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1
Koning, A. V. de. Finite element analyses of stable crack growth in thin sheet material. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1985.
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2
Estrella, Arturo. How stable is the predictive power of the yield curve?: Evidence from Germany and the United States. [New York, N.Y.]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2000.
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3
Chistyakova, Guzel, Lyudmila Ustyantseva, Irina Remizova, Vladislav Ryumin, and Svetlana Bychkova. CHILDREN WITH EXTREMELY LOW BODY WEIGHT: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE FORMATION OF NEONATAL PATHOLOGY. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/monography_62061e70cc4ed1.46611016.
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The purpose of the monograph, which contains a modern view of the problem of adaptation of
children with extremely low body weight, is to provide a wide range of doctors with basic information
about the clinical picture, functional activity of innate and adaptive immunity, prognostic criteria
of postnatal pathology, based on their own research. The specific features of the immunological
reactivity of premature infants of various gestational ages who have developed bronchopulmonary
dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of newborns (RN) from the moment of birth and after reaching
postconceptional age (37-40 weeks) are described separately. The mechanisms of their implementation
with the participation of factors of innate and adaptive immunity are considered in detail. Methods
for early prediction of BPD and RN with the determination of an integral indicator and an algorithm
for the management of premature infants with a high risk of postnatal complications at the stage
of early rehabilitation are proposed. The information provided makes it possible to personify the
treatment, preventive and rehabilitation measures in premature babies. The monograph is intended for
obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians, allergists-immunologists, doctors of other
specialties, residents, students of the system of continuing medical education.
This work was done with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science, grant of
the President of the Russian Federation No. MK-1140.2020.7.
4
Zawidzki, Tadeusz. The Many Roles of the Intentional Stance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0003.
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Can the intentional stance play all of the roles Dennett claims that it must play? There is reason for skepticism about the suitability of the intentional stance as an analysis of mature, person-level, intentional concepts. In part this is because of the dynamic and socially situated structure of our interpersonal practices. In part this is because folk-ascriptions of mentality are often guided by regulative concerns with impression management and identity construction. But scientific practice often relies on intentional states that are characterized in terms of their predictive and explanatory roles; and most humans employ tacit cognitive resources with a similar character when they make quick and efficient behavioral anticipations. In light of these considerations, it is unlikely a single set of explanatory norms will be operative in practices of quotidian interpretation, scientific explanation, and philosophical naturalization.
5
Stache: A novel cache architecture using predictive prefetch. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.
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6
Barbaree, Howard E., and Robert A. Prentky. Risk assessment of sex offenders. Edited by Teela Sanders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213633.013.21.
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This essay discusses the assessment of recidivism risk in sex offenders. It begins with definitions of critical terms and concepts. A number of approaches to risk assessment are described. Validated risk instruments are reviewed, with a focus on their reliability and accuracy in predicting recidivism. Actuarial assessment of risk is described as a two-stage process. In the first stage, offenders are assessed and assigned to a risk level or stratum. In the second stage, the probability of risk over a follow-up period is estimated based on the offender’s risk ranking. The essay discusses calibration in the context of Bayes’ theorem, which reveals critically important realities involving base rates and the use of currently available standardization samples in determining a final estimate of recidivism likelihood. The essay concludes with a glimpse into the future of risk assessment and predictions about the next stage in evidence-based risk assessment of sex offenders.
7
C, Newman J., and Langley Research Center, eds. Prediction of stable tearing of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy using the crack-tip opening angle approach. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1993.
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8
C, Newman J., and Langley Research Center, eds. Prediction of stable tearing of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy using the crack-tip opening angle approach. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1993.
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9
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Prediction of Stable Tearing of 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Using the Crack-Tip Opening Angle Approach. Independently Published, 2018.
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10
Lemons, Don S. Drawing Physics. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035903.001.0001.
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Drawing Physics is a collection of 51 essays each one organized around a simple, informative, line drawing that conveys a key idea in the history of physics. The essays, each approximately 1000 words long, are chronologically ordered from Thales, who around 600 BCE explained and used the principles of triangulation, to Peter Higgs, who received the Nobel Prize in 2012 for his prediction of the Higgs boson. The essays expand on the science conveyed in each drawing and place that science in a broader cultural context. The essays are grouped into five sections: Antiquity, Middle Ages, Early Modern Period, Nineteenth Century, and Twentieth Century and Beyond. Each essay stands alone and requires no background in physics or mathematics.
11
Klausner, Michael. The “Corporate Contract” Today. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.12.
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This chapter examines the theoretical and empirical validity of the “contractarian” theory of corporate governance Beginning with an overview of the contractarian theory and its conceptualization of the relationship between managers and shareholders of a public company, it explains how the theoretical assumptions of the contractarian theory have turned out to be invalid and how the empirical predictions of the theory have not been borne out. The process by which “corporate contracts” develop do not fit the neoclassical model of atomistic competition. As a result, the customization and innovation that the contractarian theory predicts do not occur—either at the IPO stage or at the “midstream” stage when companies are publicly traded.
