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Journal articles on the topic "Stalactities and stalagmites"
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Barigbue, Mbee, Sarah, and Prof N. Egesi. "Petrographic and Structural Study of Stalactites and Stalagmites of Mfamosing Camp II Cave in Cross River State, South Eastern Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science IX, no. V (2024): 541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2024.905048.
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This study investigated the petrographic and structural features of Mfamosing camp II cave stalactites and stalagmites. The cave is in the karst region of Udukpani in Cross River State, Southeast Nigeria. The objective of the study was to gain insights into the mineral composition, texture and structure of the stalactites and stalagmites of the cave through petrographic analysis. The study employed a methodology that involved field study, collection of representative samples, preparation of thin sections, and examination under a petrographic microscope. Field observations revealed that the stalactite and stalagmites were leucocratic in color. The rocks exhibited similar texture which was fine grained. The cave contained large number of stalactites and stalagmites of varrying lengths (icicle and cone dome shapes) with stromalitic features on the wall. The petrographic analysis revealed the predominance of carbonates (calcite) as the primary mineral. The average estimated minerals composition present were 54.5% of Calcite, 5.3% of Quartz, and 2% of feldspar for stalactites. 51% of Calcite, 5% of Quartz, and 2.67% of feldspar for stalagmites. The results shows that the major mineral composition of the speleothems the cave are CaO.
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Jha, Vibhash Chandra, and Haraprasad Bairagya. "GEOMORPHIC ANALYSIS OF MAWSMAI CAVE, MEGHALAYA, INDIA." Caminhos de Geografia 12, no. 40 (December 31, 2011): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/rcg124016694.
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Caving is an art which can be best experienced in the mystic Mawsmai Cave of Meghalaya. This Cave is fast becoming a hot tourist's destination offering great adventurous opportunity to the tourists. The cave is located in the East Khasi Hill region near Cherrapunjee and is made of limestone. The emotion of thrill heightens after entering the cave. The entrance has a narrow vertical opening and is well lit. Due to its location in the world's largest rainfall region, dripping of water from the cave roofs occurs almost throughout the year. The formation of stalactites and stalagmites create wonderful phenomena specially found in this caves. The conspicuous pillars formed due to the joining of the roof and the floors are an awe-inspiring creativity of the creator of this world. Keywords: Cave, Limestone, Stalactite, Stalagmite, Pillar, Solution.
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Parmentier, J., S. Lejeune, M. Maréchal, F. Bourges, D. Genty, V. Terrapon, J. C. Maréchal, and T. Gilet. "A drop does not fall in a straight line: a rationale for the width of stalagmites." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2231 (November 2019): 20190556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0556.
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Drops loaded in calcium ions detach from stalactites and impact the underlying stalagmites, thereby allowing these latter to grow through calcite precipitation. Nevertheless, little is known about the influence of the drop free fall and splash dynamics on stalagmite shape and width. Through high-speed imaging of impacting drops on stalagmites from several caves, we observed that the impact point position of the drops is scattered, sometimes over several centimetres. We show that this dispersal has no external cause and must, therefore, be self-induced. Using a Langevin-like equation, we then propose a prediction of the impact point dispersal as a function of the falling height travelled by the drops. We finally show that measured stalagmite widths are correlated to the dispersal in the impact point position of the drop.
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Spear, John R., Hazel A. Barton, Charles E. Robertson, Christopher A. Francis, and Norman R. Pace. "Microbial Community Biofabrics in a Geothermal Mine Adit." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 19 (August 10, 2007): 6172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00393-07.
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ABSTRACT Speleothems such as stalactites and stalagmites are usually considered to be mineralogical in composition and origin; however, microorganisms have been implicated in the development of some speleothems. We have identified and characterized the biological and mineralogical composition of mat-like biofabrics in two novel kinds of speleothems from a 50°C geothermal mine adit near Glenwood Springs, CO. One type of structure consists of 2- to 3-cm-long, 3- to 4-mm-wide, leather-like, hollow, soda straw stalactites. Light and electron microscopy indicated that the stalactites are composed of a mineralized biofabric with several cell morphotypes in a laminated form, with gypsum and sulfur as the dominant mineral components. A small-subunit rRNA gene phylogenetic community analysis along the stalactite length yielded a diverse gradient of organisms, with a relatively simple suite of main constituents: Thermus spp., crenarchaeotes, Chloroflexi, and Gammaproteobacteria. PCR analysis also detected putative crenarchaeal ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes in this community, the majority related to sequences from other geothermal systems. The second type of speleothem, dumpling-like rafts floating on a 50°C pool on the floor of the adit, showed a mat-like fabric of evidently living organisms on the outside of the dumpling, with a multimineral, amorphous, gypsum-based internal composition. These two novel types of biofabrics are examples of the complex roles that microbes can play in mineralization, weathering, and deposition processes in karst environments.
