Journal articles on the topic 'Stalactities and stalagmites'
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Barigbue, Mbee, Sarah, and Prof N. Egesi. "Petrographic and Structural Study of Stalactites and Stalagmites of Mfamosing Camp II Cave in Cross River State, South Eastern Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science IX, no. V (2024): 541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2024.905048.
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This study investigated the petrographic and structural features of Mfamosing camp II cave stalactites and stalagmites. The cave is in the karst region of Udukpani in Cross River State, Southeast Nigeria. The objective of the study was to gain insights into the mineral composition, texture and structure of the stalactites and stalagmites of the cave through petrographic analysis. The study employed a methodology that involved field study, collection of representative samples, preparation of thin sections, and examination under a petrographic microscope. Field observations revealed that the stalactite and stalagmites were leucocratic in color. The rocks exhibited similar texture which was fine grained. The cave contained large number of stalactites and stalagmites of varrying lengths (icicle and cone dome shapes) with stromalitic features on the wall. The petrographic analysis revealed the predominance of carbonates (calcite) as the primary mineral. The average estimated minerals composition present were 54.5% of Calcite, 5.3% of Quartz, and 2% of feldspar for stalactites. 51% of Calcite, 5% of Quartz, and 2.67% of feldspar for stalagmites. The results shows that the major mineral composition of the speleothems the cave are CaO.
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Jha, Vibhash Chandra, and Haraprasad Bairagya. "GEOMORPHIC ANALYSIS OF MAWSMAI CAVE, MEGHALAYA, INDIA." Caminhos de Geografia 12, no. 40 (December 31, 2011): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/rcg124016694.
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Caving is an art which can be best experienced in the mystic Mawsmai Cave of Meghalaya. This Cave is fast becoming a hot tourist's destination offering great adventurous opportunity to the tourists. The cave is located in the East Khasi Hill region near Cherrapunjee and is made of limestone. The emotion of thrill heightens after entering the cave. The entrance has a narrow vertical opening and is well lit. Due to its location in the world's largest rainfall region, dripping of water from the cave roofs occurs almost throughout the year. The formation of stalactites and stalagmites create wonderful phenomena specially found in this caves. The conspicuous pillars formed due to the joining of the roof and the floors are an awe-inspiring creativity of the creator of this world. Keywords: Cave, Limestone, Stalactite, Stalagmite, Pillar, Solution.
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Parmentier, J., S. Lejeune, M. Maréchal, F. Bourges, D. Genty, V. Terrapon, J. C. Maréchal, and T. Gilet. "A drop does not fall in a straight line: a rationale for the width of stalagmites." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2231 (November 2019): 20190556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0556.
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Drops loaded in calcium ions detach from stalactites and impact the underlying stalagmites, thereby allowing these latter to grow through calcite precipitation. Nevertheless, little is known about the influence of the drop free fall and splash dynamics on stalagmite shape and width. Through high-speed imaging of impacting drops on stalagmites from several caves, we observed that the impact point position of the drops is scattered, sometimes over several centimetres. We show that this dispersal has no external cause and must, therefore, be self-induced. Using a Langevin-like equation, we then propose a prediction of the impact point dispersal as a function of the falling height travelled by the drops. We finally show that measured stalagmite widths are correlated to the dispersal in the impact point position of the drop.
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Spear, John R., Hazel A. Barton, Charles E. Robertson, Christopher A. Francis, and Norman R. Pace. "Microbial Community Biofabrics in a Geothermal Mine Adit." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 19 (August 10, 2007): 6172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00393-07.
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ABSTRACT Speleothems such as stalactites and stalagmites are usually considered to be mineralogical in composition and origin; however, microorganisms have been implicated in the development of some speleothems. We have identified and characterized the biological and mineralogical composition of mat-like biofabrics in two novel kinds of speleothems from a 50°C geothermal mine adit near Glenwood Springs, CO. One type of structure consists of 2- to 3-cm-long, 3- to 4-mm-wide, leather-like, hollow, soda straw stalactites. Light and electron microscopy indicated that the stalactites are composed of a mineralized biofabric with several cell morphotypes in a laminated form, with gypsum and sulfur as the dominant mineral components. A small-subunit rRNA gene phylogenetic community analysis along the stalactite length yielded a diverse gradient of organisms, with a relatively simple suite of main constituents: Thermus spp., crenarchaeotes, Chloroflexi, and Gammaproteobacteria. PCR analysis also detected putative crenarchaeal ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes in this community, the majority related to sequences from other geothermal systems. The second type of speleothem, dumpling-like rafts floating on a 50°C pool on the floor of the adit, showed a mat-like fabric of evidently living organisms on the outside of the dumpling, with a multimineral, amorphous, gypsum-based internal composition. These two novel types of biofabrics are examples of the complex roles that microbes can play in mineralization, weathering, and deposition processes in karst environments.
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Galliano, Yuri, Cristina Carbone, Valentina Balestra, Donato Belmonte, and Jo De Waele. "Secondary Minerals from Minothem Environments in Fragnè Mine (Turin, Italy): Preliminary Results." Minerals 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12080966.
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The Fragnè mine, located in the Lanzo valley in the municipality of Chialamberto (Turin, Piedmont Region), represented the most important regional site for Fe–Cu sulfide exploitation over a period of more than eighty years (1884–1965). The entire mining area is part of a structural complex in the Lower Piedmont Unit of the Western Alps, characterized by the presence of amphibolite, metabasite (“prasinite”), and metagabbroic rocks. In particular, the pyrite ore deposit occurs as massive mineralizations within interlayered metabasites and amphibolites. In this work, we describe secondary minerals and morphologies of minothems from the Fragnè mine that are found only in abandoned underground works, such as soda straws, normal and jelly stalactites and stalagmites, jellystones, columns, crusts, blisters, war-clubs, and hair, characterized by different mineralogical associations. All minothems were characterized by minerals formed during acid mine drainage (AMD) processes. Blisters are composed only of schwertmannite, war-clubs by schwertmannite, and goethite with low crystallinity and hair by epsomite and hexahydrite minerals. Jelly stalactites and stalagmites are characterized by schwertmannite often in association with bacteria, while solid stalactites and stalagmites are characterized by jarosite and goethite. The results indicate that the mineralogical transformation from schwertmannite to goethite observed in some minothems is probably due to aging processes of schwertmannite or local pH variations due to bacterial activity. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that all the jelly samples, in association with strong bacterial activity, are slowly transformed into more solid goethite, and are thus precursors of goethite stalactites.
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Bosch, Daniel. "Under the Stalactite the Stalagmite Grows." Annals of Internal Medicine 176, no. 12 (December 2023): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/m23-1732.
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Poyda, V. P., D. E. Milaya, A. V. Poyda, and S. I. Petrushenko. "Morphology of fibrous structures formed in the course of superplastic deformation of the 01420T alloy with the original bimodal grain structure." 35, no. 35 (December 30, 2021): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2222-5617-2021-35-01.
