Relevant bibliographies by topics / Stand structure

Academic literature on the topic 'Stand structure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Stand structure"

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Muir, Patricia S. "Disturbance effects on structure and tree species composition of Pinuscontorta forests in western Montana." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-201.

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To what extent are stand structure and tree species composition affected by the nature of stand-initiating disturbances and other disturbances that cause significant tree mortality? I documented recent disturbance history and tree species composition, density, spatial pattern, and age structure in 48 stands dominated by Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. ssp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield in western Montana. Stand modal ages ranged from 8 to 267 years, and sites were sampled across a range of elevations and aspects. Disturbance histories included stand-replacing fires (N = 25), partial burns (N = 8), clear-cutting (N = 7), and other disturbances (N = 8). All young stands (modal tree age < 23 years) had unimodal age structures; however, within-stand ranges in tree ages were greater following cutting than burning. Young fire-origin stands were more strongly dominated by P. contorta than young clearcut-origin stands. For older stands, within-stand variability in tree ages was greatest after nonfire disturbances and lowest after stand-replacing burns, while tree density was highest after such bums, and tree species diversity did not differ among disturbance types. The primary axis of variation in age structures across all stands, as revealed by principal components analysis, related to within-stand variability in tree ages. Compositional and structural stand features were not correlated with this axis.
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Deal, Robert L. "The effects of partial cutting on forest plant communities of western hemlock – Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 2067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-143.

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The effects of partial cutting on plant species richness, community structure, and several understory species that are important for deer forage were evaluated on 73 plots in 18 stands throughout southeast Alaska. These partially cut stands were harvested 12–96 years ago when 16–96% of the former stand basal area was removed. The species richness and community structure of understory plants were similar in uncut and partially cut plots. However, plots where more than 50% of the basal area was cut had a significantly different plant community structure. Species composition and abundance also appeared to be distinctly different between hemlock-dominated and spruce-dominated stands. Partial cutting did not significantly change abundance for most of the important forage species for deer. The similarity in plant community structure between partially cut and uncut old-growth stands may be related to forest stand structures. The heterogeneous stand structures that develop after partial cutting are more similar to old-growth stands than to the uniform young-growth stands that develop after stand replacing disturbances such as clear-cutting.
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Špulák, Ondřej, Jiří Souček, and Jakub Černý. "Do stand structure and admixture of tree species affect Scots pine aboveground biomass production and stability on its natural site?" Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 11 (December 3, 2018): 486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/117/2018-jfs.

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The paper analyses stand structure and production on two experimental forest stand series of mature pure and mixed Scots pine stands, growing on natural Scots pine sites in the Czech Republic. Sessile oak was the main admixed species. In mixed stands, Scots pine constituted the dominant level of the stand, admixed species grew mostly as subdominants. Admixture increased stand densities and aboveground biomass production compared to pure stands. Sessile oak with the 20–30% number share within the Scots pine stand led to an increase of the Scots pine tree dimensions and mean stem merchantable wood (DBH ≥ 7 cm) volume compared to the pure Scots pine stand of similar density. The Scots pine and sessile oak slenderness ratios increased in mixed stands compared to monocultures, however, the stand mechanical stability was not threatened.
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Jaworski, A., and Z. Kołodziej. "Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests of a selection structure in the Bieszczady Mountains (southeastern Poland)." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 7 (January 11, 2012): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4627-jfs.

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The characteristics of two beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands are presented in this paper. One, the Tarnicki stand, situated in the Bieszczadzki National Park, represents the growing up stage and selection phase of a forest of primeval character. The other one, the Otryt stand, is situated in managed forests of the Lutowiska Forest District. In each stand two sample plots were established. The distribution of the number of trees in each sample plot agreed with de Liocourt sequence and Meyer curve. Both stands were characterized by the structure of many generations. The Otryt stand, with respective volumes of 238 and 324 m<sup>3</sup>/hain two sample plots, was characterized by a lack of large diameter trees and a high percent of trees of the smallest diameters, while the Tarnicki stand, with volumes of 442 and 517 m<sup>3</sup>/ha, was characterized by the presence of large diameter trees (d<sub>1.3</sub> &ge; 72 cm). The phase of the selection forest in the Tarnicki stand is of temporary character because, due to natural processes, a two-storied structure may develop there, and with time, a one-storied structure in the optimal stage. In the Otryt stand, representing a managed forest, the maintenance of the selection structure may be expected due to selection cuttings. It has to be acknowledged that managed stands of characteristics similar to those presented in this paper makes it possible to carry out selection cutting, especially in the protection zone surrounding the Bieszczadzki National Park.
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Stajic, Branko. "Definition of optimal structure of white ash juvenile stands." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 89 (2004): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0489213s.