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Galliano, Yuri, Cristina Carbone, Valentina Balestra, Donato Belmonte, and Jo De Waele. "Secondary Minerals from Minothem Environments in Fragnè Mine (Turin, Italy): Preliminary Results." Minerals 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12080966.
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The Fragnè mine, located in the Lanzo valley in the municipality of Chialamberto (Turin, Piedmont Region), represented the most important regional site for Fe–Cu sulfide exploitation over a period of more than eighty years (1884–1965). The entire mining area is part of a structural complex in the Lower Piedmont Unit of the Western Alps, characterized by the presence of amphibolite, metabasite (“prasinite”), and metagabbroic rocks. In particular, the pyrite ore deposit occurs as massive mineralizations within interlayered metabasites and amphibolites. In this work, we describe secondary minerals and morphologies of minothems from the Fragnè mine that are found only in abandoned underground works, such as soda straws, normal and jelly stalactites and stalagmites, jellystones, columns, crusts, blisters, war-clubs, and hair, characterized by different mineralogical associations. All minothems were characterized by minerals formed during acid mine drainage (AMD) processes. Blisters are composed only of schwertmannite, war-clubs by schwertmannite, and goethite with low crystallinity and hair by epsomite and hexahydrite minerals. Jelly stalactites and stalagmites are characterized by schwertmannite often in association with bacteria, while solid stalactites and stalagmites are characterized by jarosite and goethite. The results indicate that the mineralogical transformation from schwertmannite to goethite observed in some minothems is probably due to aging processes of schwertmannite or local pH variations due to bacterial activity. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that all the jelly samples, in association with strong bacterial activity, are slowly transformed into more solid goethite, and are thus precursors of goethite stalactites.
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Bosch, Daniel. "Under the Stalactite the Stalagmite Grows." Annals of Internal Medicine 176, no. 12 (December 2023): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/m23-1732.
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Poyda, V. P., D. E. Milaya, A. V. Poyda, and S. I. Petrushenko. "Morphology of fibrous structures formed in the course of superplastic deformation of the 01420T alloy with the original bimodal grain structure." 35, no. 35 (December 30, 2021): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2222-5617-2021-35-01.
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The morphology of the fibrous structures formed in the working parts of the 01420T alloy samples with the initial bimodal grain structure, deformed to fracture under optimal conditions of superplastic deformation at a temperature Т = 520°С and flow stress σ = 4,5 MPa is investigated. The maximum elongation of specimens deformed to failure δ is 670%. It has been suggested that the specific type of fibrous structures found in the specimens of the investigated alloy 01420T probably depends on the volume of the metastable liquid-solid phase, which was concentrated in the form of inclusions at some grain boundaries and made a viscous flow during superplastic deformation, its shear viscosity , the characteristics of its surface tension, the degree of dynamic oxidation of the melt, and the kinetics of the development of this process. The final view of the fibers and their shape, likely, depends not only on the nature of the viscous flow of the liquid-solid material, but also on the process of its crystallization during the cooling of the specimen in air to room temperature after mechanical tests. It was found that in view, all fibrous structures found in the working parts of the specimens can be conditionally divided into the following: cylindrical fibers; tapered fibers; cylindrical fibers on which there is a thickening or one or more drop-like formations; ribbon-like fibers; fibers that look like stalactites or stalagmites. The reasons for the formation of cracks on ribbon-like fibers are considered. It is assumed that they were formed as a result of relaxation of internal stresses, which were not fully minimized in the course of recrystallization, which was carried out when the sample was cooled. The reasons for the formation of droplets on the fibers are considered. It has been suggested that fibrous structures similar to stalactites and stalagmites were formed from a viscous material, which, in the course of superplastic deformation, as a result of crystallization, occured in local microvolumes of fibers, gradually turned from liquid-solid to solid-liquid. This led to the fact that in the crystallized microvolume of this fiber, the viscous homogeneous flow of the material probably turned into a localized flow, which is characteristic of the plastic flow carried out as a result of displacement of dislocations in the solid phase, and leads to the formation of stalagmitic fibers.