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The morphology of the fibrous structures formed in the working parts of the 01420T alloy samples with the initial bimodal grain structure, deformed to fracture under optimal conditions of superplastic deformation at a temperature Т = 520°С and flow stress σ = 4,5 MPa is investigated. The maximum elongation of specimens deformed to failure δ is 670%. It has been suggested that the specific type of fibrous structures found in the specimens of the investigated alloy 01420T probably depends on the volume of the metastable liquid-solid phase, which was concentrated in the form of inclusions at some grain boundaries and made a viscous flow during superplastic deformation, its shear viscosity , the characteristics of its surface tension, the degree of dynamic oxidation of the melt, and the kinetics of the development of this process. The final view of the fibers and their shape, likely, depends not only on the nature of the viscous flow of the liquid-solid material, but also on the process of its crystallization during the cooling of the specimen in air to room temperature after mechanical tests. It was found that in view, all fibrous structures found in the working parts of the specimens can be conditionally divided into the following: cylindrical fibers; tapered fibers; cylindrical fibers on which there is a thickening or one or more drop-like formations; ribbon-like fibers; fibers that look like stalactites or stalagmites. The reasons for the formation of cracks on ribbon-like fibers are considered. It is assumed that they were formed as a result of relaxation of internal stresses, which were not fully minimized in the course of recrystallization, which was carried out when the sample was cooled. The reasons for the formation of droplets on the fibers are considered. It has been suggested that fibrous structures similar to stalactites and stalagmites were formed from a viscous material, which, in the course of superplastic deformation, as a result of crystallization, occured in local microvolumes of fibers, gradually turned from liquid-solid to solid-liquid. This led to the fact that in the crystallized microvolume of this fiber, the viscous homogeneous flow of the material probably turned into a localized flow, which is characteristic of the plastic flow carried out as a result of displacement of dislocations in the solid phase, and leads to the formation of stalagmitic fibers.
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Fagg, M. C. "Resonant Rocks, 'Rock Gongs', Idiophones And Lithophones." Geological Curator 6, no. 1 (April 1994): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc178.
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I have been studying the uses of resonant rocks, and compiling a gazetteer of'rock gongs'. These are found worldwide, and are naturally placed and naturally tuned rocks, boulders, stalagmites and stalactites, which have been used as lithophones - in contrast to other lithophones (Chinese chime stones and "barxylophones" of stone) which are artificially tuned and are portable. It is puzzling why some rocks ring and others do not.
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Bove, Vincenzo, Maria Valeria Matteo, Guido Costamagna, and Ivo Boskoski. "Stalactites and Stalagmites in the Stomach after Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty." Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 31, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.15403/jgld-4435.
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GORDON, N. S. I. "Stalactites and Stalagmites: Crystal Formation on Ureteric Double-J Stents." British Journal of Urology 64, no. 2 (August 1989): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1989.tb05987.x.
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Feinberg, Joshua M., and Kathleen R. Johnson. "Cave and Speleothem Science: From Local to Planetary Scales." Elements 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.17.2.81.
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Caves occur everywhere on our planet, from the tropics to the high latitudes and from below sea level to alpine settings. Cave morphologies provide clues to their formation mechanisms, and their iconic mineralogical features—stalagmites and stalactites—carry a wealth of paleoenvironmental information encoded in their geochemistry and mineralogy. Recent work demonstrates a striking improvement in our ability to decode these paleoenvironmental proxies, and dramatic geochronological advances enable higher resolution records that extend further back in geologic time. Cave research addresses an ever-increasing range of geoscience problems, from establishing the timing and mechanisms of climate change to uncovering detailed records of geomagnetic field behavior.
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Mulec, Janez, Gorazd Kosi, and Danijel Vrhovšek. "Algae promote growth of stalagmites and stalactites in karst caves (Škocjanske Jame, Slovenia)." Carbonates and Evaporites 22, no. 1 (March 2007): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03175841.
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Meakin, Paul, and Bjørn Jamtveit. "Geological pattern formation by growth and dissolution in aqueous systems." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2115 (November 26, 2009): 659–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0189.
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Progress towards the development of a better understanding of the formation of geological patterns in wet systems due to precipitation and dissolution is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the formation of terraces, stalactites, stalagmites and other carbonate patterns due to precipitation from flowing supersaturated solutions and the formation of scallops by dissolution in undersaturated turbulent fluids. In addition, the formation of spherulites, dendrites and very large, essentially euhedral, crystals is discussed. In most cases, the formation of very similar patterns as a result of the freezing/melting of ice and the precipitation/dissolution of minerals strongly suggests that complexity associated with aqueous chemistry, interfacial chemistry and biological processes has only a secondary effect on these pattern formation processes.
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Antoniuk, Izabella, and Przemysław Rokita. "Procedural Generation of Underground Systems with Terrain Features using Schematic Maps and L-systems." Challenges of Modern Technology 7, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5443.
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This article describes an algorithm for procedural generation of underground systems with terrain features, by processing set of schematic maps. L-system and cellular automata are used to generate final system shapes. Most of existing algorithms are not suitable for application in computer games, since they usually lack any considerable level of control, require large amount of computation or produce overly complex meshes. We present our solution, that can produce editable 3D objects from very simple input, with high level of control over final system layout. We also allow evaluation at every key step of generation process. Presented approach incorporates placement of various terrain features with stalactites, stalagmites and columns as an example of such elements. Obtained results can be used in computer games or similar applications.
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Harvey, Stephen C., Yingying Zeng, and Christine E. Heitsch. "The icosahedral RNA virus as a grotto: organizing the genome into stalagmites and stalactites." Journal of Biological Physics 39, no. 2 (March 2013): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10867-013-9312-1.
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Matley, Kia A., JM Kale Sniderman, Andrew N. Drinnan, and John C. Hellstrom. "Late-Holocene environmental change on the Nullarbor Plain, southwest Australia, based on speleothem pollen records." Holocene 30, no. 5 (January 5, 2020): 672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619895589.
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Fossil pollen from two stalagmites is examined to reconstruct a c. 2400-year history of vegetation change on the Nullarbor Plain. Environmental changes are reflected by variation in chenopod species abundance, and by a peak in woody taxa between 1000 and 800 years ago which is interpreted as evidence of increased moisture conditions associated with a positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode. While no strong palynological signal is observed at the time of European colonization of Australia, a significant change occurs in the past 40 years, which is interpreted as a vegetation response to a recorded fire event. As speleothems (secondary cave carbonates including stalagmites, stalactites and flowstones) rarely contain enough fossil pollen for analysis, the taphonomic biases of speleothem archives remain poorly understood. This study, as well as being a high-resolution record of environmental change, presents an opportunity to examine these taphonomic filters. The record is shown to be sensitive to episodic deposition of presumably insect-borne pollen, but overall appears to provide a faithful representation of local and regional vegetation change. There is a need for greater research into taphonomic processes, if speleothem palynology is to be developed as a viable alternative to lacustrine sediments in the investigation of past environmental change.
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Djurovic, Mirela, and Predrag Djurovic. "Speleogenesis of the Jankova pecina cave and karst in it's nearby vicinity." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 94, no. 4 (2014): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1404077d.
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This paper provides the insight into morpho-hydrologic characteristics and speleogenesis of the Jankova pecina cave and the evolution of karst in the nearby vicinity. Phases in cave evolution, which represents the alternation of accumulative and erosion processes, were analysed. Clogging of existed conduits during the first accumulative phase leads to displacement of the Janko's creek abyss and formation of another entrance along with new, deeper storaged conduits. The strewed parts of the cave were exposed to partial removal of sediments what resulted in exhumation of its oldest products. The opening of the quite new entrance (vigled) during the opposite process and phase of clogging the endure air circulation inside the cave has been changed. As the consequence, the asymmetric forms of stalactites and stalagmites formed. Study of the Jankova pecina cave represents a contribution to better knowledge of accumulative processes as a significant speleogenetic factor.
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Sepdwiyana Donargo. "THE POTENTIAL OF NATURAL TOURISM VILLAGE OF THOUSAND GOA TOURISM HUMBANG HASUNDUTAN DISTRICT." International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) 3, no. 3 (June 7, 2023): 919–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v3i3.937.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the natural tourism potential of a thousand caves as a natural tourist attraction in Humbang Hasundutan Regency. In this study using the method of observation, interviews, and qualitative methods. The results of the study are that a thousand caves have 800 to 1200 caves, the environmental conditions around a thousand caves are still natural, the uniqueness of a thousand caves is stunning carvings of stalactites and stalagmites, activities that can be done in a thousand caves are enjoying the beauty of flora and fauna, exploring caves, enjoying sunset panoramas , there are facilities in the form of toilets, photo spots, parking lots, and trekking areas. Based on the results of the research conducted, it was concluded that a thousand caves have the potential as a natural tourist attraction for the thousand cave tourism village, Humbang Hasundutan District.
