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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Tidriri, M. D. Mathematical analysis of the Navier-Stokes equations with non standard boundary conditions. Hampton, Va: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, 1995.

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2

B, Straughan, ed. Non-standard and improperly posed problems. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press, 1997.

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3

Daywitt, William C. Horn design equations for the NBS horn-type noise standards. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1987.

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4

Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE standards multivalue logic system for VHDL model interoperability (Std-logic-1164). New York, NY: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1993.

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5

Zeng, Lingjia. Standard errors of linear equating for the single-group design. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Programs, 1991.

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6

Zeng, Lingjia. Standard errors of linear equating for the single-group design. Iowa City: American College Testing Program, 1991.

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7

Fraser, Marlow, ed. The engagement equation: Leadership strategies for an inspired workforce. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012.

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8

1962-, Kruse Alfred, ed. Properties of water and steam: The industrial standard IAPWS-IF97 for the thermodynamic properties and supplementary equations for other properties : tables based on these equations. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998.

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9

Glovackaya, Alevtina. Computational model. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1013723.

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The textbook covers the basics of classical numerical methods of computational mathematics used for solving linear and nonlinear equations and systems; interpolation and approximation of functions; numerical integration and differentiation; solutions of ordinary differential equations by methods of one-dimensional and multidimensional optimization. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the discipline "Numerical methods".
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10

Lee, Stuart M. C. Variability of prediction of maximal oxygen consumption on the cycle ergometer using standard equations. Houston, Tx: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 1993.

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11

L, Brennan Robert, ed. Test equating: Methods and practices. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

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12

Fairbank, Ben. Equipercentile test equating: The effects of presmoothing and postsmoothing on the magnitude of sample-dependent errors. Brooks Air Force Base, Tex: Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, 1985.

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13

Kolen, Michael J. Test equating, scaling, and linking: Methods and practices. New York: Springer, 2014.

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14

L, Brennan Robert, and Kolen Michael J, eds. Test equating, scaling, and linking: Methods and practices. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2004.

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15

Wolfgang, Wagner. International steam tables: Properties of water and steam based on the industrial formulation IAPWS-IF97 : tables, algorithms, diagrams, and CD-ROM electronic steam tables : all of the equations of IAPWS-IF97 including a complete set of supplementary backward equations for fast calculations of heat cycles, boilers, and steam turbines. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

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16

Seslavin, Andrey. Theory of automatic control. Linear, continuous systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014654.

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The textbook presents the basics of the classical theory of automatic control, based on mathematical models of real systems, given in the form of systems of linear differential equations with constant coefficients. Methods based on Laplace and Fourier transforms, stability, controllability, and observability theory, as well as directed graph theory and linear algebra are used. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas of training and specialties 15.00.00 "Mechanical Engineering", 27.00.00 "Management in technical systems".
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17

Shevchenko, Alesya. Numerical methods. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996207.

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The textbook describes the basics of numerical methods for solving problems of mathematical analysis, linear algebra and ordinary differential equations. Considerable attention is paid to the issues of algorithmization of methods. It can be used when performing laboratory, course, final qualification and research works. Each topic contains a theoretical justification and a large number of examples of solving practical problems using the Maple mathematical package. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students, postgraduates, university teachers, as well as for engineers and researchers who use numerical methods to solve applied problems.
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18

Blake, Temple, ed. General relativistic self-similar waves that induce an anomalous acceleration into the standard model of cosmology. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2012.

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19

Babeshko, Lyudmila, Mihail Bich, and Irina Orlova. Econometrics and econometric modeling. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1141216.

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The textbook covers a wide range of issues related to econometric modeling. Regression models are the core of econometric modeling, so the issues of their evaluation, testing of assumptions, adjustment and verification are given a significant place. Various aspects of multiple regression models are included: multicollinearity, dummy variables, and lag structure of variables. Methods of linearization and estimation of nonlinear models are considered. An apparatus for evaluating systems of simultaneous and apparently unrelated equations is presented. Attention is paid to time series models. Detailed solutions of the examples in Excel and the R software environment are included. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For undergraduate and graduate students studying in the field of "Economics", the curriculum of which includes the disciplines "Econometrics"," Econometric Modeling","Econometric research".
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20

Yudaev, Vasiliy. Hydraulics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996354.