12
Arribas-Ayllon, Michael. Genetic Counseling in Psychiatry. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.54.
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This chapter offers a sober analysis of the history and prospects of genetic counseling in psychiatry. The present intersection of genetics and psychiatry is complex and limited in scope. The argument is made that recent genomic discoveries are unlikely to revolutionize genetic counseling because the complex nature of psychiatric conditions are not reducible to models of prediction. Susceptibility testing for psychiatric disorders is not a stable platform for clinical psychiatry because tests based on “common variation” are clinically unhelpful. Nevertheless, there are expectations that genetic counseling for psychiatry will be an area of growth and potential. The rest of the chapter focuses on the practical work of individuals and experts as they manage their moral or professional obligations to communicate and understand genetic risk in psychiatry.
13
Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. The Precautionary Saving Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0006.
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The chapter removes the assumption of quadratic utility and examines situations in which consumers respond to income risk by increasing current saving to protect against future shocks to income. This motive for saving is called precautionary saving, and it provides an explanation for some of the empirical findings in the literature, such as the observation that people with more volatile incomes tend to save more than individuals with more stable income patterns. Moreover, it can also explain the excess sensitivity of consumption to expected income changes. Indeed, a model with precautionary saving produces a good many predictions similar to those of the model with liquidity constraints.
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Massimini, Marcello, and Giulio Tononi. Mysteries in the Cranium. Translated by Frances Anderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728443.003.0004.
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This chapter exposes a series of fundamental paradoxes about the relationships between consciousness and the brain—why does the cortex support consciousness, but not the cerebellum, which has four times more neurons? Why does consciousness vanish during deep sleep, even though the neurons remain active? How can the vivid experience of a dream be generated without interactions with the environment? These facts are in front of our eyes, they are tangible both clinically and experimentally, and prompt an interesting consideration. Maybe, what we need at this stage is not another experiment, but rather a principle; a starting point to combine the available, before we can formulate novel predictions.
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Kobayashi, Bruce. Economics of Litigation. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.006.
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This chapter examines the basic model of the law and economics of litigation, focusing on private civil litigation, in particular the litigation value of a lawsuit and the incentives for filing a suit. It begins with the one-stage single plaintiff/single defendant investment model of litigation, and describes the conditions for filing, default, settlement, and litigation. It examines the effects of litigation cost- and fee-shifting and the effects of percentage contingency fee arrangements within the standard one-stage model. The model is modified to take into account sequencing and option value. It is shown how litigation with multiple stages and the revelation of information alter the investment value of litigation, and the effects of litigation reform proposals such as fee-shifting. The chapter discusses third party or external effects and how these complications affect the outcome of litigation, the viability of a lawsuit, and the predictions of the standard model of litigation.
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van der Meer, Tom. Dissecting the Causal Chain from Quality of Government to Political Support. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793717.003.0008.
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This chapter investigates to what extent cross-national differences in political support can be explained by the quality of government. The quality of government perspective implies that the executive ought to be bound by its own rules: impartiality and rule of law. The chapter formulates and tests hypotheses about the effects of governmental impartiality, rule of law, bureaucratic professionalism, and corruption on citizens’ political support using data from the ESS 2012. Of these indicators, it is the impartiality of policy implementation by the national bureaucracy that stands out as a consistently significant, robust, and strong predictor of political support.
17
Allen, Micah, and Manos Tsakiris. The body as first prior: Interoceptive predictive processing and the primacy of self-models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0002.
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Embodied predictive processing accounts place the visceral milieu, its homeostatic functioning, and our interoceptive awareness thereof on the center stage of self-awareness. Starting from the privileged status that homeostatic priors have within the cortical hierarchy of an organism whose main imperative is to maintain homeostasis, we focus on the mechanisms that underlie interoceptive precision and its impact on embodiment and cognition. Beyond their privileged status for ensuring the stability of organism, this chapter considers the psychological importance that interoceptive priors and interoceptive precision have for self-awareness and the grounding of a coherent self-model. In a manner analogous to the role that interoception plays for homeostasis, interoception at the psychological level seems to contribute to the stability of self-awareness. This psychological role of interoception is illustrated by a growing body of research that considers the antagonism but also the integration between exteroceptive and interoceptive models of the self.
18
Bedock, Camille. The Mechanisms of Institutional Reforms in Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779582.003.0006.
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Part II of the book focuses on understanding the link between the nature of the reform at stake, the process engaged to achieve reform, and the end result (adoption or non-adoption of reform). The chapter presents the comparison of three bundles of reforms in France, Ireland, and Italy between 2000 and 2015, and formulates propositions about the prediction of the outcomes of reform. The chapter discusses link(s) between antecedent conditions and the likelihood of a given type of reform and process emerging. Next, theoretical propositions centre on the interaction between the nature of the reform (divisive or consensual, depending on the level of support for the reform), and the nature of the process of reform (majoritarian, supermajoritarian, or externalized, depending on the level of inclusion). The chapter explains why the effect of veto players and of multifaceted reforms varies according to the type of reform and type of process chosen.
