Journal articles on the topic 'Stainless steel'
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1
Perez, Elmer, Masaki Tanaka, and Tatsuhiro Jibiki. "Wear of Stainless Steels - Cause and Transition of Wear of Martensitic Stainless Steel." Marine Engineering 48, no. 5 (2013): 662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.48.662.
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Habib, K. A., M. S. Damra, J. J. Saura, I. Cervera, and J. Bellés. "Breakdown and Evolution of the Protective Oxide Scales of AISI 304 and AISI 316 Stainless Steels under High-Temperature Oxidation." International Journal of Corrosion 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/824676.
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The failure of the protective oxide scales of AISI 304 and AISI 316 stainless steels has been studied and compared at 1,000°C in synthetic air. First, the isothermal thermogravimetric curves of both stainless steels were plotted to determine the time needed to reach the breakdown point. The different resistance of each stainless steel was interpreted on the basis of the nature of the crystalline phases formed, the morphology, and the surface structure as well as the cross-section structure of the oxidation products. The weight gain of AISI 304 stainless steel was about 8 times greater than that of AISI 316 stainless steel, and AISI 316 stainless steel reached the breakdown point about 40 times more slowly than AISI 304 stainless steel. In both stainless steels, reaching the breakdown point meant the loss of the protective oxide scale of Cr2O3, but whereas in AISI 304 stainless steel the Cr2O3scale totally disappeared and exclusively Fe2O3was formed, in AISI 316 stainless steel some Cr2O3persisted and Fe3O4was mainly formed, which means that AISI 316 stainless steel is more resistant to oxidation after the breakdown.
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Wang, Jun, Xianhui Cao, Junjun Chen, Jincheng Zou, Yujing Hu, and Rong Huang. "Study on deformation-induced martensitic transformation behavior of 304 and 316 stainless steels." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2760, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2760/1/012014.
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Abstract In this paper, the deformation-induced martensitic transformation behavior of 304 and 316 stainless steels is studied. The results show that martensitic transformation occurs in both 304 stainless steel and 316 stainless steel. With the increase of the strain, the martensitic transformation of the stainless steel samples increases, but the 304 stainless steel increases more significantly. The external shape of stainless steel has a certain influence on martensitic transformation behavior, and the martensite content of bar-shaped stainless steel is lower than that of plate-shaped samples under the same strain. The study results can provide technical guidance for the selection of stainless steel materials in the power grid.
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Venkatraman, Mahadevan, K. Pavitra, Vijaya Jana, and Tohfiq Kachwala. "Manufacturing and Critical Applications of Stainless Steel – An Overview." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.163.
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This paper presents an overview of development of stainless steel for critical applications and its metallurgical aspects in general. Novel emerging methods of processing of stainless steel are also discussed. Advances in steel making aspects with respect to stainless steel and other specialty steels especially in nuclear applications are presented. Overview of alloy design, physical metallurgical aspects of steel for critical applications is discussed. Advances in manufacturing of stainless steel, strengthening mechanisms, corrosion resistance, challenges in stainless steel applications have also been elaborated.
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Zhang, Yan Mei, Kang Qin, Qing Ping Du, Jia Qiang Huang, Ge Guo Shuai, and Xiao Hua Jie. "Study on Antibacterial Properties of SUSXM7 Cu- Bearing Austenitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 997–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.997.
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SUSXM7 Cu-bearing austenitic stainless stee1 was conducted with special antibacterial heat treatment and antibacterial properties of the steel were studied. The experimental results show that a suitable amount of ε-Cu phases can precipitate from the matrix of SUSXM7 steel after solution treated at 1100 °C and aging treated at 650 - 850 °C. ε-Cu phases are granular with diameter of 100 - 200 nm. SUSXM7 Cu-bearing austenitic stainless steels possess excellent antibacterial properties. Antibacterial rates against two typical bacteria of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus surpass 99.0％ and are basically equal to that of Cu-bearing austenitic antibacterial stainless steel researched widely now.
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Wang, Hailong, Yuanjian Wu, Xiaoyan Sun, Jiayan Ling, and Daoqin Zou. "Corrosion Resistance to Chloride of a Novel Stainless Steel: The Threshold Chloride Value and Effect of Surface State." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 11, 2019): 2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142235.
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To evaluate the corrosion resistance of a novel stainless steel intended for use within reinforced concrete (RC) structures exposed to aggressive environments, the threshold chloride concentration of three stainless steels (316, 2205, novel 2205) and two carbon steels (HRB400, HRB500) exposed to pore solutions of fresh concrete was experimentally studied by means of electrochemical methods. The effect of steel surface state on the corrosion resistance was also experimentally investigated. The results showed that the novel stainless steel has a much higher corrosion resistance than those of the carbon steels and stainless steels when subjected to chloride environments. The presence of surface damage leads to significant decrease of corrosion resistance for carbon steel, however the corrosion can be certainly inhibited with the accumulation of rust on the steel surface. Although the oxide layer was worn, the novel 2205 stainless steel still has a great corrosion resistance.
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Shin, Dong-Ho, and Seong-Jong Kim. "Electrochemical Characteristics with NaCl Concentrations on Stainless Steels of Metallic Bipolar Plates for PEMFCs." Coatings 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010109.
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Stainless steel, which is used in metallic bipolar plates, is generally known to have excellent corrosion resistance, which is achieved by forming oxide films. However, localized corrosion occurs when the oxide films are destroyed by pH and chloride ions. Particularly, since the operating condition of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is strongly acidic, the reduced stability of the oxide films leads to the corrosion of the stainless steel. In this research, the electrochemical characteristics of 304L and 316L stainless steels were investigated in an accelerating solution that simulated the cathode condition of PEMFCs with chloride concentrations. Results under all experimental conditions showed that the corrosion current density of 304L stainless steel was at least four times higher than that of 316L stainless steel. Maximum damage depth was measured at 6.136 μm and 9.192 μm for 304L stainless steel and 3.403 μm and 5.631 μm for 316L stainless steel for chloride concentrations of 0 and 1000 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, 304L and 316L stainless steels were found to have uniform and localized corrosion, respectively. The differences in the electrochemical characteristics of 304L and 316L stainless steel are considered to be due to the molybdenum contained in the chemical composition of 316L stainless steel.
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Dudek, Agata, and Barbara Lisiecka. "Surface Treatment Proposals for the Automotive Industry by the Example of 316L Steel." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0047.
