Academic literature on the topic 'Stage sampling Design'
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Journal articles on the topic "Stage sampling Design"
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Skinner, C. J. "Design Effects of Two-Stage Sampling." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological) 48, no. 1 (September 1986): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1986.tb01393.x.
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Ugwu, Michael C., and Mbanefo S. Madukaife. "Two-stage cluster sampling with unequal probability sampling in the first stage and ranked set sampling in the second stage." Statistics in Transition New Series 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stattrans-2022-0038.
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Abstract In this research work we introduce a new sampling design, namely a two-stage cluster sampling, where probability proportional to size with replacement is used in the first stage unit and ranked set sampling in the second in order to address the issue of marked variability in the sizes of population units concerned with first stage sampling. We obtained an unbiased estimator of the population mean and total, as well as the variance of the mean estimator. We calculated the relative efficiency of the new sampling design to the two-stage cluster sampling with simple random sampling in the first stage and ranked set sampling in the second stage. The results demonstrated that the new sampling design is more efficient than the competing design when a significant variation is observed in the first stage units.
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Rodrigues, Josemar. "Asymptotically design-unbiased predictors for two-stage sampling." Statistics & Probability Letters 17, no. 5 (August 1993): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7152(93)90263-i.
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Vasconcellos, Mauricio Teixeira Leite de, Pedro Luis do Nascimento Silva, and Célia Landmann Szwarcwald. "Sampling design for the World Health Survey in Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 21, suppl 1 (2005): S89—S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2005000700010.
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This paper describes the sample design used in the Brazilian application of the World Health Survey. The sample was selected in three stages. First, the census tracts were allocated in six strata defined by their urban/rural situation and population groups of the municipalities (counties). The tracts were selected using probabilities proportional to the respective number of households. In the second stage, households were selected with equiprobability using an inverse sample design to ensure 20 households interviewed per tract. In the last stage, one adult (18 years or older) per household was selected with equiprobability to answer the majority of the questionnaire. Sample weights were based on the inverse of the inclusion probabilities in the sample. To reduce bias in regional estimates, a household weighting calibration procedure was used to reduce sample bias in relation to income, sex, and age group.
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Hossaini, Mostafa, and Abdolhamid Rezaei Roknabadi. "Estimation of Subpopulation Parameters in One-stage Cluster Sampling Design." Journal of the Iranian Statistical Society 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jirss.20.2.65.
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Raju, C., and R. Vidya. "DESIGN OF TWO-STAGE CHAIN SAMPLING PLANS WITH KULLBACK-LEIBLER INFORMATION." Advances and Applications in Statistics 73 (January 10, 2022): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/0972361722010.
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Fan, Xiang Ning, Hao Zheng, Yu Tao Sun, and Xiang Yan. "Design and Implementation of a 12-Bit 100MS/s ADC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1507.
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In this paper, a 12-bit 100MS/s pipelined ADC is designed. Capacitance flip-around structure is used in sample and hold circuit, and bootstrap structure is adopted in sampling switch which has high linearity. Progressively decreasing technology is used to reduce power consumption and circuit area, where 2.5bit/stage structure is used in the first two stages, 1.5bit/stage structure is used for 3rd to 8th stages, and at the end of the circuit is a 2bit-flash ADC. Digital calibration is designed to eliminate the offset of comparators. Switched-capacitor dynamic comparator structure is used to further reduce the power consumption. The ADC is implemented by using TSMC 0.18m CMOS process with die area be 1.23mm×2.3mm. SNDR and SFDR are 65dB and 71.3dB, when sampling at 100MHz sampling clock. The current of the circuit is 96mA under 1.8V power supply.
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Valliant, Richard, Jill A. Dever, and Frauke Kreuter. "Effects of Cluster Sizes on Variance Components in Two-Stage Sampling." Journal of Official Statistics 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 763–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2015-0044.