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The textbook corresponds to the general education programs of the general courses "Hydraulics" and "Fluid Mechanics". The basic physical properties of liquids, gases, and their mixtures, including the quantum nature of viscosity in a liquid, are described; the laws of hydrostatics, their observation in natural phenomena, and their application in engineering are described. The fundamentals of the kinematics and dynamics of an incompressible fluid are given; original examples of the application of the Bernoulli equation are given. The modes of fluid motion are supplemented by the features of the transient flow mode at high local resistances. The basics of flow similarity are shown. Laminar and turbulent modes of motion in pipes are described, and the classification of flows from a creeping current to four types of hypersonic flow around the body is given. The coefficients of nonuniformity of momentum and kinetic energy for several flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are calculated. Examples of solving problems of transient flows by hydraulic methods are given. Local hydraulic resistances, their use in measuring equipment and industry, hydraulic shock, polytropic flow of gas in the pipe and its outflow from the tank are considered. The characteristics of different types of pumps, their advantages and disadvantages, and ways of adjustment are described. A brief biography of the scientists mentioned in the textbook is given, and their contribution to the development of the theory of hydroaeromechanics is shown. The four appendices can be used as a reference to the main text, as well as a subject index. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions who study full-time, part-time, evening, distance learning forms of technological and mechanical specialties belonging to the group "Food Technology".
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21

Rajeev, S. G. Spectral Methods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0013.

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Thenumerical solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs)with boundary conditions is studied here. Functions are approximated by polynomials in a Chebychev basis. Sections then cover spectral discretization, sampling, interpolation, differentiation, integration, and the basic ODE. Following Trefethen et al., differential operators are approximated as rectangular matrices. Boundary conditions add additional rows that turn them into square matrices. These can then be diagonalized using standard linear algebra methods. After studying various simple model problems, this method is applied to the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, deriving results originally due to Orszag. The difficulties of pushing spectral methods to higher dimensions are outlined.
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22

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Electrochemistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0020.

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This chapter explores electrochemistry, from the fundamental observations associated with the Daniel Cell to redox reactions and the Nernst equation. As throughout the book, all the discussions are based on rigorous first principles, with each step carefully explained, and deduced logically from previous material. Topics covered include electrodes and electrode potentials, half-cells and half-cell reactions, electrochemical cells, the electromotive force, standard reversible electrode potentials, oxidising and reducing agents, redox reactions, and the half-cell Nernst equation, and the full reaction Nernst equation.
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23

Zeitlin, Vladimir. Rotating Shallow-Water model with Horizontal Density and/or Temperature Gradients. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0014.

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The derivation of rotating shallow-water equations by vertical averaging and columnar motion hypothesis is repeated without supposing horizontal homogeneity of density/potential temperature. The so-called thermal rotating shallow-water model arises as the result. The model turns to be equivalent to gas dynamics with a specific equation of state. It is shown that it possesses Hamiltonian structure and can be derived from a variational principle. Its solution at low Rossby numbers should obey the thermo-geostrophic equilibrium, replacing the standard geostrophic equilibrium. The wave spectrum of the model is analysed, and the appearance of a whole new class of vortex instabilities of convective type, resembling asymmetric centrifugal instability and leading to a strong mixing at nonlinear stage, is demonstrated.
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24

Saitoh, E. Topological spin current. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses another type of equilibrium-spin current similar to the exchange-spin current—the topological spin current. Topological spin currents are driven by topological-band structure and classified into bulk and surface topological spin currents. The former is confined onto electron-band manifolds, sometimes affecting their motions. This confinement is addressed through the standard method of combining the equations of motion and the Boltzmann equation for semi-classical electrons in a band. The latter class, on the other hand, is a surface-spin current, which is limited near surfaces of a three-dimensional system and flows along these surfaces. This type is known to appear in topological insulators, where the bulk is insulating but the surface or edge is electrically conducting due to the surface or edge state.
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25

Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves/Standard Isa-S75.011985 (Standards & Practices for Instrumentation & Control). Instrumentation Systems &, 1985.

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26

Steane, Andrew M. Relativity Made Relatively Easy Volume 2. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895646.001.0001.