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Abstract Nowadays, stainless steels are very interesting and promising materials with unique properties. They are characterized high mechanical strengths, high toughness and good corrosion resistance, so that can be used in many industrial sectors. An interesting alternative to steels obtained using the conventional methods is sintered stainless steel manufactured using the powder metallurgy technology. AISI 316L stainless steel is one of the best-known and widely used austenitic stainless steel. Modification of surface properties of stainless steels, in particular by applying the Cr3C2 coating is becoming more and more popular. The technique of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) was used to deposit Cr3C2 - NiAl powder on stainless steel surface. In this study presents arc surface remelting of two types of stainless steel was used by GTAW method in order to improve function and usability these materials. The results of optical microscope metallographic, hardness and scratch test are presented. The main assumption for this study was to analyze the microstructure and hardness after remelting and alloying the surface of 316L steel (using GTAW method) with current intensity 50 A.
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Ramesh, Aditya, Vishal Kumar, Anuj, and Pradeep Khanna. "Weldability of duplex stainless steels- A review." E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901076.
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Duplex stainless steel finds widespread use in various sectors of manufacturing and related fields. It has many advantages due to its distinctive structural combination of austenite and ferrite grains. It is the need of the current generation due to its better corrosive resistance over high production austenitic stainless steels. This paper reviews the weldability of duplex stainless steels, mentions the reason behind the need for duplex stainless steels and describes how it came into existence. The transformations in the heat-affected zones during the welding of duplex stainless steels have also been covered in this paper. The formation, microstructure and changes in high temperature and low temperature heat-affected zones have been reviewed in extensive detail. The effects of cooling rate on austenite formation has been briefly discussed. A comparison of weldability between austenitic and duplex stainless steel is also given. Finally, the paper reviews the applications of the various grades of duplex stainless steel in a variety of industries like chemical, paper and power generation and discusses the future scope of duplex stainless steel in various industrial sectors.
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Liu, Xiao, and Jing Long Liang. "Effect of Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 21Cr-11Ni Austenitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 711 (June 2013): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.95.
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The effect of Ce on structure and mechanical properties of 21Cr11Ni austenitic stainless steels were studied by metallographic examination, scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile test. The results show that the proper amount of Ce can refine microstructure of austenitic stainless steel. Fracture is changed from cleavage to ductile fracture by adding Ce to austenitic stainless steel. 21Cr11Ni stainless steel containing 0.05% Ce can improve its high temerature strength, and the strength is increased 21.81% at 1073K respectively comparing with that of 21Cr11Ni stainless steel without Ce.
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Narahari Prasad, S., and M. Narayana Rao. "Stainless Steel - A Versatile Engineering Material for Critical Applications." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.44.
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Stainless Steel is a family of versatile materials that has been put into a wide variety of application by mankind. Stainless steels are iron-based alloys containing minimum 12% chromium and upto 25% nickel with minor additions of carbon, nitrogen, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, niobium, copper and selenium. It has a wide range of applications from small pins to the construction of automobiles, petrochemical, space, aeronautical, ship building industries, nuclear and thermal power stations. Certain grades of stainless steels, because of their biocompatibility are used for manufacture of biomedical implants. In fact steel touches every sphere of our daily life. By and large stainless steel family consists of hundreds of grades with varieties of compositions and a large spectrum of mechanical properties. The corrosion and oxidation resistance of stainless steels have been significantly improved through fine-tuned chemical compositions and microstructural constituents, leading to the evolution of super stainless steels. Stainless steel development from design to application is a long-term continuous effort. The recent advances in stainless steels are mainly due to new ways of manufacture, processing and usage of advanced equipments. In spite of inroads by a range of competing materials, stainless steels occupy an important place as structural materials, because of their outstanding strength to weight ratios, ductility, fracture toughness, repairability, corrosion, etc for a given cost. Over the years, MIDHANI has catered to the requirements of Indian Space, Nuclear, Thermal, aeronautical and Defence sector for many high performance materials. A wide range of special stainless steels many of them being tailor made to customers specific needs have been developed and supplied. This has been possible with the help of state of the art facility and excellent quality assurance system available in MIDHANI. The presentation will high light MIDHANI role in development and commercial production of different varieties of stainless steels for critical applications.
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Li, Dong Sheng, Dan Li, Hong Dou, Pei Gao, Yu Liu, Xiao Jun Chen, Xin Chun Jiang, and Jing Juan Pei. "High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steels." Key Engineering Materials 575-576 (September 2013): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.575-576.414.
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The oxidation kinetic curves of four kinds of austenitic stainless steel at 700°C was measured by weighting method. It is showed that the oxidation curves of those austenitic stainless steels follow the parabolic law. The mass gain of 800Al steel. is the least of all. The surfacemorphology and structure of the oxide scale were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. It is found that adense oxide scale formed at 700°C in all four austenitic stainless steels. In austenitic stainless steel with high Mn content, scales are mainly composed of Mn2O3 and the spinel MnFe2O4. Scales of austenitic stainless steel with high Cr content but without element Al are composed by Cr2O3 and the small amount of spinel FeCr2O4 . Scales of austenitic stainless steel with element Al and Cr are composed of (Fe0.6Cr0.4)2O3 and Al oxide, showing the excellent oxidation resistance property.
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Boumerzoug, Zakaria, Lamia Baghdadi, François Brisset, Denis Solas, and Thierry Baudin. "SOLID STATE DIFFUSION BONDING OF X70 STEEL TO DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 28, no. 2 (June 22, 2022): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1504.
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This paper deals with the solid state diffusion bonding of X70 steel to duplex stainless steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded dissimilar steels were investigated. Optical microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometry, Vickers hardness measurements, and X-Ray Diffraction were the main techniques of characterization. Microtructural variation was observed in the X70 steel side compared to duplex stainless steel. The diffusion coefficient of iron, chromium, and nickel across the interface X70 steel/duplex stainless steel was also measured. The diffusion coefficient of iron and chromium is higher than that of nickel. The Vickers microhardness profile across the bond joint showed an abrupt decrease in hardness from duplex stainless steel to X70 steel. In addition, a dynamic recrystallisation reaction was observed close to the interface in the X70 steel side.
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Schino, Andrea Di. "CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF AISI 460LI SUPER-FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 25, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v25i4.1363.
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<p class="AMSmaintext1"><span lang="EN-GB">Following nickel and molybdenum significant price increase, nowadays the stainless steel market is moving toward an increasing use of ferritic stainless steel instead of austenitic stainless and therefore to the development of advanced ferritic stainless steels grades aimed to substitute the more expensive austenitic materials in all applications allowing it. Super-ferritic stainless steels are higher chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo) steels with properties similar to those of standard ferritic alloys. Such elements increase high temperature and corrosion resistance in strong environment. This paper deal about the corrosion resistance of super-ferritic stainless steels with a Cr content ranging from 21% to 24%. </span></p>
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Habibullah, Pervaiz. "Identification of Defects of Stainless Steel Sold with Brand Names, by Studying their Surface Thin Films with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.53.
