneously, dangerously criminal and counterfeit. Fears of false disability, which surged during the English Reformation, demanded a policing of boundaries between able-bodied and disabled persons and inspired the first legal definition of disability in England. Rather than resolving the issue of physical difference, as the legal and religious authorities attempted to do, the theater revealed and reveled in the myriad complications of the non-standard body. The many plays that feature performances of dissembling disability use the trope to interrogate issues of epistemological proof, ask theological questions about charity and virtue, and, especially, explore the relationship between the body and identity. Fraudulent disability also had important literary uses as well; playwrights employed this handy theatrical instrument to construct character, to solve narrative problems, to draw attention to the manufactured theatricality of their dramas, and, often, to critique the practices of the commercial theater. Expanding beyond the medical perspectives offered by the few studies that have considered early modern disability, I argue that these performances emerge out of a complex network of literary, religious, and social concerns. For all that fraudulent disability may have been itself a type of fraud, trumped up by the state, the church, and the theater for their own diverse ends, it still wielded enormous influence in shaping notions of the non-standard body that are still current.

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Eubank, Ilona M. "The teaching of composition to speakers of non-standard dialects through collaborative learning." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/575.

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Verbeke, Martin R. J. "Rappers and linguistic variation : a study of non-standard language in selected Francophone rap tracks." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22915.

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This thesis examines the use of non-standard language, more specifically non-standard vocabulary (i.e. slang, verlan, colloquialisms, vulgarities, foreign borrowings, and abbreviations), in a corpus of selected francophone rap tracks in order both to quantify its use and to investigate what determines its variation, focusing on the impact of diachronic, diatopic, gender and diaphasic determinants. The methodology relies on a lexicographic analysis to produce quantitative results which are then analysed qualitatively by means of extract analyses and semi-structured interviews with francophone rappers. To answer the research questions, the thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter presents the aforementioned methodology and the overall quantitative results from the thesis, while also introducing the notion of variation, which is then tackled in the last four chapters. The second chapter investigates diachronic determinants from two perspectives: different generations of rappers (1990/1991, 2001 and 2011) and one artist throughout his career (Akhenaton in 1991, 2011 and 2011). The third chapter looks at diatopic determinants, analysing the impact of ethnic and spatial origins. Three ethnic origins are compared (rappers of French, Algerian and Senegalese origin), together with three cities (Marseille, Paris and Brussels) and three departments (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne). The fourth chapter focuses on gender determinants, with a comparison of male versus female rappers that also takes broader gender performativity into account. Finally, the fifth chapter examines the impact of diaphasic determinants. It analyses three rap genres (jazz/poetic, ego trip and knowledge rap), which then form the foundation for qualitative discussions of the effect of aesthetics, figures of speech, themes and performance. In conclusion, the contribution to knowledge of this work is the observation that the main determinant of high use of non-standard vocabulary is the performance of modern ego trip. The other determinants do not impact non-standard vocabulary to the same extent quantitatively or systematically, due to the complexity of the contextual and fluid identity performances involved with these determinants.

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Bruneaud, Karen. "La traduction française de textes littéraires en anglais non standard." Thesis, Artois, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ARTO0004/document.

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Selon Berman, une caractéristique de la grande prose consiste à « capter et condenser tout l’espace polylangagier d’une communauté ». Certains écrivains, comme Twain, Faulkner, Steinbeck et Salinger, ont ainsi puisé dans l’ensemble des ressources de l’anglais, pour recréer des parlers vernaculaires ou des idiolectes dits « non standard ». Cette stratégie stylistique, qui engage l’auteur idéologiquement et politiquement, passe souvent mal l’épreuve de la traduction en français. La traduction de ces « écritures-déviances » pose des problèmes spécifiques tout en étant paradigmatique de la manière dont le traducteur s’inscrit dans le texte traduit : ce type de stylisation discursive offre donc une perspective privilégiée pourétudier l’action du traducteur ainsi que les stratégies qu’il met en oeuvre pour véhiculer, dans le texte traduit, le projet sthético-idéologique de l’original. Notre étude s’ouvre sur l’analyse de la nature sociolinguistique de l’anglais non standard, avant d’examiner son emploi en littérature, afin de comprendre le rapport de « tension et d’intégration » qui lie les sociolectes littéraires à la réalité linguistique dont ils sont issus. Nous explorons ensuite les mécanismesqui orientent le travail du traducteur et son traitement des écritures non standard à travers la tradition théorique et pratique de la traduction littéraire, avant d’analyser un corpus de traductions. En nous appuyant sur l’éclairage théorique de la sociologie bourdieusienne et le système analytique des « tendances déformantes » (Berman), nous analysons les stratégies de« ré-énonciation » (Folkart) adoptées par différents traducteurs et les « effets de lecture » qui en découlent
For Antoine Berman, a major characteristic of great prose is its ability to “span the whole linguistic range of a community”. Some writers, such as Twain, Faulkner, Steinbeck and Salinger, have thus drawn on all the resources of the English language in order to recreate vernacular discourse and/or nonstandard idiolects. This stylistic strategy, which expresses theauthor’s particular ideological and political attitudes, is often lost when translated into French. Translating these “deviant” forms of writing poses specific problems while being paradigmatic of the way in which the translator is embedded in the translated text : nonstandard discursive patterns therefore provide a privileged viewpoint from which to study the translator’s action as well as the strategies he uses to transfer the original’s ideological and aesthetical dimensions to the translated text. Our study begins with a sociolinguistic analysis of nonstandard English, before examining its use in literature, in order to understand the dual dialectic of “mediation and emulation” that links literary sociolects to linguistic reality. Wethen explore the practical and theoretical tradition of literary translation to understand what factors affect the translator’s work and his/her approach to nonstandard writing. Finally, we analyse a corpus of translations: using Bourdieu’s sociological theory and Berman’s “systems of deformation” analytical system, we examine the “re-enunciation” (Folkart) strategiesadopted by various translators and the potential readings that result

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Ilin, Natalia [Verfasser], Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Kortmann, and Lars [Akademischer Betreuer] Konieczny. "Perception of learner errors and non-standard features in the native and non-native language: evaluation vs. processing cost." Freiburg : Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1155722418/34.

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Marsh, Kim Wendy. "The performance of rural speakers of non-standard Afrikaans on the diagnostic evaluation of language variation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5296.

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Jouvelot, Pierre. "Parallelisation semantique : une approche denotationnelle non-standard pour la parallelisation de programmes imperatifs sequentiels." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066559.

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Notre principe consiste a voir les transformations de programmes introduites par la parllelisation comme definissant des semantiques denotationnelles non-standards du langage de programmation. Nous montrons comment utiliser ce concept pour detecter, dans un langage imperatif simplifie all, des instructions complexes parallelisables, reconnaitre des reductions et prendre en compte certains programmes avec indirections

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Lester, Benjamin T. "Standard English Language Acquisition Among African American Vernacular English Speaking Adolescents: A Modified Guided Reading Study." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/37.

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This dissertation is an effort to contribute to the knowledge base concerning reading instruction for adolescent students who speak African American Vernacular English (AAVE), as well as their acquisition of Standard English (SE), by focusing on language structure during a modified approach to guided reading (MGR). Emphasis was placed on teaching the eight inflectional morphemes in SE, as well as other literacy strategies to AAVE speaking students. This intervention hypothesized that the teaching and learning of inflectional morphemes, in particular, would increase SE literacy acquisition. The intervention utilized formative experiment methodology and a quasi-experimental time series design. Data sources and collection took several forms: a) KTEA II - reading (letter and word recognition and reading comprehension) and written language (written expression) (Kaufman & Kaufman, 2004); b) field reflections; c) student surveys; and d) video-taped MGR lessons. Informal assessments such as the Ekwall/Shanker Reading Inventory, 4th Edition (Shanker & Ekwall, 2000) were used to guide instruction for MGR lessons. The findings supported the hypothesis that instruction of inflectional morphemes in SE has a positive impact on reading, writing, and overall acquisition of SE among AAVE speaking students.

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Love, Susan. "Moi te vouloir parler un peu : pidgins, creoles and non-standard French ; a study of language simplification and universals /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arl897.pdf.

