Academic literature on the topic 'Standard genetic code'
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Journal articles on the topic "Standard genetic code"
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Aisah, Isah, B. Subartini, and A. Muhaemin. "Endomorphism Representation Matrix From Standard Genetic Code." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 20, no. 1 (2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.20.1.2020.27787.
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Mutations are changes in genetic material that can occur at the level of genes or chromosomes. Mutations at the gene level are structural changes in the genetic code. In this paper we will investigate the necessary and sufficient conditions for an endomorphism called autumorphism. The method used in this research paper is a review of literature conducted by collecting literature from previous studies in accordance with the study discussed. Mathematically, genetic mutations can be viewed with an endomorphism and automorphism f in the vector space which maps the standard genetic code sequence of wild-type genes into mutant genes. In the endomorphism there is a matrix called the endomorphism representation matrix.Keywords: authomorphism, endomophism, mutation Matriks Representasi Endomorfisma Dari Kode Genetik StandarABSTRAKMutasi merupakan perubahan pada materi genetik yang dapat terjadi pada tingkat gen maupun kromosom. Mutasi pada tingkat gen merupakan perubahan struktur dalam kode genetik. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas syarat perlu dan syarat cukup sebuah endomorfisma disebut automorfisma. Metode yang digunakan dalam makalah penelitian ini adalah tinjauan literatur yang dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan literatur dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya sesuai dengan penelitian yang dibahas. Secara matematis, mutasi genetik dapat ditinjau dengan sebuah endomorfisma dan automorfisma pada ruang vektor yang memetakan barisan kode genetik standar gen wild-type ke dalam gen mutan. Pada endomorfisma tersebut terdapat sebuah matriks yang disebut matriks representasi endomorfisma.Kata kunci: Automorfisma, endomorfisma, mutasi GenetikMutations are changes in genetic material that can occur at the level of genes or chromosomes. Mutations at the gene level are structural changes in the genetic code. In this paper we will investigate the necessary and sufficient conditions for an endomorphism called autumorphism. The method used in this research paper is a review of literature conducted by collecting literature from previous studies in accordance with the study discussed. Mathematically, genetic mutations can be viewed with an endomorphism and automorphism f in the vector space which maps the standard genetic code sequence of wild-type genes into mutant genes. In the endomorphism there is a matrix called the endomorphism representation matrix.Keywords: authomorphism, endomophism, mutation Matriks Representasi Endomorfisma Dari Kode Genetik StandarABSTRAKMutasi merupakan perubahan pada materi genetik yang dapat terjadi pada tingkat gen maupun kromosom. Mutasi pada tingkat gen merupakan perubahan struktur dalam kode genetik. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas syarat perlu dan syarat cukup sebuah endomorfisma disebut automorfisma. Metode yang digunakan dalam makalah penelitian ini adalah tinjauan literatur yang dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan literatur dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya sesuai dengan penelitian yang dibahas. Secara matematis, mutasi genetik dapat ditinjau dengan sebuah endomorfisma dan automorfisma pada ruang vektor yang memetakan barisan kode genetik standar gen wild-type ke dalam gen mutan. Pada endomorfisma tersebut terdapat sebuah matriks yang disebut matriks representasi endomorfisma.Kata kunci: Automorfisma, endomorfisma, mutasi Genetik
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Yarus, Michael. "Optimal Evolution of the Standard Genetic Code." Journal of Molecular Evolution 89, no. 1-2 (2021): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-020-09984-8.
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AbstractThe Standard Genetic Code (SGC) exists in every known organism on Earth. SGC evolution via early unique codon assignment, then later wobble, yields coding resembling the near-universal code. Below, later wobble is shown to also create an optimal route to accurate codon assignment. Time of optimal codon assignment matches the previously defined mean time for ordered coding, exhibiting ≥ 90% of SGC order. Accurate evolution is also accessible, sufficiently frequent to appear in populations of 103 to 104 codes. SGC-like coding capacity, code order, and accurate assignments therefore arise together, in one attainable evolutionary intermediate. Examples, which plausibly resemble coding at evolutionary domain separation, are characterized.
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Kumar, Balaji, and Supreet Saini. "Analysis of the optimality of the standard genetic code." Molecular BioSystems 12, no. 8 (2016): 2642–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6mb00262e.
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Many theories have been proposed attempting to explain the origin of the genetic code. In this work, we compare performance of the standard genetic code against millions of randomly generated codes. On left, ability of genetic codes to encode additional information and their robustness to frameshift mutations.