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Fagg, M. C. "Resonant Rocks, 'Rock Gongs', Idiophones And Lithophones." Geological Curator 6, no. 1 (April 1994): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc178.
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I have been studying the uses of resonant rocks, and compiling a gazetteer of'rock gongs'. These are found worldwide, and are naturally placed and naturally tuned rocks, boulders, stalagmites and stalactites, which have been used as lithophones - in contrast to other lithophones (Chinese chime stones and "barxylophones" of stone) which are artificially tuned and are portable. It is puzzling why some rocks ring and others do not.
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Bove, Vincenzo, Maria Valeria Matteo, Guido Costamagna, and Ivo Boskoski. "Stalactites and Stalagmites in the Stomach after Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty." Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 31, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.15403/jgld-4435.
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GORDON, N. S. I. "Stalactites and Stalagmites: Crystal Formation on Ureteric Double-J Stents." British Journal of Urology 64, no. 2 (August 1989): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1989.tb05987.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Stalactities and stalagmites"
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Haking, Linn. "Peloponnesian Stalagmites and Soda Straw Stalactites as Climate Archives : Stable Isotopes in New Speleothem Material from Kapsia Cave, Peloponnese, Greece." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-150918.
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This study presents results from stable isotope analyses of a modern stalagmite and three soda straw stalactites from Kapsia Cave, the Peloponnese, Greece. The resulting values from the stalagmite are put into context of local meteorological data, as well as previous research from Kapsia Cave. The potential for using soda straw stalactites as complementary climate archives on shorter time scales on the Peloponnese is also explored. The isotopic values in the stalagmite confirm a strong link to the amount effect on an annual scale. On a seasonal scale, variations in the isotopic signal can be detectedas a result of i.e. increased cave air temperature in summer. The stable isotope values in the soda straw stalactites largely correspond to previous isotopic measurements in Kapsia Cave. The trend of the isotopic carbon signal in two of the straws also strengthens earlier theories suggesting a link to CO2 concentrations in the external atmosphere. Soda straws are, thus, encouraged for use in future climate studies, although the sampling method should be further explored. The results of this study contribute to an increased understanding of Peloponnesian speleothems in relation to environmental processes and new insights are suggested into the use of soda straw stalactites as climate archives.
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Mihindukulasooriya, Lorita N. "Environmental changes associated with Native American land use practices a geoarcheological investigation of an Appalachian watershed /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1258061703.
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Perrette, Yves. "Etude de la structure interne des stalagmites : contribution à la connaissance géographique des évolutions environnementales du Vercors (France) : développement et application d'une approche multiparamètre des archives stalagmitiques." Chambéry, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CHAML008.
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Partin, Judson Wiley. "Stalagmite reconstructions of western tropical pacific climate from the last glacial maximum to present." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22556.
