Academic literature on the topic 'Stand-by operation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Stand-by operation"
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Brazeau, Randi H., and Marc A. Edwards. "OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRIC HOT WATER RECIRCULATION SYSTEMS FOR COMFORT, ENERGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH." Journal of Green Building 8, no. 2 (April 2013): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.8.2.73.
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Hot water recirculation systems (RECIRC) are labeled green and are sometimes mandated in local plumbing codes. Previous work conducted under non-optimized operation schemes demonstrated that these systems actually waste energy and water versus standard (STAND) water heater counterparts. Optimization of RECIRC system operation by minimizing pump operation did improve energy efficiency 6–60%, saving consumers 5–140% annually in associated utility costs. However, STAND systems were still more energy efficient than any of the RECIRC systems. With respect to factors that might influence pathogen growth, reducing RECIRC pump operations increased disinfectant residual by as much as 560% as compared to the baseline RECIRC system; however, STAND systems still had 25–250% more total chlorine residual than any of the RECIRC systems. At 60°C operating temperature, STAND systems have 30–230% more volume at risk for pathogen growth (e.g., volume with temp 37–46°C) than any of the RECIRC systems. Thus, in the context of “green” design, RECIRC systems provide a convenience to consumers in the form of nearly instant hot water, at a cost of higher capital, operating and overall energy costs. RECIRC systems have distinct advantages in controlling pathogens via thermal disinfection but disadvantages in control via secondary disinfection residual.
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Yamashita, Takahiro, Tetsuya Fujimoto, and Koichiro Ishibashi. "Power Valve: for low power operation and low stand-by power." IEICE Electronics Express 2, no. 3 (2005): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.2.64.
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Diniz, Carlos Cezar Cavassin, Felipe Martins de Oliveira, Romano Timofeiczyk Junior, Renato Cesar Gonçalves Robert, Miguel Pesch Tramontini, and Fabio Cordeiro de Brito. "DAMAGE CAUSED BY A WHEELED HARVESTER TO THE RESIDUAL TREES OF A PINUS STAND IN THE FIRST MECHANIZED MIXED THINNING." FLORESTA 50, no. 3 (July 10, 2020): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v50i3.64331.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the damage caused to the remaining trees of a pinus stand submitted to mechanized thinning by a wheeled harvester. The data were obtained in the operational areas of timber harvesting in a forest company located in the city of Inácio Martins, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The Pinus stand of the study was 11 years old, and was submitted to the first commercial thinning. The operation was performed by a harvester, characterized by the systematic removal of the 5th planting line to give access to the interior of the stand, followed by selective thinning in the individuals demarcated in the two lines adjacent to the traffic trails. The damage caused to the remaining trees of the stand regarding their numbers, dimensions and location in relation to the harvester’s operation track was evaluated, and the data were analyzed using the Profile Analysis multivariate analysis technique. It was observed that 25% of the remaining trees suffered some kind of damage, being considered a high value, but current to the literature. It was evidenced that the section of the tree in need of greater alert was the base because damages in greater intensity and dimensions were observed to it, which can bring future losses to the stand. Thus, a need for improvements in operational procedures was demonstrated.
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Mikhasek, Andrey, Maxim Rodionov, Nikolay Malyugin, and Artem Klimov. "Stand-by spillways in phreatic dams." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819602008.
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Hydraulic structures operation is always connected with accident risks. The authors analyzed emergency situations which affected dams located on the territory of the USA and Russia. This analysis showed that the most dangerous accident which took place at hydroelectric complexes is an overfall through the crest of the dam accompanied with the formation of washouts and blow-out waves. The most striking example here is the accident at St. Francis dam. According to most researchers, its main cause was the human factor. To reduce economic losses which are due to an accident on the hydro-technical construction and to reduce the risk of human influence, the authors propose to use a stand-by spillway in the body of a phreatic dam. For this purpose, they introduce two constructions. The first construction has a melting insert and a spillway channel fastening made of synthetic materials. The second one has filtering covering of a crest and a downstream slope made of coarse-pored concrete. The researchers perform physical and numerical modeling of the developed structures to compare them. On the basis of laboratory experiments and calculations in the program complex, they obtain discharge coefficient values for various spillways, which can be later used for calculating spillway capacity as well as for its construction.
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Lee, Ha-Lim, and Yeong-Han Chun. "Using Piecewise Linearization Method to PCS Input/Output-Efficiency Curve for a Stand-Alone Microgrid Unit Commitment." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2018): 2468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092468.