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Meinzer, Marcus, Lena Ulm, and Robert Lindenberg. Biological Markers of Aphasia Recovery after Stroke. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.4.
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Language recovery after stroke is often incomplete and residual symptoms may persist for many years. However, there is ample evidence for structural and functional reorganization of language networks after stroke that mediate recovery. This chapter reviews studies that investigated biological markers of language recovery by means of functional and structural imaging techniques. In particular, we discuss neural signatures associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced language recovery across the first year poststroke and in the chronic stage of aphasia, studies that aimed at predicting recovery and treatment outcome as well as recent developments in brain stimulation that may be suited to enhance the potential for functional recovery.
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Zhang, Ning, Li-Jun Ji, and Tieyuan Guo. Culture and Lay Theories of Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0003.
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Lay theories of change refer to beliefs people hold about how events develop over time and are related to each other. This chapter reviews cultural differences in lay theories of change between East Asians and Euro-Americans/Canadians. The overarching theme from the existing research is that East Asians tend to believe more than Westerners that phenomena change in a cyclical way, whereas Westerners tend to believe that events are either relatively stable or develop in a linear fashion. This cultural variation is manifested in a wide range of predictions and decisions. Furthermore, Euro–North Americans are more likely than East Asians to hold linear beliefs about the correspondence between cause and effect in magnitude, and between appearance and reality (e.g., a strong appearance corresponds to a strong internal state). The chapter also discusses the cultural underpinnings of lay theories of change and directions for future research.
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Steiner, Benjamin. Measuring and Explaining Inmate Misconduct. Edited by John Wooldredge and Paula Smith. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.013.12.
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This essay explores definitions of inmate misconduct (e.g., the distinction between crimes versus “other” rule infractions, violent versus property versus drug crimes in prison, and the incidence versus the prevalence of institutional misconduct). The current applicability of importation, deprivation, and administrative control theories to understanding inmate deviance is assessed. Other potentially applicable criminological theories (e.g., social control theories, Agnew’s general strain theory) are also discussed. General theories of crime and deviance may offer a comprehensive explanation of misconduct and permit consideration of incarceration as a stage (or stages) in an offender’s life course that may encourage desistance from offending or induce further criminality. The literature on best practices for predicting (and preventing) institutional misconduct is also reviewed, as well as research on a possible link between engaging in misconduct during confinement and postrelease recidivism.
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Sabharwal, Nikant, Parthiban Arumugam, and Andrew Kelion. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: clinical value. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759942.003.0010.
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Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) is most commonly used to diagnose or exclude obstructive coronary disease in patients presenting with chest pain. This chapter covers the value of MPS in this context, as well as providing detail on the guidelines which help the clinician choose what investigations are appropriate for the patient presenting with chest pain. It also details a number of considerations related to the use of MPS, such as its cost-effectiveness and the prognosis value in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease compared to exercise ECG, X-ray computed tomographic coronary angiography, and other imaging investigations. Risk assessment prior to elective non-cardiac surgery is covered, with detailed attention paid to the challenges of assessing coronary artery disease special groups including women and patients with diabetes or renal disease. This chapter also covers assessment in known stable coronary artery disease, predicting the value of coronary revascularization and hibernating myocardium.
23
Woods, Bob, and Gill Windle. The effect of ageing on personality. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0052.
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Ageing and personality interact. Whilst experiences that may be associated with age, including changes in roles and social networks, losses and health challenges, may require adaptation of aspects of personality, personality across the life-span fundamentally influences how ageing is experienced. There are indications that extraversion, conscientiousness and openness show reduced levels in later life, but people’s rank order on personality traits remains stable. Development continues into later life, but builds on earlier experiences and ways of coping. Personality resources such as self-esteem, perceived control, self-efficacy and resilience shape the person’s response to adversity in later life, enabling older people to maintain high levels of well-being, despite the challenges. Dementia, the ultimate challenge, is accompanied by personality change, with raised neuroticism and lowered conscientiousness both predicting its onset and accompanying its course. Pre-morbid personality does also appear to have some influence on behavioural problems experienced.
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Appelbaum, Kenneth L., Robert L. Trestman, and Jeffrey L. Metzner. The Future of Correctional Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0071.
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Recent decades have seen many advances in the knowledge base and practice standards for correctional psychiatry. In many ways, however, the field remains in the early stages of development. As it continues to mature in the coming years, we hope and expect to see further progress. Establishment of evidence-based clinical practices and a firm foundation for ethical standards has begun, and the momentum will continue to build. The questions and dilemmas that we present do not all lend themselves to easy consensus. They do, however, require attention and resolution. Custodial and clinical practices in correctional settings continue to evolve and change. Some of those changes may occur in a rapid and dramatic way. Psychiatry should stake-out a place in the forefront of the ongoing debate. By being proactive instead of reactive we will have a greater chance of influencing the outcomes and we will fulfill our responsibilities for the inmate patients who we serve. No one can predict with certainty what the future holds. We feel safe, however, in predicting that changes, incremental and perhaps revolutionary, will occur. In this chapter we identify opportunities to expand the evidence-base of correctional psychiatry, the need to refine practice guidelines, and the role that psychiatry might play in influencing the use of incarceration. As part of our review we describe what we believe the future may hold in store for our subspecialty. We hope that this textbook contributes to a picture of where things stand and a vision of where we need to go.