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The West Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) plays an important role in the global heat budget and global hydrologic cycle, so knowledge about its past variability would improve our understanding of global climate. Variations in WPWP precipitation are most notable during El Niño-Southern Oscillation events, when climate changes in the tropical Pacific impact rainfall not only in the WPWP, but around the globe. The stalagmite records presented in this dissertation provide centennial-to-millennial-scale constraints of WPWP precipitation during three distinct climatic periods: the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the last deglaciation, and the Holocene. In Chapter 2, the methodologies associated with the generation of U/Th-based absolute ages for the stalagmites are presented. In the final age models for the stalagmites, dates younger than 11,000 years have absolute errors of ±400 years or less, and dates older than 11,000 years have a relative error of ±2%. Stalagmite-specific 230Th/232Th ratios, calculated using isochrons, are used to correct for the presence of unsupported 230Th in a stalagmite at the time of formation. Hiatuses in the record are identified using a combination of optical properties, high 232Th concentrations, and extrapolation from adjacent U/Th dates. In Chapter 3, stalagmite oxygen isotopic composition (d18O) records from N. Borneo are presented which reveal millennial-scale rainfall changes that occurred in response to changes in global climate boundary conditions, radiative forcing, and abrupt climate changes. The stalagmite d18O records detect little change in inferred precipitation between the LGM and the present, although significant uncertainties are associated with the impact of the Sunda Shelf on rainfall d18O during the LGM. A millennial-scale drying in N. Borneo, inferred from an increase in stalagmite d18O, peaks at ~16.5ka coeval with timing of Heinrich event 1, possibly related to a southward movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). An inferred precipitation maximum (stalagmite d18O minimum) during the mid-Holocene in N. Borneo supports La Niña-like conditions and/or a southward migration of the ITCZ over the course of the Holocene as likely mechanisms for the observed millennial-scale trends. In Chapter 4, stalagmite Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and d13C records reflect hydrologic changes in the overlying karst system that are linked to a combination of rainfall variability and cave micro-environmental effects. Dripwater and stalagmite geochemistry suggest that prior calcite precipitation is a mechanism which alters dripwater geochemistry in slow, stalagmite-forming drips in N. Borneo. Stalagmite Mg/Ca ratios and d13C records suggest that the LGM climate in N. Borneo was drier and that ecosystem carbon cycling may have responded to the drier conditions. Large amplitude decadal- to centennial-scale variability in stalagmite Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and d13C during the deglaciation may be linked to deglacial abrupt climate change events.
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Nordhoff, Peter. "Stable isotope investigations on speleothems from different cave systems in Germany." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2005/nordhoff.
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Bourdin, Clément. "Enregistrement des variations climatiques par les éléments traces dans les spéléothèmes." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00863089.
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Les spéléothèmes (concrétions carbonatées se formant dans les zones karstiques) sont des archives paleo-climatiques reconnues, dont l'intérêt majeur est de pouvoir être datées précisément par la méthode Uranium-Thorium. En revanche, les traceurs traditionnellement utilisés pour reconstruire les climats passés à partir de ces objets géologiques ne sont pas directement quantifiables en termes de paramètres climatiques comme la température moyenne, ou la quantité de précipitation. Les variations des concentrations en éléments traces contenus dans les spéléothèmes ont pu être relié dans certains sites aux changements climatiques passés, mais des doutes existent sur la robustesse de leur signal au sein d'une même grotte et entre différents sites.Nous nous sommes appliqués à déterminer les variations au cours des 50 000 dernières années de plusieurs catégories d'éléments (alcalino-terreux, uranium, et terres rares) dans des stalagmites de deux grottes situées dans le sud de la France (les grottes de Villars en Dordogne et de Chauvet en Ardèche), par spectrométrie ICP-MS. Les spéléothèmes sélectionnés ont déjà été datés et ont enregistré les variations paleo-environnementales à travers les isotopes stables de la calcite. Trois périodes d'étude caractérisées par des changements particuliers sont étudiées: le stade isotopique 3 de la dernière période glaciaire (~50-30 ka), la dernière déglaciation (~20-10 ka) et la fin de l'Holocène (~2-0 ka).Le signal des variations des alcalino-terreux à Villars pendant le stade isotopique 3 est significatif et robuste. La variabilité du strontium notamment, qui provient de processus hydrologiques intra-karst, suit les événements climatiques rapides enregistrés dans l'hémisphère Nord. D'autre part, le comportement de nombreux éléments traces pendant la déglaciation est similaire entre les grottes de Villars et de Chauvet. Enfin, des changements du couvert végétal sont probablement à l'origine des changements synchrones enregistrés par les éléments traces et les isotopes stables de la calcite au cours des deux derniers millénaires à Villars.Par ailleurs, l'étude des coefficients de partition des alcalino-terreux, de l'uranium et des terres rares dans des conditions variées montre l'importante de la variabilité inter-site de leur partitionnement.
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Desmarchelier, Jolyon Michael. "High-resolution palaeoenvironmental information from southeast Australian speleothems." Thesis, 2000. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19728/1/whole_DesmarchelierJolyonMichael2000_thesis.pdf.