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Ganuza, Natalia. "Syntactic Variation in the Swedish of Adolescents in Multilingual Urban Settings : Subject-verb Order in Declaratives, Questions and Subordinate Clauses." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Centre for Research on Bilingualism, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7457.

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This thesis investigates the use of word order variation, in particular the variable use of subject-verb inversion and non-inversion in main declarative clauses, among adolescents in contemporary multilingual settings in Sweden. The use of non-inversion in contexts that in standard Swedish require inversion is sometimes claimed to be characteristic of varieties of Swedish spoken among adolescents in multilingual urban areas. The present study includes a wide range of data, both spontaneous and elicited, and explores how common the use of non-inversion is among a relatively large group of participants in different contexts, and how the use of non-inversion is influenced by different demographic, linguistic and socio-pragmatic factors.

The results show that non-inversions are used to a limited extent in all types of data in the studied population. Only certain individuals frequently employ non-inversions in some contexts. Further, no direct link is found between second language acquisition and the use of non-inversion in this study. Factors related to the issue of nativeness, for example participants’ reported age of onset of Swedish acquisition, only marginally explain the results. In general, examples of non-inversion are employed more extensively, and by more participants, in peer-peer interaction than with adults. The use of non-inversion appears to be part of some adolescents’ spontaneous language use in certain contexts. More importantly, however, the results suggest that some adolescents employ non-inversions as an active linguistic resource to express their identification with the multilingual environment and the different varieties of Swedish spoken there, to show solidarity with peers, to contest official school discourses, and to play around with linguistic stereotypes.

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Sannholm, Raphael. "Translations of the Caribbean: at words' end? : A Study of the Translation of Literary Dialect in A State of Independence." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8029.

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The aim of this study was to identify the strategies used to render the literary dialect in A State of Independence into the Swedish translation. In order to systematically study the translation solutions, a number of ‘coupled pairs’ consisting of source text ‘problems’ and target text ‘solutions’ were extracted from the original text and the translation. The ‘coupled pairs’ were then analysed in order to detect regularities in the translation solutions. The study showed that the major strategy used by the translator was the use of ‘eye-dialect’, i.e. non-standard spellings that simulate non-standard speech. Moreover, some passages in the translation had been standardised, whereas eye-dialectal spellings were found in other passages where the original did not contain any non-standard features. Finally, a comparative count of dialectally marked utterances in both texts was made. The count showed that the dialectal markers were in the majority in the translation, which might indicate that the translator has tried to compensate for the lack of equivalent target language features.

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Wanjeri, Michael Maina. "Language and gender : Male domination among the Kikuyu of Kenya, East Africa." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-272.

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Language and gender is one of the most intriguing and interesting areas in sociolinguistic study. It investigates how men and women (or boys and girls) use language differently in social contexts.

Extensive study and research has been carried out in this field, particularly in regard to the English language. Eminent linguists such as Ronald Wardhaugh, David Crystal, Ralph Fasold, and Deborah Tannen have studied varying male-female use of the English language. They have also attempted comparison with other languages and cultures. Wardhaugh, for instance, has studied male-female use of language in English, American-Indian languages (such as Gros Ventre), Asian and Oriental languages (Yukaghir, Japanese) among others, and his findings have become the subject of several of his published works.

In their investigations they have found that almost invariably, the way men use language shows them to be socially dominant over women. This persists even in such cases as in the Malagasy language spoken in Madagascar, where men display linguistic characteristics more popularly associated with women and vice versa (Wardhaugh).

This paper seeks to determine whether men use language to dominate women among the Kikuyu ethnic group of Kenya, East Africa, to which I belong. Areas such as terms used to refer to men and women, taboo language and language use in marital situations are examined, among others. I also attempt to find out what influence this has had on English spoken in Kenya.

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Dal, Bo Béatrice. "Aux frontières de la norme : usages linguistiques de scripteurs peu lettrés dans des correspondances de la Grande Guerre." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.biu-montpellier.fr/florabium/jsp/nnt.jsp?nnt=2019MON30026.

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Ce travail de recherche vise à étudier les usages linguistiques non standard de certains scripteurs peu lettrées pendant la Grande Guerre, à partir de leurs correspondances privées
This work focuses on the non-standard linguistic usages of less-literate writers during the First World War, based on their private correspondence

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Helleberg, Fia. "English with an accent : A study of attitudes among Swedish adolescents regarding British and Middle Eastern varieties of English." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40161.

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This study examines the attitudes of adolescent Swedes towards speakers of British and Middle Eastern varieties of English. Due to the ongoing wars in the Middle East and elsewhere, and thus the stream of refugees seeking sanctuary in Sweden and other European countries, many children from diverse backgrounds have been and will be enrolled in Swedish schools. Considering their right to democratic, humane and inclusive education, it is of importance to identify and oppose possible prejudice and preconceptions towards foreign languages, cultures and religions at an early state. This study aims towards this goal. The study, carried out among Swedish teenagers, is based on a matched-guise test in combination with an Osgood scale. The pre-recorded speakers were from Iran, Syria, and Britain. The results of the study prove that there were preconceptions regarding Middle Eastern varieties of English, yet they can be both positive and negative. It is evident that the majority of the informants perceived the Middle Eastern speakers of English negatively with regard to traits that may be related to education, economy and intelligence, yet they rated the same speakers positively with regard to traits that may be correlated to emotional and social capacity. Interestingly enough, the study also provides evidence to suggest that British speakers of English are perceived favourably with regard to traits that may be related to education, economy and intelligence, yet negatively with regard to traits that may be correlated to emotional and social capacity. Overall, the study mainly provided results that confirm findings of previous research within the field.

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Mennicke, Stephan [Verfasser]. "Non-Standard Semantics for Graph Query Languages / Stephan Mennicke." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219471690/34.

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Larroque, Patrice. "Faits de langue en anglais non-standard : études des marques énonciatives." Nancy 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN21023.

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L'anglais non-standard renvoie à une pratique linguistique non soumise aux mêmes règles que l'anglais standard et qui se démarque de la langue standard par un certain nombre de formes linguistiques spécifiques. Souvent considéré comme "incorrect" et inacceptable par les locuteurs "instruits", l'anglais non-standard apparaît dans le discours informel et, comme l'anglais standard, traverse les frontières dialectales. L'étude des marques énonciatives s'attache à montrer que cette forme d'anglais attribue des valeurs sensiblement différentes aux marqueurs qu'il partage avec la langue standard et qu'elle fait l'économie d'autres marqueurs de cette même langue. On sera donc amené à redéfinir les relations qu'entretiennent tous les marqueurs de l'anglais non-standard afin d'obtenir un ensemble où tout se tient. Autrement dit, l'analyse de l'anglais non-standard peut être considéré comme un révélateur de redondance au niveau de certaines marques de l'anglais standard (Cf. -s de 3e personne), mais aussi comme l'expression d'autres formes de redondances absentes en anglais standard et introduites en anglais non-standard (Cf. La double négation). Ce travail propose une réflexion sur la nature de l'anglais non-standard et s'efforce d'en définir la spécificité et les limites à l'intérieur d'un système linguistique. On aborde ensuite une étude des marques énonciatives dans les domaines de la morphologie du verbe (chronologie et marques énonciatives, marqueur de troisième personne, auxilaires), de la négation (négation multiple, les différentes formes de négation, l'opérateur ain't, etc. ), de la déixis (ancrage situationnel, opérations sur le nominal, marqueurs déictiques,. . . ) et de la modalité (modaux, constructions avec deux modaux, autres formes de modalité) en fonction du contexte. Enfin, la distinction entre standard et non-standard, bien qu'arbitraire, permet d'élargir l'analyse à d'autres pratiques linguistiques d'une même langue et de réfléchir sur leurs relations
Non-standard English refers to a language use which is not subject to the same rules as standard English, and which differs from the users' expectations in a number of specific linguistic forms and aspects. Though it is often regarded as "'improper" and unacceptable by "educated'" speakers, non-standard English appears in casual speech and, like standard English, runs across dialect boundaries. The linguistic description of speech marks aims to show, first, that this form of English ascribes slightly different values to the markers it shares with the standard language, and, secondly, that it does without other markers of the same language. This will lead to a redefinition of the relationship between all the markers in non-standard English so as to obtain a system with a place for everything and everything in its place. In other words, not only can the linguistic description of non-standard English be viewed as revealing redundancy at mark level in standard English (cf. The third person -s inflection in the present tense), but also as expressing other forms of redundancies which do not appear in standard English and are introduced in non-standard English (cf. Negative concord). This study first suggests a reflection about the nature of non-standard English, and attempts to define its specificity and limits within a fixed linguistic system. A description of speech marks will then be given in areas like verbal inflections (chronology and speech marks, third person -s inflection, auxiliaries, etc. ), negation (multiple negation, negated items in the sentence, operator ain't,. . . ), deixis (situational anchoring, noun determination, deictics, etc. ), and modality (modals, sentences featuring two modals, other forms of modality), relative to the context. Finally, the distinction standard/non-standard, arbitrary though it may seem, allows to open the analysis to other varieties of the same language and think about the relationship they have between them

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Paulin, Aurélia. "L'anglais non-standard contemporain : recherches de lexicogénétique et de sémantique lexicale." Besançon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BESA1023.