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Abstract Determining sample sizes in multistage samples requires variance components for each stage of selection. The relative sizes of the variance components in a cluster sample are dramatically affected by how much the clusters vary in size, by the type of sample design, and by the form of estimator used. Measures of the homogeneity of survey variables within clusters are related to the variance components and affect the numbers of sample units that should be selected at each stage to achieve the desired precision levels. Measures of homogeneity can be estimated using standard software for random-effects models but the model-based intracluster correlations may need to be transformed to be appropriate for use with the sample design. We illustrate these points and implications for sample size calculation for two-stage sample designs using a realistic population derived from household surveys and the decennial census in the U.S.
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Hsu, Lie-Fern, and Jia-Tzer Hsu. "Economic Design of Acceptance Sampling Plans in a Two-Stage Supply Chain." Advances in Decision Sciences 2012 (February 29, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/359082.
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Supply Chain Management, which is concerned with material and information flows between facilities and the final customers, has been considered the most popular operations strategy for improving organizational competitiveness nowadays. With the advanced development of computer technology, it is getting easier to derive an acceptance sampling plan satisfying both the producer's and consumer's quality and risk requirements. However, all the available QC tables and computer software determine the sampling plan on a noneconomic basis. In this paper, we design an economic model to determine the optimal sampling plan in a two-stage supply chain that minimizes the producer's and the consumer's total quality cost while satisfying both the producer's and consumer's quality and risk requirements. Numerical examples show that the optimal sampling plan is quite sensitive to the producer's product quality. The product's inspection, internal failure, and postsale failure costs also have an effect on the optimal sampling plan.
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Chen, Sixia, David Haziza, and Zeinab Mashreghi. "A Comparison of Existing Bootstrap Algorithms for Multi-Stage Sampling Designs." Stats 5, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stats5020031.
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Multi-stage sampling designs are often used in household surveys because a sampling frame of elements may not be available or for cost considerations when data collection involves face-to-face interviews. In this context, variance estimation is a complex task as it relies on the availability of second-order inclusion probabilities at each stage. To cope with this issue, several bootstrap algorithms have been proposed in the literature in the context of a two-stage sampling design. In this paper, we describe some of these algorithms and compare them empirically in terms of bias, stability, and coverage probability.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stage sampling Design"
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Wahlström, Dennis. "Probabilistic Multidisciplinary Design Optimization on a high-pressure sandwich wall in a rocket engine application." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138480.
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A need to find better achievement has always been required in the space industrythrough time. Advanced technologies are provided to accomplish goals for humanityfor space explorer and space missions, to apprehend answers and widen knowledges. These are the goals of improvement, and in this thesis, is to strive and demandto understand and improve the mass of a space nozzle, utilized in an upperstage of space mission, with an expander cycle engine. The study is carried out by creating design of experiment using Latin HypercubeSampling (LHS) with a consideration to number of design and simulation expense.A surrogate model based optimization with Multidisciplinary Design Optimization(MDO) method for two different approaches, Analytical Target Cascading (ATC) and Multidisciplinary Feasible (MDF) are used for comparison and emend the conclusion. In the optimization, three different limitations are being investigated, designspace limit, industrial limit and industrial limit with tolerance. Optimized results have shown an incompatibility between two optimization approaches, ATC and MDF which are expected to be similar, but for the two limitations, design space limit and industrial limit appear to be less agreeable. The ATC formalist in this case dictates by the main objective, where the children/subproblems only focus to find a solution that satisfies the main objective and its constraint. For the MDF, the main objective function is described as a single function and solved subject to all the constraints. Furthermore, the problem is not divided into subproblems as in the ATC. Surrogate model based optimization, its solution influences by the accuracy ofthe model, and this is being investigated with another DoE. A DoE of the full factorial analysis is created and selected to study in a region near the optimal solution.In such region, the result has evidently shown to be quite accurate for almost allthe surrogate models, except for max temperature, damage and strain at the hottestregion, with the largest common impact on inner wall thickness of the space nozzle. Results of the new structure of the space nozzle have shown an improvement of mass by ≈ 50%, ≈ 15% and ≈ -4%, for the three different limitations, design spacelimit, industrial limit and industrial limit with tolerance, relative to a reference value,and ≈ 10%, ≈ 35% and ≈ 25% cheaper to manufacture accordingly to the defined producibility model.
