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Books on the topic 'Standard/non-standard language'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Pavia, Italy) Languages Go Web! Standard and non-standard languages on the Internet (Conference) (2012. Languages go web: Standard and non-standard languages on the Internet. Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso, 2013.

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2

Chesi, Cristiano. Il linguaggio verbale non-standard dei bambini sordi. Roma: Edizioni universitarie romane, 2006.

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3

McWhorter, John H. Language interrupted: Signs of non-native acquisition in standard language grammars. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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4

Relative constructions in European non-standard varieties. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011.

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5

Shakespeare's non-standard English: A dictionary of his informal language. London: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004.

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6

Alfonzetti, Giovanna. La relativa non-standard: Italiano popolare o italiano parlato? Palermo: Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani, 2002.

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Alfonzetti, Giovanna. La relativa non-standard: Italiano popolare o italiano parlato? Palermo: Centro studi filologici e linguistici siciliani, 2002.

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8

Anderwald, Lieselotte. Negation in non-standard British English: Gaps, regularizations, and asymmetries. London: Routledge, 2002.

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9

Vakhtin, N. B., and Arto S. Mustajoki. Instrumentarium of linguistics: Sociolinguistic approaches to non-standard Russian. Edited by Protasova E. I︠U︡. Helsinki: Dept. of Modern Languages, University of Helsinki, 2010.

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10

Negation in Non-Standard British English: Gaps, Regularizations and Asymmetrics. London: Routledge, 2002.

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11

Piera, Molinelli, ed. Standard e non standard tra scelta e norma: Atti del XXX Convegno della Società italiana di glottologia : Bergamo, 20-22 ottobre 2005. Roma: Il calamo, 2007.

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12

The morphology of English dialects: Verb formation in non-standard English. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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13

Lopert, Alenka Valh. Med knjižnim in neknjižnim na radijskih valovih v Mariboru: Between standard and non-standard on Maribor radio stations. Maribor: Litera, 2013.

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14

Programme, STANON Research. Standard and non-standard African language varieties in the urban areas of South Africa: Main report for the STANON Research Programme. Pretoria: HSRC Publishers, 1996.

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15

Rencontres de linguistique Besançon-Neuchâtel (3rd 1993 Neuchâtel, Suisse). Le traitement des données linguistiques non standard: Actes des Rencontres Besançon-Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 29-30 janvier 1993. Neuchâtel: Institut de linguistique de l'Université de Neuchâtel, 1993.

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16

Crossey, Mark Francis. A study of the use of non-standard English Language poetry in the teaching of English as a foreign language toPolish student teachers. [S.l: The Author], 1994.

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17

Massey, A. J. Aspects of writing in 16+ English examinations between 1980 & 1994: Vocabulary, spelling, punctuation, sentence structure, non-standard English and their implications for comparability of grading standards. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Local Examinations Syndicate, 1996.

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18

1963-, Matras Yaron, ed. The Romani element in non-standard speech. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998.

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19

Calteaux, Karen. Standard and Non-Standard African Language Varieties in the Urban Areas of South Africa. HSRC Press, 1996.

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20

Language Interrupted: Signs of Non-Native Acquisition in Standard Language Grammars. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

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21

Murelli, Adriano. Relative Constructions in European Non-Standard Varieties. De Gruyter, Inc., 2011.

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22

Anderwald, Lieselotte. Negation in Non-Standard British English: Gaps, Regularizations and Asymmetries. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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23

Kumar, Sen Pranab, and Jadavpur University, eds. Foundations of logic and language: Studies in philosophical and non-standard logic. New Delhi: Allied Publishers in collaboration with Jadavpur University, Calcutta, 1990.

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24

Blake, N. F. Shakespeare's Non-standard English: A Dictionary of His Informal Language (Student Shakespeare Library). Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006.

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25

Gladkova, Hana, and Juliane Besters-Dilger. Second Language Acquisition in Complex Linguistic Environments: Russian Native Speakers Acquiring Standard and Non-Standard Varieties of German and Czech. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.

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26

Gladkova, Hana, and Juliane Besters-Dilger. Second Language Acquisition in Complex Linguistic Environments: Russian Native Speakers Acquiring Standard and Non-Standard Varieties of German and Czech. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.

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27

Gladkova, Hana, and Juliane Besters-Dilger. Second Language Acquisition in Complex Linguistic Environments: Russian Native Speakers Acquiring Standard and Non-Standard Varieties of German and Czech. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.

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28

Gladkova, Hana, and Juliane Besters-Dilger. Second Language Acquisition in Complex Linguistic Environments: Russian Native Speakers Acquiring Standard and Non-Standard Varieties of German and Czech. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.