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Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier le lexique anglais non-standard contemporain, tant d'un point de vue lexicogénique que sémantique. L'analyse d'un corpus représentatif (huit mille cinq cent vingt et un mots) permet de voir, d'une part, si le lexique non-standard échappe aux processus lexicogeniques de l'anglais standard, et si d'autre part, son contenu sémantique transgresse les valeurs morales des sociétés anglophones. Le caractère taxinomique offre souvent une vue comparative des lexiques standard et non-standard et souligne ainsi les caractéristiques de ce dernier.

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Jousse, Anne-Laure. "Modèle de structuration des relations lexicales fondé sur le formalisme des fonctions lexicales." Thèse, Paris 7, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4347.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’élaboration d’un modèle de structuration des relations lexicales, fondé sur les fonctions lexicales de la Théorie Sens-Texte [Mel’cuk, 1997]. Les relations lexicales considérées sont les dérivations sémantiques et les collocations telles qu’elles sont définies dans le cadre de la Lexicologie Explicative et Combinatoire [Mel’cuk et al., 1995]. En partant du constat que ces relations lexicales ne sont pas décrites ni présentées de façon satisfaisante dans les bases de données lexicales, nous posons la nécessité d’en créer un modèle de structuration. Nous justifions l’intérêt de créer un système de fonctions lexicales puis détaillons les quatre perspectives du système que nous avons mises au point : une perspective sémantique, une perspective axée sur la combinatoire des éléments d’une relation lexicale, une perspective centrée sur leurs parties du discours, ainsi qu’une perspective mettant en avant l’élément sur lequel se focalise la relation. Le système intègre l’ensemble des fonctions lexicales, y compris les fonctions lexicales non standard, dont nous proposons une normalisation de l’encodage. Le système a été implémenté dans la base de données lexicale du DiCo. Nous présentons trois applications dans lesquelles il peut être exploité. Premièrement, il est possible d’en dériver des interfaces de consultation pour les bases de données lexicales de type DiCo. Le système peut également être directement consulté en tant qu’assistant à l’encodage des relations lexicales. Enfin, il sert de référence pour effectuer un certain nombre de calculs sur les informations lexicographiques, qui pourront, par la suite, être implémentés pour automatiser la rédaction de certains champs de fiches lexicographiques.
This thesis proposes a model for structuring lexical relations, based on the concept of lexical functions (LFs) proposed in Meaning-Text Theory [Mel’cuk, 1997]. The lexical relations taken into account include semantic derivations and collocations as defined within this theoretical framework, known as Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology [Mel’cuk et al., 1995]. Considering the assumption that lexical relations are neither encoded nor made available in lexical databases in an entirely satisfactory manner, we assume the necessity of designing a new model for structuring them. First of all, we justify the relevance of devising a system of lexical functions rather than a simple classification. Next, we present the four perspectives developped in the system: a semantic perspective, a combinatorial one, another one targetting the parts of speech of the elements involved in a lexical relation, and, finally, a last one emphasizing which element of the relation is focused on. This system covers all LFs, even non-standard ones, for which we have proposed a normalization of the encoding. Our system has already been implemented into the DiCo relational database. We propose three further applications that can be developed from it. First, it can be used to build browsing interfaces for lexical databases such as the DiCo. It can also be directly consulted as a tool to assist lexicographers in encoding lexical relations by means of lexical functions. Finally, it constitutes a reference to compute lexicographic information which will, in future work, be implemented in order to automatically fill in some fields within the entries in lexical databases.
Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7)

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Ploog, Katja. "Le premier actant en abidjanais : contribution à la syntaxe du non-standard." Bordeaux 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR30018.

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La notoriete du francais populaire d'abidjan, acquise depuis les annees 70, n'a guere incite les linguistes a poursuivre les recherches en ce domaine ; par ailleurs, les etudes des varietes non standard ne portent que rarement sur des observables syntaxiques : notre travail s'est fixe pour objectif de proposer des solutions pratiques aux obstacles specifiques a de tels terrains. La complexite de la situation sociolinguistique nous conduit a presenter un etat des lieux detaille des origines de la variation : les facteurs geographiques, sociaux et enonciatifs qui conditionnent l'emergence du continuum. L'approche du terrain est triple : l'enquete sociolinguistique inspiree des travaux laboviens pour evaluer l'emprise de la norme a tout moment de l'analyse, l'approche interactionnelle des situations de parole pour garantir l'interpretabilite du corpus, et l'edition du corpus a travers sa transcription phonetique integrale. L'analyse syntaxique a ete amorcee a partir des concepts forges par le gars pour rendre possible l'exploitation structurale d'un materiau marque par les caracteristiques de la langue parlee. Apres un inventaire chiffre des structures relevees, notre analyse met en exergue l'articulation de l'abidjanais a partir du premier actant, afin d'en degager les contraintes morphosyntaxiques et discursives
Abidjanee popular french has aquired some notoriety in the scientific world during the seventies - before discouraging the research work in this field, mainly because the approach poses serious problems. In parallel, we notice that researches on the nonstandard varieties are often limited to lexical considerations - neglecting general linguistics and stille more so, syntax. The aim of my research paper is to suggest some practical solutions to some specific obstacles encountered in this field. My analysis tackles the geographic and cultural deep-rooting of this continuum, its social origins and the interactional factors that condition its emergence. The fieldwork is based on a sociolinguistic quest to evaluate the impact of the norm at any moment of the analysis ; an interactional approach of language situations in order to reconstruct the contextual data of the collected utterances. At last, the edition of the utterances in the way of their integral transcription, concieved in function of the characteristics of the individual variation and in function of analysis needs. The syntactic analysis begins using the concepts worked out by the gars to make possible the structural approach of such material marked by the characteristics of spoken language. After a general inventory of the structures gathered my work sheds some light on the internal articulation oft the abidjanee system by focussing on the first actant, working out the system's inherent dynamic, the tension between morphosyntactic and discursive constraints