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Appelbaum, Kenneth L., Robert L. Trestman, and Jeffrey L. Metzner. The Future of Correctional Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0071_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Recent decades have seen many advances in the knowledge base and practice standards for correctional psychiatry. In many ways, however, the field remains in the early stages of development. As it continues to mature in the coming years, we hope and expect to see further progress. Establishment of evidence-based clinical practices and a firm foundation for ethical standards has begun, and the momentum will continue to build. The questions and dilemmas that we present do not all lend themselves to easy consensus. They do, however, require attention and resolution. Custodial and clinical practices in correctional settings continue to evolve and change. Some of those changes may occur in a rapid and dramatic way. Psychiatry should stake-out a place in the forefront of the ongoing debate. By being proactive instead of reactive we will have a greater chance of influencing the outcomes and we will fulfill our responsibilities for the inmate patients who we serve. No one can predict with certainty what the future holds. We feel safe, however, in predicting that changes, incremental and perhaps revolutionary, will occur. In this chapter we identify opportunities to expand the evidence-base of correctional psychiatry, the need to refine practice guidelines, and the role that psychiatry might play in influencing the use of incarceration. As part of our review we describe what we believe the future may hold in store for our subspecialty. We hope that this textbook contributes to a picture of where things stand and a vision of where we need to go.
26
Hilborn, Ray. Overfishing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0019.
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This chapter calls into question the veracity of stories, often seen in the scientific literature and popular media, describing the collapse of fish stocks and predicting a soon-to-be-seen dramatic decline in food production from the ocean. In fact, detailed scientific analyses suggest that fish stock abundance is globally stable, and much of the decline in fish catch has been due to more stringent management of fisheries in many countries. This has led to a polarization between those who look at abundance trends, and argue that improving fisheries management is the solution, and those who look at catch and argue that fisheries management does not work and marine protected areas are needed. Data clearly support the effectiveness of fisheries management, whereas remarkably little data demonstrates the impact of marine protected areas outside of the closed areas. This chapter argues the actual impacts of MPAs need to be evaluated much more intensively.
27
Stoolmiller, Mike. An Introduction to Using Multivariate Multilevel Survival Analysis to Study Coercive Family Process. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.27.
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Multivariate multilevel survival analysis is introduced for studying hazard rates of observed emotional behavior relevant for coercion theory. Finite time sampling reliability (FTSR) and short-term retest reliability (STRR) across two occasions (sessions) of observation during structured problem-solving tasks several weeks apart were determined for hazard rates of emotional behaviors for parent–child dyads. While FTSR was high (.80–.96), STRR was low (.16–.65), suggesting that emotional behaviors in the context of parent–child social interaction are not very stable over a period of several weeks. Using latent variable structural equation models that corrected for the low STRR, two hazard rates were predictive of change in child antisocial behavior over a 3-year period (kindergarten to third grade) net of initial child antisocial behavior. Low levels of parent positive emotion and increases from session 1 to 2 of child neutral behavior both accounted for unique variance in third grade antisocial behavior.
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Plutynski, Anya. Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199967452.003.0002.
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Is cancer one or many? If many, how many diseases is cancer, exactly? I argue that this question makes a false assumption; there is no single “natural” classificatory scheme for cancer. Rather, there are many ways to classify cancers, which serve different predictive and explanatory goals. I consider two philosophers’ views concerning whether cancer is a natural kind, that of Khalidi, who argues that cancer is the closest any scientific kind comes to a homeostatic property cluster kind, and that of Lange, whose conclusion is the opposite of Khalidi’s; he argues that cancer is at best a “kludge” and that advances in molecular subtyping of cancer hail the “end of diseases” as natural kinds. I consider several alternative accounts of natural or “scientific” kinds, the “simple causal view,” the “stable property cluster” view, and “scientific kinds,” and argue that the diverse aims of cancer research require us to embrace a much more pluralistic view.
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Barwich, Ann-Sophie. Measuring the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0017.
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How much does stimulus input shape perception? The common-sense view is that our perceptions are representations of objects and their features and that the stimulus structures the perceptual object. The problem for this view concerns perceptual biases as responsible for distortions and the subjectivity of perceptual experience. These biases are increasingly studied as constitutive factors of brain processes in recent neuroscience. In neural network models the brain is said to cope with the plethora of sensory information by predicting stimulus regularities on the basis of previous experiences. Drawing on this development, this chapter analyses perceptions as processes. Looking at olfaction as a model system, it argues for the need to abandon a stimulus-centred perspective, where smells are thought of as stable percepts, computationally linked to external objects such as odorous molecules. Perception here is presented as a measure of changing signal ratios in an environment informed by expectancy effects from top-down processes.
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Sherman, Mark E., Melissa A. Troester, Katherine A. Hoadley, and William F. Anderson. Morphological and Molecular Classification of Human Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0003.