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In the present paper, we have studied the thin films formed on the commercial stainless steel sold under different brand names in Pakistan with the help of SEM, EDX and XRD and have further investigated that how such stainless steels lose their brightness and become dull. A sample of recycled stainless steel melted in induction furnace was taken for study. The analysis of the layer formed is as follows: wt. %, C = 6.55, O = 6.20, Na = 0.47, Mg = 0.31, Al = 2.28, Si = 1.23, Cr = 15.42, Mn = 1.06, Fe = 59.58, Ni = 6.91 Total = 100, Atomic %, C = 21.02 O = 14.93, Na = 0.79, Mg = 0.49, Al = 3.26, Si = 1.68, Cr = 11.43, Mn = 0.74, Fe = 41.12, Ni = 4.53. Stainless steel has austenite structure, is non magnetic and forms fine passive film of Cr (III) oxide, (Cr2O3) which prevents surface corrosion and avoids further corrosion from spreading in metal’s internal structure. Mn and Ni stabilize austenite structure. XRD spectra show presence of αFe2O3 and Cr2O3 and spinal oxides in the film formed on the sample taken for study. SEM images show how this thin film tears. In a sound stainless steel, the film formed is too thin to be visible and metal remains lustrous. The film quickly reforms when surface is scratched (passivation). Mostly stainless steel is recycled and average stainless steel objects manufactured and marketed are composed of above 60% recycled material. Oxide spinals of Mn, Ni, Cr with iron oxide are not very resistive to the corrosion. Recently Duplex stainless steel has been manufactured which contains 50:50 austenite and ferrite and have twice the strength compared to austenite stainless steel. Keywords Recycle stainless steel, composition of thin film with EDX, SEM images, investigation on αFe2O3 and Cr2O3 spinals. In the present paper, we have studied the thin films formed on the commercial stainless steel sold under different brand names in Pakistan* with the help of SEM, EDX and XRD and have further investigated that how such stainless steels lose their brightness and become dull. The sample is austenitic stainless steel.
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Sun, Shengxuan, Lianmin Zhang, Aili Ma, Enobong Felix Daniel, Chunzhi Zhang, and Yugui Zheng. "Comparison of the Three-Phase Corrosion Behavior of SiN and 304L Stainless Steels in 6 M Nitric Acid Solution at Different Temperatures." Metals 12, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12060922.
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In this work, the three-phase corrosion behavior of SiN and 304L stainless steels was comparatively investigated in a 6 M nitric acid solution at different temperatures. It was found that the corrosion rates of both steels in the liquid phase, vapor phase and condensate phase of nitric acid showed an increasing trend with rising temperature. Meanwhile, there also existed some differences in the corrosion kinetics and the corrosion resistance in the different phases of nitric acid. The corrosion rate of SiN and 304L stainless steels in the liquid phase of nitric acid had a cubic function relationship with temperature, and SiN stainless steel presented better corrosion resistance without intergranular corrosion (IGC) compared with 304L stainless steel with IGC at 100 °C and 120 °C. By contrast, the SiN stainless steel displayed a lower corrosion resistance than 304L stainless steel in the vapor phase of nitric acid at the same temperature, and the corrosion rates of SiN and 304L stainless steels showed a quadratic function relationship with temperature, indicating a milder corrosion in the vapor phase in comparison with that in the liquid phase of nitric acid. In the condensate phase of nitric acid, there was a similar corrosion behavior of the two steels to that in the nitric acid vapor phase, and 304L stainless steel also demonstrated a better corrosion resistance than SiN stainless steel at the same temperature. The differences in corrosion behavior between the two steels could be attributed to the changed media environment and the different alloy composition, and the two aspects were discussed in detail based on relevant experimental results. This work can provide an important insight into the material selection for reprocessing equipment and the development of new corrosion-resistant materials used in spent fuel reprocessing.
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Brytan, Z. "The corrosion resistance of laser surface alloyed stainless steels." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 92 (December 3, 2018): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9662.
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Purpose: of this paper was to examine the corrosion resistance of laser surface alloyed (LSA) stainless steels using electrochemical methods in 1M NaCl solution and 1M H2SO4 solution. The LSA conditions and alloying powder placement strategies on the material's corrosion resistance were evaluated. Design/methodology/approach: In the present work the sintered stainless steels of different microstructures (austenitic, ferritic and duplex) where laser surface alloyed (LSA) with elemental alloying powders (Cr, FeCr, Ni, FeNi) and hard powders (SiC, Si3N4) to obtain a complex steel microstructure of improved properties. Findings: The corrosion resistance of LSA stainless steels is related to process parameters, powder placing strategy, that determines dilution rate of alloying powders and resulting steel microstructure. The duplex stainless steel microstructure formed on the surface layer of austenitic stainless steel during LSA with Cr and FeCr reveal high corrosion resistance in 1M NaCl solution. The beneficial effect on corrosion resistance was also revealed for LSA with Si3N4 for studied steels in both NaCl and H2SO4 solutions. Ferritic stainless steel alloyed with Ni, FeNi result in a complex microstructure, composed of austenite, ferrite, martensite depending on the powder dilution rate, also can improve the corrosion resistance of the LSA layer. Research limitations/implications: The LSA process can be applied for single phase stainless steels as an easy method to improve surface properties, elimination of porosity and densification and corrosion resistance enhancement regarding as sintered material. Practical implications: The LSA of single phase austenitic stainless steel in order to form a duplex microstructure on the surface layers result in reasonably improved corrosion performance. Originality/value: The original LSA process of stainless steels (austenitic, ferritic and duplex) was studied regarding corrosion resistance of the alloyed layer in chloride and sulphate solutions.
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Li, Zhuang, Di Wu, and Wei Lv. "Development of Pb-Free Austenitic Stainless Steels." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.486.
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Pb-free austenitic stainless steels were investigated by adding sulfur, rare earth (Re) elements and bismuth. The metallurgical properties, machinability and mechanical properties of both steels were examined. The results show that a significant amount of grey, spindle shaped inclusions were discovered in austenitic stainless steels, and they should belong to MnS inclusions containing bismuth element and rare earths oxide. The addition of S, Bi and Re to austenitic stainless steels improved the machinability. The machinability of steel B is better than that of steel A in a way. The mechanical properties of steel B are better than those of steel A, especially total elongation owing to the presence of rare earth elements. From the viewpoint of life cycle assessment, it is proposed that the development of Pb-free austenitic stainless steels containing S, Bi and Re is desirable.
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Perez, Elmer, Masaki Tanaka, and Takashi Sugawara. "Wear of Stainless Steels - Wear Characteristics of Cold Drawn Stainless Steel Bars in Dry Sliding Conditions." Marine Engineering 48, no. 4 (2013): 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.48.546.
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Surinlert, Piyaporn, and Akkawat Ruammaitree. "Increasing Surface Hardness of S304 Stainless Steel by High Quality Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition." Solid State Phenomena 302 (April 2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.302.79.