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Cooper, A. K. (Antony Kyle). "Standards for exchanging digital geo-referenced information." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23151.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to assess digital geo-referenced information and standards for exchanging such information, especially the South African National Exchange Standard (NES). The process of setting up a standard is exacting. On the one hand, the process demands a thorough scrutiny and analysis of the objects to be standardised and of all related concepts. This is a prerequisite for ensuring that there is unanimity about their meaning and inter-relationships. On the other hand, the process requires that the standard itself be enunciated as succinctly, comprehensibly and precisely as possible. This dissertation addresses both these facets of the standards process in the context of standards for exchanging digital geo-referenced information. The dissertation begins with an analysis of geo-referenced information in general, including digital geo-referenced information. In chapters 2 and 3, the various aspects of such information are scrutinised and evaluated in more detail. The examination of concepts is backed up by a comprehensive Glossary of terms in the domain under discussion. Chapter 4 examines the nature of standards. It also proposes a novel way to approach a standard for the exchange of digital geo-referenced information: namely, that it can be viewed as a language and can accordingly be specified by a grammar. To illustrate the proposal, NES is fully specified, using the Extended Backus-Naur Form notation, in an Appendix. Apart from the advantages of being a succinct and precise formal specification, the approach also lends itself to deploying standard tools such as Lex and yacc for conformance testing and for developing interfaces to NES, as illustrated in a second appendix. As a final theme of the dissertation, an evaluation of such standards is provided. Other standards that have been proposed elsewhere for purposes similar to that of NES are surveyed in chapter 5. In chapter 6, features of NES are highlighted, including the fact that it takes a relational approach. Chapter 7 concludes the dissertation, summarising the work to date, and looking ahead to future work. AFRIKAANS : Die doel van hierdie verhandling is om versyferde geo-verwysde inligting en standaarde vir die uitruil van sulke inligting te ondersoek, met spesifieke verwysing na die Suid- Afrikaanse Nasionale Uitruilstandaard (NES). Die proses om ’n standaard op te stel is veeleisend. Aan die een kant vereis die proses ’n volledige bestudering en ontleding van die objekte wat gestandaardiseer gaan word, asook van al die verwante konsepte. Hierdie is ’n voorvereiste om te verseker dat daar oor hul betekenisse en onderlinge verwantskappe eenstemmigheid bestaan. Aan die ander kant vereis die proses dat die standaard so kernagtig, volledig en presies moontlik gestel moet word. Hierdie verhandeling spreek beide hierdie fasette van die standaardiseringsproses aan, en wel in die konteks van standaarde vir die uitruil van versyferde geo-verwysde inligting. Dié verhandling begin met ’n oorhoofse analise van geo-verwysde inligting, insluitend versyferde geo-verwysde inligting. In hoofstukke 2 en 3 word verskeie aspekte van dié inligting in meer detail ondersoek en geëvalueer. Hierdie ondersoek van konsepte word deur ’n omvattende woordelys van terme in die veld onder bespreking gesteun. Hoofstuk 4 ondersoek die aard van standaarde. Dit stel ook ’n nuwe manier voor om ’n standaard vir die uitruil van versyferde geo-verwysde inligting te benader, naamlik dat dit as ’n taal beskou kan word, en dat dit gevolglik deur middel van ’n grammatika gespesifiseer kan word. Om die voorstel te illustreer, word NES volledig in ’n aanhangsel deur middel van die Uitgebreide Backus-Naur Vorm notasie gespesifiseer. Afgesien van die voordeel van ’n kernagtige en presiese formele spesifikasie, ondersteun die benadering ook standaardgereedskap soos Lex en yacc wat vir konformeringstoetsing en vir NES koppelvlakke gebruik kan word, soos in ’n tweede aanhangsel illustreer word. As ’n finale tema van die verhandeling word ’n evaluasie van tersaaklike standaarde voorsien. Standaarde wat elders vir soortgelyke doeleindes aan dié van NES voorgestel is, word oorsigtelik in hoofstuk 5 beskou. In hoofstuk 6 word kenmerkende eienskappe van NES uitgelig, insluitend die feit dat dit op ’n relasionele benadering gebaseer is. Hoofstuk 7 sluit die verhandeling af met ’n opsomming van werk tot op datum en ’n blik op toekomstige werk.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1993.
Computer Science
unrestricted

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Sella, Valeria. "Automatic phonological transcription using forced alignment : FAVE toolkit performance on four non-standard varieties of English." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-167843.

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Forced alignment, a speech recognition software performing semi-automatic phonological transcription, constitutes a methodological revolution in the recent history of linguistic research. Its use is progressively becoming the norm in research fields such as sociophonetics, but its general performance and range of applications have been relatively understudied. This thesis investigates the performance and portability of the Forced Alignment and Vowel Extraction program suite (FAVE), an aligner that was trained on, and designed to study, American English. It was decided to test FAVE on four non-American varieties of English (Scottish, Irish, Australian and Indian English) and a control variety (General American). First, the performance of FAVE was compared with human annotators, and then it was tested on three potentially problematic variables: /p, t, k/ realization, rhotic consonants and /l/. Although FAVE was found to perform significantly differently from human annotators on identical datasets, further analysis revealed that the aligner performed quite similarly on the non-standard varieties and the control variety, suggesting that the difference in accuracy does not constitute a major drawback to its extended usage. The study discusses the implications of the findings in relation to doubts expressed about the usage of such technology and argues for a wider implementation of forced alignment tools such as FAVE in sociophonetic research.

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Le, Corre Gaëlle. "Variations non standard dans les écrits épistolaires de soldats de l'armée confédérée de l'état de Virginie." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0063.

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Durant la guerre de Sécession (1861-1865), des milliers de soldats, de chaque côté du front, prirent leur plume afin de s'enquérir de leur famille et de donner des nouvelles du front. Généralement peu lettrés, la plupart de ces soldats ne maîtrisaient que très partiellement les codes de l'écrit. Le corpus sur lequel se base la présente recherche doctorale se compose de 366 lettres (soit environ 170 000 mots) rédigées par 80 soldats de première et deuxième classes originaires de Virginie. L'orthographe idiosyncratique et approximative de leurs écrits ainsi que les nombreuses variations morphosyntaxiques non standard permettent de mieux saisir ce que pouvait être le vernaculaire des locuteurs blancs issus des couches les plus basses de la société virginienne durant la première moitié du XIXe siècle.Selon Guy Bailey (1997), certaines caractéristiques du vernaculaire du Sud des Etats-Unis (Southern American English) seraient apparues après la guerre de Sécession et seraient le fruit d'une réaction identitaire face à la domination du Nord et à l'humiliation causée par la défaite. Les variations non standard répertoriées dans le Virginia Civil War Corpus nous invitent à nuancer cette assertion. Malgré une orthographe phonétique et l'emploi de nombreuses variations morphosyntaxiques et lexicales non standard, leurs écrits révèlent la tension constante entre le registre paritaire et disparitaire. Cette perpétuelle oscillation est-elle le fruit d'un conflit interne entre différents modèles linguistiques ou est-elle, au contraire, le signe d'opérations énonciatives spécifiques ?
Throughout the Civil War (1861-1865), thousands of low ranking soldiers on both sides of the conflict took up their pens to inquire after their families and give news from the front. Usually semiliterate, most of these soldiers were far from mastering written conventions. The 170,000-word corpus, on which this thesis is based, is composed of 366 letters written by 80 privates, corporals and sergeants from Virginia. Their idiosyncratic and ingenuous spellings as well as their use of non-standard morphosyntactic variations offer a great opportunity to gain further insight into the vernacular spoken by white lower-class people in Virginia around the middle of the 19th century.According to Guy Bailey (1997), certain specificities of the Southern American Vernacular English (SAVE) appeared after the Civil War, as a reaction against Northern domination and the humiliation caused by the defeat. The non standard variations found in the Virginia Civil War Corpus tend to question this hypothesis and reveal that most of the features, that are today associated with SAVE, were already present in low ranking soldiers' writings.Despite the phonetic spelling and the use of non-standard grammatical and lexical forms, the letters reveal that the soldiers were fully aware that their vernacular speech was not in line with academic conventions. We thus observe a constant tension between the academic prescriptive norm and non-standard variations. We may wonder if this constant oscillation is only triggered by an internal conflict between different linguistic models or if, on the contrary, the presence of these dialectal variations must be understood as signs of specific enunciative operations

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Levick, Tiffane. "Orality and Universality ˸ in Search of a Global Youth Speak in Translation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA129/document.