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Accurate and reproducible classification of tumors is essential for clinical management, cancer surveillance, and studies of pathogenesis and etiology. Tumor classification has historically been based on the primary anatomic site or organ in which the tumor occurs and on its morphologic and histologic phenotype. While pathologic criteria are useful in predicting the average behavior of a group of tumors, histopathology alone cannot accurately predict the prognosis and treatment response of individual cancers. Traditional measures such as tumor stage and grade do not take into account molecular events that influence tumor aggressiveness or changes in the tumor composition during treatment. This chapter provides a primer on approaches that use pathology and molecular biology to classify and subclassify cancers. It describes the features of carcinomas, sarcomas, and malignant neoplasms of the immune system and blood, as well as various high-throughput genomic platforms that characterize the molecular profile of tumors.
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Ather, Sameer, Ayman Farag, Vikas Bhatia, and Fadi G. Hage. Role of Imaging in Chronic Kidney Disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0017.
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Cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is the biggest contributor of death in these patients. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a validated tool for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) and for predicting short and long term prognosis in this patient population. Non-invasive stress imaging, with MPI or other imaging modalities, is widely used for risk stratification in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) being evaluated for kidney transplantation due to the paucity of donor organs and the high cardiovascular risk of patients on the transplant waiting list. In this Chapter we will review the data on diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification using MPI in patients with CKD and ESRD highlighting the special challenges that are unique to this population. We will also discuss novel indicators that have been used in these patients to improve risk stratification.
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Schadt, Eric E. Network Methods for Elucidating the Complexity of Common Human Diseases. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0002.
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The life sciences are now a significant contributor to the ever expanding digital universe of data, and stand poised to lead in both the generation of big data and the realization of dramatic benefit from it. We can now score variations in DNA across whole genomes; RNA levels and alternative isoforms, metabolite levels, protein levels, and protein state information across the transcriptome, metabolome and proteome; methylation status across the methylome; and construct extensive protein–protein and protein–DNA interaction maps, all in a comprehensive fashion and at the scale of populations of individuals. This chapter describes a number of analytical approaches aimed at inferring causal relationships among variables in very large-scale datasets by leveraging DNA variation as a systematic perturbation source. The causal inference procedures are also demonstrated to enhance the ability to reconstruct truly predictive, probabilistic causal gene networks that reflect the biological processes underlying complex phenotypes like disease.
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Lee, Christoph I. Breast MRI for Women with Recently Diagnosed Breast Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0041.
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This chapter, found in the cancer screening and management section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the efficacy of breast magnetic resonance imaging for extent of disease evaluation among women with recently diagnosed breast cancer. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that breast MRI in newly diagnosed unilateral breast cancer patients can detect contralateral early-stage breast cancers missed by mammography and clinical breast examination. In addition, breast MRI has an extremely high negative predictive value, and may provide helpful information to women and physicians weighing the relative value of prophylactic contralateral mastectomy in the setting of unilateral breast cancer. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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Read, John, and Peter Stacey. Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101104.
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Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design is a comprehensive account of the open pit slope design process. Created as an outcome of the Large Open Pit (LOP) project, an international research and technology transfer project on rock slope stability in open pit mines, this book provides an up-to-date compendium of knowledge of the slope design processes that should be followed and the tools that are available to aid slope design practitioners.
This book links innovative mining geomechanics research into the strength of closely jointed rock masses with the most recent advances in numerical modelling, creating more effective ways for predicting rock slope stability and reliability in open pit mines. It sets out the key elements of slope design, the required levels of effort and the acceptance criteria that are needed to satisfy best practice with respect to pit slope investigation, design, implementation and performance monitoring.
Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design comprises 14 chapters that directly follow the life of mine sequence from project commencement through to closure. It includes: information on gathering all of the field data that is required to create a 3D model of the geotechnical conditions at a mine site; how data is collated and used to design the walls of the open pit; how the design is implemented; up-to-date procedures for wall control and performance assessment, including limits blasting, scaling, slope support and slope monitoring; and how formal risk management procedures can be applied to each stage of the process.
This book will assist in meeting stakeholder requirements for pit slopes that are stable, in regards to safety, ore recovery and financial return, for the required life of the mine.
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Blanchette, Jude. China's New Red Guards. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577554.001.0001.
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Abstract China’s New Red Guards details two worrying trends in contemporary China that point to the revival of Maoism. First, an increasingly popular hard-edged form of nationalism that is reflexively anti-Western has taken root. The second is an unapologetic embrace of extreme authoritarianism that draws inspiration from the Maoist era. China’s assertive stance in the South China Sea and anti-Japanese rhetoric represents the former, and the massive crackdown on liberal thought since Xi Jinping assumed the presidency represents the latter. The result is plain to see: a more authoritarian and more militaristic China. The book goes further than this, though, arguing that what we’re seeing is a full-fledged Maoist revival. The book centers its story around a cast of nationalist intellectuals and activists who have helped unleash a wave of populist enthusiasm and nostalgia for the Great Helmsman’s policies. That, combined with Xi’s quick implementation of a range of authoritarian policies, suggests that the Maoist revival is neither epiphenomenal nor a passing fad. The ramifications, the book suggests, are clear: those in the West who have been predicting waves of democratization and liberalization are living in a dream world, blithely unaware of either the Communist Party’s commitment to authoritarianism or the degree of its residual veneration for the CCP’s founding leaders. In sum, this book demonstrates how ideologies can survive and prosper despite pervasive rumors of their demise.