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When operating a stand-alone micro grid, the battery energy storage system (BESS) and a diesel generator are key components needed in order to maintain demand-supply balance. Using Unit Commitment (UC) to calculate the optimal operation schedule of a BESS and diesel generator helps minimize the operation cost of the micro grid. While calculating the optimal operation schedule for the microgrid, it is important that it reflects the actual characteristics of the implanted devices, in order to increase the schedule result accuracy. In this paper, a piecewise linearization, on the actual power conditioning system (PCS) input/output-efficiency characteristic curve, has been considered while calculating the optimal operation schedule using UC. The optimal schedule result calculated by the proposed method has been examined by comparing the schedule calculated by a fixed input/output-efficiency case, which is conventionally used while solving UC for a stand-alone microgrid.
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Rachmanov, S. R., S. V. Belodedenko, V. V. Povorotnii, and V. T. Vyshinskii. "Estimation of reliability of the TPA 350 mill working stand housing after a long operation." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-1-59-67.
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Among the processes, taking place at the shells rolling at automatic mill, the least studied are a working stand housing behavior, which becomes apparent in the form of its dynamic shifting. It can be explained by the fact, that the shell interacting with the rollers and the mandrel is effected by rod mechanism of the mandrel holding at the rolling axis. The possibility of the non-controlled deformed state can be explained also by deviation from the regulation state of anchor bolts fastening system and various defects in the stand housing. It made a foundation to accomplish monitoring of the space state of the TPA 350 automatic mill stand, resulted in registration of the working stand housing stress-deformed state. Besides, it resulted in a task formulation for elaboration of the stand space model aimed at its application for the justification of the strategy of the TPA 350 mill further operation. Results of the study of stress-deformed state of the working stand housing of the TPA 350 automatic mill presented. The study was carried out by the method of finished elements at 3D models. Comprising of the obtained theoretical data with experiment studies of the housing tension confirmed the model adequateness. It was determined, that maximal stresses originate in the zones of the revealed cracks of the working stand housing. The locations of the maximal stresses concentration “migrate” at variation of fastening conditions and the stand housing loading. A function of risk obtained for the stage of a crack originating and for the stage of defect development in the housing. The automatic mill housing safety was exhausted after 50 years of operation. Currently the automatic mill housing operates in the zone of complete risk, accompanying by cracks formation. For the mixed mechanism of crushing, the periods of round defect development in the TPA 350 automatic mill housing determined.
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Wróbel, Nikodem, Michał Rejek, and Grzegorz Królczyk. "Testing of beveled crimp connections made on a prototype stand." Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials 38, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amtm-2018-0003.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to form and test inseparable tight joints, commonly used in the construction of heat exchangers, by crimping operation on designed prototype stand. Crimped joints are made by tools in form of cones with two types of shapes, each of the designed tools have got identical forming angle. This study uses two types of connecting blocks and plates, differing in diameters of hole and flange. Elaboration contains a case study of joints being made by the stand, which in addition to the crimping operations for some cases were glued or brazed. The article presents the features of the formed joints, by examining them by destructive testing: Micrography, tensile strength test, and non-destructive testing: Leakage test. The examined elements have been made of aluminum 6060, which is well suited to indirect or direct operations of forming joints for all kinds of coolers or condensers. Elaborated tests and studies in this study allowed to state, that joining the connection block to plate with the small diameter, was more energy-consuming than in sample sets with bigger diameter, use of glue increasing the strength of the joints by 20%, significant strength increase can be obtained after mechanical clinching with brazing operation or modification of geometrical shape of the jaws
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Huang, S. C., J. Y. Yeh, C. T. Chen, and J. C. Chen. "STUDY ON THE EXPLAINABLE ABILITY BY USING AIRBORNE LIDAR IN STAND VALUE AND STAND COMPETITION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 2, 2016): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-19-2016.
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Forest canopy structure is composed by the various species. Sun light is a main factor to affect the crown structures after tree competition. However, thinning operation is an appropriate way to control canopy density, which can adjust the competition conditions in the different crown structures. Recently, Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), has been established as a standard technology for high precision three dimensional forest data acquisition; it could get stand characteristics with three-dimensional information that had develop potential for the structure characteristics of forest canopy. The 65 years old, different planting density of <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i> experiment area was selected for this study in Nanytou, Taiwan. Use the LiDAR image to estimate LiDAR characteristic values by constructed CHM, voxel-based LiDAR, mu0ltiple echoes, and assess the accuracy of stand characteristics with intensity values and field data. The competition index was calculated with field data, and estimate competition index of LiDAR via multiple linear regression. The results showed that the highest accuracy with stand characteristics was stand high which estimate by LiDAR, its average accuracy of 91.03%. LiDAR raster grid size was 20 m × 20 m for the correlation was the best, however, the higher canopy density will reduce the accuracy of the LiDAR characteristic values to estimate the stand characteristics. The significantly affect canopy thickness and the degree of competition in different planting distances.