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Stainless steel is widely utilized due to its higher corrosion resistance and gloss than ordinary steels. However, the applications of stainless steel are still limited because of its low surface hardness. Graphene is a superb material, which has an intrinsic strength of 130 GPa. In this report, the growth of high quality graphene on S304 stainless steel by chemical vapor deposition using acetylene gas as a carbon source is demonstrated. The surface hardness of stainless steel after growing high quality graphene is investigated by nanoindentation technique. High quality graphene can increase the surface hardness of stainless steel from 1.54 GPa to 10.08 GPa. Moreover, the effect of graphene quality on the surface hardness of S304 stainless steel is studied. High quality graphene grown by CVD using acetylene gas as a carbon source can increase the surface hardness of stainless steel about two times more than low quality graphene grown by using methane gas.
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Bertolini, L., M. Gastaldi, Τ. Pastore, and M. P. Pedeferri. "Korrosion rostfreier Stähle in chloridhaltigem und karbonatisiertem Beton / Corrosion Behaviour of Stainless Steels in Chloride Contaminated and Carbonated Concrete." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2000-5476.
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Abstract The paper deals with the corrosion resistance of different stainless steels in chloride contaminated and carbonated concrete. Stainless steel reinforcement has a higher corrosion resistance as compared to the normal carbon steel reinforcement; stainless steels can, however, be subject to localized corrosion if the chloride content in the concrete exceeds a certain critical value. This critical value depends on the pH value of the concrete (i.e. carbonated or alkaline concrete), the temperature, the corrosion potential (function of environmental conditions), and the composition and microstructure of the stainless steel. Furthermore, in the rehabilitation of corroding reinforced concrete structures, stainless steel is often used in structures reinforced with normal carbon steel and galvanic coupling can occur. The results of measurements of free corrosion potential, corrosion rate and macrocouple current in reinforced concrete specimens are reported as a function of chloride concentration and humidity. The consequence of coupling with carbon steel reinforcement is also considered.
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Černý, Michal, Josef Filípek, Pavel Mazal, and David Varner. "Notch aspects of RSP steel microstructure." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 5 (2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260050049.
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For a rather long time, basic research projects have been focused on examinations of mechanical properties for Rapid Solidification Powder (RSP) steels. These state-of-art steels are commonly known as “powdered steels“. In fact, they combine distinctive attributes of conventional steel alloys with unusual resistance of construction material manufactured by so called “pseudo-powdered” metallurgy.Choice of suitable materials for experimental verification was carried out based on characteristic application of so called “modern steel”. First, groups of stainless and tool steel types (steel grades ČSN 17 and 19) were selected. These provided representative specimens for the actual comparison experiment. For stainless steel type, two steel types were chosen: hardenable X47Cr14 (ČSN 17 029) stainless steel and non-hardenable X2CrNiMo18-14-3 (ČSN 17 350) steel. They are suitable e.g. for surgical tools and replacements (respectively). For tooling materials, C80U (ČSN 19 152) carbon steel and American D2 highly-alloyed steel (ČSN “equivalent” being 19 572 steel) were chosen for the project. Finally, the M390 Böhler steel was chosen as representative of powdered (atomized) steels. The goal of this paper is to discuss structural aspects of modern stainless and tool steel types and to compare them against the steel made by the RSP method. Based on the paper's results, impact of powdered steel structural characteristics on the resistance to crack initiation shall be evaluated.
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Mészáros, István, Bálint Bögre, and Péter János Szabó. "Magnetic and Thermoelectric Detection of Sigma Phase in 2507 Duplex Stainless Steel." Crystals 12, no. 4 (April 10, 2022): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040527.
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Duplex stainless steel has significantly broadened the range of applications of stainless steel. They have a dual-phase microstructure containing ferrite and austenite at approximately a 50–50% phase ratio. Their corrosion resistance is much better compared to the traditional austenitic stainless steel, especially in surroundings containing chloride ion. Moreover, the large stress yield of duplex steels offers significant advantages in structural applications. The ferrite phase in some duplex stainless steels is metastable due to its composition. Consequently, the ferrite can decompose to a secondary austenite and sigma phase due to heat input. The sigma phase is a hard and brittle intermetallic compound phase that significantly deteriorates the mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties of duplex stainless steel. The embrittlement can cause a safety risk in industrial applications. This paper is a preliminary study to investigate what physical properties can be used to obtain information on sigma-phase-induced embrittlement. In this work, the effect of plastic deformation and heat treatment was studied in the appearance of the sigma phase in 2507 duplex stainless steel. Magnetic saturation polarization and thermoelectric power measurements were used to monitor the microstructural changes due to cold rolling and heat treatment. It was found that the magnetic saturation polarization and thermoelectric power measurements can be effective tools for monitoring the sigma-phase formation in duplex stainless steels due to heat input. Their application helps to prevent the embrittlement problems caused by the sigma-phase formation in duplex stainless steel structures.
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Chowwanonthapunya, Thee. "The pitting corrosion monitoring of stainless steel in a simulated corrosive condition in marine applications." Maritime Technology and Research 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): Proof. http://dx.doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2019.146185.
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This paper describes the pitting corrosion monitoring of ferritic and austenitic stainless steel under a simulated acidic condition of marine appications. The monitoring deals with the corrosion weight loss and metallurgical investigation. The results indicated that the stainless steel with passive film shows the good corroison resistance to the simulated corrosive environment for the all test periods. In contrast, the stainless steel without passive film cannot provide the inhibiting effect for the whole test periods. After the 24 hr. of testing , both of the stainless steel are locally attacked. Pitting corrosion was observed on the surface of both stainless steels. In small pits, the self-accelerating corrosion can occur. Therefore, the longer immersion time attributes to the higher corrosion rate of both stainless steel in a simulated acidic conditions.
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Wu, Di, and Zhuang Li. "Study on the Machinability of Free Cutting Non-Lead Austenitic Stainless Steels." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.306.
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In this paper, a new non-lead machinable austenitic stainless steel was investigated. The metallurgical properties, machinability and mechanical properties of the developed alloy were compared with those of the conventional austenitic stainless steel 321. The results have shown that the presence of machinable additives, such as sulfur, copper and bismuth, etc. contributes to the improvement of the machinability of austenitic stainless steel, because the inclusions are something like internal notches causing crack nucleation and facilitating rupture. Bismuth has a distinct advantage over lead. The machinability of the austenitic stainless steels with free-cutting additives is much better than that of austenitic stainless steel 321. The mechanical properties of the free cutting austenitic stainless steel are similar to those of 321 although the former are slightly lower than those of the latter.
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Ahmed, A., S. N. Ghali, M. Eissa, and S. A. El Badry. "Influence of Partial Replacement of Nickel by Nitrogen on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal of Metallurgy 2011 (November 16, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/639283.