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Gandy Jr., Oscar H. The Panoptic Sort. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197579411.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Panoptic Sort was published in 1993. Its focus was on privacy and surveillance. But unlike the majority of publications addressing these topics in the United States at the time that were focused on the privacy concerns of individuals, especially those related to threats associated with government surveillance, that book sought to direct the public toward the activities of commercial firms. The Panoptic Sort was intended to help us all to understand just what was at stake when the bureaucracies of government and commerce gathered, processed, and made use of an almost unlimited amount of personal and transaction-generated information to manage social, economic, and political activities within society. While the first edition provided numerous examples from marketing, employment, insurance, credit management, and the provision of government and social services, the second edition extends descriptions of the technologies that have been developed and incorporated into the panoptic sort in the nearly thirty years since its initial publication. Assessments of the implications for democracy that many associate with the possibility of an algorithmic Leviathan, invite a reconsideration of Jacques Ellul’s distressing predictions about the future that ended the first edition of The Panoptic Sort.
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Bassand, Jean-Pierre, François Schiele, and Nicolas Meneveau. Anaemia and transfusion. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0071.
Full textAbstract:
Anaemia, irrespective of the cause-whether linked to, or worsened by, bleeding or phlebotomy, has an unfavourable impact on outcome, in terms of death and myocardial infarction, in acute coronary syndromes. In addition, it is an independent predictor of the risk of bleeding. The treatment of anaemia includes a search for the cause and its mechanism, blood transfusion, and iron therapy. Erythropoietin-stimulating agents are contraindicated. Blood transfusion should be considered with caution. It is indicated in cases of haemodynamic or ischaemic instability. However, in stable patients, blood transfusion should not be administered in patients with a haematocrit of >25%, since deleterious effects of transfusion have been described in this situation. For haematocrit below 25%, blood transfusion should be administered. Target post-transfusion haemoglobin levels are in the range of 9–10 g/dL. In practical terms, the risks of further ischaemic events and bleeding have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis in every patient admitted for acute coronary syndrome. Pharmacotherapy and invasive strategies have to be customized, depending on the ischaemic and bleeding risks, bearing in mind that those patients at highest risk of further ischaemic events are often the same patients who are at highest bleeding risk.
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Rusten, Kristian A. Referential Null Subjects in Early English. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808237.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book offers a large-scale quantitative investigation of referential null subjects as they occur in Old, Middle, and Early Modern English. Using corpus linguistic methods, and drawing on five corpora of early English, the book empirically addresses the occurrence of subjectless finite clauses in more than 500 early English texts, and excerpts of texts, spanning nearly 850 years of the history of English. The book gives an in-depth quantitative analysis of c.80,000 overt and null referential pronominal subjects in 181 Old English texts. On the basis of this substantial data material, the book re-evaluates previous conflicting claims concerning the occurrence and distribution of null subjects in Old English. The book critically addresses the question of whether the earliest stage of English can be considered a canonical or partial pro-drop language. It also provides an empirical examination of the role played by central licensors of null subjects proposed in the theoretical literature, including verbal agreement and Aboutness topicality. The predictions of two important pragmatic accounts of null arguments are also tested. In order to provide a longitudinal perspective, results are provided from an investigation of c.139,000 overt and null referential pronominal subjects occurring in more than 300 Middle and Early Modern English texts and text samples. Throughout, the book builds its arguments by means of powerful statistical tools, including generalized fixed-effects and mixed-effects logistic regression modelling, and is the most comprehensive examination so far provided of null subjects in the history of English.
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FitzGerald, Brian. Inspiration and Authority in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808244.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Inspiration and Authority rethinks the role of prophecy in the Middle Ages by examining how professional theologians responded to new assertions of divine inspiration. The book argues that the task of defining prophetic authority became a crucial intellectual and cultural enterprise as university-trained theologians confronted prophetic claims from lay mystics, radical Franciscans, and other unprecedented visionaries. In the process, these theologians redescribed their own activities as prophetic by locating inspiration not in special predictions or ecstatic visions but in natural forms of understanding and in the daily work of ecclesiastical teaching and ministry. Instead of containing the spread of prophetic privilege, however, scholastic assessments of prophecy from Peter Lombard and Thomas Aquinas to Peter John Olivi and Nicholas Trevet opened space for claims of divine insight to proliferate beyond the control of theologians. The book ends with the examination of an early fourteenth-century debate in Padua between a Dominican theologian and the lay Italian humanist Albertino Mussato regarding the nature of poetry, prophecy, and sacred authority. This debate, the first of many similar ones over the course of that century, shows how the promotion of a more natural form of prophecy helped lay humanists on the cusp of the Renaissance stake their claims to prophetic inspiration on their intellectual powers and literary practices. These conflicts reveal medieval clerics, scholars, and reformers reshaping the contours of religious authority, the boundaries of sanctity and sacred texts, and the relationship of tradition to the new voices of the Late Middle Ages.