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Huang, S. C., J. Y. Yeh, C. T. Chen, and J. C. Chen. "STUDY ON THE EXPLAINABLE ABILITY BY USING AIRBORNE LIDAR IN STAND VALUE AND STAND COMPETITION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 2, 2016): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-19-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Forest canopy structure is composed by the various species. Sun light is a main factor to affect the crown structures after tree competition. However, thinning operation is an appropriate way to control canopy density, which can adjust the competition conditions in the different crown structures. Recently, Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), has been established as a standard technology for high precision three dimensional forest data acquisition; it could get stand characteristics with three-dimensional information that had develop potential for the structure characteristics of forest canopy. The 65 years old, different planting density of <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i> experiment area was selected for this study in Nanytou, Taiwan. Use the LiDAR image to estimate LiDAR characteristic values by constructed CHM, voxel-based LiDAR, mu0ltiple echoes, and assess the accuracy of stand characteristics with intensity values and field data. The competition index was calculated with field data, and estimate competition index of LiDAR via multiple linear regression. The results showed that the highest accuracy with stand characteristics was stand high which estimate by LiDAR, its average accuracy of 91.03%. LiDAR raster grid size was 20 m × 20 m for the correlation was the best, however, the higher canopy density will reduce the accuracy of the LiDAR characteristic values to estimate the stand characteristics. The significantly affect canopy thickness and the degree of competition in different planting distances.
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Ursúa, Alfredo, Idoia San Martín, Ernesto L. Barrios, and Pablo Sanchis. "Stand-alone operation of an alkaline water electrolyser fed by wind and photovoltaic systems." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 35 (November 2013): 14952–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.085.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Stand-by operation"
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Luedtke, Elin. "Minimizing Transformer No-Load Losses at Hydropower Plants : A Study of Effects from Transformer Switch-Off During Stand-by Operation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447635.
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Hydropower is the most important power balancing resource in the Swedish electrical power system, regulating the power supply to match the load. Consequently, several hydropower plants have periods of stand-by operation where the power production is absent but where several devices within a plant are still active. Such a device is the step-up power transformer, which during stand-by operation still generates no-load energy losses. These losses can accumulate to a considerable amount of energy and costs during the long technical lifetime of the apparatus. One option to minimize these no-load energy losses is by turning the transformer off when its generating unit is in stand-by operation. However, when this transformer operational change has been explained to experts in the field, the most common response has been that a more frequent reenergizing of a transformer leads to higher risks for errors or transformer breakdowns. This study aimed to analytically investigate three effects from this operational change. First, the potential of fatigue failure for the windings due to the increased sequences of inrush current. Secondly, the thermal cycling as a consequence of change in present losses. Lastly, the energy and economic saving potentials for hydropower plants where this operational adjustment is applied. The study used both established as well as analytical tools explicitly created for this study. These were then applied on currently active transformers in different plant categories in Fortum’s hydropower fleet. The study primarily showed three things. Firstly, risk of fatigue failure due to the increased presence of inrush currents did not affect the transformer’s technical lifetime. Secondly, the thermal cycling changes were slightly larger with absent no-load losses during stand-by operation. The average temperature for the transformer decreased, which in general is seen as a positive indicator for a longer insulation lifetime and thus the transformer’s technical lifetime. Finally, the created frameworks showed the potential of saving energy and money for all plant categories, where the potential grew with the installed production capacity and the stand-by operation timeshare. Despite the simplifications made to describe the complex reality of a transformer operating in a hydropower plant, this thesis contributes to lay a foundation for future investigation of an easy adjustment to avoid unnecessary energy losses and costs for transformers in hydropower plants.
Books on the topic "Stand-by operation"
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Oliver, Optic. Stand by the Union. Lake Wales, Fla: Lost Classics Book Company, 2001.
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"We will stand by you": Serving in the Pawnee, 1942-1945. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press, 1996.
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"We will stand by you": Serving in the Pawnee, 1942-1945. Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press, 1990.
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Oliver, Optic. Stand By The Union. Echo Library, 2007.
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Oliver, Optic. Stand by the Union. IndyPublish, 2006.
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Optic, Oliver. Stand by the Union. IndyPublish, 2006.
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Oliver, Optic. Stand by the Union (Illustrated Edition) (Dodo Press). Dodo Press, 2007.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. 8. Informal methods of acquisition:. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0008.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter investigates in detail adverse possession. The acquisition of title by adverse possession consists of two distinct stages: firstly, the inception of adverse possession; and, secondly, the operation of limitation rules at the end of the requisite period of adverse possession. The operation of adverse possession reflects the ideas underlying unregistered titles. The operation of adverse possession is generally incompatible with the ideas underpinning registration of title, which led to significant reforms in the Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002). The LRA 2002 provides a new scheme of adverse possession through which title is obtained by registration rather than by possession. The Act preserves the rights of adverse possessors who completed 12 years of adverse possession at the time that the Act came into force. A criminal offence of squatting in a residential building was introduced in 2012, but it has been held that the commission of the offence does not preclude a claim to title by adverse possession under the LRA 2002. Adverse possession rules have been held to be human rights compliant.