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Optimal structure of young white ash stands was studied in the region of Majdanpecka Domena. The stands are characterized by poor crown development and a high number of trees. The definition of the optimal stand structure was based on the analysis of causal relationships between crown structure and tree and stand increment. It was concluded that the optimal number of trees on the sample plots should be considerably lower compared to the actual number of trees. This would enable an economic utilization of growth space, forming of more efficient crown assimilation, faster growth and more effective tree and stand dimensions, as well as the greater stand vigor and stability.
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Rahman, Ataur, Nasrullah Khan, Rafi Ullah, and Kishwar Ali. "Stand Structure and Dynamics of the Naturally Managed Oak-Dominated Forests and Their Relation to Environmental Variables in Swat Hindu Kush Range of Pakistan." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 4002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054002.

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Although oak woodlands are a characteristic landscape component in the Swat Hindukush Mountain ranges, little is known about their current or historical stand population structure and regeneration dynamics related to environmental variables. Therefore, the present study assessed the stand structure, regeneration status, and relationship of oak communities with environmental variables. The study assessed 30 oak-dominated forest sites using the quadrates method, sampling 300 quadrates for evaluating the phytosociological and environmental variables. The stand structures of forests were dominated by four oak species, i.e., Quercus incana, Quercus baloot, Quercus dilatata, and Quercus semecarpifolia, distributed along with the elevation. The lower elevation stand structures were most diverse and dominated by Q. incana, having higher stand parameters, i.e., importance value index, basal area, and density. In contrast, the higher-elevation stand structures were dominated by Q. semecarpifolia, having stand parameters in moderate measures, while those at intermediate elevations have lower stand parameters. The environmental variables were negatively correlated with the stand structures, i.e., elevation (r = −0.51), precipitation (r = −0.47), and relative humidity (r = −0.77), whereas soil nutrients such as Potassium concentration have a significant negative relation with stands structure (r = −0.66) indicating their vital role in sustaining the oak communities. The communities were fairly regenerated, with an age structure between 12–36 years, indicating young communities. These results concluded that the observed wide range of variability in stand characteristics reflects the mechanisms that have shaped them. The recent anthropogenic factors, i.e., military operations and natural hazards such as the flood of 2010, have deliberately affected the communities under natural restoration.
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Rudnicki, Mark, Victor J. Lieffers, and Uldis Silins. "Stand structure governs the crown collisions of lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-055.

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We investigated tree sway and crown collision behavior of even-aged lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands of different structure in Alberta, Canada, to examine how these factors might affect loss of leaf area as stands mature. The Two Creeks stand (TC) had high density and slender trees, while the Chickadee stand (CH) had stout trees. The TC stand was then thinned (TCT) to reduce the stand density. For each stand, simultaneous tree sways of a group of 10 trees were monitored with biaxial clinometers during wind speed of 5 m/s (canopy top). Crown collisions were reconstructed by combining sway displacement of individual trees with their respective crown dimensions. Comparing the sway statistics between stands with contrasting mean bole slenderness (TC and CH) indicated that more slender trees have greater sway displacements, faster sway speeds, and a greater depth of collision. Disturbance by thinning increased sway displacements, sway speeds, and depth of collisions at TCT. Tree sway patterns were circular in shape and not aligned with wind direction, but patterns were elongated after thinning. This demonstrates the high frequency of crown collision experienced by stands with slender trees and supports the notion that crown collisions result in empty space between crowns of trees.
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Jaworski, A., Zb Kołodziej, and K. Porada. "Structure and dynamics of stands of primeval character in selected areas of the Bieszczady National Park." Journal of Forest Science 48, No. 5 (May 17, 2019): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11874-jfs.