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Cette thèse est le fruit d’un projet de recherche qui mêle la pratique et la théorie de la traduction. Divisée en deux volumes, elle étudie des questions liées à la traduction de l’argot tel qu’utilisé dans des oeuvres de fiction. Le premier comprend un commentaire critique composé de trois parties, et le second une traduction en anglais du roman Moi non (P. Goujon, Gallimard, 2003). L’intrigue du roman se déroulant en banlieue parisienne, le commentaire explore la façon dont les jeunes adultes marginalisés peuvent s’exprimer par l’emploi de l’argot, une variété linguistique non-standard. Cette variété est souvent représentative d’un lieu précis et d’une identité particulière, participant à un ensemble de formes d’expression qui sert à distinguer la jeunesse marginalisée de groupes dominants. Une telle utilisation de la langue soulève des questions concrètes et abstraites quand on décide de la transcrire et de la traduire dans une oeuvre de fiction. Souvent, le traducteur a recours à l’emploi d’une langue standard ou à l’utilisation d’un argot dit « équivalent ». La traduction proposée de Moi non s’inscrit dans une méthode alternative qui s’inspire d’un style informel ainsi que de procédés créatifs que l’on peut notamment employer dans le rap et dans l’élaboration de nouvelles expressions argotiques. Préférant éviter de situer la traduction dans une aire géographique spécifique, cette traduction invite à explorer les points communs de l’ensemble des parlers jeunes du monde anglophone. Ce projet représente ainsi une opportunité de vérifier la cohérence et la logique de cette démarche alternative de la traduction de l’argot d’un roman, et de la comparer avec l’approche empruntée par les traducteurs de textes similaires
This thesis is the fruit of a research project which marries translation practice and theory. Separated into two volumes, it explores questions related to the translation of slang in fictional texts. The first volume is a critical commentary composed of three parts, and the second a translation from French into English of the novel Moi non by Patrick Goujon (Gallimard, 2003). Since the plot unfolds in the banlieue of Paris, the critical component investigates the way in which marginalised youth can express themselves through slang, a variety of non-standard language. Often representative of a specific place and identity, slang constitutes one of many forms of expression that contribute to setting marginalised youth apart from dominant groups. Such use of language raises a number of questions, both concrete and abstract in nature, when one decides to transcribe and translate it in a work of fiction. Translators often employ standard language to render this voice in the translated text or otherwise make use of an “equivalent” slang. The proposed translation of Moi non embodies an alternative method inspired by an overall informal style of writing, as well as by the creative devices employed in rap lyrics and in the creation of slang words and expressions. In an effort to avoid suggesting a specific setting outside of the banlieue, this translation seeks to identify and harness features of English shared by young people throughout the Anglosphere. This thesis thus represents an opportunity to ensure the coherence and the logic of this alternative approach to translating slang in an entire novel, and to compare this approach with that adopted by the translators of similar texts

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Randell, Elizabeth. "'Le vrai recueil des Sarcelles' of Nicolas Jouin : an edition with a linguistic study of the depicted sociolect and its Parisian connections." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/545.

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This thesis aims to explore an aspect of the history of vernacular speech through analysis of some eighteenth century verse texts. These satirical anti-Jesuit pamphlets by Nicolas Jouin, known as the 'Sarcelades', were collected posthumously in 'Le Vrai Recueil des Sarcelles' of 1764. The texts purport to be in the patois of the peasants of Sarcelles and show features which may be paralleled in the vernacular speech of Paris and elsewhere, and even correspond with features of contemporary colloquial French. The study may appeal to French historical sociolinguists interested in reconstructing spoken language of the past, and particularly in the history of vernacular speech of Paris since the Middle Ages through to the eighteenth century, in the context of the development of urban dialects. In order to set the scene for a linguistic description of Jouin’s work the limited biographical information available was collated. Then a period of bibliographical research led to acquisition of copies of the texts which were to be studied in order to identify and examine their non-standard linguistic features. Firstly the process of growth of urban dialects was discussed, and then the development of the Paris vernacular in particular. Then attention was turned to direct written evidence in the form of commentary and to a number of texts from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries containing features of the Paris vernacular. These had already been analysed by certain historical linguists, although the texts in the 'Sarcelades' had hitherto only been briefly mentioned. However, here they are considered to be of sufficient interest to be examined more closely, although it had to be established whether Jouin’s texts containing a selection of non-standard features could be regarded as an accurate depiction of the Paris vernacular at the period. The non-standard phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features in the texts were therefore compared with findings in other texts by previous commentators. Following these analyses it was noted to what extent the relative frequency of the variables correlates with the salience of certain features in popular speech in Paris at the period, as already observed in other texts by previous commentators, and it was concluded that in general established characteristics of the 'patois de Paris' at the period are to be found in the 'Sarcelades', even though there do remain certain features which do not appear to be generally attested elsewhere. Nevertheless, despite reservations concerning the authenticity of some of the non-standard features employed by Jouin, by bringing attention to this little-known series of texts this study may help to claim a place for the Sarcelades amongst the corpus of texts which reflect aspects of the lower-class sociolect, the 'patois de Paris', at the period.

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Malimabe, Refilwe Morongwa. "The influence of non-standard varieties on the standard Setswana of high school pupils." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11768.

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Magagula, Constance Samukelisiwe. "Standard versus non-standard isiZulu : a comparative study between urban and rural learners' performance and attitude." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/383.

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Ntoya, Mansisa. "Non-Standard language in Zadie Smith's white Teeth : the novel and its TV adaptation." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/36665.