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Tennant, Neil. Transmission of Truthmakers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777892.003.0009.
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We begin by introducing the formal genus ‘conditional M-relative construct’, of which M-relative truthmakers and falsitymakers, and core proofs, are species. Fortunately they can stand in symbiotic relations, even though they cannot hybridize. We aim to generalize the earlier method we used in order to prove Cut-Elimination, so that the inputs P for the binary operation [P,P′] can be truthmakers (whereas P′ remains a core proof); and so that the reduct itself, when it is finally determined by recursive application of all the transformations called for, is a truthmaker for the conclusion of P′. This result can be understood as revealing that formal semantics can be carried out in a kind of infinitary proof-theory. Core proof transmits truth courtesy of normalization.
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Craig, Paul, and Gráinne de Búrca. 12. Enforcement Actions Against Member States. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198714927.003.0012.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. A crucial component of the Commission’s task is to monitor Member State compliance and to respond to non-compliance. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provides for various enforcement mechanisms involving judicial proceedings against the Member States, which are brought either by the Commission or - much less frequently - by a Member State. Article 258 TFEU establishes the general enforcement procedure, giving the Commission broad power to bring enforcement proceedings against Member States that it considers to be in breach of their obligations under EU law. This chapter discusses the function and operation of the infringement procedure; the relationship between ‘public’ and ‘private’ enforcement mechanisms; the Commission’s discretion; types of breach by Member States of EU law; state defences in enforcement proceedings; and the consequences of an Article 258 ruling.
Book chapters on the topic "Stand-by operation"
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Leite Cavalcanti, Welchy, Elli Moutsompegka, Konstantinos Tserpes, Paweł H. Malinowski, Wiesław M. Ostachowicz, Romain Ecault, Neele Grundmann, et al. "Integrating Extended Non-destructive Testing in the Life Cycle Management of Bonded Products—Some Perspectives." In Adhesive Bonding of Aircraft Composite Structures, 331–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92810-4_6.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we outline some perspectives on embracing the datasets gathered using Extended Non-destructive Testing (ENDT) during manufacturing or repair process steps within the life cycle of bonded products. Ensuring that the ENDT data and metadata are FAIR, i.e. findable, accessible, interoperable and re-usable, will support the relevant stakeholders in exploiting the contained material-related information far beyond a stop/go decision, while a shorter time-to-information will facilitate a prompter time-to-decision in process and product management. Exploiting the value of ENDT (meta)data will contribute to increased performance by integrating all defined, measured, analyzed and controlled aspects of material transformation across process and company boundaries. This will facilitate the optimization of manufacturing and repair operations, boosting their energy efficiency and productivity. In this regard, some aspects that are currently driving activities in the field of pre-process, in-process and post-process quality assessment will be addressed in the following. Furthermore, some requirements will be contemplated for harmonized and conjoint data transfer ranging from a bonded product’s beginning-of-life through its end-of-life, the customization of stand-alone or linked ENDT tools, and the implementation of sensor arrays and networks in joints, devices and structural parts to gather material-related data during a product’s middle-of-life application phase, thereby fostering structural health monitoring (SHM).
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Tambouratzis, Tatiana, John Giannatsis, Andreas Kyriazis, and Panayiotis Siotropos. "Applying the Computational Intelligence Paradigm to Nuclear Power Plant Operation." In Research Anthology on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Security, 1507–78. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7705-9.ch068.
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In the guise of artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic/evolutionary computation algorithms (GAs/ECAs), fuzzy logic (FL) inference systems (FLIS) and their variants as well as combinations, the computational intelligence (CI) paradigm has been applied to nuclear energy (NE) since the late 1980s as a set of efficient and accurate, non-parametric, robust-to-noise as well as to-missing-information, non-invasive on-line tools for monitoring, predicting and overall controlling nuclear (power) plant (N(P)P) operation. Since then, the resulting CI-based implementations have afforded increasingly reliable as well as robust performance, demonstrating their potential as either stand-alone tools, or - whenever more advantageous - combined with each other as well as with traditional signal processing techniques. The present review is focused upon the application of CI methodologies to the - generally acknowledged as - key-issues of N(P)P operation, namely: control, diagnostics and fault detection, monitoring, N(P)P operations, proliferation and resistance applications, sensor and component reliability, spectroscopy, fusion supporting operations, as these have been reported in the relevant primary literature for the period 1990-2015. At one end, 1990 constitutes the beginning of the actual implementation of innovative, and – at the same time – robust as well as practical, directly implementable in H/W, CI-based solutions/tools which have proved to be significantly superior to the traditional as well as the artificial-intelligence-(AI)derived methodologies in terms of operation efficiency as well as robustness-to-noise and/or otherwise distorted/missing information. At the other end, 2015 marks a paradigm shift in terms of the emergent (and, swiftly, ubiquitous) use of deep neural networks (DNNs) over existing ANN architectures and FL problem representations, thus dovetailing the increasing requirements of the era of complex - as well as Big - Data and forever changing the means of ANN/neuro-fuzzy construction and application/performance. By exposing the prevalent CI-based tools for each key-issue of N(P)P operation, overall as well as over time for the given 1990-2015 period, the applicability and optimal use of CI tools to NE problems is revealed, thus providing the necessary know-how concerning crucial decisions that need to be made for the increasingly efficient as well as safe exploitation of NE.