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This is a textbook on general relativity and cosmology for a physics undergraduate or an entry-level graduate course. General relativity is the main subject; cosmology is also discussed in considerable detail (enough for a complete introductory course). Part 1 introduces concepts and deals with weak-field applications such as gravitation around ordinary stars, gravimagnetic effects and low-amplitude gravitational waves. The theory is derived in detail and the physical meaning explained. Sources, energy and detection of gravitational radiation are discussed. Part 2 develops the mathematics of differential geometry, along with physical applications, and discusses the exact treatment of curvature and the field equations. The electromagnetic field and fluid flow are treated, as well as geodesics, redshift, and so on. Part 3 then shows how the field equation is solved in standard cases such as Schwarzschild-Droste, Reissner-Nordstrom, Kerr, and internal stellar structure. Orbits and related phenomena are obtained. Black holes are described in detail, including horizons, wormholes, Penrose process and Hawking radiation. Part 4 covers cosmology, first in terms of metric, then dynamics, structure formation and observational methods. The meaning of cosmic expansion is explained at length. Recombination and last scattering are calculated, and the quantitative analysis of the CMB is sketched. Inflation is introduced briefly but quantitatively. Part 5 is a brief introduction to classical field theory, including spinors and the Dirac equation, proceeding as far as the Einstein-Hilbert action. Throughout the book the emphasis is on making the mathematics as clear as possible, and keeping in touch with physical observations.
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27

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. The biochemical standard state. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0023.

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Applying thermodynamics to biological systems requires the use of the biochemical standard state. Many texts do not mention the biochemical standard state, and most of those that do dismiss it in three sentences: ‘The equilibrium constant K refers to pH 0. For biological systems, that’s not convenient, and so the biochemical standard state is defined as pH 7. K then becomes K ′. When K ′ replaces K in all the equations, everything works’. This is most unsatisfactory: it is not obvious why K is linked to pH 0, and replacing K by K ′ seems to be a typographical trick. This chapter therefore explains clearly why K relates to pH 0, why this is important, how K ′ relates to the biologically more relevant pH 7, how the biochemical standard is defined and used, and how equations based on conventional standards can be transformed to the biochemical standard.
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28

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Enthalpy and thermochemistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0006.

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Definition and mathematics of enthalpy. Definition of heat capacity at constant pressure as CP = (∂H/∂T)V. Endothermic and exothermic reactions. Role of the change in enthalpy as regards the direction and spontaneity of a change in state. Enthalpy changes and phase changes. Measuring enthalpy changes by calorimetry. Hess’s law of constant heat formation. Chemical standards and standard states. Standard enthalpies of formation, ionic enthalpies and bond energies. How the change in enthalpy varies with temperature. Kirchhoff’s equations. Applications of thermochemistry to a variety of worked examples, including flames and explosions.
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29

Straughan, Brian, and William F. Ames. Non-Standard and Improperly Posed Problems. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 1997.

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30

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Acids, bases and buffer solutions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0017.

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Many reactions in solution involve acids and bases, and so this chapter examines these important reactions in detail. Topics covered include the ionisation of water, pH, pOH, acids and bases, conjugate acids and conjugate bases, acid and base dissociation constants, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the Henderson-Hasselbalch approximation, buffer solutions and buffer capacity. A unique feature of this chapter is a ‘first principles’ analysis of how a reaction buffered at a particular pH achieves an equilibrium composition different from that of the same reaction taking place in an unbuffered solution. This introduces some concepts which are important in understanding the biochemical standard state, as required for Chapter 23.
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31

Shore, Bruce W. Our Changing Views of Photons. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862857.001.0001.

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This book describes the changing views of the physics community toward photons, and how photons are viewed today in several contexts. The first portion, a ninechapter Memoir with few equations and many definitions, explains the changing view of physicists toward radiation and its wave-particle photons, written for those with interest but possibly without technical background. It gives operational definitions that have been used for photons and their association with quantum-state manipulations that include Quantum Information, astronomical sources and crowds of photons, the boxed fields of cavity Quantum Electrodynamics It defines, qualitatively, the historical photons of Planck, Einstein, Compton, and Bohr, the later photons of Dirac, Feynman, and Glauber, and the photon constituents of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. It points to contemporary photons as causers of change to atoms, as carriers of messages, and as subject to controllable creation and alteration. A second portion, of three tutorial appendices, explains the mathematical background of quantum theory and radiation needed by those whose profession involves photonics and who therefore want more detailed understanding of the Memoir portion: quantum theory and the Schrodinger equation for quantum-state manipulation; Maxwell equations for electromagnetism with wave modes that become photons through a quantization postulate, possibly exhibiting quantum entanglement; and the coupling of atoms and fields to create quasiparticles that are seen as slow and stored light pulses. As with other Memoirs, the present book has idiosyncrasies of the author. Most notably, on the opening page of each chapter, and at the end of the book, is a cartoon drawn by the author, as a grad student, that reflects the changing views of a PhD aspirant toward the grad school experience as he progressed through the graduate school of MIT in the 1950s.
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32