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Novels are mostly written in standard language, but they can also resort to non-standard linguistic varieties, for different purposes. This rhetorical strategy has been theorized, in particular by Mikhail Bakhtin (1981), and has a long tradition of use in literature in English. It dates back to at least the fourteenth century, with Chaucer, and does not seem to disappear. Furthermore, in more recent times language variation has been imported into audio-visual fiction, where the resource to a multiplicity of English(es) beyond the standard is obvious. My dissertation focusses on White Teeth, Zadie Smith’s first novel, as it is a very good example of a recent novel which deals with a multiplicity of different varieties of English and which has also been adapted for television. It therefore provides a particularly interesting corpus for a contrastive analysis on the use of non-standard English in written and audio-visual fiction, a perspective from which it has not been considered in the literature so far. Ever since its publication, White Teeth has been the object of interest to both the general reading public and academics. Several essays in the domain of English Literary Studies have been produced, and some of them considered microlinguistic aspects as well. However, no study had so far tried a contrastive analysis between the literary text and the television adaptation, which is the object of this dissertation. The first goal of this dissertation is to identify the characteristics of non-standard English(es) used in the novel and in its television adaptation. Furthermore, attention will be directed to the means used to represent non-standard speech, including metalanguage, in both the novel and the television adaptation. The results of the study are summed up in the conclusion.
Os romances são, na sua maioria, escritos em língua padrão, embora também possam fazer uso de variedades linguísticas não padrão, para diferentes finalidades. Esta estratégia retórica, teorizada em particular por Mikhail Bakhtin (1981), tem uma longa tradição na literatura de língua inglesa. Ela remonta pelo menos ao século XIV, com Chaucer, e não parece desaparecer. Para além disso, em tempos mais recentes foi importada pela ficção audiovisual, onde é óbvio o recurso a uma multiplicidade de formas de inglês que divergem da norma. A minha dissertação foca-se no primeiro romance de Zadie Smith, White Teeth, já que se trata de um bom exemplo de um romance recente que recorre a uma multiplicidade de diferentes variedades de inglês e que foi adaptado para televisão. Constitui, por conseguinte, um caso particularmente interessante para análise contrastiva do uso de inglês não padrão em ficção escrita e audiovisual, perspetiva sob a qual não foi considerado na bibliografia até ao momento. Desde a sua publicação, White Teeth tem sido objecto de interesse do público leitor e de académicos. Várias dissertações foram escritas sobre este romance, sobretudo no domínio dos Estudos Literários, e algumas delas tiveram em consideração aspetos microlinguísticos. Contudo, até agora nenhum estudo havia tentado uma análise contrastiva do texto literário e da adaptação televisiva, que é o principal propósito da presente dissertação. Assim, o objetivo mais imediato deste trabalho é identificar a presença e as características das formas de inglês não padrão que são utilizadas no romance e na sua adaptação televisiva. A dissertação apresentada começa com uma introdução, onde se esclarece a questão a investigar e se apresenta o romance White Teeth e respectiva adaptação televisiva e se apresenta o plano de trabalho. O capítulo seguinte, "Heteroglossia na Ficção", explicita o enquadramento teórico adoptado. Começa-se por apresentar a noção de heteroglossia e referir as formas de integração de linguagem não padronizada nos textos literários. Em seguida, são discutidas as principais funções de linguagem não padrão no texto literário. O terceiro capítulo, "Inglês não padrão no romance White Teeth", será dedicado inteiramente à apresentação da heteroglossia do romance em análise. Completando duas análises anteriores do texto (Rotenberg 2015 e Kollamagi 2016), apresento uma análise do inglês não padrão constante da versão escrita de White Teeth. Para além de apresentar a metodologia utilizada, este capitulo identifica, descreve e exemplifica os ingleses não padrão utilizados por Smith no seu romance, considerando, as características fonológicas, morfossintácticas e lexicais destas diferentes variedades linguísticas; considera, ainda, a localização e as funções que essas variedades não padrão apresentam no texto. No capítulo quarto, "White Teeth: Heteroglossia na adaptação para a televisão", procede-se a uma análise da presença de variedades não padrão do inglês nos diferentes episódios que integram a série televisiva White Teeth e que se resumem a seguir. Parte I - "O Segundo Casamento Peculiar de Archie Jones", este episódio mostra, em primeiro lugar, as escolhas religiosas de Hortense Bowden, uma testemunha de Jeová, sua convicção do fim iminente do mundo e a conversão do namorado de Clara Bowden na época (Ryan Topps) a essa confissão religiosa depois de um acidente de scooter que ambos têm e no qual Clara quebra os dentes. Esses eventos são seguidos pelo distanciamento de Clara em relação a sua mãe e namorado, e seu casamento com Archie Jones, que tentou cometer suicídio. O casal dá à luz uma menina chamada Irie Jones. Em segundo lugar, o casamento arranjado entre duas famílias de Samad Iqbal e Alsana Begum, o casal deu à luz dois gémeos, ou seja, Magid e Millat Iqbal. Parte II - "A Tentação de Samad", este episódio apresenta as diferentes formas de tentação a que Samad é sujeito, pelo país de acolhimento (Grã-Bretanha) e respectiva população. Samad, Muçulmano e casado é seduzido por uma professora dos filhos, inglesa, Poppy Burt-Jones. Após uma dura batalha contra essa tentação, Samad termina com sua amante e também decide enviar o mais brilhante dos seus gémeos para o Bangladesh, sem o consentimento de sua esposa, para que ele possa aprender e praticar a fé e a cultura muçulmanas e ser poupado às tentações do mundo ocidental. Parte III - "O problema com Millat", este episódio foca o comportamento adoptado por Millat, o gémeo que permaneceu na Inglaterra, face aos seus pais; é ressentido por eles e atribuído à má influência da cultura europeia. Parte IV - "O retorno de Magid Iqbal", esta última parte da série apresenta o retorno de Magid do Bangladesh. As expectativas de seu pai não foram cumpridas. Magid não aderiu à religião e cultura muçulmanas e estudou ciências na universidade. Em segundo lugar, dentro deste episódio, também há a integração de Millat, o outro gémeo Iqbal no grupo de KEVIN para defender os valores do Alcorão e Joshua, filho de Marcus Chalfen em um grupo F.A.T.E. para proteger os interesses dos animais. Em cada um desses episódios, há uma forte presença de dialecto e linguagem não padrão. As características linguísticas não padronizadas caracterizam o discurso dos imigrantes e de seus descendentes, mas também dos falantes nativos de inglês. Este capítulo foca as particularidades linguísticas não padronizadas. Finalmente, a comparação entre o romance White Teeth e a respectiva adaptação televisiva é prosseguida através da análise comparativa do comportamento e caracterização linguísticos da personagem Samad em ambas as versões. Esta comparação permite concluir que a divergência face ao padrão é mais acentuada na versão televisiva do que no romance, sobretudo no plano fonológico, o que pode alterar a leitura final do texto. Este trabalho mais detalhado confirma ainda que o uso da metalinguagem é raro em adaptações audiovisuais. Os resultados do estudo estão resumidos na conclusão.

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Stocco, Garcia Flavia. "The use of third person accusative pronouns in spoken Brazilian Portuguese: an analysis of different TV genres." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31009.

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This thesis presents an analysis of third person accusative pronouns in Brazilian Portuguese. With the aim to analyze the variation between the use of standard (prescribed by normative grammar) and non-standard pronouns found in oral language, I gathered data from three kinds of TV show (news, non-scripted and soap-opera) in order to determine which form of pronoun is more common and if there is any linguistic and/or sociolinguistic factors that will influence on their usage. Based on data collected, I demonstrate that non-standard forms are favored in general and that the rules prescribed by normative grammar involving standard forms are only followed in specific contexts. Among all the variables considered for the analysis, the ones that showed to be significant were the kind of show, the context of the utterance, the socio-economic status of the speaker and verbs in the infinitive. Considering my results, I provide a discussion regarding to which extent the distribution of the 3rd-person pronouns on TV reflect their use by Brazilians and a brief discussion of other issues related to my findings conclude this work.
February 2016

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Sinave, Naïla. "Análisis de las actitudes lingüísticas hacia el slang mexicano : usos y valoración de la palabra güey." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4296.

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L’étude des attitudes linguistiques, entreprise par la sociolinguistique et la psychologie sociale, a permis de confirmer que toutes les variétés linguistiques ne reçoivent pas le même traitement. La langue standard, étant en règle générale la langue du groupe de prestige, bénéficie d’une reconnaissance sociale en comparaison avec les variétés non-standards ou minoritaires, qui, au contraire, suscitent généralement des attitudes plus négatives. Dans ce mémoire, nous analysons les attitudes linguistiques des mexicains à l’égard du slang mexicain. La méthodologie du projet comporte deux parties principales. Dans un premier temps, des conversations spontanées et naturelles entre locuteurs de slang sont enregistrées. Des fragments de ces enregistrements sont ensuite écoutés par un groupe de sujets qui, simultanément, remplit un questionnaire évaluant leurs attitudes linguistiques dirigées envers l’usage du slang ainsi qu’envers les individus qui le parle. L’analyse statistique des résultats permet de faire quelques constats : Il y a une différence très significative entre la façon dont les dimensions de solidarité et de prestige sont jugées, les pointages donnés aux aspects tels que l’intelligence et le succès des locuteurs de slang s’avérant beaucoup plus bas que ceux accordés aux aspects reliés à leur personnalité, comme la bonté et la générosité. Aussi, les variables de l’âge et du sexe ont une influence sur les attitudes linguistiques : les femmes ainsi que la génération plus âgée s’avèrent plus sévères dans leur évaluation du slang. Ce mémoire se divise en cinq chapitres. Les deux premiers explorent les concepts théoriques sur lesquels se basent le projet, soit les attitudes linguistiques et le slang comme phénomène linguistique et social. Les trois chapitres suivants se consacrent au projet en soit : la méthodologie, l’analyse des résultats et l’interprétation de ceux-ci.
The study of language attitudes via sociolinguistics and social psychology has confirmed the notion that all varieties of language are treated differently. As a general rule, the standard language is the language of the prestigious group and is held at a high social esteem whereas non-standard or minority language varieties are, in general, judged negatively. This thesis analyzes the language attitudes of Mexicans towards Mexican slang. The project methodology consists in two main phases. Firstly, spontaneous and natural conversations are recorded. Following this, a group of individuals listen to fragments of these conversations while simultaneously filling out a questionnaire that evaluate their language attitudes towards the use of slang as well as towards the slang speakers. The statistical analysis of the results lead to the observation of several patterns: There is a very significant difference in the way solidarity aspects and prestige aspects are judged. The points given to aspects such as intelligence and success for speakers of slang are significantly lower than the points given to personality aspects such as generosity and kindness. Age and gender also have influence on language attitudes: women and the elderly are more severe in their judgment and evaluation of slang. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first two explore the theoretical concepts upon which the work is based, including language attitudes and slang as a linguistic and social phenomenon. The following three chapters are dedicated to the project itself: the methodology, the analysis of the results and their interpretation.

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Wakizaka, Miwako. "On the issues of language contact and language shift in Tok Pisin - focusing on two "non-standard" varieties: highlands pidgin and anglicised pidgin." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/60069.