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Yarus, Michael. "Evolution of the Standard Genetic Code." Journal of Molecular Evolution 89, no. 1-2 (2021): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-020-09983-9.
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AbstractA near-universal Standard Genetic Code (SGC) implies a single origin for present Earth life. To study this unique event, I compute paths to the SGC, comparing different plausible histories. Notably, SGC-like coding emerges from traditional evolutionary mechanisms, and a superior route can be identified. To objectively measure evolution, progress values from 0 (random coding) to 1 (SGC-like) are defined: these measure fractions of random-code-to-SGC distance. Progress types are spacing/distance/delta Polar Requirement, detecting space between identical assignments/mutational distance to the SGC/chemical order, respectively. The coding system is based on selected RNAs performing aminoacyl-RNA synthetase reactions. Acceptor RNAs exhibit SGC-like Crick wobble; alternatively, non-wobbling triplets uniquely encode 20 amino acids/start/stop. Triplets acquire 22 functions by stereochemistry, selection, coevolution, or at random. Assignments also propagate to an assigned triplet’s neighborhood via single mutations, but can also decay. A vast code universe makes futile evolutionary paths plentiful. Thus, SGC evolution is critically sensitive to disorder from random assignments. Evolution also inevitably slows near coding completion. The SGC likely avoided these difficulties, and two suitable paths are compared. In late wobble, a majority of non-wobble assignments are made before wobble is adopted. In continuous wobble, a uniquely advantageous early intermediate yields an ordered SGC. Revised coding evolution (limited randomness, late wobble, concentration on amino acid encoding, chemically conservative coevolution with a chemically ordered elite) produces varied full codes with excellent joint progress values. A population of only 600 independent coding tables includes SGC-like members; a Bayesian path toward more accurate SGC evolution is available.
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Yarus, Michael. "Fitting the standard genetic code into its triplet table." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 36 (2021): e2021103118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021103118.
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Minimally evolved codes are constructed here; these have randomly chosen standard genetic code (SGC) triplets, completed with completely random triplet assignments. Such “genetic codes” have not evolved, but retain SGC qualities. Retained qualities are basic, part of the underpinning of coding. For example, the sensitivity of coding to arbitrary assignments, which must be < ∼10%, is intrinsic. Such sensitivity comes from the elementary combinatorial properties of coding and constrains any SGC evolution hypothesis. Similarly, assignment of last-evolved functions is difficult because of late kinetic phenomena, likely common across codes. Census of minimally evolved code assignments shows that shape and size of wobble domains controls the code’s fit into a coding table, strongly shifting accuracy of codon assignments. Access to the SGC therefore requires a plausible pathway to limited randomness, avoiding difficult completion while fitting a highly ordered, degenerate code into a preset three-dimensional space. Three-dimensional late Crick wobble in a genetic code assembled by lateral transfer between early partial codes satisfies these varied, simultaneous requirements. By allowing parallel evolution of SGC domains, this origin can yield shortened evolution to SGC-level order and allow the code to arise in smaller populations. It effectively yields full codes. Less obviously, it unifies previously studied chemical, biochemical, and wobble order in amino acid assignment, including a stereochemical minority of triplet–amino acid associations. Finally, fusion of intermediates into the final SGC is credible, mirroring broadly accepted later cellular evolution.
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Ardell, David H., and Guy Sella. "No accident: genetic codes freeze in error–correcting patterns of the standard genetic code." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1427 (2002): 1625–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1071.
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The standard genetic code poses a challenge in understanding the evolution of information processing at a fundamental level of biological organization. Genetic codes are generally coadapted with, or ‘frozen‘ by, the protein–coding genes that they translate, and so cannot easily change by natural selection. Yet the standard code has a significantly non–random pattern that corrects common errors in the transmission of information in protein–coding genes. Because of the freezing effect and for other reasons, this pattern has been proposed not to be due to selection but rather to be incidental to other evolutionary forces or even entirely accidental. We present results from a deterministic population genetic model of code–message coevolution. We explicitly represent the freezing effect of genes on genetic codes and the perturbative effect of changes in genetic codes on genes. We incorporate characteristic patterns of mutation and translational error, namely, transition bias and positional asymmetry, respectively. Repeated selection over small successive changes produces genetic codes that are substantially, but not optimally, error correcting. In particular, our model reproduces the error–correcting patterns of the standard genetic code. Aspects of our model and results may be applicable to the general problem of adaptation to error in other natural information–processing systems.
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Konjevoda, Paško, and Nikola Štambuk. "Relational model of the standard genetic code." Biosystems 210 (December 2021): 104529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104529.
