Relevant bibliographies by topics / Stamp, 1706

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Stamp, 1706'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 26 July 2024
Last updated: 27 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Stamp, 1706"

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Apriyanti dan Reiza D. Dienaputra, Eka. "PEMERINTAHAN MARGA DI LUBUKLINGGAU TAHUN 1855-1983." Patanjala : Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya 7, no. 2 (2015): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.30959/patanjala.v7i2.95.

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AbstrakSistem Pemerintahan Marga di Lubuklinggau berlangsung sejak tahun 1855 pada masa Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda. Tahun 1983 sistem Pemerintahan Marga di Lubuklinggau berakhir berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Gubernur Daerah Tingkat I Sumatera Selatan Nomor: 142 tahun 1983. Pemerintahan Marga pertama kali dikenal dalam wilayah Kesultanan Palembang Tahun 1662-1706. Marga dibentuk pada umumnya di daerah pedalaman, yang berada di hulu sungai. Tujuannya untuk memudahkan pengaturan wilayah kesultanan yang luas. Setiap Marga dipimpin oleh seorang kepala Marga yang disebut Depati/Pesirah. Sistem Pemerintahan Marga berlangsung hingga Masa Kemerdekaan. Sumber informasi mengenai pemerintahan Marga antara lain Piagam dari Sultan Palembang untuk Kiai Ario dari IPIL (Sekayu), stempel cap Marga Suku Tengah Kepungut Moesi Oloe di Lubuk Besar tahun 1856, dan Piagam Moeara Katie Marga Suku Tengah Tiang Poeng-poeng Afdeeling Moesi Oloe tahun 1866. Untuk menjelaskan sistem Pemerintahan Marga yang berlangsung cukup lama di Lubuklinggau kajian ini menggunakan metode sejarah. Interpretasi diperkuat dengan menggunakan konsep dan teori dari ilmu sosiologi, antropologi, dan ilmu politik. Kajian meliputi tiga hal, yaitu lahirnya pemerintahan Marga, hukum dalam pemerintahan Marga, dan pemerintahan Marga di Lubuklinggau. AbstractThe Clan Government administration systemof Lubuklingau had been role since 1855 in the Government of the Netherlands East Indies. It ended in 1983 by the Decree of the Governor of South Sumatra Level Region Number: 142 year 1983. The Clan Government Administration was known firstly in the Sultanate of Palembang Year 1662-1706. Margaor clan was formed generally in rural areas, which was closed to the river. The aim was to facilitate the controlling of the sultanate vast territory. Each of the clan was led by a head of Margawhich was called Depati / Pesirah. This system lasted until the Independence Period. The information sources about the government of clans can be seen from the Charter of the Sultan of Palembang to Kiai Ario of IPIL (Sekayu), stamp of the clans of Middle Kepungut Moesi Oloe in Lubuk Besar in 1856, and the Charter of Moeara Katie Middle Pillar Poeng-Poeng Afdeeling Moesi Oloe clan in 1866 . To explain the government system of Lubuklingau clan in this research,the researcher used the historical method. The Interpretation is reinforced by the use of concepts and theories of sociology, anthropology, and political science. The Studies cover three things; the birth of clan governance, rule of law within the clan, and the clan rule in Lubuklinggau.
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Dwivedi, R., P. Varshney, A. Tiwari, A. K. Singh, and O. Dikshit. "Assessment of slope stability using PS-InSAR technique." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 27, 2014): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-35-2014.

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In this research work, PS-InSAR approach is envisaged to monitor slope stability of landslides prone areas in Nainital and Tehri region of Uttarakhand, India. For the proposed work, Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS) based PS-InSAR is used for processing ENVISAT ASAR C-Band data stacks of study area which resulted in a time series 1D-Line of Sight (LOS) map of surface displacement. StaMPS efficiently extracted the PS pixels on the unstable slopes in both areas and the time series 1D-LOS displacement map of PS pixels indicates that those areas in Nainital and Tehri region have measurement pixels with maximum displacement away from the satellite of the order of 22 mm/year and 17.6 mm/year respectively
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Martín, Javier Calle. "“When That Wounds Are Evil Healed”: Revisiting Pleonastic That in Early English Medical Writing." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 52, no. 1 (2017): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2017-0001.