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29

Canarutto, Daniel. Gauge Field Theory in Natural Geometric Language. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861492.001.0001.

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This monograph addresses the need to clarify basic mathematical concepts at the crossroad between gravitation and quantum physics. Selected mathematical and theoretical topics are exposed within a not-too-short, integrated approach that exploits standard and non-standard notions in natural geometric language. The role of structure groups can be regarded as secondary even in the treatment of the gauge fields themselves. Two-spinors yield a partly original ‘minimal geometric data’ approach to Einstein-Cartan-Maxwell-Dirac fields. The gravitational field is jointly represented by a spinor connection and by a soldering form (a ‘tetrad’) valued in a vector bundle naturally constructed from the assumed 2-spinor bundle. We give a presentation of electroweak theory that dispenses with group-related notions, and we introduce a non-standard, natural extension of it. Also within the 2-spinor approach we present: a non-standard view of gauge freedom; a first-order Lagrangian theory of fields with arbitrary spin; an original treatment of Lie derivatives of spinors and spinor connections. Furthermore we introduce an original formulation of Lagrangian field theories based on covariant differentials, which works in the classical and quantum field theories alike and simplifies calculations. We offer a precise mathematical approach to quantum bundles and quantum fields, including ghosts, BRST symmetry and anti-fields, treating the geometry of quantum bundles and their jet prolongations in terms Frölicher's notion of smoothness. We propose an approach to quantum particle physics based on the notion of detector, and illustrate the basic scattering computations in that context.

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30

Kittredge, Richard I. Sublanguages and Controlled Languages. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0023.

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This article deals with the topic of sublanguage, the original language grammar subset, which informs various text outputs. Despite routine deviance from standard languages, quite often sublanguage grammatical patterns draw heavily from standard languages. Machine translation, database extraction from texts, and natural language generation are some ways of sublanguage processing. The definition of controlled language projects the difference between itself and sublangauge. The former is described as a restricted set of natural language, engineered to facilitate communication between expert native speakers and either non-expert natives or expert non-natives. However, the difference lies in the fact that controlled language is not a natural subset, unlike sublangauge. Unlike sublanguage that works like a general language in not restricting its sentences, controlled language sets an upper limit, typically around twenty-five. Contrast between controlled language and sublanguage assumes theoretical importance.

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31

Faarlund, Jan Terje. The Syntax of Mainland Scandinavian. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817918.001.0001.

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The term Mainland Scandinavian covers the North Germanic languages spoken in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and parts of Finland. There is a continuum of mutually intelligible standard languages, regional varieties, and dialects stretching from southern Jutland to Eastern Finland. Linguistically, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are thus to be considered one language. Most syntactic patterns and features are shared among the national and regional varieties, but there are also interesting differences. This book presents the main syntactic structures of this language, with the focus on the standard languages, but some widespread or typologically interesting non-standard phenomena are included. This is mainly a descriptive work, with a minimum of technical formalities and theoretical discussion. The theoretical background and descriptive framework is generative grammar in its current version, known as ‘minimalism’. The minimalist architecture partly determines the ‘bottom-up’ organization of the book, with separate chapters or subchapters dealing with each of the phrase types, starting with the lexical phrases. After an introductory chapter, chapter 2 deals with the noun phrase and the determiner phrase. Chapters 3–5 deal with lexical phrase types with adjectives, prepositions. and verbs as their heads. Chapter 6 deals with the TP domain, and chapter 7 with the CP domain. The last three chapters deal with more specific topics, subordination, anaphor binding, and conjunction, and ellipsis.

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32

Zimmermann, Michael. Null subjects, expletives, and the status of Medieval French. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0004.

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In view of considerable differences from prototypical null-subject (NS) languages and recent proposals of different types of NS language, this chapter reconsiders the status of Medieval French, generally analysed as a NS language, regarding the NS parameter. It is essentially shown that Medieval French displays traits incompatible with an analysis as a consistent or partial NS language, particularly the existence of overt TP subject expletives, the highly frequent occurrence of overt referential subject pronouns in embedded clauses, and the consistent occurrence of an overt generic subject pronoun. From this and the fundamental insight that, in prototypical non-NS languages such as Modern Standard French, null subjects (NSs) are licit in a restricted number of contexts, the chapter concludes that Medieval French constitutes a non-NS language in which, as in the modern stage, NSs are principally possible in contexts of left-peripheral focalization.

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33

Wodak, Daniel. Expressivism and Varieties of Normativity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805076.003.0011.