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Portella, K. F., A. Joukoski, V. Swinka Filho, M. A. Soares, and E. S. Ferreira. "Physical chemistry research of a concrete dam with over 50 years of operation." Cerâmica 58, no. 347 (September 2012): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69132012000300015.
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Guaricana hydroelectric power plant concrete dam, located in the South of Brazil, was investigated after 49 years of operation. A part of the mortar was altered to ettringite, and other by-products. The inner defects in the fracture and polished sample surfaces were detected by CT and SEM. The samples were extracted from two parts of the dam from top to valley. Elemental chemical composition and phases were determined by EDS and XRD analysis. The reservoir water showed that it was less aggressive to the concrete structure. Percolated dam water analyses revealed a mortar-mass loss of 3 kg/year. Onsite visual inspection, mechanical tests, and other usual forms of investigation confirmed concrete deterioration, such as leaching, stalactites and stalagmites formation, alkali-aggregate reaction and ettringite. Furthermore, mortar damage was detected in a particular area according to the dam depth, and autogenous healing of cracks were visible in some parts of the inspected galleries.
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Ramtohul, Prithvi, Alban Comet, and Danièle Denis. "Expanding the OCT Spectrum of Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: The Stalagmite–Stalactite Pattern." Ophthalmology Retina 3, no. 8 (August 2019): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2019.04.028.
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Dodge-Wan, Dominique. "The Outstanding Geology And Geoheritage Of The Niah Caves And Karst Area." Sarawak Museum Journal LXXXVI, no. 107 (December 1, 2023): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.61507/smj22-2023-mt38-06.
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This paper provides an overview of current information (including research results since 2011) on outstanding geological features of Niah karst region and caves, to support nomination of the property for World Heritage status. The geomorphology visible today is due to geological processes affecting the predominantly Miocene Subis Limestone since uplift: dissolution in vadose and phreatic zones, sediment deposition and removal, mechanical breakdown, speleothem formation and surface weathering. The caves developed at several levels in tropical tower karst (fenglin), with vertical cliffs, swamp notches and a semi-flooded epiphreatic cave network, evidence of ongoing karstification. The walls of relict Traders’ Cave have anastomosing ceiling grooves associated with wall notches indicating that it was partially filled with sediment and flow from large streams several times during its formation, prior to more recent mechanical breakdown. The numerous large and complex caves have high aesthetic value, with ceiling skylights and impressive entrances connecting to the surrounding forest. They contain speleothems (stalagmites and stalactites) of types rarely found elsewhere in the world. The Painted Cave holds one of the world’s largest cluster of unique crayback-like stalagmites, which are influenced by constructive activity of calcifying cyanobacteria and only form under limited environmental conditions of specific light levels and wind. Microbial activity can also be erosive and is likely responsible for pancake pinnacles and rare photokarren, reported here in Niah for the first time. In addition to their undisputed archaeological, cultural, ecosystems and conservation values, the Niah caves and karst region also have many interesting geological and geomorphological features, some of which are rare and hence have geoheritage value.
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Ifandi, E., B. Tsikouras, and K. Hatzipanagiotou. "Contribution to the evolution of the Perama Cave (Ioannina, NW Greece)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.10939.
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This study includes the description of thirty three speleothem types, which were found in the Perama cave, Ioannina, NW Greece, according to the international literature, along with the interpretation of their formation, for the first time in Greece. The detailed study of these speleothems coupled with observations of the way of their formation and their spatial distribution enabled us to suggest that the Perama cave evolved through a sequence of episodes that include dissolution of the host Senonian limestone, collapse of its roof formations, as well as alternating events of formation of stalactitic- and stalagmitic-type speleothems with excess water flow and/or flooding, which resulted in the development of stream formations
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Zafra-Otero, Diego, and Carlos Alberto Ríos-Reyes. "Integration of Geological, Mineralogical and Geochemical Methods in the Characterization of El Nitro and Las Alsacias Caves, Zapatoca (Colombia)." Gestión y Ambiente 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ga.v23n2.89675.
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The present study integrates geological, mineralogical and geochemical methods in the characterization of the caves: El Nitro and Las Alsacias, from Zapatoca (Colombia). With lithologies dating from the Lower Cretaceous, these cavities reveal a great variety of exokarst geoforms with different types of slips present on the surface, indicating changes in past atmospheric conditions. A great variety of speleothems (endokarstic geoforms) was also found, such as columns, stalactites, stalagmites, among others, which demonstrate a change in calcite saturation in the precipitated water. The morphology of the underground water bodies found showed variations in the dynamics of the karst aquifer (piezometric level and recharge), and it was evidenced that these cavities have structural control. The information obtained in the field (speleothematic catalogs, speleometry, maps, lithostratigraphy and structural data) were validated with atmospheric data and laboratory tests. This research provides new insights into geomorphology (epigeal and hypogeal), hydrogeology and mineralogy; serving as support for future work focused on paleoclimatic reconstruction, tectonic, paleosismic and climate change studies. These cavities represent scientific laboratories of great interest to the academy, since in them phenomena such as global warming and piezometric variations related to atmospheric phenomena can be evidenced.
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Khairune Nisa, An Nuur. "The Role of BUMDes in Overcoming Over Tourism in Bejiharjo Tourism Village Karangmojo District Gunung Kidul Regency." Jurnal Toursci 1, no. 1 (August 16, 2023): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.62885/toursci.v1i1.24.
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The topography of the Bejiharjo tourist village in the form of rice fields, rivers, caves is very supportive of various natural tourism activities. Cave tubing Goa Pindul is famous for its unique natural beauty, one of which is karst stalactites and stalagmites attracting the attention of tourists so that overtourism occurs. The research was conducted with the aim of finding out how the Bumdes Institution can overcome the problem of overtourism. The research method used is descriptive research, data obtained by interviews with stakeholders. The results show that the Bumdes Institution plays a role in overcoming overtourism by providing alternative diversions of tourists who come to Pindul Cave to other tourist destinations in the Bejiharjo tourist village. The community worked hard hand in hand in tourism awareness groups resulting in the success of villagers in the Bumdes Institution to manage and promote the potential of the Bejiharjo tourist village so that it became one of the leading tourist villages in Gunung Kidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta and in 2012 was named the best tourist village by the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy.
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Hasibuan, Ratna Sari, Ken Dara Cita, and Fathul Ilmi. "IDENTIFICATION OF ORNAMENT AND FAUNA POTENTIAL OF SIBIUK CAVE IN CIAMPEA BOGOR SUBDISTRICT." Media Konservasi 25, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/medkon.25.3.167-174.
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The beauty of ornament and uniqueness of cave is the potential of Sibiuk Cave that could be made into special interest tourism. Sibiuk Cave is known as Air Conditioner Cave for it has three doors that make the cave cold inside. This study aims to identify the potential that Sibiuk Cave has, which located in Ciampea Subdistrict. This study was conducted from February to May 2020 by applying survey forward method and top to bottom survey system in making Sibiuk Cave profile map and direct collection with rapid assessment method to identify cave ornament and fauna. The results of the study were the existence of stalactites, stalagmite, chamber, column, and boulder as well as faunas such as ancient shrimp (Stenasellus sp), cave cricket (Rhaphidophora sp), tailless whip scorpion (Stygophrynus dammermani), whip scorpion (Thelyphonus caudatus), millipede (Orthomorpha coarctata), land snail (Leptopoma celebesianum), centipede (Scutigeria sp), bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), and swift (Collocalia vestita). SIbiuk cave potential is expected to be expanded into special interest tourism of rock climbing, caving, speleology and biospeleology.