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Bryan, Paul David. "Accelerating microarchitectural simulation via statistical sampling principles." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47715.
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The design and evaluation of computer systems rely heavily upon simulation. Simulation is also a major bottleneck in the iterative design process. Applications that may be executed natively on physical systems in a matter of minutes may take weeks or
months to simulate. As designs incorporate increasingly higher numbers of processor cores, it is expected the times required to simulate future systems will become an even greater issue. Simulation exhibits a tradeoff between speed and accuracy. By basing experimental procedures upon known statistical methods, the simulation of systems may be dramatically accelerated while retaining reliable methods to estimate error.
This thesis focuses on the acceleration of simulation through statistical processes. The first two techniques discussed in this thesis focus on accelerating single-threaded simulation via cluster sampling. Cluster sampling extracts multiple groups of contiguous
population elements to form a sample. This thesis introduces techniques to reduce sampling and non-sampling bias components, which must be reduced for sample measurements to be reliable. Non-sampling bias is reduced through the Reverse State Reconstruction algorithm, which removes ineffectual instructions from the skipped instruction stream between simulated clusters. Sampling bias is reduced via the Single Pass Sampling Regimen Design Process, which guides the user towards selected representative sampling regimens. Unfortunately, the extension of cluster sampling to include multi-threaded architectures is non-trivial and raises many interesting challenges. Overcoming these challenges will be discussed. This thesis also introduces thread skew, a useful metric that quantitatively measures the non-sampling bias associated with divergent thread progressions at the beginning of a sampling unit. Finally, the Barrier
Interval Simulation method is discussed as a technique to dramatically decrease the simulation times of certain classes of multi-threaded programs. It segments a program
into discrete intervals, separated by barriers, which are leveraged to avoid many of the challenges that prevent multi-threaded sampling.
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Huang, Kuo-Chung, and 黃國忠. "(SYS,SYS)Two-stage Sampling Design." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45166014857135482631.
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碩士淡江大學
管理科學研究所
85
The purpose of this paper first investigates the theory of two-stage sampling method, then, by simulation process, we can look for the optimal sample size. Next, comparing the advantages and inferiorities between (SYS,SYS) and (SRS,SRS) two-stage sampling method, we can obtain the difference of them. The body of this article has five parts as following:1. Evaluate both expected value and variance of the estimator of the population mean.2. Find the unbaised estimator of the variance of the estimator of the population mean.3. Compare the size of variance between (SYS,SYS) and (SRS,SRS) two-stage sampling method.4. Determine the optimal allocation of two-stage sample size of (SYS,SYS) two-stage sampling method under cost limition.5. By simulation analysis, we compare the differences of variance between (SYS,SYS) and (SRS,SRS) two-stage sampling method, and look for the sample size to minimize the variance. In the process of simulation analysis, we can see that the variance of optimal allocation possess relative stable character. Hence, in practice, the values of cp/cs and Ss/Sp can be not achieved much exactly while we compute the sample size of the second-stage. In addition, using random number to produce 600 standard normal distributions, the variances of (SYS,SYS) two-stage sampling method which possess a relative minimizion is significantly lower than the variance of (SRS,SRS) two-stage sampling method when the value of m equals to 3.
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Huang, Chih-Hao, and 黃致豪. "(SRS,SYS) Two-Stage Sampling Design." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14196703710569379384.