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Rozhoňová, Hana, Carlos Martí-Gómez, David M. McCandlish, and Joshua L. Payne. "Robust genetic codes enhance protein evolvability." PLOS Biology 22, no. 5 (2024): e3002594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002594.
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The standard genetic code defines the rules of translation for nearly every life form on Earth. It also determines the amino acid changes accessible via single-nucleotide mutations, thus influencing protein evolvability—the ability of mutation to bring forth adaptive variation in protein function. One of the most striking features of the standard genetic code is its robustness to mutation, yet it remains an open question whether such robustness facilitates or frustrates protein evolvability. To answer this question, we use data from massively parallel sequence-to-function assays to construct and analyze 6 empirical adaptive landscapes under hundreds of thousands of rewired genetic codes, including those of codon compression schemes relevant to protein engineering and synthetic biology. We find that robust genetic codes tend to enhance protein evolvability by rendering smooth adaptive landscapes with few peaks, which are readily accessible from throughout sequence space. However, the standard genetic code is rarely exceptional in this regard, because many alternative codes render smoother landscapes than the standard code. By constructing low-dimensional visualizations of these landscapes, which each comprise more than 16 million mRNA sequences, we show that such alternative codes radically alter the topological features of the network of high-fitness genotypes. Whereas the genetic codes that optimize evolvability depend to some extent on the detailed relationship between amino acid sequence and protein function, we also uncover general design principles for engineering nonstandard genetic codes for enhanced and diminished evolvability, which may facilitate directed protein evolution experiments and the bio-containment of synthetic organisms, respectively.
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Massey, Steven E. "The neutral emergence of error minimized genetic codes superior to the standard genetic code." Journal of Theoretical Biology 408 (November 2016): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.022.
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Zamudio, Gabriel, and Marco José. "On the Uniqueness of the Standard Genetic Code." Life 7, no. 1 (2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life7010007.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Standard genetic code"
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Dila, Gopal Krishna. "Motifs de codes circulaires dans les gènes codant les protéines et les ARN ribosomaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAD027.
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La thèse porte sur les motifs du code circulaire X, un code correcteur d'erreurs trouvé dans les gènes, qui ont la capacité de trouver le cadre de lecture. Nous avons étudié la conservation des motifs X dans les gènes de différentes espèces et identifié des pressions sélectives spécifiques pour les maintenir. Nous avons aussi identifié des motifs X universels dans l'ARN ribosomique, situés dans des régions fonctionnelles importantes du ribosome et suggérant que les codes circulaires ont représenté une étape importante dans l'émergence du code génétique standard (SGC). Ensuite, nous avons étudié le rôle fonctionnel des motifs X dans la traduction moderne et identifié une forte corrélation entre l'enrichissement des motifs X et le niveau de traduction des gènes. Enfin, nous avons comparé l'optimalité du code X avec le SGC et d'autres codes circulaires maximaux, et identifié une nouvelle fonctionnalité de X dans la minimisation des effets des erreurs après un décalage du cadre<br>The thesis focuses on motifs of the circular code X, an error-correcting code found in protein-coding genes, which have the ability to synchronize the reading frame. We first investigated the evolutionary conservation of X motifs in genes of different species and identified specific selective pressures to maintain them. We also identified a set of universal X motifs in ribosomal RNAs, which are located in important functional regions of the ribosome and suggest that circular codes represented an important step in the emergence of the standard genetic code (SGC). Then, we investigated the functional role of X motifs in modern translation processes and identified a strong correlation between X motif enrichment in genes and translation levels. Finally, we compared the frameshift optimality of the circular code X with the SGC and other maximal circular codes, and identified a new functionality of the code X in minimizing the effects of translation errors after frameshift events
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D’Agnese, Daniele. "Strumenti per la generazione automatica di documentazione di profili d’uso di linguaggi standard basati su Core Components." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2702/.
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(9719168), Michael James Greenan. "AFRICAN AMERICAN SPIRITUALS AND THE BIBLE: SELECTING TEXTS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTRUCTION." Thesis, 2020.