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Tok Pisin is the most prevailing common language in Papua New Guinea. It was originally an English lexifier pidgin language and has developed as the virtual universal lingua franca in this multilingual country where over 850 indigenous languages are spoken today (Nekitel 1998). The term Tok Pisin covers a large number of varieties due to the various social and linguistic backgrounds of its speakers. Traditionally, the rural varieties which are spoken in Coastal and Island areas are regarded as mainstream Tok Pisin and previous studies have mainly focused on these varieties. However, since the social and linguistic situation in the country has continuously changed and the language contact between Tok Pisin and both substratum languages and the superstratum language, English, continues, the varieties which were regarded as “non-standard” seem to play an important role, especially in the context of language contact and language shift today. Therefore, with respect to the roles that “non-standard” varieties play and their features, many gaps still remain. Most studies have focused on standard varieties. In order to fill in the gaps, this study will address the issues of language contact and language shift in Tok Pisin, mainly focusing on two “nonstandard” varieties. One is Highlands Pidgin which is spoken mainly in the Highlands area of the country. Because of the increase of emigrant population from Highlands to other regions, it seems that Highlands Pidgin impacts on other regional varieties of Tok Pisin. First, the characteristics which have been considered to be Highlands features are reconsidered by reanalysing previous studies and examining the author’s primary data. Then the role that Highlands Pidgin plays in the current language situation in Papua New Guinea is discussed. The other “non-standard” variety considered here is the anglicised variety. It has been pointed out that Tok Pisin is currently undergoing “decreolisation”, that is, it is gradually losing its own features and assimilating to English. However, the degree of the anglicisation can very with situations, speakers and topics and, although earlier studies provide many important findings, few recent studies have been undertaken. Thus, the degree of anglicisation is examined according to each linguistic component including phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax based on primary data. As one of the parameters of anglicisation, code switching between Tok Pisin and English is also examined using the Matrix Language-Frame model proposed by Myers-Scotton (1993). Following the analysis of the two varieties, some sociolinguistic considerations are provided in order to capture the situation in which language contact and language shift take place. In conclusion, based on the author’s observations and analysis, this study proposes the argument that there is little reason to rule out the “non-standard” varieties and that Tok Pisin has been a language completely distinct from English, which supports Smith’s (2002) viewpoint. Also, it illustrates a description of current Tok Pisin which coexists with English. Whether the situation continues or not in the future is open to question; however, the structural features of Tok Pisin and its remarkable vitality which are revealed here can inform the study of language contact, language shift and language maintenance.
http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1374814
Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2009

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Knowles, Jolene. "Assessment of non-verbal intelligence in South African schools : do language and gender bias performance on the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices?" Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/8238.

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Test bias within the field of psychometrics is an issue of concern in the South African context. Bias refers to whether a test measures what it claims to measure across different groups. In South Africa, psychological testing has been associated with the oppressive and discriminatory practices of the Apartheid era, leading to many tests being banned and considered invalid and unfair (Foxcroft & Roodt, 2004). Research is required in South Africa to investigate the effects and functions of psychometric tests in the context of the country’s history and diverse population groups. This research investigated whether the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) is a good measure of non-verbal intelligence for high school children in the South African context, or whether it is biased by language and gender among Grade 8 and Grade 9 learners. The subjects were between 13 and 15 years old and attended an English medium government high school in Johannesburg. The archival data was collected over a two year period and the SPM was administered to some subjects in both Grade 8 and 9. A 2-way ANOVA tested for an overall difference on the SPM scores between learners who spoke English as a first language (EFL) and English as an additional language (EAL), as well as the performance of Male and Female learners. There was a significant difference between the language groups in Grade 8 but not Grade 9. There were no significant gender differences. An item analysis tested for a language or gender difference on the item level. Certain test items showed a gender difference while others a language difference, but no significant trend was found across the test. A matched paired t-test for the group that received the test in both Grade 8 and 9 determined that there was a significant increase in scores with greatest gains for the Male and Female EAL learners.

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Spofana, Dumisani Godfrey. "Learners’ texts : a portrayal of the influence of certain varieties of isiXhosa on English texts and vice versa." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4906.

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This thesis is about certain varieties of isiXhosa and their apparent influence on English and vice versa. IsiXhosa is a language mainly spoken in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces of the Republic of South Africa. The study concentrates on certain varieties of isiXhosa that are spoken in the Eastern Cape Province. These varieties are isiBhaca, isiHlubi, isiMpondo, isiThembu and isiGcaleka. IsiGcaleka happens to be the standard variety. A map is provided to illustrate where these varieties are spoken. The study looks at the learners’ texts which are written in isiXhosa and English. The learners who wrote these texts are in Grades 8 and 9 from selected schools in the areas of Mzimkhulu, Matatiele, Mbizana, Ngcobo and Butterworth. It is worth mentioning that Mzimkhulu has since been moved from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu/Natal. The learners’ texts are analyzed and comments are provided for each analysis. The study also looks at how educators in selected schools relate with their learners when teaching both isiXhosa and English. Observations are made from the relationship between the educators and learners when the learners are taught isiXhosa and English. The study also looks at the debate between standard and non-standard variety. Based on the discussion of both the standard variety and non-standard variety it is the view of the researcher that this notion of “standard” and “non-standard” needs to be challenged on all fronts. This is so because standardization occurs as a result of historical coincidence. The study further looks at the Language and Planning issues in the Republic of South Africa. It is important to note that language is the key to the heart of any nation and therefore whatever that is discussed about language should be sensitive to the people speaking that language.The study concludes with the fact that there is a need to train educators especially those who are going to teach African Languages. There is also a need to undertake studies on learners’ needs so that those who design the school curricula must do so knowing what is relevant to the learners in general.
African Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

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Juričičová, Iveta. "Tvaroslovná kompetence žáků 1. stupně základní školy." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-403994.

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This final thesis works with the topic of standard Czech language at the 1st level of primary schools. The theoretical part deals with the units of the Czech national language, standard Czech language and its development, current phenomenons in contemporary Czech, common Czech language, Czech dialects and sociolects. Furthermore, it briefly describes the development of teaching of standard Czech language at schools and other possibilities of teachers. It also analyzes particular morphological aspects of individual morphological changes subsequently examined in the practical part. The empirical part is a quantitative analysis and comparison of the ability of pupils of the first grade of selected schools in the Central Bohemian Region to identify the non-standard expressions and replace them with the correct standard forms. The work partly verifies the selected hypotheses and compares the results primarily with the results of similar research carried out at the 2nd level of primary schools.

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Hasselbring, Sue. "Cross-dialectal acceptance of written standards : two Ghanaian case studies." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/715.

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Cross-dialectal acceptance of a written standard (CAWS) is essential for that standard to be used by speakers of divergent dialects of a language. Earlier works have focused on the influence of linguistic differences on comprehension of the standard, but little attention has been given the influence of socio-cultural and programmatic factors on acceptance of a standard. Case studies of the Lelemi and Likpakpaanl language development programmes provide information through which the socio-cultural and programmatic factors which influence CAWS can be identified. Due to the complex nature of the topic, various indicators are used to measure levels of acceptance of the written standard by speakers of each dialect. Socio-cultural factors which influence CAWS relate either to the language community's degree of interdialectal communication or to their perception of being a unified people. These factors include social structure, governance, cultural and religious activities, and patterns of marriage, commerce, transportation and migration. The existence of extensive social networks and the role of opinion leaders were also influential Activities of the two language development programmes which positively influenced CAWS included those which informed and involved speakers of all dialects of the language. These activities built on the existing levels of unity and inter-dialectal communication by using existing social networks. The Lelemi programme involved speakers of all dialects more uniformly than did the Likpakpaanl programme. However, both programmes informed and involved speakers of all dialects to some extent. The dialect communities of each language did not equally accept the written standards. Acceptance appeared to correlate more strongly with programmatic factors than with sociocultural or linguistic factors. This thesis provides a model for language teams to follow in 1) identifying socio-cultural factors which have the potential to influence CAWS; 2) applying knowledge about the socio-cultural situation to programme planning; and, 3) assessing levels of acceptance by speakers of each dialect.
Linguistics
D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

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Mkhombo, S. M. (Sibongile Margaret). "Factors influencing performance in the learning of IsiZulu at Ekurhuleni South District secondary schools." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6084.