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A new modified austenitic stainless steel has been developed through partial replacement of nickel by nitrogen. Nitrogen stainless steel was produced in 10 kg induction furnace under nitrogen pressure, while reference one, AISI 316 steel grade, was produced in open-induction furnace. Both were cast and hot forged, and the total nitrogen was determined. Furthermore, the produced forged steels were subjected to solution treatment at different temperatures. The microstructure of produced stainless steels was observed. The X-ray diffractmeter and Mossbauer effect spectroscopy were used to follow the phase change in reference and modified steels after different heat treatment temperatures. The influence of grain-size, soluble, and insoluble nitrogen on tensile strength and hardness was investigated. The major phase in the modified steel has a fcc structure similar to the reference one, but with finer grains and more expanded lattice. The yield strength and hardness of the nitrogen-modified stainless steel are higher than the reference steel. On the other hand, the increase of nitrogen content deteriorates the steel ductility.
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Tang, Yong, Bang Yan Ye, Qiang Wu, W. W. Wang, and Xing Yu Lai. "Study on Minipore Drilling to Stainless Steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti." Key Engineering Materials 392-394 (October 2008): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.392-394.55.
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Based on reviewing the applications and machining of the stainless steels, the cutting performance of the austenitic stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti is analyzed through the contrastive experiments. This paper studies drilling minipore mechanics of hard-to-cut material—Austenitic Stainless Steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti by simulation and experiment, analogy results displays the trend that drill thrust, torque and temperature changed with amount of feed, it matches with test result in the same cutting condition well. The research results would be of great benefit for the selection of proper tools and cutting parameters in drilling austenitic stainless steels.
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Okuda-Shimazaki, Junko, Akiko Yamamoto, Daisuke Kuroda, Takao Hanawa, and Akiyoshi Taniguchi. "The Effect of Metal Materials on Heat Shock Protein 70B’ Gene Expression." Open Biotechnology Journal 1, no. 1 (June 20, 2007): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070700701010014.
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To avoid the toxic effect of released nickel ions and compounds from conventional stainless steels, nickel-free austenitic stainless steels have been developed. We previously established a new manufacturing process to produce nickel-free austenitic stainless steel that involves nitrogen adsorption treatment. Although the cytocompatibility of nickelfree austenitic stainless steel produced using this method has been evaluated using two viability assay, molecular level analysis, such as gene expression analysis, has not been previously performed. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of our nickel-free austenitic stainless steel, as well as of commercially available metal materials, was evaluated by analysis of heat shock protein 70B’ (HSP70B’) gene expression as a stress response marker. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of metal materials on cytotoxicity, HSP70B’ gene expression was quantified using human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells, human monocyte THP-1 cells and the mouse macrophage cell line J774A.1. We found no significant differences in HSP70B’ expression among the various metal materials, including the nickel-free austenitic stainless steel, indicating that the nickel-free austenitic stainless steel produced using our nitrogen adsorption method has the same cytocompatibility as commercially available metal materials.
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Machuca, Laura L., Stuart I. Bailey, and Rolf Gubner. "Microbial Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels for Marine Energy Installations." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3591.
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A range of stainless steels has been investigated for resistance to microbiologically influenced corrosion in seawater. The corrosion potential was monitored for stainless steel coupons exposed to sterilized seawater and to microbiologically active seawater, which showed the effect of the growth of microorganisms. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization scans confirmed that 13%Cr stainless steel is very susceptible to localized corrosion under these conditions. 316L stainless steel was also quite susceptible to localized corrosion, whereas 2205 duplex stainless displayed good resistance to localized corrosion. Naturally occurring microorganisms in the seawater were shown to exacerbate the localized corrosion.
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Yang, De Ming, and Bo Han Tian. "Microstructure of 316L Stainless Steel Coating Deposited by the Low Pressure Plasma Spray." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4888–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4888.
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Original equiaxed 316L stainless steel coatings were successfully deposited by the low pressure plasma spray. For comparison, the coatings of 316L stainless steel with normal lamellar structure were also prepared by the air plasma spray (APS). The microstructures were investigated using optical micrograph (OM). The results show that the microstructures of LPPS 316L stainless steel coatings reveal the fine equiaxed microstructures like the solidified stainless steels,which are significantly different from that of APS coatings with lamellar structures.
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Kiss, Imre, and Vasile Alexa. "Study on Deformation Behavior of Non–Hardenable Austenitic Stainless Steel (Grade X5CrNi18–10) by Hot Torsion Tests." Tehnički glasnik 14, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20200317151347.
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The steel’s deformation resistance, in which high strain rates have an important influence on the mechanism of failure, might be obtained from a suitably instrumented torsion test. Determination of stainless steel deformability by hot torsion test is the only method that allows obtaining large deformations along the length of the test specimen, so it is mainly used to determine the characteristics at large plastic deformations. By this method, the hot deformability of stainless steel is determined by subjecting to hot torsion the cylindrical stainless steel specimens maintained at the deformation temperature in a tubular oven belonging to the Laboratory of Metal Rolling and Plastic Deformation, at the Faculty of Engineering – Hunedoara, University Politehnica Timişoara. For the experimental hot torsion tests, several stainless steel grades were used and included in a large series of studies destined to determining the deformation behavior of steel. Having in view the previous results obtained in the study of deformability characteristics of two stainless steels (hardenable martensitic stainless steel, grade X46Cr13 and non–hardenable ferritic stainless steel, grade X6Cr17), this paper includes the results of the hot torsion tests conducted to find the deformation behavior of the non–hardenable austenitic stainless steel (grade X5CrNi18–10). For analysis of laboratory hot torsion tests results the univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used, estimating the relationships among the hot–testing temperature, torque moment and number of torsions up to the breaking point of the specimens of austenitic stainless steel. Therefore, the optimum range of heating temperatures applied for deforming the studied steels results clearly from the deformability – temperature (plasticity – temperature and deformation resistance – temperature) diagrams. Correlations are useful because they can indicate a predictive relationship that can be exploited in the laboratory or industrial practice.
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Jiang, Z. Y., D. B. Wei, K. Tieu, J. X. Huang, A. W. Zhang, X. Shi, and S. H. Jiao. "Study on Oxidation of Stainless Steels During Hot Rolling." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 2011): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2011010103.
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The oxidation of stainless steels 304 and 304L during hot rolling is studied in this paper. Results show the oxide scale thickness decreases significantly with an increase of reduction, and the oxide scales of both 304 and 304L stainless steels were found more deformable than the steel substrate. Surface roughness shows a complicated transfer during the hot rolling process due to the complexity of oxide scale characteristics. Also, surface roughness decreases with an increase of reduction. The friction coefficient increases with reduction in all cases, and the increase is more significant in the case of the 304 stainless steel than that of 304L stainless steel.