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<p>The research in this thesis attempts to select texts from the African American Spirituals and the Bible that are appropriate for secondary language arts instruction, specifically for grades 9-12. The paper first gives an overview of legal justifications and educational reasons for teaching religious literature in public schools. Then, relevant educational standards are discussed, and, using the standards as an initial guide, I identify common themes within the Spirituals and Bible, which, from my analysis of various literatures, are slavery, chosenness, and coded language. Next, I describe my systematic effort to choose texts from the Spirituals and the Bible. To help accomplish this, I draw primarily from two tomes: <i>Go Down Moses: Celebrating the African-American Spiritual</i> and <i>Biblical Literacy: The Essential Bible Stories Everyone Needs to Know</i>. After I describe the research process of selecting texts, I form judgments about which biblical passages and African American Spirituals are particularly worthy of study, along with their applicable and mutual themes. </p>
Books on the topic "Standard genetic code"
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Walters, Charles. Minerals for the Genetic Code: An Exposition & Anaylsis of the Dr. Olree Standard Genetic Periodic Chart & the Physical, Chemical & Biological Connection. Acres U.S.A., 2006.
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Lentzos, Filippa. Genetic Engineering and Biological Risks. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.66.
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This chapter serves three objectives. First, it provides a narrative account of key developments in core bioengineering technologies. Second, it critically interrogates the emergence and evolution of regulatory regimes aimed at responding to perceived risks associated with these technological capabilities, highlighting how these have primarily relied on establishing ‘soft’ forms of control rather than hard edged legal frameworks backed by coercive sanctions, largely in the form of self-regulation by the scientific research community (with some notification provisions to keep the relevant government informed). Third, it provides an analysis of this regulatory evolution, focusing on the narrow construction of risk, and flagging up the possibility of alternative framings, which might have generated more inclusive and deliberative approaches to standard-setting and oversight.
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Risk-based food inspection manual for the Caribbean. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275121238.
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[Introduction] This manual contains guidance for risk-based inspections of food processing, preparation, retail and restaurants that countries can consult and adapt/adopt in developing a risk-based food business inspection program for their specific context. It is intended to help countries implement risk-based inspection systems that are consistent with international standards. This document builds on the FAO Risk Based Food Inspection manual (2008) and draws on the more recent guidance developed for governments by Codex Alimentarius, in particular, the Principles and Guidelines for National Food Control Systems (CAC/GL 82-2013) and the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969). Table of contents RISK-BASED FOOD INSPECTION MANUAL FOR THE CARIBBEAN | Contributions and Acknowledgement | SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION | SECTION 2 - GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND TERMINOLOGY | Guiding Principles | Terminology | SECTION 3 - RISK-BASED INSPECTION PLANNING AND REPORTING | National Food Profiles | Risk categorization for food | Risk categorization for food businesses | Risk-based inspection planning | General | Establishing inspection priorities | Developing an annual plan | Risk Based Inspection System Reporting | Delivery of planned activities | Program effectiveness | Conclusion | SECTION 4 - PROCEDURES FOR RISK BASED INSPECTION | Types or categories of food business inspection | General guidance | Preparation for the inspection | INSPECTION GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES | Opening meeting | Guidance 1: Opening Meeting (Medium to large food businesses) | Guidance 2: Opening meeting (Micro and Small food businesses) | Documentation Review | Guidance 3: Documentation review of food businesses with written food control processes | Outside review | Guidance 4: Food business: Outside exterior inspection | Guidance 5: Food business (without a permanent building) outside inspection | Inside review | Guidance 6: Food business (inside) inspection | Guidance 7: Bakeries | Guidance 8: Bottling drinks | Guidance 9: Eggs | Guidance 10: Fish and Fish products | Guidance 11: Market vendors, bulk sales of fruit, vegetables, spices, rice, pulses | Guidance 12: Milk, Dairy | Guidance 13: Poultry and Meat | Guidance 14: Restaurant/Cooked Food | Guidance 15: Retail | Guidance 16: Street food | Guidance 17: Warehouses, Storage facilities | Closing meeting, reporting and follow up | Guidance 18: Medium to Large Food Businesses | Guidance 19: Small and Micro Food Businesses | APPENDIX | Appendix 1: National food profiles | Appendix 2: Food Risks (Information and examples) | Appendix 3: Food business risk scores (draft) form | Appendix 4: Rating guide | Decision tree for rating level of non-compliance | Appendix 5: Inspection Report and Corrective Action Form | Appendix 6: Guidance on Labelling Review (Generic) | Appendix 7: Planning Example | Appendix 8: Case Studies | Case study 1: Retail | Case study 2: Small manufacturer of condiments | Case study 3: street food (doubles) | GLOSSARY | REFERENCES
Book chapters on the topic "Standard genetic code"
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He, Matthew, Z. B. Hu, and Sergey V. Petoukhov. "Standard Genetic Code and Golden Ratio Cubes." In Advances in Artificial Systems for Medicine and Education II. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12082-5_3.