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Abstract The origin of pleonastic that can be traced back to Old English, where it could appear in syntactic constructions consisting of a preposition + a demonstrative pronoun (i.e., for py pat, for pæm pe) or a subordinator (i.e., op pat). The diffusion of this pleonastic form is an Early Middle English development as a result of the standardization of that as the general subordinator in the period, which motivated its use as a pleonastic word in combination with many kinds of conjunctions (i.e., now that, if that, when that, etc.) and prepositions (i.e., before that, save that, in that) (Fischer 1992: 295). The phenomenon increased considerably in Late Middle English, declining rapidly in the 17th century to such an extent that it became virtually obliterated towards the end of that same century (Rissanen 1999: 303-304). The list of subordinating elements includes relativizers (i.e., this that), adverbial relatives (i.e., there that), and a number of subordinators (i.e., after, as, because, before, beside, for, if, since, sith, though, until, when, while, etc.). The present paper examines the status of pleonastic that in the history of English pursuing the following objectives: (a) to analyse its use and distribution in a corpus of early English medical writing (in the period 1375-1700); (b) to classify the construction in terms of genre, i.e., treatises and recipes; and (c) to assess its decline with the different conjunctive words. The data used as source of evidence come from The Corpus of Early English Medical Writing, i.e., Middle English Medical Texts (MEMT for the period 1375-1500) and Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT for the period 1500-1700). The use of pleonastic that in medical writing allows us to reconsider the history of the construction in English, becoming in itself a Late Middle English phenomenon with its progressive decline throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.
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Lipski, Jakub. "Travellers, Connoisseurs, and Britons: Art Commentaries and National Discourse in the Travel Writings of Daniel Defoe and Tobias Smollett." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 52, no. 3 (2017): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2017-0014.

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Abstract This article seeks to explore the interrelationship of two facets characterising eighteenth-century travel writing – art commentaries and national discourse. It is demonstrated that one of the reasons behind the travellers’ repetitious attempts to fashion themselves as connoisseurs was a need to re-affirm their national identity. To this end it offers an analysis of two travel texts coming from two different political moments – Daniel Defoe’s A Tour thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724–1726), constituting an attempt to read the British as a “great” and prosperous nation after the union of 1707, and Tobias Smollett’s idiosyncratic Travels through France and Italy (1766), shedding light on the British attitude towards the South in the aftermath of the Seven Years’ War and at the outset of the cult of feeling in Britain. It will also be argued that the numerous art commentaries throughout the narratives had a political agenda and supported the national discourse underpinning the texts.
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Crescenzi, Stefano. "«Imitando i prischi atleti». Antico e moderno nei “Giuochi Olimpici” in Arcadia." AOQU (Achilles Orlando Quixote Ulysses). Rivista di epica 5, no. 1 (2024): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2724-3346/24011.

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A partire dagli studi di Bilinski sui Giuochi olimpici in Arcadia, l’articolo si propone di approfondire le prime edizioni della competizione, fondamentali al fine di comprendere la costruzione dell’ideale arcadico di miglioramento del passato, calato nella contemporanea querelle des anciens et des modernes. Attraverso lo studio del materiale manoscritto conservato presso la Biblioteca Angelica, tutt’ora in gran parte inedito, viene ricostruita la prima edizione dei Giuochi, celebrata nel 1697, e poi stampata con significative variazioni all’interno dell’Arcadia crescimbeniana (1708). Successivamente, tramite il confronto con le stampe successive, vengono sottolineati i punti di continuità e di cambiamento, con lo scopo di evidenziare come la competizione costituisca un punto di vista privilegiato al fine dello studio dei rapporti del consesso con il contesto della Roma curiale.
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Muller, Claude. "Claerr-Stamm (Gabrielle), Les riches heures de l’abbaye de Lucelle au temps de Nicolas Delfis (1708-1751)." Revue d’Alsace, no. 135 (October 1, 2009): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/alsace.464.

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Kraiński, Maciej, and Mirosław Piotr Kruk. "Ikona św. Mitrofana z Woroneża w zbiorach Muzeum Tradycji Szlacheckiej w Waplewie." Porta Aurea, no. 19 (December 22, 2020): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/porta.2020.19.08.