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Tambouratzis, Tatiana, John Giannatsis, Andreas Kyriazis, and Panayiotis Siotropos. "Applying the Computational Intelligence Paradigm to Nuclear Power Plant Operation." In Research Anthology on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Security, 1507–78. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7705-9.ch068.
Full textAbstract:
In the guise of artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic/evolutionary computation algorithms (GAs/ECAs), fuzzy logic (FL) inference systems (FLIS) and their variants as well as combinations, the computational intelligence (CI) paradigm has been applied to nuclear energy (NE) since the late 1980s as a set of efficient and accurate, non-parametric, robust-to-noise as well as to-missing-information, non-invasive on-line tools for monitoring, predicting and overall controlling nuclear (power) plant (N(P)P) operation. Since then, the resulting CI-based implementations have afforded increasingly reliable as well as robust performance, demonstrating their potential as either stand-alone tools, or - whenever more advantageous - combined with each other as well as with traditional signal processing techniques. The present review is focused upon the application of CI methodologies to the - generally acknowledged as - key-issues of N(P)P operation, namely: control, diagnostics and fault detection, monitoring, N(P)P operations, proliferation and resistance applications, sensor and component reliability, spectroscopy, fusion supporting operations, as these have been reported in the relevant primary literature for the period 1990-2015. At one end, 1990 constitutes the beginning of the actual implementation of innovative, and – at the same time – robust as well as practical, directly implementable in H/W, CI-based solutions/tools which have proved to be significantly superior to the traditional as well as the artificial-intelligence-(AI)derived methodologies in terms of operation efficiency as well as robustness-to-noise and/or otherwise distorted/missing information. At the other end, 2015 marks a paradigm shift in terms of the emergent (and, swiftly, ubiquitous) use of deep neural networks (DNNs) over existing ANN architectures and FL problem representations, thus dovetailing the increasing requirements of the era of complex - as well as Big - Data and forever changing the means of ANN/neuro-fuzzy construction and application/performance. By exposing the prevalent CI-based tools for each key-issue of N(P)P operation, overall as well as over time for the given 1990-2015 period, the applicability and optimal use of CI tools to NE problems is revealed, thus providing the necessary know-how concerning crucial decisions that need to be made for the increasingly efficient as well as safe exploitation of NE.
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Tambouratzis, Tatiana, John Giannatsis, Andreas Kyriazis, and Panayiotis Siotropos. "Applying the Computational Intelligence Paradigm to Nuclear Power Plant Operation." In Research Anthology on Multi-Industry Uses of Genetic Programming and Algorithms, 1342–413. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8048-6.ch065.
Full textAbstract:
In the guise of artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic/evolutionary computation algorithms (GAs/ECAs), fuzzy logic (FL) inference systems (FLIS) and their variants as well as combinations, the computational intelligence (CI) paradigm has been applied to nuclear energy (NE) since the late 1980s as a set of efficient and accurate, non-parametric, robust-to-noise as well as to-missing-information, non-invasive on-line tools for monitoring, predicting and overall controlling nuclear (power) plant (N(P)P) operation. Since then, the resulting CI-based implementations have afforded increasingly reliable as well as robust performance, demonstrating their potential as either stand-alone tools, or - whenever more advantageous - combined with each other as well as with traditional signal processing techniques. The present review is focused upon the application of CI methodologies to the - generally acknowledged as - key-issues of N(P)P operation, namely: control, diagnostics and fault detection, monitoring, N(P)P operations, proliferation and resistance applications, sensor and component reliability, spectroscopy, fusion supporting operations, as these have been reported in the relevant primary literature for the period 1990-2015. At one end, 1990 constitutes the beginning of the actual implementation of innovative, and – at the same time – robust as well as practical, directly implementable in H/W, CI-based solutions/tools which have proved to be significantly superior to the traditional as well as the artificial-intelligence-(AI)derived methodologies in terms of operation efficiency as well as robustness-to-noise and/or otherwise distorted/missing information. At the other end, 2015 marks a paradigm shift in terms of the emergent (and, swiftly, ubiquitous) use of deep neural networks (DNNs) over existing ANN architectures and FL problem representations, thus dovetailing the increasing requirements of the era of complex - as well as Big - Data and forever changing the means of ANN/neuro-fuzzy construction and application/performance. By exposing the prevalent CI-based tools for each key-issue of N(P)P operation, overall as well as over time for the given 1990-2015 period, the applicability and optimal use of CI tools to NE problems is revealed, thus providing the necessary know-how concerning crucial decisions that need to be made for the increasingly efficient as well as safe exploitation of NE.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. "9. Adverse Possession." In Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806066.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter investigates in detail adverse possession. The acquisition of title by adverse possession consists of two distinct stages: firstly, the inception of adverse possession; and, secondly, the operation of limitation rules at the end of the requisite period of adverse possession. The operation of adverse possession reflects the ideas underlying unregistered titles. The operation of adverse possession is generally incompatible with the ideas underpinning registration of title, and this led to significant reforms in the Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002). The LRA 2002 provides a new scheme of adverse possession through which title is obtained by registration rather than by possession. A criminal offence of squatting in a residential building was introduced in 2012, but it has been held that the commission of the offence does not preclude a claim to title by adverse possession under the LRA 2002. Adverse possession rules have been held to be human rights compliant.