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Aloqalaa, Daniyah A., Dariusz R. Kowalski, Paweł Błażej, Małgorzata Wnȩtrzak, Dorota Mackiewicz, and Paweł Mackiewicz. "The Properties of the Standard Genetic Code and Its Selected Alternatives in Terms of the Optimal Graph Partition." In Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46970-2_9.
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Zhang, Linru, Yuechen Chen, Jun Zhang, Meiqi He, and Siu-Ming Yiu. "From Quadratic Functions to Polynomials: Generic Functional Encryption from Standard Assumptions." In Codes, Cryptology and Information Security. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16458-4_10.
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Müller, Rainer, and Martin Karkowski. "Generic Modeling Technique for Flexible and Highly Available Assembly Systems." In Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2021. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74032-0_1.
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AbstractTo face the major challenges posed by the increasing product variants with shortening life cycles and fluctuating market conditions, modular and adaptable assembly systems are used. Their strong dependency on software creates a new void in the planning and implementation processes of these assembly systems. Usually, the programmer fills this void based on his knowledge, which leads to frequent and large adaptations of the code base. This is rather counter-productive. To address this challenge, we developed a generic user-friendly graphical API (Application Programming Interface) for a process owner in our previous work (Müller et al, Proc CIRP 81:730–735, 2019, [1]). This API can describe any assembly system and the associated task and is used to get the boilerplate code needed to execute the process on a programmable logic controller (PLC)—the standard hardware used in the industry. In this paper, the virtual description of an assembly system used by the API is extended to include a goal-oriented task description by defining the process and the structure. We believe that this extension provides the proper abstraction needed by the process owner. In addition, this extension significantly reduces the modeling effort.
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Margaria, Tiziana, Hafiz Ahmad Awais Chaudhary, Ivan Guevara, Stephen Ryan, and Alexander Schieweck. "The Interoperability Challenge: Building a Model-Driven Digital Thread Platform for CPS." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89159-6_25.
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AbstractWith the heterogeneity of the industry 4.0 world, and more generally of the Cyberphysical Systems realm, the quest towards a platform approach to solve the interoperability problem is front and centre to any system and system-of-systems project. Traditional approaches cover individual aspects, like data exchange formats and published interfaces. They may adhere to some standard, however they hardly cover the production of the integration layer, which is implemented as bespoke glue code that is hard to produce and even harder to maintain. Therefore, the traditional integration approach often leads to poor code quality, further increasing the time and cost and reducing the agility, and a high reliance on the individual development skills. We are instead tackling the interoperability challenge by building a model driven/low-code Digital Thread platform that 1) systematizes the integration methodology, 2) provides methods and techniques for the individual integrations based on a layered Domain Specific Languages (DSL) approach, 3) through the DSLs it covers the integration space domain by domain, technology by technology, and is thus highly generalizable and reusable, 4) showcases a first collection of examples from the domains of robotics, IoT, data analytics, AI/ML and web applications, 5) brings cohesiveness to the aforementioned heterogeneous platform, and 6) is easier to understand and maintain, even by not specialized programmers. We showcase the power, versatility and the potential of the Digital Thread platform on four interoperability case studies: the generic extension to REST services, to robotics through the UR family of robots, to the integration of various external databases (for data integration) and to the provision of data analytics capabilities in R.
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Valatin, Gregory. "Forest Green Infrastructure and the Carbon Storage and Substitution Benefits of Harvested Wood Products." In Ecological Research Monographs. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6791-6_26.
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AbstractForest Green Infrastructure (FGI) provides society with a wide range of benefits. Significant climate change mitigation benefits arise outside the forest associated with the use of harvested wood products. These include both carbon storage in wood products and carbon substitution benefits associated with the use of wood instead of more fossil energy-intensive materials such as concrete and steel, or of fossil fuels in energy production. This chapter considers the potential of extending coverage of the UK Woodland Carbon Code to the carbon benefits of wood products associated with woodland creation projects. It builds on previous approaches to including the carbon benefits of harvested wood products under existing carbon market standards. The key recommendations include (1) exploring ways of allocating carbon units between woodland owners and wood users that provide incentives to increase the quality and supply of timber, the carbon storage and substitution benefits per unit of wood, as well as the overall benefit to society; (2) consideration of potential double-counting issues and how these can be minimized; and (3) investigating rebound and leakage effects, which affect by how much fossil fuel use in the economy changes as a result of increased woodfuel use. Depending on the management system and species used, woodland creation projects involving wood harvesting may increase overall carbon benefits once carbon storage and substitution benefits have been accounted for particularly over multiple rotations. Further work would be required to assess whether average and generic values of carbon storage and substitution benefits could be incorporated into the UK Woodland Carbon Code’s project-level accounting and impacts on the levels of carbon credits that could then be claimed.