Key words: cave fauna, sibiuk cave, cave ornament, forward survey
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Silva, Teresa P., João X. Matos, Daniel De Oliveira, João P. Veiga, Igor Morais, Pedro Gonçalves, and Luís Albardeiro. "Mineral Inventory of the Algares 30-Level Adit, Aljustrel Mine, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal." Minerals 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2020): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100853.
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Mining activity in Algares (Aljustrel Mine, Portuguese sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, IPB) stems prior to Roman times. As the orebody is vertical and relatively thin, mining was carried out mainly along underground adits (galleries). Nowadays, the deposit is considered exhausted and the area is being rehabilitated for a different use. The Algares +30 level adit intersects two volcanic units of the IPB Volcano-Sedimentary Complex. The massive sulphide and related stockwork zone are hosted by the Mine Tuff volcanic unit and are exposed in the walls of the gallery, showing intense hydrothermal alteration. Along the mine adit, the geological sequence is affected by strong oxidation and supergene alteration, giving rise to the formation of secondary minerals through the oxidation of the sulphides. The most common minerals found were melanterite (FeSO4·7H2O) and chalcanthite (CuSO4·5H2O), forming essentially massive or crystalline aggregates, ranging from greenish to bluish colours. Melanterite from the walls revealed to be Cu-rich by opposition to that from stalactites/stalagmites formed below the old ore storage silo revealing the low-copper-grade ores exploited underground. The mineralogy of the efflorescent salts was used to ascertain the processes involved in their formation, and moreover, the inventory of minerals is presented, as well as their principal characteristics.
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Bairagya, Haraprasad. "Environmental conditions of Borra Cave, Visakhapattanam, India." International Journal of Environment 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2014): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10526.
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Caving is an art which can be best experienced in the mystic Borra of Eastern Ghats and ranked as the second largest cave of India just after Belum Caves situated in the same state Andhrapradesh, India. This Cave is fast becoming a hot tourist?s destination offering great adventurous opportunity to the tourists in the Eastern Ghats. The cave is located in the Ananthagiri hills of the Eastern Ghats region near Visakhapattanam and is made of limestone. The emotion of thrill heightens after entering the cave. The entrance has a narrow vertical opening and is well lit. Due to its location in the sub-equatorial region, dripping of water from the cave roofs occurs almost throughout the year. The formation of stalactites and stalagmites create wonderful phenomena specially found in this cave. The conspicuous pillars formed due to the joining of the roof and the floors are an awe-inspiring creativity of the creator of this world. Various viruses and bacteria are in the cave interior along with different other creatures. The Borra cave helps the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, India, to earn huge economic benefits for the sake of tourism industry. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10526 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 150-166
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Kolar, Miriam A., Luna Valentin, Peter Svensson, Sara Martin, Jonathan S. Abel, Romain Michon, Carole Fritz, Gilles Tosello, John Chowning, and Matt Wright. "From room acoustics to paleoacoustics: A preliminary acoustical study in Chauvet Cave." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016246.
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Due to geological closures between 21 000 and 29 000 years ago, the acoustics of the UNESCO World Heritage site, Chauvet Cave (Ardèche, France) have been in slow flux via mineral deposition processes that continue to alter its interior. Since Upper Paleolithic humans created extensive and elaborate artworks throughout this grand limestone cavern more than 30 000 years ago, the cave’s interior has changed with calcite and other minerals forming a diversity of features including the best-known stalactites, stalagmites, and flowstone floor coverings. Here, we report on archaeoacoustics fieldwork in 2022 that initiated acoustical mapping and reconstructive modeling to enable archaeological acoustics research and the creation of auralizations and multimodal experiences for virtual public access to this conservation-restricted place. We present here a comparative room acoustics study of two substantively enclosed cave areas (Salle du Fond and Galerie du Cactus) whose volumes differ significantly, but whose extant reverberation times are similar across most center bands, providing important information about the dynamical contributions of surface materials and structural features distinct to each impulse-response-measured location. Our study exemplifies an archaeological application of room acoustics methods with site-responsive techniques that offer a human-centered approach for understanding and translating cultural heritage acoustics across time.
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Al-Jawadi, Azealdeen, Azhar Bety, Hadeer Adeeb, Rayan Thannoun, and Nadhir Al-Ansari. "Geological and Structural Interpretation of the Beeston Cave, Bradost Anticline, NE Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 2F (December 31, 2023): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2f.23ms-2023-12-29.
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A geological field survey was conducted in Soran District in the Beeston cave located in the Bradost Anticline, northeastern Iraq. The presence of an upper hole in the ceiling of the cave with a diameter of about 3 meters and a main gap dimension is up to 40 x 22 m was found through that. In combination with an analysis of the remote sensing data, a detailed geological survey of the caves with the surrounding areas and an engineering survey were carried out. The geological survey included the stratigraphic sequence of the area between the lowest and highest levels in the study area. It also contains setting and geotechnical parameters for bedding planes and discontinuities. The engineering survey included the measurement of cave dimensions, the distribution of stalactites and stalagmites, and the height of weathering terraces. An analysis of engineering and geological data estimated the approximate timespan of cave formation, and the scenario for cave formation was prepared by adding remote sensing data that could be used in the future to determine other areas where such a cave could be formed. The study reveals the scenario of the cave formation, estimates the age of the cave, and the formation timespan of the cave creation.
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Nugroho, Ananto, Agung Sumarno, Luna Nurdianti Ngeljaratan, Deni Zulfiana, Ni Putu Ratna Ayu Krishanti, Triastutil Triastutil, and Eko Widodo. "Self-Healing Concrete Using Bacteria Calcification from Karst Cave Environment." Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia 21, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkti.v21i1.411.
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Karst regions in Indonesia have the uniqueness of the landscape and biodiversity. The karst is formed by the dissolution of rocks and the precipitation of mineral. In the cave, there are ornaments of stalactite and stalagmite which are formed by the process of mineral precipitation. We have isolated, screened, and identified the soil bacterium from the cave environment (Lysinibacillus macroides). These bacteria are able to precipitate calcium carbonate and can be developed as a self-healing agent concrete. We investigated the proportions and the properties of mixtures concrete containing lightweight aggregate and volcanic ash impregnated with bacteria. A comparison study was made by concrete cylinders subjected to compressive strength tests with and without the bacteria. It found that the strength of concrete with bacteria decreased by less than 10.56% for 28 days of cured specimens. This study showed that the effects of bacteria on the strength of concrete are not considerable. However, these bacteria are effective to repair in the microcrack less than 0.3 mm
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Dotsika, E., D. Psomiadis, D. Zanchetta, N. Spyropoulos, G. Leone, I. Tzavidopoulos, and D. Poutoukis. "PLEISTOCENE PALAEOCLIMATIC EVOLUTION FROM AGIOS GEORGIOS CAVE SPELEOTHEM (KILKIS, N. GREECE)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11254.
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Palaeoclimatic reconstruction in N. Greece has been investigated in this study, using stable isotope analyses and U/Th dating of a speleothem (stalactite) from the cave of Agios Georgios (Kilkis). Sampling sequence was followed in detail in order to obtain high resolution analysis of the proxy. Speleothem δ18O entirely depends on two factors: changes in the δ18O of the percolation waters (a proxy for local rainfall δ18O) and the temperature of water-calcite fractionation inside the cave (a proxy for outside air temperatures). During periods of relatively stable temperatures, δ13C shifts are caused principally by variations in soil CO2 input and physico-chemical processes inside the cave. More important processes affect the δ13C signal of speleothem inside the cave are length of flow path and rates of CO2 degassing.The lower δ13C calcite values indicate greater respiratory activity of soils under wetter conditions. The stalagmite layers were dated through U/Th geochronological method, which places the carbonate precipitation in Middle Pleistocene (630-300ka BP). The isotopic composition of the layers was used in combination with the dating results to reconstruct the evolution of the area of Kilkis. Correlation with global climatic records shows that major climatic transitions that influenced northern hemisphere seem to have also affected the region of N. Greece.