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In the collection of the Museum of the Noble Tradition in Waplewo, a branch of the National Museum in Gdańsk, there is an icon of St Mitrofan (Russ. Митрофан; Greek Μητροφάνης), Bishop of Voronezh (1632–1703), of Russian provenance, a quite exotic work in the artistic landscape of Gdansk Pomerania. Images of Saint Mitrofan of Voronezh spread in the first half of the 19th century, undoubtedly in connection with his canonization in 1832. His connection with this event is indicated by the date of the goldsmith’s stamp ‘1835’ under the hallmark ‘НޞД’ (Nikolai Lukič Dubrovin, d. 1862), a Moscow sampling master active in 1822–1855. The contractor was ‘A T’ (Afanasij Tikhonov), a Moscow goldsmith active in 1820–1839. It was marked in Moscow (stamp of St George piercing the dragon), silver test: ‘84’. Mitrofan belonged to a group of monks devoted to a harsh life in isolation, ‘holy elders’ whose lives and instructions were to strengthen the faith of laymen and clergy through asceticism, prayer, fasting, and penance. The icon of St Mitrofan preserved in Waplewo is one of the unique and very early testimonies to the newly canonized monk depicted without a nimbus in the icon. The clergy costume indicates the highest third level of the life of the monk, so - -called the great schimnik, so in an extremely ascetic version, without any signs of episcopal dignity, in which even the cross hung on his neck was obscured by a gesture of his hands folded in prayer. From the information recorded on the back of the icon, corrected on the basis of the oral tradition, it follows that the icon had successively been in possession of the representatives (essentially women) of five generations of Polish families: Branicki, Potocki, and then Ogończyk -Sierakowski, the owners of the Waplewo residence from 1759 to 1933. However, the first owner of the icon seems to have been Aleksandra Wasiliewna Engelhardt (1754–1838), wife of Franciszek Ksawery Branicki (1730–1819), Hetman (Commander) of the Great Crown, and the alleged daughter of tsarina Catherine II, who probably gave it to her daughter Zofia.
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Lenhard, R. J., M. Oostrom, and M. D. White. "Modeling fluid flow and transport in variably saturated porous media with the STOMP simulator. 2. Verification and validation exercises." Advances in Water Resources 18, no. 6 (1995): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(95)00019-f.

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White, M. D., M. Oostrom, and R. J. Lenhard. "Modeling fluid flow and transport in variably saturated porous media with the STOMP simulator. 1. Nonvolatile three-phase model description." Advances in Water Resources 18, no. 6 (1995): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(95)00018-e.

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Gaitnieks, Tālis, Lauma Silbauma, Indriķis Muižnieks, et al. "Spread of Heterobasidion genotypes in Norway spruce stands on drained peat soil in Latvia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 52, no. 4 (2022): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2021-0309.

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According to several earlier studies, the prevalence of Heterobasidion in peat soils is generally lower compared to mineral soils. However, in some Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands on drained peat soils in Latvia, serious damage caused by Heterobasidion root rot has been observed. To determine the spread of Heterobasidion spp. on peat soil, we analyzed the structure of Heterobasidion genets in 20 study plots established in disease centres in 11 spruce-dominated peatland forest stands. A total of 381 standing spruce trees and 244 spruce stumps were examined for Heterobasidion infection. The fungus was isolated from 181 spruce trees (47.5%) and 43 stumps (17.6%). In total, 101 different Heterobasidion genotypes (genets) were identified (on average five genotypes per study plot). The average number of trees infected by a single Heterobasidion genotype was 2.2. Most of the genets (68.3%) had infected only one tree or stump while the rest of the genets (31.7%) had infected several trees and stumps. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the spread of Heterobasidion genotypes in peatland forest stands. To reduce losses caused by Heterobasidion root rot in spruce forests on drained peat soils, it is important to prevent primary spore infections as well as to avoid planting pure spruce stands with high density.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stamp, 1706"

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Ogle, Tanner. ""If We Clash, We Break": Religion, Republicanism, and Memories of Stuart Tyranny at the Inception of the American Revolution (1760-1766)." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1554559122305494.

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Pizzol, Giorgia <1992&gt. "Il libro a stampa tra il 1400 e il 1700: caratterizzazione e studio dei materiali costitutivi." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/9196.