IEEE standard inverse-time characteristic equations for overcurrent relays. New York, N.Y., USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1997.

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33

(Editor), Richard G. Allen, Ivan A. Walter (Editor), Ronald Elliot (Editor), Terry Howell (Editor), Daniel Itenfisu (Editor), and Marvin Jensen (Editor), eds. The ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005.

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34

Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Short-term Changes in the Mean: 2. Truncation and Threshold Selection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0014.

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The selection intensity, the mean change in a trait within a generation expressed in phenotypic standard deviations, provides an important metric for comparing the strength of selection over designs. Further, under truncation selection (only individuals above some threshold leave offspring), the selection intensity is a function of the fraction saved, and hence the breeder's equation is often expressed in terms of the selection intensity. An important special case of truncation selection is a threshold trait, wherein an individual only expresses a particular phenotype when its underlying liability value exceeds some threshold. This chapter examines selection on such traits, and generalizes this binary-trait setting (with binomial residuals) to other classes of discrete traits, wherein some underling linear model (generating the threshold) is this transformed via a generalized linear mixed model into an observed trait value.
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35

Kachelriess, Michael. Gravity as a gauge theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802877.003.0019.

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The vielbein formalism is developed as a tool to determine the coupling of matter to gravity. After determining the relation to the standard formalism, the action and the field equations of gravity are introduced. The linearised Einstein equations which describe the weak-field limit of gravity are derived.
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36

Vern, Putz-Anderson, Garg Arun, and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Division of Biomedical and Behavioral Science, eds. Applications manual for the revised NIOSH lifting equation. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Biomedical and Behavioral Science, 1994.

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37

Succi, Sauro. Out of Legoland: Geoflexible Lattice Boltzmann Equations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0023.

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The LBEs discussed to this point lag behind “best in class” Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods for the simulation of fluid flows in realistically complicated geometries, such as those presented by most industrial devices. This traces back to the constraint of working along the light-cones of a uniform spacetime. Various methods have been proposed to remedy this unsatisfactory state of affairs. Among others, a natural strategy is to acquire geometrical flexibility from well-established techniques which can afford it, namely Finite Volumes (FV), Finite Differences (FD) and Finite Elements (FE). Alternatively, one can stick to the cartesian geometry of standard LB, and work at progressive levels of local grid refinement. This Chapter presents the general ideas being both strategies.
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38

Davier, Alina A. von, Paul W. Holland, and Dorothy T. Thayer. Kernel Method of Test Equating. Springer New York, 2013.

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39

Davier, Alina A. von, Paul W. Holland, and Dorothy T. Thayer. Kernel Method of Test Equating. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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40

Variability of prediction of maximal oxygen consumption on the cycle ergometer using standard equations. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1993.

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41

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., ed. Variability of prediction of maximal oxygen consumption on the cycle ergometer using standard equations. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1993.

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42

Test Equating: Methods and Practices. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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43

KUMAR, Pramod. Hand Book of Anaesthesia : (Important Data, Serum Values, Equations, Mnemonics and Standard Practice Guide Lines). Independently Published, 2018.

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44

Speeckaert, Marijn, and Jopis Delanghe. Assessment of renal function. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0007.