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Speleothems, chemical cave deposits such as soda-straw stalactites, stalagmites and flowstones,
have great potential as archives of high-resolution terrestrial palaeoenvironmental change at both
short and long term temporal scales. In this study temporal control is achieved using various high
precision radiometric techniques such as TIMS 230Th/234 U dating, AMS radiocarbon dating, and
210Pb excess dating, the latter two methods used to investigate contemporary speleothem material.
An additional method adopted only with certain samples, but showing considerable promise, is
autocorrelation of annual variations in speleothem minor element concentrations. 43 new TIMS
230Th/234 U speleothem age estimates from several karst areas in Tasmania are presented as a
cumulative frequency distribution and are compared with some previously published and
unpublished speleothem data from southeast Australian continent. The distribution of ages allows
some comments to be made on past environmental conditions and their effect on speleothem
growth in southeastern Australia.
Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has been used to
investigate minor element variations along the whole growth axis of several speleothems. Some
soda-straw stalactites are found to contain quasi-periodical variations in their minor element
composition, in some cases it is in phase with surface ridges, ie annual banding, sometimes visible
on the surface. Measurements of the surface ridging using dendrochronological equipment allow a
temporal framework to be developed and comparisons to be made between this chronology and
one established using the annual cyclicity of certain minor elements. The chronologies agree very
closely, indicating that soda-straw stalactites can potentially provide annually resolved records.
Measurements of the minor element and stable isotope composition of flowstone material have
been taken in order to provide records of palaeoenvironmental change in areas not previously
studied in southeastern Australia using speleothems as an information source.
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Yang, Chuan-Kai, and 楊傳凱. "The Synthesis of a Cavern with Eroded Stalactites and Stalagmites." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97729908862304795098.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
資訊工程研究所
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A new method of synthesizing a cavern is presented. A vivid cavern with lots of stalactites and stalagmites has been generated by the method of stochastic modeling, or so called fractal modeling, together with simulated hydraulic erosion. To simulate stalagmites is more difficult than to simulate stalactites, since stalagmites are not usually of a simple cylindrical shape, but have more than one altitude corresponding to one ground position. By using the marching cube algorithm and modified erosion equation, a successful synthesis of a cavern with stalactites and stalagmites has been made. For rendering, in addition to basic Phong shading, the progressive refinement approach of radiosity is applied on the cavern for better display.
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Goede, A. "Quaternary studies of caves and coasts : a collection of published papers and a critical review." Thesis, 1998. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19683/1/whole_GoedeAlbert1998_thesis.pdf.
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The contents of this volume are not a PhD thesis in the conventional sense in
that they do not represent a single major research theme. When the author
approached the Higher Degree Committee of the University of Tasmania with
the view of counting twenty-nine published papers towards a higher degree,
he was instructed to enrol for a research higher degree (PhD), and to present a
thesis not only containing the publications but critically reviewing them in
the form of a thesis to be completed over a period of not less than one year.
The thesis thus comprises a review of twenty-nine published papers on a
common theme of "Quaternary Studies of Caves and Coasts". Most papers are
concerned with aspects of cave sediments but some are focussed on the
sedimentary history of coasts. For the sake of completeness it was found
necessary to include one paper submitted for publication but not yet published
as well as some unpublished data.
Studies of caves commenced with an investigation of bone-rich deposits,
many of which contained remains of Pleistocene megafauna. The thesis
concentrates on aspects of stratigraphy, dating and interpretation of
depositional environments. Discovery of an archaeological site led to the
realisation that interior valleys of Tasmania had been colonised by aborigines
during the Last Glacial.
Later studies concentrated on the use of speleothems as an information source
on past climates and environments and used analysis of stable isotope ratios
and minor element concentrations to study temporal variations. The study
commenced with a detailed analysis of the isotopic composition of
precipitation and seepage waters - a vital prerequisite. Oxygen isotope
composition of Tasmanian speleothems was found to be not directly
controlled by temperature but by the isotopic composition of winter
precipitation. It is best interpreted as a proxy for mean winter temperature.
Carbon isotope variations are regarded as due predominantly to variations in
plant productivity and appear to be partly controlled by the precessional cycle.