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Birtwistle, Tim, and Robert Wagenaar. "Re-Thinking an Educational Model Suitable for 21st Century Needs." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_29.
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Abstract How should learning in higher education best meet the challenges posed by the many changes in society and employment? If graduates are knowledgeable in a particular field of studies and are trained in key generic competences/transferable skills to allow for autonomy and responsibility, is that enough? Is it being achieved? Or are new and diverse sets of learning models (Lifelong Learning or the 60 Year Curriculum) needed? Learners must be empowered to operate as responsible and active citizens in their society and be successful participants in a dynamic labour market. Society will require continuous (re-)training to handle rapid technological and societal changes. To stay relevant as autonomous educational providers, higher education institutions will have to change their formats of learning and teaching. A revised higher education model demands a highly flexible format to cater for individualised learning pathways, based on three key components: (1) a particular field of studies (thematic or disciplinary)—the core—(2) a fully integrated set of transferable skills and (3) a large set of learning units of various sizes covering a flexible curriculum. Can it respond to five societal challenges in each component: interculturalism; processes of information and communication; processes of governance and decision making; ethics, norms, values and professional standards and the impact of climate change? Measuring and Comparing Achievements of Learning Outcomes in Higher Education in Europe (CALOHEE), an EU funded project envisages a new model. The paper will partly be based on the (initial) findings of this project. International cooperation in the context of the EHEA is essential to engage all, and make a change.
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"Polytopes of the Highest Dimension in the Theory of Heredity." In The Classes of Higher Dimensional Polytopes in Chemical, Physical, and Biological Systems. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8374-6.ch011.
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On the basis of images of higher dimension of nucleic acids, the properties of the interaction of nucleic acids with each other have been studied. It was found that the region of interaction of nucleic acids is a cross-polytope of dimension 13 (the polytope of genetical information). Its structure indicates that the interaction of nucleic acids has a hidden order, according to which the number of standard amino acids exactly corresponds to the number of possible locations of nitrogenous bases in the polytope of hereditary information. This leads to the absence of the need to introduce the concept of the genetic code. It has been shown that DNA methylation leads to a significant increase in DNA informational activity, which makes it possible to resist a viral infection.
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Mosbah, Mustafa, Redha Djamel Mohammedi, and Salem Arif. "Distributed Sources Optimal Sites and Sizes Search in Large Power Systems." In Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95266.
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The integration of renewable sources into the power system has now become an unavoidable necessity for these technical and economic advantages and for the protection of the environment. In this chapter, a study is given for the integration of the Distributed Source (DS) in an optimal way and this by looking for the best location (sites) and the best power to be injected (size). The optimization technique used is based on genetic algorithms under technical and safety constraints, with the aim of minimizing active network losses and maximizing voltage stability. These objective functions are handled as a single and multi-objective problem. This study is applied on the standard IEEE 30 bus network under the MATLAB code.
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do Céu Santos, Maria, and Manuel A. S. Santos. "Structural and molecular features of non-standard genetic codes." In Codon Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199601165.003.0017.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Standard genetic code"
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Silva, Maísa de Carvalho, Lariza Laura De Oliveira, and Renato Tinós. "Optimization of Expanded Genetic Codes via Genetic Algorithms." In XV Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2018.4440.
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In the last decades, researchers have proposed the use of genetically modified organisms that utilize unnatural amino acids, i.e., amino acids other than the 20 amino acids encoded in the standard genetic code. Unnatural amino acids have been incorporated into genetically engineered organisms for the development of new drugs, fuels and chemicals. When new amino acids are incorporated, it is necessary to modify the standard genetic code. Expanded genetic codes have been created without considering the robustness of the code. The objective of this work is the use of genetic algorithms (GAs) for the optimization of expanded genetic codes. The GA indicates which codons of the standard genetic code should be used to encode a new unnatural amino acid. The fitness function has two terms; one for robustness of the new code and another that takes into account the frequency of use of amino acids. Experiments show that, by controlling the weighting between the two terms, it is possible to obtain more or less amino acid substitutions at the same time that the robustness is minimized.
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Nowak, Kuba, Paweł Błażej, Małgorzata Wnetrzak, Dorota Mackiewicz, and Paweł Mackiewicz. "The Extension of the Standard Genetic Code via Optimal Codon Blocks Division." In 12th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods and Algorithms. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010215500002865.