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Nella prima metà del 1500 Venezia realizzava più della metà dei libri stampati sul suolo Italiano ed era considerata il più importante centro europeo del libro a stampa. Grazie anche alla sua strategica posizione commerciale, la città di Venezia diviene in quegli anni il ponte tra l’Europa e l’Oriente. L’importanza nel mercato della stampa di Venezia non era solo legata alla posizione ma in particolare alla qualità della carta prodotta, legata a rigide legislazioni attuate dalla repubblica della Serenissima, che impone già a partire dal 1469 la produzione di carta solo a partire da materie prime il più pure possibile. Tale qualità superiore della carta si ritrova nei volumi oggi conservati presso l’Ateneo Veneto di Venezia, che si distinguono da altri coevi ma prodotti altrove per la superiore qualità estetica. L’interesse da parte dell’Ateneo Veneto per un lavoro di caratterizzazione e studio di una serie di circa sessanta volumi stampati, a partire dal Quattrocento fino alla fine del Settecento e provenienti da differenti aree geografiche europee, ha portato a questo lavoro di tesi frutto della collaborazione anche la Dott.ssa Raines (Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici) e della Dott.ssa Fauzia Albertin (École Polytecnique Fédérale de Lausanne). L’interesse era rivolto non solo alla valutazione delle differenze tra i supporti cartacei provenienti dalle diverse aree indagate (tipo di carta utilizzata, inchiostri per stampe ed incisioni, eventuali decorazioni) ma anche allo studio delle tecnologie dell’epoca. Il lavoro rappresenta un progetto pilota di collaborazione tra le diverse competenze e di valore conoscitivo volto non solo alla caratterizzazione ma soprattutto alla valorizzazione, conservazione preventiva e studio del patrimonio librario conservato presso l’Ateneo Veneto. L’importanza storica e artistica che rivestono tali testi, ci ha condotti a predisporre un progetto d’indagine che coinvolga soprattutto l’impiego di tipo tecniche analitiche non invasive, quali il rilievo fotografico in luce normale, luce UV e luce IR (riflettoscopia IR), l’osservazione mediante microscopio ottico digitale e MO in luce polarizzata, la spettroscopia infrarossa in riflettenza totale attenuata (ATR), la misurazione del pH dei supporti ed l’analisi XRF. In fase successiva, sono state attuate anche delle analisi al microscopio elettronico a scansione di microcampioni prelevati da alcuni dei volumi. I risultati ottenuti dalle analisi ci forniscono alcune indicazioni sulla composizione chimica della carta e dell’inchiostro. Il primo approccio è stato di tipo non invasivo attraverso l’analisi all’ATR, la quale ci ha consentito di ottenere l’informazione sull’omogeneità dei diversi supporti cartacei provenienti da zone differenti. In fase successiva l’attività di ricerca ha richiesto il prelievo di alcuni campioni, sui quali è stata condotta l’analisi al SEM che ci ha confermato la presenza sulla carta di alcuni elementi riscontrati in letteratura, mentre per l’inchiostro siamo giunti alla conclusione che si tratta di inchiostro al carbone. Tra tutte le tecniche analitiche non invasive, informazioni molto importanti sono emerse dall’impiego delle tecniche fotografiche in UV e IR.
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Toso, Francesca <1995&gt. "La Vita di Marcantonio Bolognese e d’altri intagliatori di stampe nell’edizione vasariana di Giovanni Gaetano Bottari 1759-1760." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17388.

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La tesi prende in esame la ‘Vita di Marcantonio Bolognese e d’altri intagliatori di stampe’ nella quarta edizione vasariana pubblicata tra il 1759 e il 1760 da Giovanni Gaetano Bottari. In un capitolo introduttivo si presenta la figura di Bottari, il suo ruolo nel panorama artistico del Settecento, con attenzione all’attività nel settore della grafica e alla sua concezione del mezzo incisorio; si introducono poi i caratteri generali dell’edizione, rispetto anche alle precedenti. Partendo dalle note di commento alla ‘Vita di Marcantonio’, si è ricostruito il pensiero critico dell’editore sugli incisori menzionati da Vasari. Partendo dalla nascita della stampa e dai primi intagliatori tedeschi, si sono poi considerati gli incisori raffaelleschi, primo fra tutti Marcantonio Raimondi, argomento che ha destato maggiormente l’attenzione dell’editore, per il quale è stato fondamentale un confronto continuo con le note dell’editore nella Vita di Raffaello; altrettanto significativo è stata l’analisi di note in altre Vite per ricostruire il commento sugli incisori menzionati da Vasari nelle pagine conclusive, in particolare sugli incisori fiamminghi e tedeschi, per l’identificazione dei quali l’edizione di Bottari risulta essere un primo studio critico fondamentale.
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Books on the topic "Stamp, 1706"

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Cantini, Claude. La stampa italiana in Svizzera, 1756-1996. Federazione colonie libere italiane in Svizzera, 1996.