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The investigations carried out in 1988 and 1998 on three permanent sample plots in stands of the East Carpathian beech forest (Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum) showed that in the growing up stage, the storeyed structure phase (Jawornik I stand), the stand volume increased from 547 m<sup>3</sup>/ha to 578 m<sup>3</sup>/ha while in the optimum stage, the ageing and regeneration phases (Jawornik II), it decreased from 631 m<sup>3</sup>/ha to 600 m<sup>3</sup>/ha, and in the growing up stage, the storeyed structure phase (Tworylczyk), from 611 m<sup>3</sup>/ha to 610 m<sup>3</sup>/ha. In all three stands beech dominated in the upgrowth. During the 10-year period the volume of dead trees (standing and lying ones) increased in Jawornik II and Tworylczyk stands while in Jawornik I stand it decreased. The beech stands of the Bieszczady Mountains have a largely differentiated structure, from one-storey structure in the optimum stage, the ageing phase to many-storeyed structure in the growing up stage. This creates an opportunity for forming the complex stand structure, also the selection forest structure, in managed beech forests of the Carpathians.
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Janowiak, Maria, Linda M. Nagel, and Christopher Webster. "Minimum Tree Size and Interpretation of Stand Structure in Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwoods." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/27.1.34.

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Abstract Uneven-aged management of northern hardwoods frequently relies on diameter distributions in evaluating and controlling stand structure. However, the minimum tree diameter used to analyze diameter distributions varies among studies and may affect the interpretation of distribution shapes and, subsequently, stand structure. It has been suggested that the use of larger minimum diameters in the construction of these distributions would cause rotated sigmoid stand structures to exhibit a negative exponential distribution shape. To test this hypothesis, we constructed diameter distributions using minimum diameters of 3.0 and 13.0 cm for seven northern hardwood stands. Differences in distribution shape were observed only in unmanaged stands, in which three distribution shapes classified as rotated sigmoid using a 3.0-cm minimum diameter were classified as increasing-q when the 13.0-cm minimum diameter was used.
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Stimm, Kilian, Michael Heym, Ralf-Volker Nagel, Enno Uhl, and Hans Pretzsch. "Long-Term Productivity of Monospecific and Mixed Oak (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl. and Quercus robur L.) Stands in Germany: Growth Dynamics and the Effect of Stand Structure." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050724.

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Wood production is one of the most important ecosystem service that forests provide to society. However, under changing climatic conditions, this appears to be subject to increasing uncertainties. In the present study we analyzed how long-term productivity of oak (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl. and Quercus robur L.) stands has developed, how oak behaved on tree and stand level depending on the stand structure and which trade-offs can be observed. For the analyses, data from 147 long-term monospecific and mixed stands were investigated, which have been regularly recorded since 1898. Firstly, long-term stand productivity has increased up to 21% until 2020 as compared to 1960. This trend was observed for both, monospecific as well as mixed oak stands. Secondly, stand productivity was on average 19% higher in mixed compared to monospecific oak stands. This superiority can be explained by higher stand densities, a vigorous understory and the admixture of beech in particular. With increasing age, the observed positive effect of stand density was higher. Thirdly, individual oak productivity slowed down under interspecific competition, especially in young to mid-aged stands. In this context, the productivity of individual oaks depended strongly on their social position within the stand. Fourthly, in terms of growth partitioning larger trees contributed most in young oak stands, regardless of mixture. In order to preserve oak as a productive component of future mixed forests, the results suggest a silvicultural promotion of oak. Consistent management of dominant and vital oaks can achieve high productive trees while maintaining the positive characteristics of highly structured and mixed forests. A vigorous secondary stand can increase overall stand productivity at lower densities and allows silvicultural flexibility at the stand level. Creating vertical stand structure to reduce competition has only a limited positive effect on productivity of individual oaks that is highly related to its social status. Special attention should still be paid to beech as admixed tree species, which can continue to crowd oak even at higher stand ages.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stand structure"

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Moss, Ian. "Stand structure classification, succession, and mapping using LiDAR." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/41931.