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碩士淡江大學
管理科學研究所
85
The objects of this study is to investigate the theory of (SRS,SYS)two-stage sampling design, to find the optimal allocation of sampling units, then to compare its with (SRS,SRS) two-stage sampling design and to determine which one is better. The summaries of this thesis are as follows: 1. To calculate the expectation and variance of the estimated population mean and total. 2. To find the unbiased estimator of variance of the estimated population mean. 3. To compare variance of (SRS,SYS)two-stage sampling with that of (SRS,SRS)two- stage sampling by verification. 4. To consider the optimal allocation of sampling units under the limitations of cost and no cost by verification and simulation. 5. By the analysis of simulation, to compare the differences between variance of (SRS,SYS)two-stage sampling and that of (SRS,SRS) two- stage sampling, and to find the number of sampling units which makes the variance relatively minimum.
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Huang, Zhi-Hao, and 黃致豪. "(SRS,SYS) Two-Stage Sampling Design." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92676054994352362846.
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Backlund, Peter Bond. "A classifier-guided sampling method for early-stage design of shipboard energy systems." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19624.
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The United States Navy is committed to developing technology for an All-Electric Ship (AES) that promises to improve the affordability and capability of its next-generation warships. With the addition of power-intensive 21st century electrical systems, future thermal loads are projected to exceed current heat removal capacity. Furthermore, rising fuel costs necessitate a careful approach to total-ship energy
management. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to develop computer tools for early-stage design of shipboard energy distribution systems. A system-level model is developed that enables ship designers to assess the effects of thermal and electrical system configurations on fuel efficiency and survivability. System-level optimization and design exploration, based on these energy system models, is challenging because the models are sometimes computationally expensive and characterized by discrete design
variables and discontinuous responses. To address this challenge, a classifier-guided
sampling (CGS) method is developed that uses a Bayesian classifier to pursue solutions with desirable performance characteristics. The CGS method is tested on a set of
example problems and applied to the AES energy system model. Results show that the CGS method significantly improves the rate of convergence towards known global
optima, on average, when compared to genetic algorithms.text
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Hsu, Wen-Feng, and 許文峰. "Two-stage Case-Cohort Sampling Design for Estimating Multistate Disease Natural History of Colorectal Cancer." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45019700295543325501.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
流行病學與預防醫學研究所
103
Background Elucidating multi-state disease natural history is of paramount importance for the identification of subjects at greater risk for disease progression, the determination of appropriate inter-screening intervals, and the evaluation of efficacy of interventions such as population-based screening program. While the application of stochastic models to estimate the force of multi-state disease progression using data on population-based screening program is well developed, the collection of such big data is quite costly. Moreover, it is often not feasible to accrue costly biomarkers such as genetic determinants based on the whole target population to quantify their roles played in the identification of subject at increased risk for disease progression. The application of case-cohort design is an alternative solution to address this issue with efficiency. Objectives The thesis aimed to develop a generalized non-linear regression model for fitting the data obtained from the three-stage design in comparison with the conventional multi-state stochastic model taking the measurement error such as sensitivity into account using data on the population-based fecal immunochemical test (FIT) for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in Taiwan for the disease natural history for CRC and the sensitivity of FIT. Methods In the Taiwanese Nationwide Colorectal Cancer Screening Program, residents aged 50 to 69 years w consisting of 1160884 subjects with repeat screen rate of 28.3% were invited to receive a biennial FIT, between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2009. A total of 2494 and 195 CRCs were detected during the prevalent screen and the subsequent screen, and 694 interval cancers were ascertained. A continuous-time, progressive 3-state Markov model was constructed for estimating the natural history of CRC. We developed a generalized non-linear regression model based on the three-state progression model for the derivation of the force driving the initiation and the progression of disease. A method incorporating both the nature of multistate disease progression and a sampling scheme based on a case-cohort design to utilize the data with efficiency was developed. The