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Genty, Dominique, and Marc Massault. "Bomb 14C Recorded in Laminated Speleothems: Calculation of Dead Carbon Proportion." Radiocarbon 39, no. 1 (1997): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200040881.
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We performed radiocarbon measurements using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) on 6 stalagmites 3 stalactites and 7 seepage waters from four different caves in Southwest France and Belgium in order to calculate the dead carbon proportion (dcp). All the speleothems studied are modern and annually laminated, which offers the advantage of an accurate chronology, with better than one-year resolution. Coupled with the fact that very little calcite is necessary for an AMS measurement (between 1.5 and 7 yr of calcite deposit), we obtained dead carbon values within an uncertainty limit of ± 1.5%. Results show that the dead carbon proportion varies from 9.2% to 21.9% for calcite deposits and from 3.6% to 21.9% for water. In each sampling site, the dcp is homogeneous. Although the inter-site dcp varies by >11%, its average value of 15.5% ± 4.4 still lies within the uncertainty range of the accepted value of 15% ± 5 (dilution factor of 0.85 ± 0.5). We compare the average dcp of each site with the local geology, vegetation and climate. Given similar geology and temperature the highest dcp values are found under forest cover; dcp difference is up to 9%. However, the Belgian site, which is also under a forest shows a dcp very close to the dcp found under grassland sites of Southwest France, which proves that other unknown factors may play an important role in dissolution processes. Secondary calcite deposition and redissolution in the soil zone or more likely in the fracture system before reaching the cave itself could also explain the inter-site differences. The IAEA isotopic model (Pearson model adapted for open systems) is in good agreement with the measured activities.
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Misdaq, M. A., L. Oufni, H. Erramli, L. Boudad, and L. Kabiri. "Dating of a quaternary limestone cave by combining the SSNTD technique with paleodose measurements: application to the stalagmite and stalactite growth." Radiation Measurements 35, no. 4 (August 2002): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4487(02)00052-5.
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Genty, D., S. Konik, H. Valladas, D. Blamart, J. Hellstrom, M. Touma, C. Moreau, et al. "Dating the Lascaux Cave Gour Formation." Radiocarbon 53, no. 3 (2011): 479–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200034603.
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Lascaux Cave is renowned for its outstanding prehistoric paintings, strikingly well-preserved over about 18,000 yr. While stalagmites and stalactites are almost absent in the cave, there is an extensive calcite flowstone that covered a large part of the cave until its opening for tourists during the 1950s. The deposit comprises a succession of calcite rims, or “gours,” which allowed seepage water to pond in large areas in the cave. Their possible role in preservation of the cave paintings has often been evoked, but until now this deposit has not been studied in detail. Here, we present 24 new radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and 6 uranium-thorium (U-Th) analyses from the calcite of the gours, 4 AMS 14C dates from charcoals trapped in the calcite, and 4 AMS 14C analyses on organic matter extracted from the calcite. Combining the calibrated 14C ages obtained on charcoals and organic matter and U-Th ages from 14C analyses made on the carbonate, has allowed the calculation of the dead carbon proportion (dcp) of the carbonate deposits. The latter, used with the initial atmospheric 14C activities reconstructed with the new IntCal09 calibration data, allows high-resolution age estimation of the gour calcite samples and their growth rates. The carbonate deposit grew between 9530 and 6635 yr cal BP (for dcp = 10.7 ± 1.8%; 2 σ) or between 8518 and 5489 yr cal BP (for dcp = 20.5 ± 1.9%; 2 σ). This coincides with humid periods that can be related to the Atlantic period in Europe and to Sapropel 1 in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. However, geomorphological changes at the cave entrance might also have played a role in the gour development. In the 1940s, when humans entered the cave for the first time since its prehistoric occupation, the calcite gours had already been inactive for several thousand years.
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Surić, Maša, Nada Horvatinčić, Axel Suckow, Mladen Juračić, and Jadranka Barešić. "Isotope records in submarine speleothems from the Adriatic coast, Croatia." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 176, no. 4 (July 1, 2005): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/176.4.363.
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Abstract Isotope studies, using 14C dating, δ13C and δ18O measurements, were performed at eight speleothems taken from three submerged caves situated along the eastern Adriatic coast, Croatia. The speleothems were taken from 17 m to 38.5 m depth below mean sea level. The samples consist of four stalagmites and four stalactites in position of growth, covered with marine biogenic overgrowth, and the length of speleothems ranges from ~80 mm to ~190 mm. The youngest (surface) and the oldest (base) layers of speleothems were radiocarbon dated and the 14C ages range from 21,600 cal B.P. to 37,000 yr B.P. During that period the global sea level was more than 40 m below the recent one, so presently submerged objects were under the subaerial conditions necessary for speleothem deposition. 14C ages of the youngest layer range from 21,600 to 32,200 cal B.P. for different submerged speleothems. This indicates the time when the speleothem growth ceased, most probably due to flooding of the cave with either fresh or brackish water. Speleothem growth during the Last Glacial Maximum (30–19 kyr ago) and different time of growth cessation for the different speleothem samples suggest that climate change was not the reason for cessation of deposition. Samples for δ13C and δ18O measurements were taken from six submerged speleothems with sampling distances of ca. 5–10 mm from the surface to the base of speleothems. Most of the δ13C values are in the range from −10.5‰ to −8.5‰, with few exceptions to −6‰. These values are typical for Dinaric karst, and very different values for marine biogenic overgrowth indicate that no isotopic exchange took place during the submerged period. δ18O values range from −6.7‰ to −4.1‰. A weak correlation between δ13C and δ18O values indicates possible kinetic isotope fractionation during the calcite precipitation. If the δ18O record is interpreted as climatic signal, it suggests similar climatic conditions for the late Pleistocene and the Holocene, especially no significant differences in temperature and/or moisture transport.
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Χρηστάρας, B., Θ. Χατζηγώγος, A. Δημητρίου, N. Χατζηγώγος, Θ. Μακεδών, Δ. Βογιατζής, and Σ. Φιλιππίδης. "STABILITY OF POLIPHIMOS CAVE IN MARONEIA, THRACE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 1892. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16670.
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The Poliphimos cave is located in a distance of 5 km from Maronia Town, near Komotini City, in Thrace - Eastern Greece. The cave is an under development site for touristic purposes. The cave is full of beautiful stalactites and stalagmites and it is of great palaeontological and touristic interest. The cave is 2000 m long and covers an area of 10.000 m2 . The proposed visiting route is 355 m. The inside temperature is about 16 °C. For the development an integrated study was performed regarding to its geotechnical stability, together with speleological and ecological studies. In the present paper the stability conditions were studied regarding to wedge and planar failures.For this purpose, all the tectonic data were determined and recorded separately for each site in the cave and tectonic and stability diagrams were elaborated, in order to determine stability factors. A stress-strain analysis as performed in tunneling is not recommended in cases of natural caves because of the slow procedure of its formation which allows the full relief of the applied stresses. So the stability analysis of the natural cave is based only on the behavior of the blocks formed by the tectonic features. The geometry of the blocks formed by the combination of the vertical discontinuities sets with the horizontal bedding creates potential instability conditions. The instability conditions observed in situ are mainly unstable blocks falling from the roof. The main purpose, after determining any type of potential failure, was to propose the more appropriate stability methods. It is obvious that all the ordinary methods, used in underground construction, are not appropriate for use in caves.Supporting methods have to be adapted, taking into account the already existing natural stability conditions, the safety of visitors and the monumental character of the cave. According to the stability analysis of the cave, the main failure mechanism is the falling of wedges from the roof. The sides of the cave seem to be stable. For the reinforcement support of the roof, an arrangement of stainless pre-tensioned self-drilling rockbolts is suggested (2X2m and 2X2.5m, length 3m and 5m) as the optimum scenario of intervention.