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In this dissertation, a consistent, reasonably precise, verifiable system of stand structure classification was developed and demonstrated. The goal was to provide a foundation for better communication amongst forest management professionals. A novel distance metric and classification algorithm were introduced. The distance metric was based on similarity in reversed cumulative stems and basal area per ha by diameter (DBH; 1.3 m above ground). This distance metric: (1) uses commonly available information; (2) avoids the separation of data into arbitrary DBH classes; and (3) represents a broad range of simple to complex stand structures. Using 421 plots established across a range of Interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield) stands in the Cariboo region of British Columbia, Canada, a 17-class system of classification was constructed. Whole stand statistics, cumulative distributions, and stand structure/distribution indices were used to evaluate the results. The classes were reasonably precise, with meaningful partitions separating single layered versus complex stands. The utility of the classification system was investigated for diagnosing potential patterns of succession. Over 100 simulated stand structure progressions were simulated using plot data input into an individual-tree growth model. Similar progressions in stand structure classes were assigned common pathways. Four general patterns of succession were observed: (1) a high density single layered pathway; (2) a moderate density single layered pathway; (3) a moderate density complex pathway; and (4) a moderate density, mixed complex-single layered pathway. Lastly, the feasibility of using aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) for stand structure classification in forest inventory was assessed. LiDAR was reasonably effective in distinguishing structural classes on the basis of cumulative distributions in basal area or gross volume with respect to DBH, but it was less successful when the distributions in numbers of stems per ha were included. Further study using additional LiDAR metrics beyond those used in this study are needed to improve the use of LiDAR for stand structure classification. This stand structure classification system has potential for a wide variety of forest management applications, including improvement of linkages between strategic and tactical planning and implementation.
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O'Hara, Kevin L. "Thinning even-aged Douglas-fir stands : effects of density and structure on stand volume growth /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5522.

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Nicholas, N. S. "Stand structure, growth, and mortality in southern Appalachian spruce-fir." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38365.

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Nicholas, Niki Stephanie. "Stand structure, growth, and mortality in southern Appalachian spruce-fir /." This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-165928/.

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Karlsson, Kjell. "Growth allocation and stand structure in Norway spruce stands : expected taper and diameter distribution in stands subjected to different thinning regimes /." Uppsala : Dept. of Bioenergy, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200575.pdf.

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Stiers, Melissa [Verfasser]. "Quantifying stand structure and structural complexity along a management gradient in temperate forests / Melissa Stiers." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218780762/34.

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Linder, Per. "Stand structure and successional trends in forest reserves in boreal Sweden /." Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1998. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1998/91-576-5606-1.gif.

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Bauer, John M. "Fire history and stand structure of a central Nevada pinyon-juniper woodland." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1436023.

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Gonzalez, Rubio Hector Larsen David R. "Stand structure development effects on wood quality of Melina (Gmelina arborea roxb.)." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6171.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 15, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. David Larsen Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Danzer, Shelley Rae 1951. "Fire history and stand structure in the Huachuca Mountains of Southeastern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278665.

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Historically, wildfires in mixed conifer forests of Southwestern sky islands were frequent events. Dendrochronological methods were used to reconstruct fire regimes and stand age structures in the Huachuca Mountains of Southeastern Arizona. Pre-settlement (i.e., before ca. 1870) fire intervals ranged from 4 to 10 years, with many fires spreading over the entire sample area. Stand age distributions show an increase in more shade-tolerant tree species. Although ponderosa pine is still the dominant overstory tree species, recent recruitment is predominantly southwestern white pine and Douglas-fir. Establishment of Ft. Huachuca in 1877 was a precursor to extensive use of timber, mineral, range and water resources in the Huachuca Mountains. The fire regime was altered at this time, with only one subsequent widespread surface fire recorded in 1899. Settlement era land-use practices may be responsible for changes in stand structure and composition.
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Books on the topic "Stand structure"

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Centre, Alberta Environmental, Canadian Forest Service, and Alberta Land and Forest Services., eds. Relationships between stand age, stand structure, and biodiversity in aspen mixedwood forests in Alberta. Vegreville, Alta: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1995.

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Wood, Michael John. Multi-purpose forestry: Acheiving its objectives through stand structure. Birmingham: University of Central England in Birmingham, 1999.

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Sterbling, Anton. Überlegungen zum Stand der soziologischen Südosteuropaforschung und zur Sozialstruktur südosteuropäischer Gesellschaften. Hamburg: Universität der Bundeswehr, Fachbereich Pädagogik, 1996.

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Peter, David. Reconstructed old-growth forest stand structure and composition of two stands on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2010.

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Murray, Marshall D. Growth of site trees and stand structure in mixed stands of Pacific Silver Fir and Western Hemlock. [Portland, Or.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1990.