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Gillespie, Alisdair, and Siobhan Weare. "3. Domestic Sources of Law: Case Law." In The English Legal System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198785439.003.0003.
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This chapter continues the discussion of sources of domestic law, focusing on material produced by the courts through cases. It covers the reporting of cases, the hierarchy of courts, legal principles, and the operation of precedent. The courts operate a system of precedent known as stare decisis (‘let the decision stand’). The type of precedent set depends on the court sitting, with the most complicated rules occurring in the Court of Appeal. As a general rule of thumb, the court setting the precedent will bind every court below it but the real question is under what circumstances that court is bound by itself.
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Gillespie, Alisdair A., and Siobhan Weare. "3. Domestic Sources of Law: Case Law." In The English Legal System, 65–95. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198830900.003.0003.
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This chapter continues the discussion of sources of domestic law, focusing on material produced by the courts through cases. It covers the reporting of cases, the hierarchy of courts, legal principles, and the operation of precedent. The courts operate a system of precedent known as stare decisis (‘let the decision stand’). The type of precedent set depends on the court sitting, with the most complicated rules occurring in the Court of Appeal. As a general rule of thumb, the court setting the precedent will bind every court below it but the real question is under what circumstances that court is bound by itself.
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Gillespie, Alisdair A., and Siobhan Weare. "3. Domestic Sources of Law: Case Law." In The English Legal System, 67–96. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198868996.003.0003.
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This chapter continues the discussion of sources of domestic law, focusing on material produced by the courts through cases. It covers the reporting of cases, the hierarchy of courts, legal principles, and the operation of precedent. The courts operate a system of precedent known as stare decisis (‘let the decision stand’). The type of precedent set depends on the court sitting, with the most complicated rules occurring in the Court of Appeal. As a general rule of thumb, the court setting the precedent will bind every court below it but the real question is under what circumstances that court is bound by itself.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. "9. Adverse Possession." In Land Law, 294–342. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198868521.003.0009.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter investigates in detail adverse possession. The acquisition of title by adverse possession consists of two distinct stages: first, the inception of adverse possession; and, secondly, the operation of limitation rules at the end of the requisite period of adverse possession. The concept of adverse possession reflects ideas underlying unregistered titles. The operation of adverse possession is generally incompatible with the ideas underpinning registration of title and this led to significant reforms in the Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002). The LRA 2002 provides a new scheme of adverse possession through which title is obtained by registration, rather than by possession. A criminal offence of squatting in a residential building was introduced in 2012, but it has been held that the commission of the offence does not preclude a claim to title by adverse possession under the LRA 2002. Adverse possession rules have also been held to be human rights compliant.
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Davies, Paul S., and Graham Virgo. "7. Constructive Trusts." In Equity & Trusts, 325–60. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198821830.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter focuses on constructive trusts, which arise by operation of law without regard to the intentions of the parties. They are triggered by a defendant’s unconscionable conduct; however, in some cases, a constructive trust will be recognized even though the defendant has not acted unconscionably, such as the constructive trust that arises once a contract to sell land has been made. A remedial constructive trust is recognized by some jurisdictions, whereby equitable proprietary rights arise through the exercise of judicial discretion, but such a trust is not recognized in England and Wales. As with express trusts, title over particular property that is held on constructive trust is split between trustees and beneficiaries, but a constructive trustee is not subject to the same duties as an express trustee.
Conference papers on the topic "Stand-by operation"
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Railsback, Ben T., and Richard M. Ziernicki. "Stand-Up Forklift Acceleration." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38940.