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Expressivists aim to explain the meaning of a fragment of language—typically, claims about what we morally ought to do—in terms of the non-cognitive attitudes they express. Critics evaluate expressivism on those terms. This is a mistake. We don’t use that fragment of language in isolation. We make claims about what we morally, legally, rationally, and prudentially ought to do: we relativize “ought” and other deontic modals to different standards, or varieties of normativity. This chapter argues that the standard-relativity of “ought” poses a dilemma for expressivists. If they claim that “ought” expresses different types of attitudes when it is relativized to different standards (e.g. morality and legality), they struggle to explain why “ought” is univocal when relativized. If they claim that “ought” always expresses the same type of non-cognitive attitude, they struggle to explain why “ought” claims that are relativized to different standards do not express inconsistent attitudes.

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34

Wolfe, Sam, and Christine Meklenborg, eds. Continuity and Variation in Germanic and Romance. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841166.001.0001.

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This volume offers a range of synchronic and diachronic case studies in comparative Germanic and Romance morphosyntax. These two language families, spoken by over a billion people today, have been of central importance throughout the development linguistics, yet many significant questions about the relationship between the two families remain. Following an introduction that sets out the methodological, empirical, and theoretical background to the book, the volume is divided into three parts which deal with the morphosyntax of subjects and the inflectional layer inversion, discourse pragmatics, and the left periphery, and continuity and variation beyond the clause. The approaches used by the authors of individual chapters are diverse, making use of the latest digitized corpora and presenting a mixture of well-known and understudied data from standard and non-standard Germanic and Romance languages. Many of the chapters challenge received wisdom about the relationship between these two important language families. This volume will be an indispensable tool to researchers and students in Germanic and Romance linguistics, historical linguistics, grammatical theory, and language relationships.

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35

Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Boolean-valued structures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0013.

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Chapters 6-12 are driven by questions about the ability to pin down mathematical entities and to articulate mathematical concepts. This chapter is driven by similar questions about the ability to pin down the semantic frameworks of language. It transpires that there are not just non-standard models, but non-standard ways of doing model theory itself. In more detail: whilst we normally outline a two-valued semantics which makes sentences True or False in a model, the inference rules for first-order logic are compatible with a four-valued semantics; or a semantics with countably many values; or what-have-you. The appropriate level of generality here is that of a Boolean-valued model, which we introduce. And the plurality of possible semantic values gives rise to perhaps the ‘deepest’ level of indeterminacy questions: How can humans pin down the semantic framework for their languages? We consider three different ways for inferentialists to respond to this question.

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36

Van Olmen, Daniël, and Johan Van Der Auwera. Modality and Mood in Standard Average European. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.11.

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The chapter discusses the research on the features of the mood and modality systems of European languages that stand a chance of being due to some measure of the areal convergence captured with the term “Standard Average European.” These features are: (i) the compositional nature of the prohibitive, (ii) the number of non-indicative non-imperative moods, (iii) the relation between canonical and non-canonical imperatives, (iv) the use of word order for the interrogative, the (v) multifunctionality, (vi) verbiness, and (vii) grammaticalization of modal markers. While all of these characterize European languages, only features (i), (v), (vi), and (vii) are potential Standard Average European features.

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37

Trudgill, Peter. The Anthropological Setting of Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.13.

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A sociolinguistically oriented study of polysynthesis literature reveals one rather striking observation. Varieties often cited as being incontrovertibly polysynthetic include languages from many different language families and different areas of the world. But many of these languages have a number of social characteristics in common: they are spoken in relatively small, traditional, non-industrialized communities, over relatively small territories. This chapter suggests that this is not a coincidence. There seems to be considerable agreement in the literature, for instance, that polysynthetic languages are ‘highly’, ‘extremely’, or ‘extraordinarily’ complex. And the literature on polysynthesis abounds in descriptors referring to their complexity as ‘exuberant’, ‘unusual’, ‘spectacular’, ‘baroque’, ‘rich’, ‘daunting’, and ‘startling’. This tallies nicely with the suggestion (Trudgill 2011) that linguistic complexity is particularly associated with relatively small, isolated, stable communities which have dense social-network structures; and is relatively unlikely to be found in large, high-contact (for example urban, colonial, standard) language varieties.

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38

Wilson, Mark. Pragmatics’ Place at the Table. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803478.003.0001.