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Murray, Marshall D. Growth of site trees and stand structure in mixed stands of Pacific Silver Fir and Western Hemlock. Portland, Or. (319 S.W. Pine St., P.O.Box 3890, Portland 97208): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1990.

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Ben-Porat, Amir. Divided we stand: Class structure in Israel from 1948 to the 1980s. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989.

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Crookston, Nicholas L. Percent canopy cover and stand structure statistics from the forest vegetation simulator. Ogden, UT (324 25th St., Ogden 84401): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1999.

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Crookston, Nicholas L. Percent canopy cover and stand structure statistics from the forest vegetation simulator. Ogden, UT (324 25th St., Ogden 84401): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1999.

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Blackwell, Bruce Alan. Stand structure and species composition in chronosequences of forests on southern Vancouver Island. Victoria, B.C: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Stand structure"

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Mäkelä, Annikki, and Harry T. Valentine. "Tree Structure." In Models of Tree and Stand Dynamics, 67–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35761-0_4.

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Davis, Frank W., and Dar Roberts. "Stand Structure in Terrestrial Ecosystems." In Methods in Ecosystem Science, 7–30. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1224-9_2.

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Ibàñez, Joan Josep, María José Lledó, Juan Rafael Sánchez, and Ferran Rodà. "Stand Structure, Aboveground Biomass and Production." In Ecological Studies, 31–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58618-7_3.

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Mäkelä, Annikki, and Harry T. Valentine. "Tree Structure Revisited: Eco-Evolutionary Models." In Models of Tree and Stand Dynamics, 161–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35761-0_7.

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Osawa, A., and T. Kajimoto. "Development of Stand Structure in Larch Forests." In Ecological Studies, 123–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9693-8_7.

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Mäkelä, Annikki, and Harry T. Valentine. "Combining the Carbon Balance and Structure into a Core Model." In Models of Tree and Stand Dynamics, 101–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35761-0_5.

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Andrea, Cutini, and Mercurio Roberto. "Structure and Treatment in the Alberese Stone Pine Stand." In Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Environmental Changes, 997–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2866-7_260.

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Andrea, Cutini, and Mercurio Roberto. "Structure of a Maritime Pine Stand Originated From Fire." In Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Environmental Changes, 1001–2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2866-7_262.

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Allen, Jont B. "Is Basilar Membrane Tuning the Same as Neural Tuning -- Where Do We Stand?" In Cochlear Mechanisms: Structure, Function, and Models, 453–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5640-0_51.

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Pretzsch, H., M. del Río, F. Giammarchi, E. Uhl, and R. Tognetti. "Changes of Tree and Stand Growth: Review and Implications." In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, 189–222. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80767-2_6.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we review the current long-term growth trends and short-term growth reaction to single or repeated stress events on tree and stand level in Europe. Based on growth trend analyses, the chapter reveals the strong human footprint on forest ecosystems.First, we use long-term experiments and increment cores to show change in growth trends within the last centuries. Growth reactions are caused by deposition and climate change rather than by silvicultural measures. Second, we look closer on regional-specific deviations from the general trend. Climate change, drought events, acid rain and O3 are causing regional-specific growth reaction patterns. Third, we assess stress events and the resilience and resistance of monospecific and mixed stands against biotic and abiotic stress in view of the ongoing growth trends.The revealed tree and stand growth behaviours are highly relevant, as any changes of forest growth and structure have strong impacts on the provision of goods and ecosystem services. The results underline the importance of biomonitoring and suggest counteracting measures by forest planning, adaptation of silvicultural guidelines for existing forest and innovative design of future forests stands.
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Conference papers on the topic "Stand structure"

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Felmlee, Robert, Jordan Smith, Michael Macaulay, Dakota Leamer, Ethan Budd, Scott Steinbrink, Davide Piovesan, and Mary Crowe. "Gravity Compensation Walker: Structure and Safety." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23792.