Studies of minor element variations were focussed on magnesium and
strontium with preliminary investigation of uranium and bromine. Strontium isotope analysis was used to show that some of the strontium was
derived from a non-limestone source - probably wind-borne dust derived
from continental shelf areas when sealevels were low. The magnitude of the
dating peak (h3) in electron spin resonance spectra was found to be strongly
correlated with carbon isotope ratios and concentrations of uranium,
magnesium and bromine. The signal has considerable potential as an
indicator of changes in vegetation productivity and/or fire frequency.
Coastal studies commenced with electron spin resonance analysis of marine
gastropod shell from midden sites in sea caves at Klasies River Mouth, South
Africa where the technique was developed as a relative dating method in good
agreement with the cultural and stratigraphic sequence of the sites.
Use of the method continued on coastal deposits in western Victoria,
Tasmania and the Bass Strait Islands where it was calibrated against other
dating methods especially amino acid racemisation dating. The Bass Strait
study revealed that King and Flinders Islands had been tectonically uplifted
during the Quaternary as was Tasmania, but uplift began earlier and had
ceased 125,000 years ago.
Age determination is a vital part of Quaternary studies and is reviewed in a
separate chapter. Improvements in dating techniques and calibration during
the review period are discussed and earlier age estimates have been updated.
Books on the topic "Stalactities and stalagmites"
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Tatsuyoshi, Dokushōan. Kokuritsu Kōbunshokan shozō, Mitakesan Issekizan kikō. Tōkyō: Bunka Tosho, 2013.
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1926-, Attenborough David, BBC Worldwide Americas Inc, British Broadcasting Corporation, and Warner Home Video (Firm), eds. Planet Earth. [S.l.]: British Broadcasting Corp., 2007.
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Beckmeyer, Drew. Stalactite and Stalagmite. Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 2025.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Stalactities and stalagmites"
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Frisia, Silvia. "Stalactites and stalagmites." In Encyclopedia of Caves, 1041–48. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814124-3.00120-5.
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Frisia, Silvia, and Jon D. Woodhead. "Stalactites and Stalagmites." In Encyclopedia of Caves, 805–10. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-383832-2.00116-x.
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"Stalactite-Stalagmite." In Dictionary of Geotourism, 581. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_2324.
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Larson, Jennifer. "Caves of the Nymphs and Votive Iconography." In Greek Nymphs, 226–67. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195144659.003.0005.
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Abstract The distinctive landscape of Greece and the Aegean is characterized by abundant limestone and marble, types of stone that easily dissolve in and crystallize from water. When the concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in water is high, an acid is produced, which enlarges fissures to form caves. When the concentration of carbon dioxide drops, calcite is crystallized from the water, which produces cave formations such as stalactites and stalagmites. This landscape, which geologists call karst, is full of caves and sinkholes.
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Hose*, Louise D., Harvey R. DuChene*, Daniel Jones, Gretchen M. Baker*, Zoë Havlena, Donald Sweetkind, and Doug Powell. "Hypogenic karst of the Great Basin." In Field Excursions from the 2021 GSA Section Meetings, 77–114. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2020.0061(05).
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ABSTRACT Discoveries in the 1980s greatly expanded speleologists’ understanding of the role that hypogenic groundwater flow can play in developing caves at depth. Ascending groundwater charged with carbon dioxide and, especially, hydrogen sulfide can readily dissolve carbonate bedrock just below and above the water table. Sulfuric acid speleogenesis, in which anoxic, rising, sulfidic groundwater mixes with oxygenated cave atmosphere to form aggressive sulfuric acid (H2SO4) formed spectacular caves in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, USA. Cueva de Villa Luz in Mexico provides an aggressively active example of sulfuric acid speleogenesis processes, and the Frasassi Caves in Italy preserve the results of sulfuric acid speleogenesis in its upper levels while sulfidic groundwater currently enlarges cave passages in the lower levels. Many caves in east-central Nevada and western Utah (USA) are products of hypogenic speleogenesis and formed before the current topography fully developed. Wet climate during the late Neogene and Pleistocene brought extensive meteoric infiltration into the caves, and calcite speleothems (e.g., stalactites, stalagmites, shields) coat the walls and floors of the caves, concealing evidence of the earlier hypogenic stage. However, by studying the speleogenetic features in well-established sulfuric acid speleogenesis caves, evidence of hypogenic, probably sulfidic, speleogenesis in many Great Basin caves can be teased out. Compelling evidence of hypogenic speleogenesis in these caves include folia, mammillaries, bubble trails, cupolas, and metatyuyamunite. Sulfuric acid speleogenesis signs include hollow coralloid stalagmites, trays, gypsum crust, pseudoscallops, rills, and acid pool notches. Lehman Caves in Great Basin National Park is particularly informative because a low-permeability capstone protected about half of the cave from significant meteoric infiltration, preserving early speleogenetic features.