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Nowak, Kuba, Paweł Błażej, Małgorzata Wnetrzak, Dorota Mackiewicz, and Paweł Mackiewicz. "The Extension of the Standard Genetic Code via Optimal Codon Blocks Division." In 12th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods and Algorithms. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010215500300037.
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Wnetrzak, Małgorzata, Paweł Błażej, and Paweł Mackiewicz. "Properties of the Standard Genetic Code and Its Alternatives Measured by Codon Usage from Corresponding Genomes." In 11th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods and Algorithms. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008981000440051.
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Wnetrzak, Małgorzata, Paweł Błażej, and Paweł Mackiewicz. "Properties of the Standard Genetic Code and Its Alternatives Measured by Codon Usage from Corresponding Genomes." In 11th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods and Algorithms. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008981000002513.
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Balaban, Alexandru T., and Milan Randic. "New Chessboard (8×8) Representation of the Standard Genetic Code, and Its Application for Representing Primary Structures of Proteins." In 2008 International Conference on Biocomputation, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Technologies (BIOTECHNO). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biotechno.2008.30.
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Froese, Tom, Jorge I. Campos, and Nathaniel Virgo. "An iterated learning approach to the origins of the standard genetic code can help to explain its sequence of amino acid assignments." In The 2018 Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00033.
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Poehlmann, Fiete, and Dieter Bestle. "Multi-Objective Compressor Design Optimization Using Multi-Design Transfer Between Codes of Different Fidelity." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68577.
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The use of optimization has become a standard in turbomachinery design. Within several design processes different analysis tools with increasing fidelity are combined to provide more and more reliable information on the compressor behavior, however, at the cost of increased evaluation time. Therefore, optimization processes have to exploit the full potential of low-fidelity codes with low computation time and have to use the optimization results as good starting points for more costly optimization steps based on high-fidelity codes. In case of multi-objective optimization, the intermediate results are not just single solutions but complete Pareto-fronts which have to be transferred from one design code to the next. Performing independent optimizations for each low-fidelity Pareto-solution with a high-fidelity code would be rather time consuming and inefficient. In order to decrease optimization time, a multi-design transfer approach is proposed in this paper. An additional integer parameter is introduced to identify the low-fidelity Pareto-solutions and serves as additional design variable for the high-fidelity optimization sub-process. This results in a mixed-integer optimization problem where genetic algorithms typically have the tendency of premature convergence to local optima due to an early selection of few specific values for the integer parameter. As a solution to this issue an extended problem formulation with respect to the integer parameter is introduced, which allows to firstly improve each of the low-fidelity inputs during high-fidelity optimization and then to converge to the final Pareto-front. The method is applied to a compressor design problem where a low-fidelity 1D meanline code is combined with a higher-fidelity 2D streamline curvature method. Different strategies of integrating these codes in a common process are discussed and assessed with respect to their solution sets and effort.
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Lutkiewicz, Przemyslaw. "Designing and Optimising Duplex/Superduplex Compact Flanges to Negate HISC in Subsea Applications." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-61347.
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Abstract Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) is a phenomena related with metals, with potentially severe consequences when utilizing Duplex / Super Duplex stainless steels in subsea equipment exposed to Cathodic Protection (CP). In general, the three conditions need to be present: hydrogen source (CP), susceptible material (Duplex/Super Duplex stainless steel) and high stresses/strains. The third one can be related with loads, calculation promises and parts design in general (for example risers). The designing rules to minimize the risk of HISC failure are still in development and the latest state of art is presented in DNVGL-RP-F112 June 2018 edition. The Compact Flange (CF) is much lighter and more robust connection than standard ASME or API types as the CF design methodology is based on plastic capacity which is presented in the ISO-27509 code. However, ISO standardization covers only topside applications (with IX seal ring type), pressure class range up to CL2500 and simplified face angles methodology. The ISO-27509 flanges are not HISC proven. Therefore, to deal with HISC requirements and subsea conditions the SPO-S (Subsea) flange series with HX seal ring type was defined and type approved by DNVGL based on extensive FEA documentation, testing and field experience. The SPO-S range has, currently, only HISC compliant designs for the 5K, 7.5K, 10K and 15K flange ranges. For the projects where the Duplex / Super Duplex flanges are used subsea with CP, consideration for HISC still must be addressed. For such cases, the process is not straight forward and often many FEA rounds are needed depending on the engineer’s experience and project related restrictions. The process is time consuming and every decision reflects many aspects to finalize the design. Genetic Algorithms (GA) are a good optimization tools to use in such situations, because at the end, the engineer will only get few design propositions to choose from, and the process itself, is highly automated. In the following paper the results for HISC optimized CF flange connection will be presented and compared with standard ISO-27509 flange design. The GA optimization steps and designing process will also be presented in the same example. Commercial FEA code ANSYS will be used for calculations based on parametrical model and GA implemented by APDL scripting. The following optimization method is already in use for HISC related projects.