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Jones, Brian, and Duncan S. Smith. "Open and filled karst features on the Cayman Islands: implications for the recognition of paleokarst." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-123.
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The dolostones of the Oligocene–Miocene Bluff Formation on the Cayman Islands are characterized by well-developed surficial, interface, and subsurface karst features that are open or filled with speleothems and sediment.Some of the open caves show evidence of a minimum of two stages of development related to dissolution in the phreatic zone and the vadose zone. The development of speleothemic formations (e.g., stalactites, stalagmites, columns) is limited in some caves but extensive in others. Some of the caves have limited amounts of sediment on their floors. In these caves, the speleothems and sediments are still formed of CaCO3 and thus contrast sharply with the dolostone of the Bluff Formation in which they occur. Some of the joints, sinkholes, and caves are filled with breccia, caymanite, terra rossa, terra rossa breccia, pisolitic limestone, and speleothems. Although filled, such karst features are analogous to the open karst features that occur elsewhere on the islands. The filling of joints, sinkholes, or caves is not directly related to the age of the karst development, since caves of the same age may be open or filled. This suggests that local conditions, such as the availability of sediment or the nature of the waters flowing through the caves, played an important role in determining whether a karst feature is filled.Surficial karst features have a low preservation potential, whereas interface and subsurface karst features have a high preservation potential in some circumstances. In the case of sinkholes this assumes that later transgressions did not remove the upper part of the rock body that contained the filled sinkholes. For caves this assumes that they were filled with speleothems and sediment prior to their reaching such a size that collapse of the overlying strata occurred because of the lack of support. If collapse occurs, the presence of caves can only be inferred from the resultant collapse breccias. A potentially valuable criterion for the recognition of paleokarst may lie in the fact that the rocks filling open karst features (e.g., joints, sinkholes, caves) may contrast sharply with the host strata in terms of both lithology and age.
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Mahmud, K., G. Mariethoz, A. Baker, P. C. Treble, M. Markowska, and E. McGuire. "Estimation of deep infiltration in unsaturated limestone environments using cave lidar and drip count data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-359-2016.
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Abstract. Limestone aeolianites constitute karstic aquifers covering much of the western and southern Australian coastal fringe. They are a key groundwater resource for a range of industries such as winery and tourism, and provide important ecosystem services such as habitat for stygofauna. Moreover, recharge estimation is important for understanding the water cycle, for contaminant transport, for water management, and for stalagmite-based paleoclimate reconstructions. Caves offer a natural inception point to observe both the long-term groundwater recharge and the preferential movement of water through the unsaturated zone of such limestone. With the availability of automated drip rate logging systems and remote sensing techniques, it is now possible to deploy the combination of these methods for larger-scale studies of infiltration processes within a cave. In this study, we utilize a spatial survey of automated cave drip monitoring in two large chambers of Golgotha Cave, south-western Western Australia (SWWA), with the aim of better understanding infiltration water movement and the relationship between infiltration, stalactite morphology, and unsaturated zone recharge. By applying morphological analysis of ceiling features from Terrestrial LiDAR (T-LiDAR) data, coupled with drip time series and climate data from 2012 to 2014, we demonstrate the nature of the relationships between infiltration through fractures in the limestone and unsaturated zone recharge. Similarities between drip rate time series are interpreted in terms of flow patterns, cave chamber morphology, and lithology. Moreover, we develop a new technique to estimate recharge in large-scale caves, engaging flow classification to determine the cave ceiling area covered by each flow category and drip data for the entire observation period, to calculate the total volume of cave discharge. This new technique can be applied to other cave sites to identify highly focussed areas of recharge and can help to better estimate the total recharge volume.
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Mahmud, K., G. Mariethoz, A. Baker, P. C. Treble, M. Markowska, and E. McGuire. "Estimation of deep infiltration in unsaturated limestone environments using cave LiDAR and drip count data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 9 (September 2, 2015): 8891–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-8891-2015.
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Abstract. Limestone aeolianites constitute karstic aquifers covering much of the western and southern Australian coastal fringe. They are a key groundwater resource for a range of industries such as winery and tourism, and provide important ecosystem services such as habitat for stygofauna. Moreover, recharge estimation is important for understanding the water cycle, for contaminant transport, for water management and for stalagmite-based paleoclimate reconstructions. Caves offer a natural inception point to observe both the long-term groundwater recharge and the preferential movement of water through the unsaturated zone of such limestone. With the availability of automated drip rate logging systems and remote sensing techniques, it is now possible to deploy the combination of these methods for larger scale studies of infiltration processes within a cave. In this study, we utilize a spatial survey of automated cave drip monitoring in two large chambers of the Golgotha Cave, South-West Western Australia (SWWA), with the aim of better understanding infiltration water movement and the relationship between infiltration, stalactite morphology and unsaturated zone recharge. By applying morphological analysis of ceiling features from Terrestrial LiDAR (T-LiDAR) data, coupled with drip time series and climate data from 2012–2014, we demonstrate the nature of the relationships between infiltration through fractures in the limestone and unsaturated zone recharge. Similarities between drip-rate time series are interpreted in terms of flow patterns, cave chamber morphology and lithology. Moreover, we develop a new technique to estimate recharge in large scale caves, engaging flow classification to determine the cave ceiling area covered by each flow category and drip data for the entire observation period, to calculate the total volume of cave discharge. This new technique can be applied to other cave sites to identify highly focused areas of recharge and can help to better estimate the total recharge volume.
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Pontes, Henrique, Luiz Fernandes, Mário de Melo, Gilson Guimarães, and Laís Massuqueto. "Speleothems in quartz-sandstone caves of Ponta Grossa municipality, Campos Gerais region, Paraná state, southern Brazil." International Journal of Speleology 49, no. 2 (May 2020): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.49.2.2313.
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The present communication characterizes and discusses the genesis of cave speleothems developed in Furnas Formation (Silurian-Devonian) and Vila Velha sub-unit (Campo Mourão Formation, Upper Carboniferous) quartz-sandstones, in southern Brazil. The research, which involved stratigraphic and petrographic studies, was conducted to identify the faciological context of occurrence of these features, and to determine, through different analytical methods, their mineralogical composition and porosity, and also the action of microbial markers on the genesis of these secondary mineral deposits. The speleothems were classified into six types based on form, composition and genesis: (1) arborescent (coral), (2) mushroom-shaped, (3) stalactitic, (4) stalagmitic, (5) columnar with horizontal/ascending growth, and (6) fibrous. In response to substrate permoporosity, speleothems develop on all sandstone facies of the study area, mainly in sites controlled by bedding, stratification and fracturing planes. They are less frequent, however, in conglomerate and silty-clayey layers of the Furnas Formation, being composed mainly of silica (opal-A and cryptocrystalline silica) and kaolinite, with lesser contribution of gypsum and amorphous iron oxides associated with goethite and hematite. Detritic minerals such as quartz and muscovite also take part in the composition of these features. Plant and invertebrate fragments were identified, including biosignatures and microorganisms capable of favoring precipitation of silica (possibly cyanobacteria and diatom) and iron oxide (possibly Gallionella ferruginea). Such biosignatures and extracellular polymeric substances (biofilms) associated with speleothems are evidence of organomineralization, also known as biologically induced mineralization. The results, which indicate biological action on the genesis of speleothems, raise further discussion on the influence of microorganisms on the dissolution and precipitation of silica and kaolinite in the region.