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Ota, Hiroki, Tomohiro Ishii, Takashi Samukawa, Takumi Ujiro, and Hideaki Yamashita. "High Corrosion Resistance 21%Cr-0.4%Cu Ferritic Stainless Steel Contributing to Resource Conservation." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3435.
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With prices for metal resources such as nickel and molybdenum soaring, there is a heightened sense of crisis concerning resource scarcity. While Type304, the most common stainless steel, offers excellent corrosion resistance, its price is affected significantly by the cost of nickel because of its 8% nickel content. The stainless steel that has the same corrosion resistance as that of Type304 and does not contain nickel and molybdenum has been required. JFE Steel Corporation has developed a new 21%Cr-0.4%Cu stainless steel, the world’s first ferritic stainless steel, which offers equivalent corrosion resistance to Type304 while containing absolutely no nickel or molybdenum, two rare metals. The newly developed steel contains 21% chromium with the addition of 0.4% copper. The development of the steel is based on a new discovery that the passive films of stainless steels could be strengthened by the synergy effect of high chromium content and copper addition. Copper addition enriches the chromium content in passive films after field exposure. Newly developed 21%Cr-0.4%Cu stainless steel is adopted for many applications as a substitution for Type304, including commercial kitchenware, building materials and industrial machinery. The steel is expected to be a new standard of a ferritic stainless steel as a substitution for Type304.
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Zbigniew, Brytan, Mirołsaw Bonek, Leszek Adam Dobrzański, Daniele Ugues, and Marco Actis Grande. "The Laser Surface Remelting of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2511.
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The laser surface remelting (LSR) process was successfully applied to restore localized corrosion resistance in sensitized stainless steel and also as a useful method to improve passivity of some martensitic stainless steels. The LSR process can be successfully applied to repair cracks and defects at the surface of highly thermo-mechanically loaded parts of stainless steel. The purpose of presented study was to evaluate the microstructure and properties of laser remelted surface of stainless steels. The wrought austenitic stainless steel and sintered in vacuum 316L type were studied. The laser treatment was performed with the use of high power diode laser (HPDL) and the influence of beam power of 0.7-2.1kW on the properties of the surface layer was evaluated. The geometrical characteristics and x-ray analysis of weld bead were studied as well as microhardness, surface roughness and corrosion resistance were measured. The increase of laser beam power of LSR resulted in the increase of hardness of sintered stainless steel due to the reduction of porosity and formation of fine dendritic and cellular-dendritic microstructure. The corrosion resistance of remelted surface increased for sintered materials, when remelted at 2.1kW. The wrought stainless steel revealed impairment of pitting corrosion when remelted at lower beam power rate.
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Li, Zhuang, Di Wu, Wei Lv, Zhen Zheng, and Shao Pu Kang. "Investigations on Low Environmental Impact Machining Processes of Free Cutting Austenitic Stainless Steels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 377 (August 2013): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.377.112.
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In the present paper, sulfur, RE (rare earth) and bismuth were added to an austenite stainless steel. Low environmental impact machining processes of free cutting austenitic stainless steels was investigated by machinability testing. The results show that a significant amount of grey and dispersed inclusions were found in steel B. The inclusions are typical sulfide inclusions, and bismuth element is attached to double end of manganese sulfide inclusions. Some inclusions exhibit globular shape due to the presence of rare earths elements in steel B. Chip morphology was improved in steel B under the same turning conditions. The machinability of steel B is much better than that of steel A. This is attributed to the presence of free-cutting additives of sulfur, RE and bismuth in the austenitic stainless steels. Satisfactory mechanical properties were also obtained under the conditions of our experiments. The reasons why satisfactory mechanical properties were obtained may lie in that the sulfides and bismuth are soft phase, and the presence of rare earths elements contributes to the improvement of the toughness of the austenitic stainless steels.
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Selokar, Ashish, D. B. Goel, and Ujjwal Prakash. "A Comparative Study of Cavitation Erosive Behaviour of 23/8N Nitronic Steel and 13/4 Martensitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.554.
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Abstract: Hydroturbine blades in hydroelectric power plants are subjected to erosion. Currently these blades are made of 13/4 martensitic stainless steel (ASTM grade A743). This steel suffers from several maintenance and welding related problems. Nitronic steels are being considered as an alternative to martensitic stainless steels since they have good weldability. In present work, erosive behaviour of 13/4 Martensitic and Nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless steel (23/8N steel) has been studied. Cavitation erosion tests were carried out in distilled water at 20 KHz frequency at constant amplitude. Microstructure of eroded surface, mechanical properties and erosion rate were characterized. It was observed that 23/8N steel possesses excellent resistance to erosion in comparison to 13/4 martensitic steels. 23/8N steel showed good hardness coupled with high tensile toughness and work hardening ability, leading to improved erosion resistance.
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Tanure, Leandro Paulo de Almeida Reis, Cláudio Moreira de Alcântara, Tarcísio Reis de Oliveira, Dagoberto Brandão Santos, and Berenice Mendonça Gonzalez. "Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of the Ferritic Stainless Steels ASTM 430 Stabilized with Niobium and ASTM 439 Stabilized with Niobium and Titanium." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1651.
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The use of Ferritic Stainless Steels has become indispensable due its lower cost and the possibility to replace austenitic stainless steels in many applications. In this study, cold rolled sheets of two stabilized ferritic stainless steels with 85% thickness reduction were annealed by applying a heating rate of 24 oC/s and a soaking time of 24 s. The niobium stabilized ferritic stainless steel type ASTM 430 (430Nb) was annealed at 880 oC while the niobium and titanium bi-stabilized steel ASTM 439 was annealed at 925 oC. The annealed samples were tensile tested and due to the smaller grain size, steel 430Nb, showed a higher yield stress and a higher total elongation. Concerning drawability the steel ASTM 439 presented a better performance with higher average R-value, lower planar anisotropy coefficient and a greater value for Limit Drawing Ratio (LDR). These results are explained in terms of the differences in size and volume fraction of precipitates between the two steels.
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Itman Filho, André, Wandercleiton da Silva Cardoso, Leonardo Cabral Gontijo, Rosana Vilarim da Silva, and Luiz Carlos Casteletti. "Austenitic-ferritic stainless steel containing niobium." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 4 (December 2013): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000400010.
Full textAbstract:
The austenitic-ferritic stainless steels present a better combination of mechanical properties and stress corrosion resistance than the ferritic or austenitic ones. The microstructures of these steels depend on the chemical compositions and heat treatments. In these steels, solidification starts at about 1450ºC with the formation of ferrite, austenite at about 1300ºC and sigma phase in the range of 600 to 950ºC.The latter undertakes the corrosion resistance and the toughness of these steels. According to literature, niobium has a great influence in the transformation phase of austenitic-ferritic stainless steels. This study evaluated the effect of niobium in the microstructure, microhardness and charge transfer resistance of one austenitic-ferritic stainless steel. The samples were annealed at 1050ºC and aged at 850ºC to promote formation of the sigma phase. The corrosion testes were carried out in artificial saliva solution. The addition of 0.5% Nb in the steel led to the formation of the Laves phase.This phase, associated with the sigma phase, increases the hardness of the steel, although with a reduction in the values of the charge transfer resistance.