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Abstract Morbid obesity is a widespread problem in the united states. The rate of falls and injures is much higher for obese individuals when compared to individuals of normative weight. Obesity can also impose excessive load to the hip and knee joints during the sit-to stand transition, which is conducive to osteoarthritis and increased sedentariety. In order to help individuals with the aforementioned problems, a sit to stand assistive device can be created that compensates for the subject’s lack of propulsive force. This device can reduce the chances of falling while trying to stand and help professionals when aiding these individuals in the healthcare setting. Users can interact with the propulsive loading provided by the device, which can be customizable to their needs. This product is one of the few sit to stand passive, assistive devices allowing the individual to use lower body strength and very minimal upper body strength. The objectives of our device are to be adjustable, help individuals stand without falling forward, be relatively inexpensive, easy to use, and safe for a hospital environment. Structural and stability analysis of the device is here presented, to assess the safety of its use.
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Maria, Kipriianova. "Structure And Linguocultural Aspect Of Russian Stand-Up Discoursе." In The Russian Language in Modern Scientific and Educational Environment. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.09.31.

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Alia, Zerrouki, Kara Karima, Redjaimia Lilia, and Rached-Kanouni Malika. "FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FOREST OF CHETTABA (ALGERIA)." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/12.

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"The structure of various stands, defined as the diversity of trees in the stands, can be an indication of overall biodiversity and habitat suitability, be useful in predicting stand growth and provide stand details for forest inventories. In an effort to find sustainable resource management strategies, a study was conducted on the structural and ecological characteristics of stands in Chettaba forest (Algeria). In this study, six diversity indices were used to characterize the horizontal and spatial distribution of individuals in multi-species stands, using four plots, located in the Chettaba forest (East-North Algeria). The results obtained allowed us to note that P2 and P3 present similar average densities (600 feet/ha), the plots P1 and P4 present low average densities (250 feet/ha and 350 feet/ha). The average DBH values vary from 25.65 cm for the P2 stand to 30.61 cm for the P1 stand. The average basal area varied between 33.73 m²/ha (P3) and 18.92 m²/ha (P1). The Shannon and Weaver index reached its maximum in plot 4 with 8 species. The study allowed us to evaluate the floristic diversity of the forest. Moreover, it indicated the need for its integral protection for its dynamics towards a dense forest vegetation."
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Bai, Y., B. Kou, and C. Chan. "A simple structure passive MPPT stand-alone wind turbine generator system." In 2015 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2015.7156820.

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Kuang, Yilong, Huaiqing Zhang, Junshan Tan, Xian Jiang, Kangning Lu, and Ning Zhang. "The study of the stand simulation based on the spatial structure." In 2012 IEEE 4th International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2012.6524834.

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Ning, Zhang, Zhang Huaiqing, Lin Hui, Jiang Xian, Wu Xueming, Lu Kangning, Liu Hai, and Kuang Yilong. "Study on visual simulation of stand structure from forest from map." In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Automation Engineering (CSAE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csae.2012.6272874.

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Koshurnikova, Nataly. "PHYTOMASS STOCK AND STRUCTURE IN DERIVATIVE FOREST STAND OF CENTRAL SIBERIA." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/32/s14.117.

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Kumar, Deepak, M. Lehtonen, and R. J. Millar. "Bolstering the Structure of Stand-alone Microgrids through Demand Side Management." In 2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gtdasia.2019.8715855.

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Suratman, Mohd Nazip, Mazlin Kusin, Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani Zakaria, Kamarudin Saleh, Mansur Ahmad, and Shahril Anuar Bahari. "Stand structure and species diversity of Keniam forest, Pahang National Park." In 2010 International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cssr.2010.5773887.

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Jiang Guijuan, Zheng Xiaoxian, Ning Yangcui, and Liu Donglan. "The construction of coupling model of forest stand structure and function." In 2010 International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccasm.2010.5620673.

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Reports on the topic "Stand structure"

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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Наталія Вікторівна Товстоляк, Юрій Васильович Лихолат, and Іван Панасович Григорюк. Structure and Diversity of Urban Park Stands at Kryvyi Rih Ore-Mining & Metallurgical District, Central Ukraine. Podgorica, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3946.