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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be measured as the clearance of exogenous or endogenous filtration markers. Practical formulas permit estimation of creatinine clearance or GFR without timed urine collections in many stable patients with CKD. Standardization of serum creatinine is important for all of these estimation methods and implementing traceability of the assays to the new global SRM 967 standard has led to changes in clinical decision-making criteria. Calibration to an IDMS reference produces a lowering of serum creatinine values by 10–30% for most methods. Serum creatinine concentration depends on age, gender and muscle mass. Cystatin C is an alternative marker of GFR, but estimation is more expensive and it is not clear that it has a useful place in routine practice. The MDRD Study equation was validated in the framework of the Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases study. It is superior to the Cockcroft and Gault formula for estimating Creatinine Clearance in most people. In 2009, the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula was introduced, which provides a more accurate estimation for patients with GFR values between 60 and 90 mL/min. In children, the Schwartz formula is frequently used. Some urinary markers of kidney disease are also discussed.
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45

Clarke, Andrew. The Metabolic Theory of Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0012.

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The model of West, Brown & Enquist (WBE) is built on the assumption that the metabolic rate of cells is determined by the architecture of the vascular network that supplies them with oxygen and nutrients. For a fractal-like network, and assuming that evolution has minimised cardiovascular costs, the WBE model predicts that s=metabolism should scale with mass with an exponent, b, of 0.75 at infinite size, and ~ 0.8 at realistic larger sizes. Scaling exponents ~ 0.75 for standard or resting metabolic rate are observed widely, but far from universally, including in some invertebrates with cardiovascular systems very different from that assumed in the WBE model. Data for field metabolic rate in vertebrates typically exhibit b ~ 0.8, which matches the WBE prediction. Addition of a simple Boltzmann factor to capture the effects of body temperature on metabolic rate yields the central equation of the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE). The MTE has become an important strand in ecology, and the WBE model is the most widely accepted physical explanation for the scaling of metabolic rate with body mass. Capturing the effect of temperature through a Boltzmann factor is a useful statistical description but too simple to qualify as a complete physical theory of thermal ecology.
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46

Brennan, Robert L., and Michael J. Kolen. Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices. Springer, 2013.

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47

Brennan, Robert L., and Michael J. Kolen. Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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48

Brennan, Robert L., and Michael J. Kolen. Test Equating: Methods and Practices (Springer Series in Statistics). Springer, 1999.

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49

Williamson, Timothy. Suppose and Tell. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860662.001.0001.

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The book argues that our use of conditionals is governed by imperfectly reliable heuristics, in the psychological sense of fast and frugal (or quick and dirty) ways of assessing them. The primary heuristic is this: to assess ‘If A, C’, suppose A and on that basis assess C; whatever attitude you take to C conditionally on A (such as acceptance, rejection, or something in between) take unconditionally to ‘If A, C’. This heuristic yields both the equation of the probability of ‘If A, C’ with the conditional probability of C on A and standard natural deduction rules for the conditional. However, these results can be shown to make the heuristic implicitly inconsistent, and so less than fully reliable. There is also a secondary heuristic: pass conditionals freely from one context to another under normal conditions for acceptance of sentences on the basis of memory and testimony. The effect of the secondary heuristic is to undermine interpretations on which ‘if’ introduces a special kind of context-sensitivity. On the interpretation which makes best sense of the two heuristics, ‘if’ is simply the truth-functional conditional. Apparent counterexamples to truth-functionality are artefacts of reliance on the primary heuristic in cases where it is unreliable. The second half of the book concerns counterfactual conditionals, as expressed with ‘if’ and ‘would’. It argues that ‘would’ is an independently meaningful modal operator for contextually restricted necessity: the meaning of counterfactuals is simply that derived compositionally from the meanings of their constituents, including ‘if’ and ‘would’, making them contextually restricted strict conditionals.
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50

Oriakhi, Christopher O. Chemistry in Quantitative Language. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867784.001.0001.

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Chemistry in Quantitative Language is an invaluable guide to solving chemical equations and calculations. It provides readers with intuitive and systematic strategies to carry out the many kinds of calculations they will meet in general chemistry. Each chapter introduces the basic theories and concepts of a particular topic, focusing on relevant equations. Worked examples illuminate each type of problem, with carefully explained step-by-step solutions. Since chemistry problems can be presented in a number of ways, the examples include several versions of each question. To help students understand and retain the procedures, the solutions discuss not only what steps to carry out to reach solutions, but why. Additional problems, with answers, are included at the end of each chapter. The book is intended as a companion to a standard chemistry textbook, but can also be used on its own for review. Its primary audience is students in first-year college and university chemistry classes; it can also help in preparing for GCE Advanced Level, GRE subject test, AP Chemistry, MCAT and similar tests.
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