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ALONSO-ZARZA, ANA M., ANDREA MARTÍN-PÉREZ, REBECA MARTÍN-GARCÍA, INMA GIL-PEÑA, ALFONSO MELÉNDEZ, ESPERANZA MARTÍNEZ-FLORES, JOHN HELLSTROM, and PEDRO MUÑOZ-BARCO. "Structural and host rock controls on the distribution, morphology and mineralogy of speleothems in the Castañar Cave (Spain)." Geological Magazine 148, no. 2 (June 28, 2010): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000506.
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AbstractThe Castañar Cave (central western Spain) formed in mixed carbonate–siliciclastic rocks of Neoproterozoic age. The host rock is finely bedded and shows a complex network of folds and fractures, with a prevalent N150E strike. This structure controlled the development and the maze pattern of the cave, as well as its main water routes. The cave formed more than 350 ka ago as the result of both the dissolution of interbedded carbonates and weathering of siliciclastic beds, which also promoted collapse of the overlying host rock. At present it is a totally vadose hypergenic cave, but its initial development could have been phreatic. The cave's speleothems vary widely in their morphology and mineralogy. In general, massive speleothems (stalactites, stalagmites, flowstones, etc.) are associated with the main fractures of the cave and bedding planes. These discontinuities offer a fairly continuous water supply. Other branching, fibrous, mostly aragonite speleothems, commonly occur in the steeper cave walls and were produced by capillary seepage or drip water. Detailed petrographical and isotope analyses indicate that both aragonite and calcite precipitated as primary minerals in the cave waters. Primary calcite precipitated in waters of low magnesium content, whereas aragonite precipitated from magnesium-rich waters. Differences in isotope values for calcite (−5.2 ‰ for δ18O and −9.6 ‰ for δ13C) and aragonite (δ18O of −4.5 ‰ and δ13C of −3.5 ‰) can be explained by the fact that the more unstable mineral (aragonite) tends to incorporate the heavier C isotope to stabilize its structure or that aragonite precipitates in heavier waters. Changes in the water supply and the chemistry and instability of aragonite caused: (1) inversion of aragonite to calcite, which led to the transformation of aragonite needles into coarse calcite mosaics, (2) micritization, which appears as films or crusts of powdery, opaque calcite, and (3) dissolution. Dolomite, huntite, magnesite and sepiolite were identified within moonmilk deposits and crusts. Moonmilk occurs as a soft, white powder deposit on different types of speleothems, but mostly on aragonite formations. Huntite and magnesite formed as primary minerals, whereas dolomite arose via the replacement of both huntite and aragonite. Owing to its variety of speleothems and location in an area of scarce karstic features, the Castañar Cave was declared a Natural Monument in 1997 and is presently the target of a protection and research programme. Although the main products formed in the cave and their processes are relatively well known, further radiometric data are needed to better constrain the timing of these processes. For example, it is difficult to understand why some aragonite speleothems around 350 ka old have not yet given way to calcite, which indicates that the environmental setting of the cave is still not fully understood.
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Gelvez-Chaparro, Jorge Enrique, Daniel Sebastian Barajas-Rangel, Diego Zafra-Otero, Juliana Izabel Herrera-Ruíz, Carlos Alberto Ríos-Reyes, and Oscar Mauricio Castellanos-Alarcón. "Mineralogical and chemical characterization of speleothems from the “Doña Lucrecia” cave, Rionegro, Santander (Colombia): A preliminary approach for paleoclimate record." Boletín de Geología 45, no. 2 (June 15, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v45n2-2023006.
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The present study concerns the use of speleothems from the “Doña Lucrecia” cave, Rionegro, Santander (Colombia), as a preliminary approach for paleoclimate record. Several speleothems are undoubtedly among the remarkable features of this cavity; for instance, columns, stalactites, stalagmites and fallen blocks. Speleothems contain important evidence of palaeoclimatic information, which can be interpreted through integral petrographical and geochemical analysis. A detailed characterization of stalagmite internal microstratigraphy was carried out. Besides, due to the monotonous carbonate lithology of the region, speleothems are essentially composed of calcite. The results of this research work include the development of capabilities and the production of a map of the karstic system that indicates the origin of the cave, and the most relevant features and facts within it. This cavity represents an important component of the existing geoheritage in the territory that remains hidden without identification and evaluation.
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Duan, Wuhui, Binggui Cai, Tao Tao, Xiao Yang, and Ming Tan. "Multi‐Timescale Variations of δ18O‐δ13C in Stalagmites: Insights Into Isotopic Disequilibrium and Human Activities." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 128, no. 24 (December 11, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023jd039607.
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AbstractThe reasons for covariations of speleothem δ13C and δ18O remain controversial, primarily due to the limited high‐resolution stalagmite records that can be compared with meteorological data. This study presents δ13C and δ18O records of two coeval, annually laminated stalagmites (TS9701 and TS9501) spanning the past ∼2000 years from Shihua cave, Beijing, northern China. The low correlation between stalagmite TS9701 records, with annual resolution, and local annual precipitation as well as mean annual temperature on interannual to decadal scales indicates that the positive covariations of δ18O and δ13C in TS9701 are partly attributed to kinetic isotope effects caused by rapid CO2 degassing. Isotopic disequilibrium between HCO3−(aq) and drip water, induced by prior calcite precipitation on cave ceiling and stalactite surface, is another potential contributing factor. δ18O and δ13C exhibits distinct patterns on multidecadal to millennial timescales. δ18O records show notable centennial variability, aligning with El Niño‐Southern Oscillation cycles. In contrast, δ13C profiles reveal a decreasing trend during the first ∼750 years, followed by an increasing trend. Prior to 1588 AD, variations in δ13C broadly correspond to changes in warm season temperature and/or moisture on centennial scale. Both δ13C records show an abrupt enrichment between 1588 and 1654 AD. Historical documents indicate that this anomaly is likely attributed to coal mining and resultant deforestation around Shihua cave during late‐Ming and early‐Qing Dynasties. In summary, while isotopic disequilibrium can cause high‐frequency covariations of speleothem δ18O and δ13C, it does not erase the imprints of climate changes and human activities on multidecadal to millennial timescales.
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Columbu, Andrea, Laura Calabrò, Veronica Chiarini, and Jo De Waele. "Stalagmites: from Science Application to Museumization." Geoheritage 13, no. 2 (May 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00573-9.
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AbstractThe concept of geoheritage is related to places of geological interest, generally of aesthetic, cultural, socio-economic and/or scientific value. Many geosites are of karstic nature, because of their intrinsic beauty, their singularity and high geodiversity. Caves are among the most visited and economically exploited geological landforms. They constitute geosites as a whole, with their scenic landscapes, hydrogeological importance and the presence of bewildering natural rock and mineral formations including stalactites, stalagmites, flowstones and many other bizarre speleothem shapes. In some cases, a single speleothem, and the palaeoclimate record it contains, can be on its own of extraordinary importance to science. Once studied, these samples are often stored in research institution collections, rarely accessible to the wide public. In this paper, we report on the museumization of a stalagmite that has delivered a unique and exceptionally long glacial climate record from southern Italy, shedding light on the causes that led to the Neanderthal contraction and Modern Human expansion in this mild Mediterranean climate between 45 and 42 thousands years ago. The proposed museumization aims to demonstrate the potential of speleothems, after scientific application, in terms of educational and tourist resources. This approach allows to highlight the scientific importance of karst and cave geosites to the wide public, promoting their conservation and the valorisation of the studied cave-material.
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Sari, Rati Puspita. "ANALISIS MINERAL PEMBENTUK FACIES GUA SALUKANG KALLANG KAWASAN KARST TAMAN NASIONAL BANTIMURUNG BULUSARAUNG MAROS." Jurnal Sains dan Pendidikan Fisika 15, no. 3 (April 20, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.35580/jspf.v15i3.13501.