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Physical events that transpire across many size scales require significant data compression for their successful handling. A popular remedy practiced within modern multiscalar methods breaks a descriptive task into sub-problems focused upon dominant behaviors that arise on different length scales. Each localized form of description employs the same language in different ways. This contextualization requires that these localized veins of description share data with one another in non-standard ways. We employ allied techniques in everyday life as well and philosophical confusions arise when the underlying strategic architecture is not properly recognized. Nine general morals concerning language usage are abstracted from this examination.

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39

Garrett, Merrill F. Exploring the Limits of Modularity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0003.

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Psycholinguistic studies of language processing have revolved historically around “modular” and “interactive” accounts of language use. Experimental reports diverge in claims for the penetration of non-linguistic background information on processing for sentence comprehension. Syntactic processing effects can persist despite available contextual constraints that are sufficient to resolve temporary ambiguity or garden path errors. Nevertheless, there are multiple reports of interactive effects between basic sentence processing and both semantic and non-linguistic contextual information. The chapter suggests a rationalization of such conflicting findings in standard psycholinguistic and experimental pragmatic research, relying on interactions between language comprehension systems and language production systems. Production processes are designed to incorporate discourse and environmental constraints on linguistic formulation. These may be used to filter the products of comprehension mechanisms. A key feature of the argument for complementary roles of the two systems is a degree of modular processing for syntax to be found in both systems.

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40

Cohen, Ted. Metaphor. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0020.

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Metaphor is one of a variety of uses of language in which what is communicated is not what the words mean literally. It is, therefore, so to speak, a way of speaking of something by talking about something else. Thus, one has said (or written) X and thereby communicated Y. This characteristic of ‘indirectness’ is not alone sufficient to distinguish metaphors from other non-standard uses of language, but there is also a question as to whether metaphors in general are sufficiently similar to one another to permit a single, unified description of them. On one hand, metaphor has been a feature of poetry for centuries, conspicuous in the work of Homer and Shakespeare and countless other poets. But on the other hand, metaphor is pervasive in ordinary language, both in speech and in writing. It is not obvious that a single account of metaphor could be adequate to both poetic and more prosaic uses of figurative language.

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41

Tyrkkö, Jukka. Discovering the Past for Yourself. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611040.003.0012.

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This chapter outlines the state of the art in corpus-based language teaching and digital pedagogy, focusing on the differences between using corpora with present-day and historical data. The basic concepts of corpus-based research such as representativeness, frequency, and statistical significance can be introduced to students who are new to corpus methods, and the application of these concepts to the history of English can deepen students’ understanding of how historical varieties of the language are researched. This chapter will also address some of the key challenges particular to teaching the history of English using corpora, such as dealing with the seemingly counterintuitive findings, non-standard features, and small datasets. Finally, following an overview of available historical corpora and corpus tools, several practical examples of corpus-driven activities will be discussed in detail, with suggestions and ideas on how a teacher might prepare and run corpus-based lessons.

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42

Bara, Bruno G. Cognitive Pragmatics. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.14.

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Cognitive pragmatics focuses on the mental states and, to some extent, the mental correlates of the participants of a conversation. The analysis of the mental processes of human communication is based on three fundamental concepts: cooperation, sharedness, and communicative intention. All of the three were originally proposed by Grice in 1975, though each has since been refined by other scholars. The cooperative nature of communication is justified by the evolutionary perspective through which the cooperative reasoning underlying a conversation is explained. Sharedness accounts for the possibility of comprehending non-standard communication such as deceit, irony, and figurative language. Finally, communicative intention presents the unique characteristic of recursion, which is, according to most scientists, a specific trademark of humans among all living beings.

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43

Schifano, Norma. Verb Movement in Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.001.0001.

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This book provides a detailed account of verb movement across more than twenty standard and non-standard Romance varieties. It examines the position of the verb with respect to a wide selection of hierarchically ordered adverbs, as laid out in Cinque’s (1999) seminal work. The volume uses extensive empirical data to demonstrate that, contrary to traditional assumptions, it is possible to identify at least four distinct macro-typologies in the Romance languages: these macro-typologies stem from a compensatory mechanism between syntax and morphology in licensing the Tense, Aspect, and Mood interpretation of the verb. It adopts a hybrid cartographic / minimalist approach, in which cartography provides the empirical tools of investigation, and minimalist theory provides the technical motivations for the movement phenomena that are observed. It provides a valuable tool for the examination of fundamental morphosyntactic properties from a cross-Romance perspective, and constitutes a useful point of departure for further investigations into the nature and triggers of verb movement cross-linguistically.

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44

Rosenkvist, Henrik. Null subjects and Distinct Agreement in Modern Germanic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0012.