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This paper will examine the accelerations present during the operation of stand-up forklifts. Forklifts, or powered industrial trucks, are typically operated from 1 of 2 postures. Forklifts are either operated from a seated posture or a standing posture. Previous research has focused on the threshold of acceleration at which a standing forklift operator will be unable to maintain postural stability, but did not detail peak and average accelerations generated by forklifts during typical turning maneuvers. This paper will detail the accelerations generated by stand-up forklifts during typical operation from a theoretical examination of vehicle dynamics and present experimental data acquired during stand-up forklift testing. This paper will further examine performance required by consensus and industry standards, industry practice and the safety implications of stand-up forklift acceleration. The record of serious lower leg injury associated with stand-up forklifts, reports of ejection or loss of balance from the operator and data regarding acceleration present in the operator compartment support the use of a door for stand-up forklifts.
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Kim, Bong-Chul, Ki-Bum Park, and Gun-Woo Moon. "Sawtooth burst mode control with minimum peak current in stand-by operation of power supply." In ECCE Asia (ICPE 2011- ECCE Asia). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpe.2011.5944584.
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Wakui, Tetsuya, Takumi Hashizume, Toshio Nagao, and Hisao Saito. "Dynamic Behavior of Stand-Alone Parallel Operation System Using Two Wind Turbine-Generators." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45359.
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This paper discusses the dynamic behavior of the stand-alone parallel operation system using two wind turbine-generators by our dynamic simulation model. The stand-alone parallel operation system is composed of two Darrieus-Savonius hybrid turbines, two load induction generators, one inverter, batteries, and one controller. This system is mainly operated at the maximum power coefficient points of two parallel turbines by the inverter frequency control for a simple system composition and high power extraction. The computed results of the dynamic behavior of the system to various wind speed changes shows that our control scheme of the parallel operation system is effective.
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Nasser, Nachat N., and Mohamed E. A. Farrag. "Operation of stand-alone self-excited induction generator supported by energy storage systems for small scale wind energy generation." In 2017 52nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upec.2017.8231868.
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dos Santos, Sidney Pereira, Maria Ange´lica S. Bittencourt, and Luiz Diogo Vasconcellos. "Compressor Station Availability: Managing Its Effects on Gas Pipeline Operation." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10560.
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As competitive market for gas transmission becomes more and more dynamic and we face an increase of regulatory agencies influence, the pressure on cutting down cost of service without affecting reliability and safety is a consequence. Notwithstanding this trend, transportation companies must act in a way that guarantees a fair return on investment and optimizes assets and operation costs. Contractual obligations play an important role since most of the contractual capacity is on a firm basis and subject to liabilities related to capacity shortage or interruption. Compressor stations availability study play a fundamental role in providing information that will support decision making in terms of defining a criterion for installing stand-by units. This paper presents two methods adopted for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project: (1) Monte Carlo Simulation and (2) Scheduled and Unscheduled Maintenance. A technical end economic feasibility study is also presented to support the decision of installing stand-by units.
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Neumayer, F., G. Kulhanek, H. P. Pirker, H. Jericha, A. Seyr, and W. Sanz. "Operational Behavior of a Complex Transonic Test Turbine Facility." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0489.
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This paper describes the operation of a continuously operating cold flow test stand for axial turbine stages. The interesting feature of this test stand is the fact that the power generated by the test turbine is used for driving a compressor, which supplies additional air to drive the turbine. The brake compressor was a donation from industry and was a very welcome alternative to a water brake. The advantages of using this compressor lie in the low installation costs and the power savings. The performance of the test turbine stage influences the capabilities of the test stand. A suction blower driven by a helicopter engine can be used to decrease the exhaust pressure allowing to increase the turbine expansion ratio. The performance of the whole test facility and the complex interaction of the components will be described. In general, design engineers are interested in the performance of their test stages at different operating conditions (i.e. corrected speed, pressure ratio). It will be shown by which control mechanisms different operation points can be obtained and which range of the values can be achieved.
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Hu, Liangbing, Zhiwei Zhou, Chunyan Yuan, and Ming Zhuang. "Analysis of the EAST Cryogenic System Operational Modes." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29367.
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For EAST operation schedule, auxiliary subsystems like the cryogenic system have to cope with different heat loads which depend on the different EAST operating states. The cryogenic system consists of a cryoplant and a cryodistribution system. All of these cryogenic subsystems have to operate in parallel to remove the heat loads from the magnet, 80K shields, built-in cryopumps and other small users. After a brief recall of the main particularities of a cryogenic system operating in a Tokamak environment, the first part of this study is dedicated to the assessment of the main EAST operation states. A new design of refrigeration loop for the HTS current leads, the updated layout of the cryodistribution system and revised strategy for operations of the built-in cryopumps have been taken into consideration. The relevant normal operating scenarios of the cryoplant are checked for the typical EAST operating states like plasma operation state, short term stand by, short term maintenance, or test and conditioning state. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the abnormal operating modes coming from the magnets and from those generated by the cryoplant itself. Thanks to this analysis, the optimization of the present operational modes is proposed to make match the technical specifications of the cryogenic system with the EAST operation requirements.