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Research has been done for the purpose of describing the characteristics of the Kallang Salukang Cave and analyzing the mineral content of cave caridoid that include a sample of cave ornaments such as stalactites, stalactites, lime, sand and soil done in Laboratory of Microstructure of FMIPA UNM using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method. From the results of the research in which the characteristics of the Salukang Kallang Cave can be found flora, fauna, and is a cave that is still active characterized by the presence of water seepage in cave ornaments and the existence of a low-temperature underground river that is 26o C and high humidity up to 96.1% with light varying equal to 0 characterized by the existence of moss plants. And the temperature for the outside of the cave is 28o C, with a humidity of 94.8% and the maximum light varying 127 lux. And the results of the analysis of the mineral content of cave ornaments with the method X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) namely a sample stalactites, stalagmite, lime in caves and outer limestone caves containing calcite (CaCO3) of 100%, the dominant sand containing SiO2 of 93% and land Contains SiO2 of 47%.
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Profico, Antonio, Costantino Buzi, Fabio Di Vincenzo, Marco Boggioni, Andrea Borsato, Giovanni Boschian, Damiano Marchi, et al. "Virtual excavation and analysis of the early Neanderthal cranium from Altamura (Italy)." Communications Biology 6, no. 1 (March 24, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04644-1.
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AbstractComplete Neanderthal skeletons are almost unique findings. A very well-preserved specimen of this kind was discovered in 1993 in the deepest recesses of a karstic system near the town of Altamura in Southern Italy. We present here a detailed description of the cranium, after we virtually extracted it from the surrounding stalagmites and stalactites. The morphology of the Altamura cranium fits within the Neanderthal variability, though it retains features occurring in more archaic European samples. Some of these features were never observed in Homo neanderthalensis, i.e. in fossil specimens dated between 300 and 40 ka. Considering the U-Th age we previously obtained (>130 ka), the morphology of Altamura suggests that the archaic traits it retains may have been originated by geographic isolation of the early Neanderthal populations from Southern Italy.
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Nicolosi, Giuseppe, Elena Amore, Salvatore Costanzo, Alberto Sendra, Rosolino Cirrincione, Giovanni Signorello, and Giorgio Sabella. "Subterranean fauna in two protected caves in the Hyblean area (Syracuse, Sicily)." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 2 (September 17, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/aca.2.e46626.
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Extensive fieldwork has been carried out in two protected caves (Villasmundo and Monello) in eastern Sicily in 2018–2019. The caves, located respectively within the Strict Nature Reserves “Complesso Speleologico Villasmundo-S. Alfio” and “Grotta Monello”, are two of the most important karst systems of the Hyblean area. They are both remarkably developed and possess speleothem specimens of great scientific value such as stalactites, stalagmites, and columns. The study has further increased our knowledge about the existing cave fauna, and focused on the optimization of good conservation practices of hypogean environments. Systematic investigations have confirmed the presence of a rich arthropod community, and, above all, have highlighted species of great importance, including ones new to science. In particular, two pselaphids (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of the genus Tychobythinus Ganglbauer, 1896 and a dipluran (Entognatha) of the genus Plusiocampa Silvestri, 1912 have been identified and described.
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Nghi, Tran, Le Nam, Dao Bui Din, Dinh Xuan Thanh, Ta Hoa Phuong, Dang Van Bao, and Nguyne Thi Huyen Trang. "Geological History of Caves and Conservation Values of the World Nature Heritage Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park." VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences 39, no. 4 (December 29, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.4971.
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The long development history and geological diversity of the Phong Nha-Ke Bang area is shown by the rich and diverse lithological composition of the stratigraphic units ranging in age from Devonian to Present day: granite, terrigenous rock, thin-bedded limestone, and massive limestone. The geomorphology of the national park includes limestone mountain terrain alternating with terrigenous rock mountain terrain surrounding the karst valley system. The formation of the cave is an endogenous-exogenous geological process that occurs according to the cycle of global sea level change. The tectonic activity is the mother that gives birth to the caves of different heights and ages. The higher the cave, the older it is, and the oldest cave is 32 million year old-Khe Ry cave. The four fault systems of Northeast - Southwest (NE-SW), Northwest - Southeast (NW-SE), West - East (WE), and North - South (NS) create four cave systems that are deep faults with strong destructive intensity. Exogenous geological activities in the cave have created a uniquely beautiful landscape including three simultaneous processes: i) Chemical washing of driftwood, mechanical abrasion, polishing of the cave walls, and ceiling caused by travertine floods pouring into it from outside the cave; ii) Precipitation forming stalactites from the ceiling of the cave and precipitation forming stalagmites from the floor of the cave slowly over millions of years; and iii) Travertine sedimentation on the cave floor resulting in many unique sedimentary bodies, specifically filling the rough terrain of limestone blocks, covering the ancient stalactites falling from the cave ceiling, forming spiral mushroom island in the Son Doong cave, and creating gem pebbles located in fan-shaped sunken cells of the cave.
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Ashari, Arif. "KAJIAN GEOMORFOLOGI KOMPLEKS GUA SEPLAWAN KAWASAN KARST JONGGRANGAN." Geomedia: Majalah Ilmiah dan Informasi Kegeografian 11, no. 1 (March 4, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/gm.v11i1.3568.
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This research aims to study the geomorphology of Seplawan cave in Karst region Jonggrangan. This includes : (1) the type of cave and landform around the cave, (2) the type of cave tunnel, and (3) the existence of speleothem and speleogen in the cave. The geomorphologic study of caves provides useful information to demonstrate a track record of karst development as well as to guide the development of cave tourism. The method employed in this research is a geomorphologic survey by focusing on morphology and morfogenesa. The data was collected through observation, documentation, and literary study. The data analysis was performed using descriptive-morphologic and spatial analysis. The findings show that seplawan cave belongs to the category of pit cave, formed by the widening of the ponor hole in the doline base. The tunnel in the cave have different forms namely, passage eliptical, rectangular passage, canyon, and joint passage. Speleothem in the form of stalactites, stalagmites, and drappery is found near the mouth of the cave. Moreover, the speleogen in the form of a notch solution, solution pocket, pothole, scallops, and Karren anastomoses is found in all parts of the cave.Keywords: karst geomorphology, karst caves, speleothem, speleogen
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Kuswanto, Agus. "APLIKASI METODA RES-2D UNTUK EKSPLORASI AIR BAWAH TANAH DI DAERAH KARS." Jurnal Air Indonesia 1, no. 2 (February 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jai.v1i2.2349.
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People have long been interested in kars, the typically topograhy in limestone area. There are many spectacular ornament in the caves caused by carbonates presipitates. Among the most common shapes which is be chief attraction for cave visitors is stalactites, stalagmites and columns. Beside of the excitements, kars also have hard problem for people who lived in that area. It is how to find out water for their living. Karst formation, both the surface (dolina, hill, etc) and underground forms (caverns, groundwater conduits, underground streams), appears as conductive zones relative to adjacent undisturbed limestone. Therefore resistivity methode will produce good results if applied to identify dolina, conduits , caverns and structure of geology in kars. The methode describes in this paper is Res-2D with configuration of pole-dipole with area for research are kars in Pacitan and Tulungagung region. Four principal layers can typically be differentiated in a vertical section : near surface (clayey) loam and soil in dolina, dry karstified limestone, conduit cave and solid unkarstified limestone. They have contrast of resistivity. Conduits have resistivity value range from 10 to 20 ohmm, whereas resistivty of cave is 1000 ohmm. Karstified limestone have resistivity value from 20 to 250 ohmm, whereas massive limestone have resistivity 250 ohmm. This paper shows that Res-2D methode can give good contribution in exploration of groundwater in kars area. Kata Kunci : Kars, Res-2D, Conduits