performance of the proposed method compared that of full data using a range of sampling proportions for the states of disease progression was then explored. Results Applying the generalized non-linear regression model to the full data, the estimated annual rate of CRC preclinical detectable phase (PCDP) incidence was 75 per 105 (95% CI: 58-92 per 10¬5) and that for PCDP progress was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.23-0.40) yielding a mean sojourn time (MST) for 3.23 years (95% CI: 2.5-4.35 years). The MST was around 3.2-4.3 years and the test sensitivity was 78-82% after fitting the data. The model considering measurement error and the effect covariates (sex and age) on PCDP incidence rate give the estimated hazard ratio for male and the elders (older than 60 years) of 1.65 (95% CI: 1.31-2.08) and 2.05 (95% CI: 1.61-2.64) and the sensitivity was estimated at 80% (95% CI: 74-84%). Applying the proposed algorithm for two-stage sampling scheme to the data derived by a series of sampling ratio using the covariate of sex and age demonstrated the influence of the reduction in sample size in terms of screen detected cancers and interval cancers. Conclusion A novel algorithm with a two-stage sampling design was developed to efficiently estimate the multistate outcome of the disease natural history and assess the effect of covariates on stage-specific transition rates. This new algorithm has been well demonstrated by using Taiwanese nationwide colorectal cancer screening program and can be easily extended to assess the causal effect of certain costly biomarkers on stage-specific transition on the basis of such a large population-based screened cohort.
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JI, PEI-YU, and 紀佩妤. "A Study on Variance of Estimation under Stratified Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling Designs." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37956788696388705374.
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碩士國立臺北大學
統計學系
104
In most of the Sampling Survey textbooks, the discussion of variance of estimation only upto stratified sampling, cluster sampling, two-stage cluster sampling, etc.Cochran (1977) provided the formula of variance estimation of unbiased estimator under tow- three-stage sampling procedure. In this study we used the longitudinal data collected by PSFD in 1999 to explore the effect of variance estimations of three estimator under multi-stage sampling procedure.The PSFD data set in 1999, were sampling under 9 stratified areas and each area were sampling by tree-stage cluster sampling design.The population information used the single-age population statistics published by Ministry of the Interior in 1998.
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YAN, SIN-JHE, and 顏新哲. "A Study on Variance of Estimation under Stratified Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling Designs data with multiple frame and raking." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cw3b42.
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碩士國立臺北大學
統計學系
105
In order to have a more complete sample, according to Bankier (1986), The Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) project of Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences was integrated by multiple frame. The sample data is RI1999 and RI2000 and RI2003 were the first surveys in the first wave in 1999, the first survey of the second wave in 2000, the third survey of the third wave in 2003. The three surveys cover all age ranges in the major sample of Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) project. This study integrated the three wave samples mentioned in the PSFD with multiple frame. The merged samples are weightd with Raking so that the structure of sample will be consistent with the structure of the population. After that, we will calculate the variance of parameter estimatior with Stratified Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling. In the calculation process, the required population data is the Department of Household Registration, MOIROC. This study is based on stratified multi-stage cluster sampling. The current statistical package, such as SAS, should not be directly applied. This study also suggests applying sample data of PSFD to proc surveymeans and comparing it with theoretical variance.
Books on the topic "Stage sampling Design"
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Lesser, Virginia M. A comparison of periodic survey designs employing multi-stage sampling. Chapel Hill, N.C: Dept. of Biostatistics, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1992.
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Pustovaya, Larisa, and Besik Meshi. Methods and devices of environmental control. Environmental monitoring. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1058966.
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The textbook is designed to meet the need for a highly specialized set of professional knowledge necessary for the training of highly qualified personnel of environmental specialties.
The presented material allows us to get an idea of the organization and effective implementation of environmental monitoring, the organization of industrial environmental control and management, the analysis of characteristics and changes of objects of economic activity using the necessary methods and means of such research.