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Ren, Yi Bin, Hua Juan Yang, Ke Yang, and Bing Chun Zhang. "In Vitro Biocompatibility of a New High Nitrogen Nickel Free Austenitic Stainless Steel." Key Engineering Materials 342-343 (July 2007): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.342-343.605.
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The in vitro blood compatibility of a new nickel free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel Fe-Cr-Mn-Mo-N (BIOSSN4) was studied by the kinetic clotting time test and the platelet rich plasma adhesion test in this paper. In comparison with 316L stainless steel, the kinetic clotting time of BIOSSN4 steel are longer, and only causes less activation of platelets in platelet adhesion test, which was indicated by their morphology and low spreading. The experimental results reveals that the BIOSSN4 stainless steel has better blood compatibility, the blood compatibility mechanism of steels was analyzed based on surface tension and interfacial tension between the steels and blood.
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Antoine, P., B. Soenen, and Nuri Akdut. "Static Strain Aging in Cold Rolled Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4891.
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Transformation of austenite to martensite during cold rolling operations is widely used to strengthen metastable austenitic stainless steel grades. Static strain aging (SSA) phenomena at low temperature, typically between 200°C and 400°C, can be used for additional increase in yield strength due to the presence of α’-martensite in the cold rolled metastable austenitic stainless steels. Indeed, SSA in austenitic stainless steel affects mainly in α’-martensite. The SSA response of three industrial stainless steel grades was investigated in order to understand the aspects of the aging phenomena at low temperature in metastable austenitic stainless steels. In this study, the optimization of, both, deformation and time-temperature parameters of the static aging treatment permitted an increase in yield strength up to 300 MPa while maintaining an acceptable total elongation in a commercial 301LN steel grade. Deformed metastable austenitic steels containing the “body-centered” α’-martensite are strengthened by the diffusion of interstitial solute atoms during aging at low temperature. Therefore, the carbon redistribution during aging at low temperature is explained in terms of the microstructural changes in austenite and martensite.
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Tulinski, Maciej, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk. "Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-Free Austenitic Stainless Steels and their Nanocomposites with Hydroxyapatite in Ringer's Solution." Materials Science Forum 674 (February 2011): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.674.159.
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In this work Ni-free austenitic stainless steels with nanostructure and their nanocomposites were synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA), heat treatment and nitriding of elemental microcrystalline Fe, Cr, Mn and Mo powders with addition of hydroxyapatite (HA). Microhardness and corrosion tests' results of obtained materials are presented. Mechanical alloying and nitriding are very effective technologies to improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Decreasing the corrosion current density is a distinct advantage for prevention of ion release and it leads to better cytocompatibility. Similar process in case of nanocomposites of stainless steel with hydroxyapatite helps achieve even better mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Hence nanocrystalline nickel-free stainless steels and nickel-free stainless steel/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites could be promising bionanomaterials for use as a hard tissue replacement implants, e.g. orthopedic implants.
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Huang, Xuqiang, and Zhaoyang Lu. "Microstructure and Properties of Press-Bonded Dissimilar Stainless Steel and Mild Carbon Steel Ingots." Metals 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122142.
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Dissimilar steel welds between stainless and mild steels are necessary for the efficient utilization of stainless steels in construction. In the present work, a dissimilar large-sized steel ingot was fabricated by press bonding a Q235 steel to a SUS 304 steel at 1100–500 °C. The microstructure of bonded interfaces has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy, together with tensile tests to evaluate the bonding strength. It has been demonstrated that a strong-bonded, high-quality, dissimilar steel ingot could be fabricated by press bonding. The (Fe, Cr)3C carbide is present in the narrow zone of diffusion-bonded stainless steel and mild steel. Interestingly, the maximum hardness is not too high to make the transition zone brittle but enough to constrain the narrow soft ferrite during tensile and fatigue tests, causing the final fracture to occur in the mild steel region rather than the bonding interface.
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Li, Zhuang, Di Wu, and Wei Lv. "Low Environmental Impact Machining Processes of Free Cutting Austenitic Stainless Steels without Lead Addition." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1923.
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Environmental protection is a growing concern for many industries today. This paper shows manufacturing environmental performance improvement for free cutting steel products. Inclusions have the characteristics of sulfur and bismuth in free cutting austenitic stainless steels without lead addition. Machinable additives lead to improved chip breakage, and thus reduced tool wear. The machinability of free cutting austenitic stainless steels without lead addition is much better than that of conventional austenitic stainless steel. Bismuth can replace lead because lead is a harmful factor for environment and machine operators' health. The reduction of environmentally harmful substances such as lead was performed. A feasible combination of free-cutting additives should yield a stainless steel product with acceptable machining and mechanical properties.
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Samaniego-Gámez, Oliver, Facundo Almeraya-Calderón, José Chacón-Nava, Erick Maldonado-Bandala, Demetrio Nieves-Mendoza, Juan Pablo Flores-De los Rios, Jesús Manuel Jáquez-Muñoz, Anabel D. Delgado, and Citlalli Gaona-Tiburcio. "Corrosion Behavior of Passivated CUSTOM450 and AM350 Stainless Steels for Aeronautical Applications." Metals 12, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040666.
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Custom 450 stainless steel and AM 350 stainless steel are both precipitation hardening stainless steels, which are widely used in a variety of aerospace applications. The former steel exhibits very good corrosion resistance with moderate strength, whereas the latter is used for applications requiring high strength along with corrosion resistance. In this study, the corrosion behavior of CUSTOM 450 and AM 350 stainless steels passivated in (a) citric acid and (b) nitric acid solutions for 50 and 75 min at 49 and 70 °C, and subsequently exposed in 5 wt. % NaCl and 1 wt. % H2SO4 solutions are investigated. Two electrochemical techniques were used: electrochemical noise (EN) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) according to ASTM G199-09 and ASTM G106-13, respectively. The results indicated that passivation in nitric acid made the surface prone to localized corrosion. Statistical and PSD values showed a tendency toward pitting corrosion. On the whole, passivated CUSTOM 450 stainless steel showed the best corrosion behavior in both, NaCl and H2SO4 test solutions.
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Song, Quan Ming, and David Wert. "State of the Art Stainless Steel Provides Improved Properties for Widely Varying Applications." Advanced Materials Research 413 (December 2011): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.341.