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Rosetto, Sante. La stampa a Treviso: Annali di Giulio Trento (1760-1844). Leo S. Olschki, 1989.

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La stampa a Treviso: Annali di Giulio Trento (1760-1844). L.S. Olschki, 1989.

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Frank, Brown A., ed. The royal cypher labels of Great Britain, Ireland & the colonies (1701 to 1922). W.A. Barber, 1988.

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Harmers of London Stamp Auctioneers Ltd. Catalogue of all world collections and various with accountancy markings, crash mail, thematics, etc., followed by Great Britain ...: Properties of over 170 owners to be offered by public auction Tuesday, Wednesday & Thursday, July 19th, 20th & 21st, 1994. Harmers of London, 1994.

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Sanfelici, Roberto, Stefano Zanasi, and Zeno Davoli. Terre di Langobardia: La Lombardia, il corso del Po e il ducato estense nell'antica cartografia a stampa 1520-1796. F.C. Panini, 2003.

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Un secolo di stampa, 1601-1700: Il Fondo S. Francesco della Biblioteca comunale di Terni : storia di una biblioteca francescana. Vecchiarelli, 2012.

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Tasso, Torquato. La Gerusalemme liberata: Secondo la stampa di Genova del 1590. Fògola, 1988.

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Ronold, Knut Olav. Stampeboken: En bok om slekten til snekkermestrene Peter Holmer, Hans Rasch og Hans Stamp som kom fra Hertugdømmet Slesvig til Bergstaden Kongsberg på 1700-tallet. [K.O. Ronold], 2005.

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Massei, Giuseppe. Breve ragguaglio della vita del venerabil padre Paolo Segneri della Compagnia di Gesù descritta dal padre Giuseppe Massei delle medesima compagnia: Testo del manoscritto originale confrontato con la prima edizione a stampa (Parma, 1701). U. Magnanti, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Stamp, 1706"

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"10. 1764–1766: The Stamp Act." In Benjamin Franklin in London. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300222944-013.

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Middlekauff, Robert. "Response." In The Glorious Cause. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162479.003.0006.

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Abstract Americans outside Massachusetts proved so adept in following Boston’s violent example that we may suspect that they did not need it. Needed or not, Boston’s action offered a model that captured attention everywhere in America. Revulsion from the Stamp Act permeated social groups of all sorts and came to focus, almost naturally it seems, on the men chosen to distribute the stamped paper—on the tax collectors and their friends. By the end of October all but two of the stamp distributors had resigned, usually in order to save their lives and property; and of the remaining two, one, William Houston of North Carolina, gave way on November 16, and the other, George Angus, appointed for Georgia, did not arrive in America until January 1766.
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"ACT I: THE STAMP ACT CRISIS, 1764– 1766." In The Declaration of Independence in Historical Context. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300159059-005.

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Middlekauff, Robert. "Chance and Charles Townshend." In The Glorious Cause. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162479.003.0008.

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Abstract Rumors that Parliament had repealed the Stamp Act, or soon would, seeped through the colonies soon after Grenville’s dismissal in July 1765. Ships from England brought most of these reports and occasionally less happy news as well—of a reluctant Commons and a beleaguered ministry trying unsuccessfully to get the Act off the books. Certainty replaced rumor on May 2, 1766, when the Virginia Gazette published copies of the repealing and Declaratory acts, and in a few weeks printers spread the statutes all over their newspapers.
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Ferling, John. "1766–1770 “To Crush the Spirit of the Colonies”." In A Leap in the Dark. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195159240.003.0003.