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A number of modern Germanic vernaculars (non-standard languages and dialects) allow first and second person null subjects (NSs), but not third person. In this chapter, the person asymmetry, and the relation between these NSs and agreement on finite verbs (and subordinators) are discussed. It is argued that it is not necessary to assume a specific Speech Act-feature in order to explain why third person NSs are disallowed. The crucial factor is instead assumed to be Distinct Agreement, i.e. the agreeing element must (uniquely) express the same φ‎-features and values for these features as the corresponding overt pronoun in order to allow an NS, including not only number and person, but also—crucially—gender.

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45

Horsfall, Nicholas. Fifty Years at the Sibyl's Heels. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863861.001.0001.

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This is a posthumous selection of 42 articles from the 150 which Nicholas Horsfall (1946–2019) wrote over a span of fifty years. Horsfall was prodigiously learned and, although best known for his five massive and dauntingly erudite commentaries on Virgil, was both a Latinist and a Romanist; the selection exemplifies the wide range of his interests and the coherence of his approach. Many of the Virgilian papers, which form the majority of the selection, are classics, and all of them command attention. This Virgilian concentration does not detract, however, from the extreme interest and value of the non-Virgilian papers, several of which were far ahead of their time and have led to standard treatments of their subjects, and all of which remain thought-provoking. Horsfall delighted in publishing in a wide variety of journals in many different countries, and he wrote in more than one language. Five of the papers (including his ground-breaking paper on Camilla) appear here in an English translation for the first time; almost half the papers are not online or easily found. The collection illustrates well his intellectual curiosity and his need to keep searching and asking questions while accepting that there may be no answers: ‘it has become, in some quarters, difficult or dangerous to say we do not know or, worse, “we cannot know”, or so much as hint that there is something disquieting about the evidence that remains’ (‘The Prehistory of Latin Poetry’).

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46

Schulthies, Becky L. Channeling Moroccanness. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823289714.001.0001.

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What does it mean to connect as Moroccans via mass media when there is widespread feeling of communicative failure? This book approaches the question by exploring situated talk about communicative failure, which speaks to how Moroccans seek to shape social and political relations in urban Fez. Over the last decade, laments of language and media failure in Fez have focused on communicative channels and were not just about social relations that used to be and had been lost, but also what ought to be and had yet to be realized. These channels, or mediums that connected people, ranged from objects such as devotional prayer beads and remote controls; to interactional forms such as storytelling registers, dress styles, and non-standard Arabic writing; and to media platforms like television news, Moroccan religious stations, or WhatsApp group chats. This book describes these multimodal channels and analyzes how, why, and when they moved from facilitator (intermediating connecting mechanism) to meddler (mediating sociality actor). Laments about communicative channel failures precipitated relationality projects by the state and several Fassi calibrations of those efforts. These laments were ways of speaking that created Moroccanness, the feeling of participating in the ongoing formations of Moroccan public relationality. Rather than furthering the discourse about Morocco’s conflict between liberal secularists and religious conservatives, this ethnography shows the subtle range of ideologies and practices evoked in Fassi homes to calibrate appropriate Moroccan sociality and political consciousness.

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47

Alqassas, Ahmad. A Unified Theory of Polarity Sensitivity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197554883.001.0001.

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This book examines polarity sensitivity—a ubiquitous phenomenon involving expressions such as anybody, nobody, ever, never, and somebody and their counterparts in other languages, with particular focus on Arabic. These expressions belong to different classes such as negative and positive polarity, negative concord, and negative indefinites, which led to examining their syntax and semantics separately. In this book, Ahmad Alqassas pursues a unified approach that relies on examining the interaction between the various types of polarity sensitivity. Treating this interaction is fundamental for scrutinizing their licensing conditions. Alqassas draws on data from Standard Arabic and the major regional dialects represented by Jordanian, Egyptian, Moroccan, and Qatari. The book provides a new perspective on the syntax–semantic interface and develops a unified syntactic analysis for polarity sensitivity. Through the (micro)comparative approach, Alqassas explains the distributional contrasts with a minimal set of universal syntactic operations such as Merge, Move, and Agree, and a fine-grained inventory of negative formal features for polarity items and their licensors. The features are simple invisibles that paint a complex landscape of polarity. The results suggest that syntactic computation of Arabic polarity (externally merged in the left periphery) is subservient to the conceptual–intentional interface. Alqassas argues for last resort insertion of covert negation operators in the CP layer to interpret non-strict NCIs, which is an extra mechanism that serves the semantic interface but adds to the complexity of syntactic computation. Likewise, head NPIs in the left periphery require licensing by operators higher than the tense phrase, adding more constraints on the syntactic licensing.

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