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Carpenter Technology Corporation’s Custom 465® stainless steel is a state-of-the-art alloy which has seen its applications expanding at a rapid rate. This alloy is a premium double vacuum melted (VIM/VAR) martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel that offers an excellent combination of strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. With its exceptional properties, design engineers have specified the alloy for high-performance components in various industries, such as aerospace, industrial, energy, consumer and medical. The high strength, greater than 250 ksi (1722 MPa) typical, and toughness of the alloy have allowed Custom 465 stainless to be used as a high-strength upgrade to conventional PH stainless steels such as 13-8 and 17-4. The addition of corrosion resistance to the high strength and toughness properties has allowed the alloy to be used as a stainless alternative to non-stainless steels such as AISI 4340 and 300M. This paper will compare mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of Custom 465 stainless steel to those of other PH stainless steels such as 17-4, 15-5, and 13-8, as well as to those of other aerospace alloys such as 300M and AerMet® 100 alloy. In addition, examples of the varied uses of the alloy will be provided, these examples will highlight the benefits obtained by the use of Custom 465 stainless steel over the previous alloys of choice for the applications.
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Li, Zhuang, Di Wu, Wei Lv, Shao Pu Kang, and Zhen Zheng. "Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Machining Characteristics of Austenitic Stainless Steels without Lead Addition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 377 (August 2013): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.377.128.
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Rare earth elements (REE) are harmless for human health. REE addition contributes to the improvement of the machinability of the steels. In the present paper, machining characteristics of austenitic stainless steels without lead addition were investigated by adding free-machining elements, such as sulfur, REE and bismuth. The results have shown that large numbers of rounded, globular shaped inclusions were obtained for both steels. The machinability of steel B is better than that of steel A, and the cutting forces of steel B are lower than those of steel A at various cutting speeds. Lead can be substituted by REE and bismuth in free machinable austenitic stainless steels. REE significantly affects machining characteristics of austenitic stainless steels without lead addition. The mechanical properties of both steels were similar, and their fracture exhibited ductile characteristics. Satisfactory machinability and mechanical properties can be obtained for both steels.
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Lu, Jan Shu, Qin Song Lu, and Jin Xue. "Corrosion Resistance of Three 316 Stainless Steels." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1097.
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316L stainless steel is a well known advanced material for its good corrosion resistance in many aggressive situations. As the quality of different manufacturer of the stainless steel may vary in some degree, this paper studied the corrosion resistances of three 316L stainless steels which supplied by three manufacturers. The results show that the difference of the corrosion rates of the three 316L stainless steels in 5% H2SO4 or 3.5%NaCl solutions is one time in quantity. The reasons for the difference can be explained by compositional and metallographic factors.
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Li, Shuai, Chengsong Zhang, Jiping Lu, Ruiduo Chen, Dazhi Chen, and Guodong Cui. "A review of progress on high nitrogen austenitic stainless-steel research." Materials Express 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 1901–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2021.2109.
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High nitrogen austenitic stainless steels are commonly used in wide range of applications because of their excellent properties, attracting super attention over the past decades. Compared with other metal materials, high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel increases the nitrogen content under the premise that the structure is austenite, giving it excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Based on relevant documents from the past ten years, this article summarizes and compares three preparation methods for high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels, namely: powder nitriding, melt nitriding and bulk nitriding. They can be divided into six categories according to other differences as explained by the latest research progress on strengthening and toughening mechanism for high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels: composite structure strengthening, fine grain strengthening, precipitation strengthening and strain strengthening. This article also reviews the research progress on excellent properties of high nitrogen stainless steel, including strength, hardness and corrosion resistance. It further describes the emerging nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels and its biocompatibility. Welding applications of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels are also described from three aspects: friction stir welding, arc welding and brass solder. Finally, this article puts forward the development direction of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels in the future.
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Krstevska, Aleksandra, Maja Poser, and Filip Zdraveski. "Weldability between steel type 304H and steel type P91 for high temperature applications." Zavarivanje i zavarene konstrukcije 68, no. 4 (2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zzk2301029k.
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This paper presents research about weldability between two dissimilar steels, martensitic steel P91 and 304H austenitic steel. Both materials are being preferred as a structural material for higher temperature applications due to their good mechanical properties at high temperatures. The mechanical properties at high temperature, such as tensile strength and creep resistance, are very important factors that ensure the application of materials. The P91 is modified martensitic Cr steel with higher amount of chromium which improves the higher temperature strength and molybdenum that increases creep resistance. On the other hand, the 304H represents advance austenitic stainless steel with controlled carbon content, which makes it ideal for applications requiring good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. With increasing the demand of high efficiency in the power generation industry the high temperature applications usually require joints between advanced austenitic stainless steels and new class martensitic stainless steels in order to achieve the goal with the increased steam parameters. Therefore, this paper focuses on the weldability assessment between these two different steels and the characteristics of the weld metal.
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Negi, B. S. "Case Studies on Field Repairs of Stainless Steel Components in Refinery." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.375.
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Stainless steels (SS) possess excellent corrosion, creep and high temperature oxidation resistance and are invariably used in refinery for construction of heater tubes, tube supports, Heat exchanger bundles, piping and internal lining of pressure vessels. Ferritic stainless steel type 405 is used for column strip-lining, martensitic stainless steel type 410 is used for column trays and heater tubes and austenitic stainless steel family is used very extensively for lining, piping, heat exchanger, heater tubes and tube supports. On-stream and turnaround condition monitoring of plant and equipment are carried out for health assessment and mitigation of premature failure. However, catastrophic failures of stainless steel due to stress corrosion cracking, thermal fatigue and stress relaxation cracking are encountered in addition to bulging and cracking of strip-lining. Field repairs of these components are required to be done. Stainless steels are difficult to weld due to low thermal conductivity, higher coefficient of thermal expansion, fissuring and solidification cracking problem during welding. Lower heat input and fast cooling facilitate the welding process. Welding of service exposed stainless steels is more challenging, as it has already undergone metallurgical degradation. Welding of stainless steels is carried out using TIG and SMAW process with matching electrode after establishing the welding specification procedures and welders qualification. Field repairs of stainless steels components are also attempted with original procedures and in case of difficulties, a buttering layer of inconel (ERNiCr3) or ER 309Mo is provided on the welding surface before using matching electrodes. Quality assurance of weld joint is ensured by stage-wise inspection and non-destructive testing. Dye penetrant test of root run and radiographic examination of final weld joint are most common. Post weld heat treatment is done as per code requirement. This Paper highlights three case studies on field repairs of stainless steel components in refinery. 1. Welding procedure followed for repair of bulged and cracked SS 316 strip-lining and cladding on carbon steel backing material. It is a dissimilar welding of SS 316L with degraded carbon steel. 2. Field welding of SS 347 Piping components, which has undergone thermal relaxation cracking at fillet joints. 3. Welding repair of SS 310 cast heater tube support conforming to A 297 Gr HK 40. The Paper also presents brief failure analysis with reasons and remedies.