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Davison, Craig R. "Determination of Steady State Gas Turbine Operation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68632.
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Repeatable measurement of engine performance requires the system to be near steady state. A technique is presented to assess how close engine operation is to steady state. It estimates the rate of change of the assessed parameter across the sample time and provides an associated confidence interval. This allows a minimum amount of test time to characterize performance and provides consistent criteria to assess steady state. The technique can either be used online to determine when to take a steady state point or to find the optimal sample from a given data set. To make the technique feasible during testing a recursive method is developed to minimize the computational time. The technique is demonstrated on known functions with random noise to benchmark its capabilities. This is followed by a demonstration on test data from a small turbo jet engine operated in an altitude facility, a turboprop on an outdoor test stand and an after-burning turbofan in an indoor test cell.
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Railsback, Ben T., Richard M. Ziernicki, Ricky L. Nguyen, Steve D. Knapp, and William H. Pierce. "Stand-Up Forklift Egress Times as a Function of Operator Compartment Guarding." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38847.
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A significant hazard related to the use of stand-up lift trucks, or stand-up forklifts, is the hazard of a lower limb crush injury or foot crush due to the opening across the rear of the operator compartment. According to one lift truck manufacturer’s statistics, there have been over 500 accidents that resulted in an injury to the lower limb of the operator in the last 30 years that involved their stand-up lift trucks. [1] Other manufacturers have had similar accidents. The injuries have occurred to the lower limb of the operator due to the close proximity of the operator’s lower limbs to the exterior of the lift truck, and the confined areas that stand-up lift trucks operate in. The operator’s lower limb can become pinned and crushed between the moving lift and another fixed object such as a rack system, a column or another lift truck. Objects, such as a fork tine, can also intrude into the operator compartment, injuring the operator’s lower extremities. The ANSI/ITSDF B56.1, Safety Standard for Low Lift and High Lift Trucks, encourages stand-up lift trucks to be designed with an open compartment to permit easy ingress and egress. [2] According to the standard, the open design allows an operator a free and easy egress from the truck in the event of a tip-over or off-the-dock accident. However, the standard permits the use of additional guarding and enclosure of the operator compartment. Spring loaded doors (or spring assisted closing guards) have been designed, implemented and are available from many manufacturers, but no data has been published regarding the time to open and egress from the operator compartment. Latching doors have also been designed and manufactured, but are not currently available on the market except in the case of trucks equipped with freezer cabs, for operation in refrigerated environments. However, latched doors have been criticized for extending the egress time duration by approximately 1/2 second. This study shows that a spring loaded door can be implemented on a stand-up forklift while only increasing egress time by a negligible amount, 0.05 seconds over an open compartment configuration. Furthermore, this study shows that an optimized latching door, designed by Knott Laboratory engineers, can also be implemented for a stand-up forklift while only increasing egress time by 0.09 seconds. The latching door designed by Knott Laboratory decreases the change in egress time associated with a latched door by a factor of 5. Therefore, the addition of a spring loaded door, or a latching door will not significantly increase operator egress time and provide additional protection to the operator in the event of a collision while still maintaining quick egress.
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Banta, Andrew. "Initial Operation and Analysis of a Cogeneration Laboratory." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30256.
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California State University, Sacramento, has constructed and put into service a stand alone cogeneration laboratory. The major components are a 75 kW gas turbine and generator, a waste heat boiler, and a 10 ton absorption chiller. Initial testing has been completed with efforts concentrating on the gas turbine engine and the absorption chiller. A two part thermodynamic performance analysis procedure has been developed to analyze the cogeneration plant. A first law energy balance around the gas turbine determines the heat into the engine. A Brayton cycle analysis of the gas turbine engine is then compared with the measured performance. While this engine is quite small, this method of analysis gives very consistent results and can be applied to engines of all sizes. Careful attention to details is required to obtain agreement between the calculated and measured outputs; typically they are within 10 to 15 percent. In the second part of the performance analysis experimental operation of the absorption chiller has been compared to that specified by the manufacturer and a theoretical cycle analysis. While the operation is within a few percent of that specified by the manufacturer, there are some interesting differences when it is compared to a theoretical analysis.
Reports on the topic "Stand-by operation"
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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, Otto Hyvärinen, Hilppa Gregow, Mikko Strahlendorff, Mikko Peltoniemi, et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.
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Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.