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Ott, Walter. The Metaphysics of Laws of Nature. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859235.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract That we live in a world governed by laws of nature can seem obvious. But it was not until the seventeenth century that the concept of a law came to the fore. Ever since, it has been attended by controversy: what does it mean to say that Boyle’s law governs the expansion of a gas, or that the planets obey the law of gravity? Laws are rules that permit calculations and predictions. What does the universe have to be like, if it is to play by them? This book sorts the most prominent answers into three families. Laws first arise in a theological context: they govern events only because God enforces them. Those wishing to reverse the order of explanation, and argue that the powers of objects fix the laws, struggled to claim for themselves the results of the new science. The stand-off between these two bred a third family, which rejects any kind of enforcer for the laws. On this view, laws summarize events; they do not govern anything. The book traces the fortunes of the three families, from their origins to the present day. It uses objections—and the revisions needed to answer them—to produce the best representative of each. Along the way, it tries to settle the rules of this game, the debate over laws of nature. What should we expect from an account of laws? The book aims to help readers develop their own desiderata and judge the merits of the competing positions.
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Harper, Lorraine, and David Jayne. The patient with vasculitis. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0160.
Full textAbstract:
The goals of treatment in renal vasculitis are to stop vasculitic activity and recover renal function. Subsequent strategies are required to prevent vasculitis returning and to address longer-term co-morbidities caused by tissue damage, drug toxicity, and increased cardiovascular and malignancy risk.Cyclophosphamide and high-dose glucocorticoids remain the standard induction therapy with alternative immunosuppressives, such as azathioprine, to prevent relapse. Plasma exchange improves renal recovery in severe presentations. Refractory disease resulting from a failure of induction or remission maintenance therapy requires alternative agents and rituximab has been particularly effective. Replacement of cyclophosphamide by rituximab for remission induction is supported by recent evidence. Methotrexate is effective in non-renal vasculitis but difficult to use in patients with renal impairment. Mycophenolate mofetil seems to be effective but there is less long-term evidence.Drug toxicity contributes to co-morbidity and mortality and has led to newer regimens with reduced cyclophosphamide exposure. Glucocorticoid toxicity remains a major problem with controversy over the rapidity with which glucocorticoids can be reduced or withdrawn.Disease relapse occurs in about 50% of patients. Early detection is less likely to lead to an adverse affect on outcomes. Rates of cardiovascular disease and malignancy are higher than in control populations but strategies to reduce their risk, apart from cyclophosphamide-sparing regimens, have not been developed. Thromboembolic events occur in 10% and may be linked to the recently identified autoantibodies to plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator.Renal impairment at diagnosis is a strong predictor of patient survival and renal outcome. Other predictors include patient age, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody subtype, disease extent and response to therapy. Chronic kidney disease can stabilize for many years but the risks of end-stage renal disease are increased by acute kidney injury at presentation or renal relapse. Renal transplantation is successful with similar outcomes to other causes of end-stage renal disease.
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Kulak, Dariusz. Wieloaspektowa metoda oceny stanu gleb leśnych po przeprowadzeniu procesów pozyskania drewna. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-28-1.
Full textAbstract:
Presented reasearch aimed to develop and analyse the suitability of the CART models for prediction of the extent and probability of occurrence of damage to outer soil layers caused by timber harvesting performed under varied conditions. Having employed these models, the author identified certain methods of logging works and conditions, under which they should be performed to minimise the risk of damaging forest soils. The analyses presented in this work covered the condition of soils upon completion of logging works, which was investigated in 48 stands located in central and south-eastern Poland. In the stands selected for these studies a few felling treatments were carried out, including early thinning, late thinning and final felling. Logging works were performed with use of the most popular technologies in Poland. Trees were cut down with chainsaws and timber was extracted by means of various skidding methods: with horses, semi-suspended skidding with the use of cable yarding systems, farm tractors equipped with cable winches or tractors of a skidder type, and forwarding employing farm tractors with trailers loaded mechanically by cranes or manually. The analyses also included mechanised forest operation with the use of a harvester and a forwarder. The information about the extent of damage to soil, in a form of wheel-ruts and furrows, gathered in the course of soil condition inventory served for construction of regression tree models using the CART method (Classification and Regression Trees), based on which the area, depth and the volume of soil damage under analysis, wheel-ruts and furrows, were determined, and the total degree of all soil disturbances was assessed. The CART classification trees were used for modelling the probability of occurrence of wheel-ruts and furrows, or any other type of soil damage. Qualitative independent variables assumed by the author for developing the models included several characteristics describing the conditions under which the logging works were performed, mensuration data of the stands and the treatments conducted there. These characteristics covered in particular: the season of the year when logging works were performed, the system of timber harvesting employed, the manner of timber skidding, the means engaged in the process of timber harvesting and skidding, habitat type, crown closure, and cutting category. Moreover, the author took into consideration an impact of the quantitative independent variables on the extent and probability of occurrence of soil disturbance. These variables included the