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The present study examines the relationships between structure (floristic composition, dendrometric parameters), diversity (diversity and evenness indexes) of urban forest park stands and the ecological (soil fertility, soil moisture), environmental factors (air pollution). The study is based on the forest park stands inventory data, performed from 2012 to 2017 in Kryvyi Rih City, Central Ukraine. The floristic compositions of the urban forest park stands are poor. There are only 23 species that belong to 14 families and 12 genera. More families were represented by at least more than 2% of taxon diversity. While Ulmaceae (2 genera, 4 species–17,39 %), Fabaceae (3 genera, 2 species–17,39 %), Aсеrасеае (1 genera, 4 species–17,39 %) were the most representative families. It was established that at forest park the values of stand density varied from 490 to 660 trees*ha-1, stem heights were from 26 to 31 m, stem diameters were from 13 to 17 cm, stand basal area were from 32 to 49 m2*ha-1, stand volume were from 200 to 415 m3*ha-1. the values of relative stem heights were from 0,63 to 0,82 m*year-1, relative stem diameters were from 0,31 to 0,43 cm*year-1, relative stand basal area were from 0,80 to 1,19 m2*ha-1*year-1, relative stand volume were from 5,45 to 10,28 m3*ha-1*year-1. The varied values of the forest park stands index (Shannon-Wiener diversity index from 0,75 to 1,61, Pielou‟s evenness index from 0,53 to 0,86, Simpson‟s diversity from 0,24 to 0,60, Margalef‟s diversity index from 0,87 to 6,97) indicate the ecological instability of these woody plant communities. Current state of the urban forest park stands determined by the combined influence of ecological (soil fertility, soil moisture) and environmental factors (air pollution).
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Peter, David H., and Constance A. Harrington. Reconstructed old-growth forest stand structure and composition of two stands on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington state. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-583.

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Murray, Marshall D., and Peggy C. Leonard. Growth of site trees and stand structure in mixed stands of Pacific silver fir and western hemlock. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-431.

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Crookston, Nicholas L., and Albert R. Stage. Percent canopy cover and stand structure statistics from the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-24.

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Byrne, John C., and Albert R. Stage. A data structure for describing sampling designs to aid in compilation of stand attributes. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-247.

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McIntosh, Anne C. S., Andrew N. Gray, and Steven L. Garman. Canopy structure on forest lands in western Oregon: differences among forest types and stand ages. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-794.

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Reilly, Matthew, Jonathan Nesmith, Sean Smith, Devin Stucki, and Erik Jules. Status of white pines across five western national park units: Initial assessment of stand structure and condition. National Park Service, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284668.

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Reilly, Matthew, Jonathan Nesmith, Sean Smith, Devin Stucki, and Erik Jules. Status of white pines across five western national park units: Initial assessment of stand structure and condition, revised October 2021. National Park Service, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288668.

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Nelson, Nathan, and Charles F. Yocum. Structure, Function and Utilization of Plant Photosynthetic Reaction Centers. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699846.bard.

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Light capturing and energy conversion by PSI is one of the most fundamental processes in nature. In the heart of these adaptations stand PSI, PSII and their light harvesting antenna complexes. The main goal of this grant proposal was to obtain by X-ray crystallography information on the structure of plant photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes. We achieved several milestones along this line but as yet, like several strong laboratories around the world, we have no crystal structure of plant PSII. We have redesigned the purification and crystallization procedures and recently solved the crystal structure of the PSI supercomplex at 3.3 Å resolution. Even though this advance in resolution appears to be relatively small, we obtained a significantly improved model of the supercomplex. The work was published in J. Biol. Chem. (Amunts et al., 2010). The improved electron density map yielded identification and tracing of the PsaK subunit. The location of an additional 10 ß-carotenes, as well as 5 chlorophylls and several loop regions that were previously uninterruptable have been modeled. This represents the most complete plant PSI structure obtained thus far, revealing the locations of and interactions among 17 protein subunits and 193 non-covalently bound photochemical cofactors. We have continued extensive experimental efforts to improve the structure of plant PSI and to obtain PSII preparation amenable to crystallization. Most of our efforts were devoted to obtain well-defined subcomplexes of plant PSII preparations that are amenable to crystallization. We studied the apparent paradox of the high sensitivity of oxygen evolution of isolated thylakoids while BBY particles exhibit remarkable resilience to the same treatment. The integrity of the photosystem II (PSII) extrinsic protein complement as well as calcium effects arise from the Ca2+ atom associated with the site of photosynthetic water oxidation were investigated. This work provides deeper insights into the interaction of PsbO with PSII. Sight-directed mutagenesis indicated the location of critical sites involved in the stability of the water oxidation reaction. When combined with previous results, the data lead to a more detailed model for PsbO binding in eukaryotic PSII.
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Bechtold, William A., and Gregory A. Ruark. Structure of Pine Stands in the Southeast. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/se-rp-274.

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