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Abstract The Stamp Act crisis had caused numerous Americans, as never before, to contemplate their rights and liberties, the degree of autonomy they possessed within their empire, and the economic realities of their dependent status. John Adams was not alone in subsequently concluding that American independence was born during the Stamp Act episode. David Ramsay, a South Carolinian who in 1789 published one of the first histories of the American Revolution, wrote that the crisis, and especially London’s capitulation, “was the first direct step to American independency.” Peter Oliver, brother of the victimized Andrew Oliver, even earlier had written a history of the rebellion in which he reached the same conclusion. Each argued that the colonists “swelled with their own Importance” when Parliament backed down. Thereafter, they wrote, the provincials not only knew their own power, but discounted the prowess of the mother country.
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Cody, Lisa Forman. "Revolutionary Bodies in the Britain of George III." In Birthing the Nation. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268641.003.0007.

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Abstract The year 1766 was explosive, and the possibility for revolution could be found in almost every imaginable realm. The Seven Years War had ended, but the Peace of Paris in 1763 had brought no end to problems for George Ill, his ministers, and Parliament. The public, including the outspoken oppositional journalist and Member of Parliament John Wilkes, had lambasted the Treaty as giving too much away to the French, whereas, in fact, it won too much territory for the British government, which was now saddled with enormous North American and Indian empires that needed to be governed and guarded. The cost of shouldering these burdens fell to the American colonists, who baulked at taxes on sugar, coffee, silk, iron, wine, cider, playing cards, and newspapers, and at the billeting of troops with the Quartering Act. George III repealed the Stamp Act by the beginning of 1766 after Benjamin Franklin warned Parliament that the imposition could lead to revolution, but Parliament responded by imposing the Declaratory Act in March 1766 giving itself absolute legislative control over the colonies.
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Thomas, Peter D. G. "The first Rockingham ministry (1765–1766): the Stamp Act Crisis." In George III. Manchester University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719064289.003.0006.

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Burns, Robert. "669 (2) John Syme Esquire Stamp Office [Dumfries]." In The Letters of Robert Burns, Vol. 2: 1790–1796 (Second Edition), edited by J. De Lancey Ferguson and G. Ross Roy. Oxford University Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00033845.

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Kammen, Michael. "“Liberty and Property”: From Resistance To Independence." In Colonial New York. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195107791.003.0013.

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Abstract The advent of the American Revolution in New York seems paradoxical in so many ways that it almost defies explanation. If New York’s stentorian voice raised the loudest protests against British policies in 1764, it was also the very last colony to voice approval of independence in 1776. If the colony appeared aggressively radical during the Stamp Act crisis of 1765–66, it also seemed nervously reluctant during the Anglo-American breach of 1775–76. Although public affairs during the decade 1765–75 were severely complicated by class conflict, nevertheless it was class collaboration after 1776 that helped put an end to British colonialism in New York. When the phrase “cock-pit of the Revolution” is invoked, we tend to think of Massachusetts Bay and Sam Adams, or Virginia and Patrick Henry, or possibly Philadelphia because the Continental Congress convened there. New York, meanwhile, has had the reputation of being a haven for Loyalists, or of having too many trimmers, at the least. It is certainly true that New York’s Assembly did not lead the province-into Revolution.
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10

Bushman, Richard Lyman. "Revolution." In The American Farmer in the Eighteenth Century. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300226737.003.0009.

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Until 1774, farmers passively observed the agitation against parliamentary taxation rather than actively engaging in the anti-Parliament agitation. One reason was that the Stamp Act affected them far less directly than it did urban populations. The Stamp Act was an excise tax, a type which farmers had always favored over taxes on persons and property which bore more heavily on rural society. Farmers mobilized at last in 1774 after the Boston Port Bill closed the port as punishment for Bostonians dumping tea in their harbor. Rural towns and counties formed committees, passed resolutions, and organized militia companies. Farmers’ economic interests were not directly affected; they were soon to accept the Association which voluntarily closed American ports to put pressure on Britain. They seemed rather to see the Port Bill as a government attack on the people in contradiction of its primary obligation to protect. Farm areas in Pennsylvania and throughout North America formed committees to speak and act for the people. They enforced the Association which forbade exports to Britain and organized militia companies in preparation for an expected British effort to enforce the laws. Farm areas demonstrated their capacity for acting as a body and so were not dismayed when Independence was declared in 1776 and government by the people instituted.
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