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The background in this study is that over the years analysis of grade 12 results in Ekurhuleni South District indicates that most secondary schools obtain 100% pass rate but not quality results isiZulu home language. IsiZulu home language quality results often range from 20% to 40%. The research findings point at two casual factors: (1) inside the classroom and (2) outside the classroom. Inside the classroom refers to quality of educators teaching isiZulu home language and outside the classroom refers to what is supposedly isiZulu home language’ yet a close analysis of the kind spoken in the township Zulu homes is in fact pidgin Zulu. In terms of quality evaluation this so called isiZulu home language can never pass quality assurance. The researcher recommends that educators of isiZulu home language be put through vigorous quality training in the teaching of isiZulu (HL).
African Languages
M.A. (African Languages)

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Djordjevic, Dragana. "A Critical Study of John Camden Hotten and The Slang Dictionary." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-05-7977.

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Many lexicographers found some words unsuitable for inclusion in their dictionaries, thus the examination of general purpose dictionaries alone will not give us a faithful history of changes of the language. Nevertheless, by taking into account cant and slang dictionaries, the origins and history of such marginalized language can be truly examined. Despite people's natural fascination with these works, the early slang dictionaries have received relatively little scholarly attention, the later ones even less. This dissertation is written to honor those lexicographers who succeeded in a truthful documentation of nonstandard language. One of these disreputable lexicographers who found joy in an unending search for new and better ways of treating abstruse vocabulary was John Camden Hotten. This study investigates the importance of Hotten's Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words in the evolution of dictionary making. I analyze how many editions exist, the popularity of the 1864 edition, and differences between this and preceding editions, suggesting the inexorable growth of Hotten as a compiler. A short history of British cant and slang lexicography is provided and questions concerning the inclusion and exclusion of obsolete words and who makes such decisions are answered. Key terms such as slang and cant are defined and discussed briefly within the context of recent, relevant scholarship. The conclusions drawn from this research are laid out in extensive annotations embedded in the lexical items of a critical edition demonstrating once again that Hotten's compilation was extremely important in the evolution of dictionary making. That Hotten's work was accepted as authoritative is evidenced by the number of allusions and borrowings from it as seen in the work of later lexicographers: Barrere and Leland draw extensively upon it in A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon, and Cant, 2 vols. (1889-90) as do Farmer and Henley in Slang and Its Analogues, 7 vols. (1890-1904), and Eric Partridge in A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937). Hotten's work seems to have been very influential in the preservation of words as well. A vast number of slang words that are cited in Hotten's dictionaries were used for a long time among the common people; in fact, the popular literature of the nineteenth century, particularly historical fiction, draws upon this vocabulary, and may well prove to be specifically indebted to Hotten's work. Thackeray's Vanity Fair and Joyce's Ulysses are full of slang expressions; Conan Doyle shows himself familiar with the terminology of pugilism in Rodney Stone, as does George Bernard Shaw in Cashel Byron's Profession. This dissertation places John Camden Hotten as a writer/publisher/compiler and his work within contemporaneous scholarly argument, and, contrary to popular opinion, acknowledges the publisher's significant contributions to the development of Victorian literature and late nineteenth- and twentieth-century lexicography.

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Chodaková, Polina. "Lingvistická analýza frankofonního reggae." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-296311.

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The thesis deals with the language practices of French-speaking reggae singers. The work investigates how Jamaican musical inspiration came to the French scene, and which phonetic, morphosyntactic and especially lexical devices are found there. An inseparable object of research, equally undescribed, was the vernacular of francophone reggae fans. The empirical part investigates a random sample of French reggae (approx. 50 thousand words). The songs differ geographically, chronologically (1979-2010) and musically (roots, raggamuffin, dancehall). The research not only focuses on popular and colloquial French, slang, urban language, musical influence or poetry, but also on the coherence between themes and functions fulfilled by francophone reggae. A list of neologisms shows preferences in lexicogenic processes. Furthermore, the method includes a web survey answered by 189 French-speaking reggae fans, who represent the 'new speech' community. As a result, the hypothesis of a new vernacular, independent from rap, is confirmed. The specific hybridity is defined by code switching and more than a hundred English and Jamaican borrowings, which are commonly used by the fans.

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Mironovič, Barbora. "Mládežnický slang v ruském jazyce." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-355712.

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The aim of this thesis is to give an insight on the problematics of colloquial language layer of Russian youth. The theoretical part is based on studies dealing with stylistic and sociolinguistic stratification of language. Further only colloquial formations are being dealt with, focusing on such concepts as "slang", "general slang" and "mat" and introducing ways of forming slang phrases. The practical part analyses written and oral text and subsequently acquired data is being compared and evaluated. The performed analysis illustrates how quickly the youth's slang is being updated and enriched with new expressions and which lexical units are being given preference by the older youth. The main contribution of this work is its relevance, as the research of this topic quickly becomes outdated.

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Castanheira, Rita Teixeira da Veiga. "Podemos dizer asneiras? Uma análise da problemática da tradução de calão para legendagem." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19905.

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O presente relatório pretende descrever a experiência que a autora teve enquanto estagiária na Sintagma Traduções Unipessoal, Lda., assim como as situações que surgiram durante o mesmo que estejam relacionadas com a tradução de linguagem não padrão para o meio audiovisual. Será então analisado o estágio em si e os diferentes tipos de trabalho que surgem numa empresa dedicada à tradução audiovisual. Seguidamente, serão analisados os aspetos específicos da tradução audiovisual e, finalmente, os desafios de tradução de linguagem não padrão que surgiram no estágio e o modo como foram resolvidos. Pretende-se, desta forma, contribuir para a problemática da tradução de linguagem não padrão na legendagem, as questões com que um tradutor se pode deparar e que deve ter em consideração, assim como possíveis soluções para as mesmas.
The main goal of this report is to analyze the experience the author went through as an intern at Sintagma Traduções Unipessoal, Lda., as well as the situations that have emerged throughout the afore mentioned internship that are connected to the subject of the translation of non-standard language. Therefore, firstly the internship itself shall be described as well as all the different types of projects that an audiovisual translation company can tackle. Secondly, there will be a brief analysis of the specific characteristics of audiovisual translation, and finally the challenges the intern has faced regarding the translation of non-standard language and the ways in which they were handled. Thus, this report aims to contribute to the problematic of the translation of non-standard language in subtitling, the challenges that a translator might face and what he should keep in mind, as well as possible solutions to all the aforementioned problems.

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Charamba, Tyanai. "Challenging the hegemony of english in post-independence Africa : an evolutionist approach." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6042.

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This study discusses the evolutionist approach to African history as an action plan for challenging the hegemony of English in university education and in the teaching and writing of literature in post-independence Africa. The researcher selected Zimbabwe’s university education and literary practice as the microcosm case studies whilst Africa’s university education and literary practice in general, were used as macrocosmic case studies for the study. Some two universities: the Midlands State University and the Great Zimbabwe State University and some six academic departments from the two universities were on target. The researcher used questionnaires to access data from university students and lecturers and he used interviews to gather data from university departmental Chairpersons, scholars, fiction writers and stakeholders in organizations that deal with language growth and development in Zimbabwe. Data from questionnaires was analysed on the basis of numerical scores and percentage of responses. By virtue of its not being easily quantified, data from interviews was presented through capturing what each of the thirteen key informants said and was then analysed on the basis of the hegemonic theory that is proposed in this study. The research findings were discussed using: the evolutionist approach to the history of Africa; data from document analysis; information gathered through the use of the participant and observer technique and using examples from what happened and/or is still happening in the different African countries. The study established that the approaches which have so far been used to challenge the hegemony of English in post-independence Africa are not effective. The approaches are six in total. They are the essentialist, the assimilationist, the developmentalist, the code-switch, the multilingualist and the syncretic. They are ineffective since they are used in a wrong era: That era, is the era of Neocolonialism (Americanization of the world). Therefore, the researcher has recommended the use of the evolutionist approach to African history as a strategy for challenging the hegemony in question. The approach lobbies that, for Africa to successfully challenge that hegemony, she should first of all move her history from the era of Neocolonialism as she enters the era of Nationalism.
African Languages
(D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages))

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Standard/non-standard language'

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