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Ton-That, Marc, Christine Vauglin, and Gilbert Trillon. "Main Evolutions of the RCC-C Design and Construction Code for Fuel Assemblies Since 2015." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81436.
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AFCEN is a French Standard Development Organization which publishes codes for design, construction and in-service inspection rules for Pressurized Water Reactors. The fields covered by theses codes are mechanical components, in-service surveillance of mechanical components, electrical equipments, nuclear fuel, civil works and fire protection. AFCEN was initially founded by electric utility EDF and nuclear steam supply system manufacturer FRAMATOME. AFCEN has more than 60 institutional members, representing more than 650 experts who contribute to the development and continuous improvement of codes. The RCC-C code, which is dedicated to PWR fuel assemblies and associated core components, set forth generic requirements to be fulfilled by the suppliers and by the manufacturers for the design justifications and for the manufacturing and inspection operations of PWR fuel assemblies and rod cluster control assemblies. The RCC-C is intended to be used in the frame of contractual relations between a customer (nuclear operator) and a nuclear fuel supplier. The first edition was published in 1981. Over the years, many changes have been made to the original text but the structure hasn’t been much modified. Because of this, the text was becoming less coherent for the users and was lacking also minimal explanations. A redesign of the code was scheduled for the 2015 edition to address those problems. With the involvement of fuel vendors FRAMATOME, WESTINGHOUSE, and French nuclear operator EDF, the text was restructured and clarified. New requirements were implemented and the set of both design and manufacturing rules was strengthened to reflect fuel vendors’ practices and operator expectations. This article explains the main modifications that were implemented since the 2015 edition, and also outlines the prospects for future changes taking into account the latest regulatory requirements and evolutions of the industrial practices.
Reports on the topic "Standard genetic code"
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UK, Ipsos. Survey of public attitudes towards precision breeding. Food Standards Agency, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ouv127.
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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Bill is currently going through Parliament. Although this bill is ‘England only’ and food and feed safety and hygiene is a devolved issue, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) will introduce a separate regulatory framework for precision bred organisms (PBOs), should the Bill become law. The FSA will also work with stakeholders in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumers’ interests are protected in relation to PBOs. The FSA / Food Standard Scotland (FSS) is science and evidence led. In August 2022, the FSA and FSS commissioned Ipsos UK to conduct a two-phase social research project on precision breeding. Phase One, now complete, involved a survey of 4,177 UK residents with robust samples in each UK nation to allow comparisons between and within nations. Phase Two, scheduled to start in September 2022 and report in early 2023, will comprise a series of Citizens’ Forums in England, Wales and Northern Ireland(footnote 1). The overall aims of this project are to: explore consumer attitudes towards precision breeding gather consumer views on the FSA’s proposed regulatory framework understand consumer information needs inform how to communicate with consumers about precision breeding. This document presents interim findings for this project, reporting descriptive data from Phase One. Phase One’s core aims were to provide a snapshot of consumers’ awareness and self-assessed knowledge of precision breeding, its perceived acceptability, risks and benefits, and consumer appetite for information about this production method. These data show that awareness of precision breeding is very low, something which should be borne in mind when considering these findings. While these data reveal that there is a general openness to trying precision bred foods across the UK, with more people anticipating benefits than disbenefits from the use of precision breeding, there is a large degree of uncertainty about what impact precision bred foods may have on the different parts of the food system. This is reflected in the relatively large proportions of people taking a neutral stance or indicating they do not know enough to answer survey questions and in the strong appetite expressed for information about precision breeding to be provided. The next phase of this project will be essential for the FSA’s ability to interpret these findings’ implications, and to understand what is informing consumers’ views. The purpose of Phase One has always been to let the FSA know ‘what’ consumers think about precision breeding; Phase Two’s purpose is to build our understanding ‘why’ they think it. This will allow the FSA to develop a more nuanced understanding of consumers’ needs and incorporate this into the design of the future regulatory framework and any engagement with consumers on precision breeding. FSS will be carrying out further research in Scotland.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.
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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.