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Potts, Charlotte R. "The first religious buildings: ‘sacred huts’." In Religious Architecture in Latium and Etruria, c. 900-500 BC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722076.003.0009.
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The votive assemblages that form the primary archaeological evidence for non-funerary cult in the Neolithic, Bronze, and early Iron Ages in central Italy indicate that there is a long tradition of religious activity in Latium and Etruria in which buildings played no discernible role. Data on votive deposits in western central Italy is admittedly uneven: although many early votive assemblages from Latium have been widely studied and published, there are few Etruscan comparanda; of the more than two hundred Etruscan votive assemblages currently known from all periods, relatively few date prior to the fourth century BC, while those in museum collections are often no longer entire and suffer from a lack of detailed provenance as well as an absence of excavations in the vicinity of the original find. Nevertheless, it is possible to recognize broad patterns in the form and location of cult sites prior to the Iron Age, and thus to sketch the broader context of prehistoric rituals that pre-dated the construction of the first religious buildings. In the Neolithic period (c.6000–3500 BC), funerary and non-funerary rituals appear to have been observed in underground spaces such as caves, crevices, and rock shelters, and there are also signs that cults developed around ‘abnormal water’ like stalagmites, stalactites, hot springs, and pools of still water. These characteristics remain visible in the evidence from the middle Bronze Age (c.1700–1300 BC). Finds from this period at the Sventatoio cave in Latium include vases containing traces of wheat, barley seed cakes, and parts of young animals including pigs, sheep, and oxen, as well as burned remains of at least three children. The openair veneration of underground phenomena is also implied by the discovery of ceramic fragments from all phases of the Bronze Age around a sulphurous spring near the Colonelle Lake at Tivoli. Other evidence of cult activities at prominent points in the landscape, such as mountain tops and rivers, suggests that rituals began to lose an underground orientation during the middle Bronze Age. By the late Bronze Age (c.1300–900 BC) natural caves no longer seem to have served ritual or funerary functions.
Conference papers on the topic "Stalactities and stalagmites"
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Cerevkova, Andrea, Marek Renco, and Lenka Bobulska. "DIVERSITY OF SOIL NEMATODES IN THE TREATENED ECOSYSTEMS OF PONICKA CAVE." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s29.91.
Full textAbstract:
Ponicka Cave, situated in central Slovakia, is a natural wonder, known for its stunning stalagmites, stalactites, and underground lakes. This unique cave system has a hydrological connection to the Earth's surface, representing a very vulnerable habitat. Long-lasting intensive livestock grazing in the aquifer area of Ponicka cave and insufficiently insulated manure dump were the main reasons for the contamination of this cave. Soil nematodes are the most abundant multicellular organisms on Earth with respect to both species� richness and abundance. They are ubiquitous invertebrates in the soil that include a variety of feeding types, and they perform key functions in soil food webs. They are considered as one of the best soils bioindicators. Although the mesofauna of caves in Slovakia is relatively well described, information about soil nematodes are missing. In this study, we present the first data on the fauna of free-living and plant-parasitic nematode species from soil taken in the Karst region (karst spring, ponor, sink hole) and manure. Totally we identified 54 nematode species across 43 genera, 28 families, and 9 orders. The highest number of identified nematode species (44) was observed in Ponor, while 33 species were observed in both the karst springs and in a sinkhole and only 8 species were found in manure. Bacterivores were the dominant trophic group in all sites. Differences in nematode species composition in sites around Ponicka Cave, showing the differences in the environmental conditions nearby and site characteristic. This study emphasizes how important it is to know, understand and protect the soil biota that plays an important role in keeping the cave and the surrounding environment healthy.