following: the measuring row number specifying a distance between the particular soil damage and communication tracks, the age of a stand, the soil moisture content, the intensity of a particular cutting treatment expressed by units of harvested timber volume per one hectare of the stand, and the mean angle of terrain inclination. The CART models developed in these studies not only allowed the author to identify the conditions, under which the soil damage of a given degree is most likely to emerge, or determine the probability of its occurrence, but also, thanks to a graphical presentation of the nature and strength of relationships between the variables employed in the model construction, they facilitated a recognition of rules and relationships between these variables and the area, depth, volume and probability of occurrence of forest soil damage of a particular type. Moreover, the CART trees served for developing the so-called decision-making rules, which are especially useful in organising logging works. These rules allow the organisers of timber harvest to plan the management-related actions and operations with the use of available technical means and under conditions enabling their execution in such manner as to minimise the harm to forest soils. Furthermore, employing the CART trees for modelling soil disturbance made it possible to evaluate particular independent variables in terms of their impact on the values of dependent variables describing the recorded disturbance to outer soil layers. Thanks to this the author was able to identify, amongst the variables used in modelling the properties of soil damage, these particular ones that had the greatest impact on values of these properties, and determine the strength of this impact. Detailed results depended on the form of soil disturbance and the particular characteristics subject to analysis, however the variables with the strongest influence on the extent and probability of occurrence of soil damage, under the conditions encountered in the investigated stands, enclosed the following: the season of the year when logging works were performed, the volume-based cutting intensity of the felling treatments conducted, technical means used for completion of logging works, the soil moisture content during timber harvest, the manner of timber skidding, dragged, semi-suspended or forwarding, and finally a distance between the soil damage and transportation ducts. The CART models proved to be very useful in designing timber harvesting technologies that could minimise the risk of forest soil damage in terms of both, the extent of factual disturbance and the probability of its occurrence. Another valuable advantage of this kind of modelling is an opportunity to evaluate an impact of particular variables on the extent and probability of occurrence of damage to outer soil layers. This allows the investigator to identify, amongst all of the variables describing timber harvesting processes, those crucial ones, from which any optimisation process should start, in order to minimise the negative impact of forest management practices on soil condition.
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Goswami, B. N., and Soumi Chakravorty. Dynamics of the Indian Summer Monsoon Climate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613.
Full textAbstract:
Lifeline for about one-sixth of the world’s population in the subcontinent, the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an integral part of the annual cycle of the winds (reversal of winds with seasons), coupled with a strong annual cycle of precipitation (wet summer and dry winter). For over a century, high socioeconomic impacts of ISM rainfall (ISMR) in the region have driven scientists to attempt to predict the year-to-year variations of ISM rainfall. A remarkably stable phenomenon, making its appearance every year without fail, the ISM climate exhibits a rather small year-to-year variation (the standard deviation of the seasonal mean being 10% of the long-term mean), but it has proven to be an extremely challenging system to predict. Even the most skillful, sophisticated models are barely useful with skill significantly below the potential limit on predictability. Understanding what drives the mean ISM climate and its variability on different timescales is, therefore, critical to advancing skills in predicting the monsoon. A conceptual ISM model helps explain what maintains not only the mean ISM but also its variability on interannual and longer timescales.The annual ISM precipitation cycle can be described as a manifestation of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) or the zonally oriented cloud (rain) band characterized by a sudden “onset.” The other important feature of ISM is the deep overturning meridional (regional Hadley circulation) that is associated with it, driven primarily by the latent heat release associated with the ISM (ITCZ) precipitation. The dynamics of the monsoon climate, therefore, is an extension of the dynamics of the ITCZ. The classical land–sea surface temperature gradient model of ISM may explain the seasonal reversal of the surface winds, but it fails to explain the onset and the deep vertical structure of the ISM circulation. While the surface temperature over land cools after the onset, reversing the north–south surface temperature gradient and making it inadequate to sustain the monsoon after onset, it is the tropospheric temperature gradient that becomes positive at the time of onset and remains strongly positive thereafter, maintaining the monsoon. The change in sign of the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient is dynamically responsible for a symmetric instability, leading to the onset and subsequent northward progression of the ITCZ. The unified ISM model in terms of the TT gradient provides a platform to understand the drivers of ISM variability by identifying processes that affect TT in the north and the south and influence the gradient.The predictability of the seasonal mean ISM is limited by interactions of the annual cycle and higher frequency monsoon variability within the season. The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) has a seminal role in influencing the seasonal mean and its interannual variability. While ISM climate on long timescales (e.g., multimillennium) largely follows the solar forcing, on shorter timescales the ISM variability is governed by the internal dynamics arising from ocean–atmosphere–land interactions, regional as well as remote, together with teleconnections with other climate modes. Also important is the role of anthropogenic forcing, such as the greenhouse gases and aerosols versus the natural multidecadal variability in the context of the recent six-decade long decreasing trend of ISM rainfall.