The basic principles of sampling and sample preparation, modern methods and means of environmental monitoring, the basics of metrological and laboratory-analytical support for environmental control are described. The training material is accompanied by up-to-date references to the current legislative framework of the Russian Federation.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation and the current bachelor's degree program in the areas of training "Technosphere Safety", "Biotechnical systems and Technologies".
It can be useful and interesting for students, undergraduates, postgraduates, as well as teachers specializing in environmental safety.
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Hankin, David, Michael S. Mohr, and Kenneth B. Newman. Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.001.0001.
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We present a rigorous but understandable introduction to the field of sampling theory for ecologists and natural resource scientists. Sampling theory concerns itself with development of procedures for random selection of a subset of units, a sample, from a larger finite population, and with how to best use sample data to make scientifically and statistically sound inferences about the population as a whole. The inferences fall into two broad categories: (a) estimation of simple descriptive population parameters, such as means, totals, or proportions, for variables of interest, and (b) estimation of uncertainty associated with estimated parameter values. Although the targets of estimation are few and simple, estimates of means, totals, or proportions see important and often controversial uses in management of natural resources and in fundamental ecological research, but few ecologists or natural resource scientists have formal training in sampling theory. We emphasize the classical design-based approach to sampling in which variable values associated with units are regarded as fixed and uncertainty of estimation arises via various randomization strategies that may be used to select samples. In addition to covering standard topics such as simple random, systematic, cluster, unequal probability (stressing the generality of Horvitz–Thompson estimation), multi-stage, and multi-phase sampling, we also consider adaptive sampling, spatially balanced sampling, and sampling through time, three areas of special importance for ecologists and natural resource scientists. The text is directed to undergraduate seniors, graduate students, and practicing professionals. Problems emphasize application of the theory and R programming in ecological and natural resource settings.
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Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 11. Surveys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0011.
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This chapter discusses the principles of survey research as well as the issues and problems associated with different stages of the research design process. In particular, it examines questionnaire design, sample design, and interviewing techniques, along with the common sources of error that affect survey research and what can be done to try and avoid or minimize them. Although surveys have several weaknesses, they are widely used in political research to investigate a wide range of political phenomena. They combine two things: obtaining information from people by asking questions and random sampling. When done well, surveys provide an accurate and reliable insight into what ordinary people think about politics and how they participate in politics. The chapter considers the elements of a survey that need to be addressed, namely: questionnaire design, measurement error, sampling design, sampling error, and interview mode.
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Bisseling, Rob H. Parallel Scientific Computation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788348.001.0001.
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This book explains how to use the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) model to design and implement parallel algorithms in the areas of scientific computing and big data. Furthermore, it presents a hybrid BSP approach towards new hardware developments such as hierarchical architectures with both shared and distributed memory. The book provides a full treatment of core problems in scientific computing and big data, starting from a high-level problem description, via a sequential solution algorithm to a parallel solution algorithm and an actual parallel program written in the communication library BSPlib. Numerical experiments are presented for parallel programs on modern parallel computers ranging from desktop computers to massively parallel supercomputers. The introductory chapter of the book gives a complete overview of BSPlib, so that the reader already at an early stage is able to write his/her own parallel programs. Furthermore, it treats BSP benchmarking and parallel sorting by regular sampling. The next three chapters treat basic numerical linear algebra problems such as linear system solving by LU decomposition, sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV), and the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The final chapter explores parallel algorithms for big data problems such as graph matching. The book is accompanied by a software package BSPedupack, freely available online from the author’s homepage, which contains all programs of the book and a set of test programs.
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Lynch, David K., Kenneth Sassen, David O'C Starr, and Graeme Stephens, eds. Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.001.0001.
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Cirrus clouds are high, thin, tropospheric clouds composed predominately of ice. In the last ten years, considerable work has shown that cirrus is widespread--more common than previously believed--and has a significant impact on climate and global change. As the next generation weather satellites are being designed, the impact of cirrus on remote sensing and the global energy budget must be recognized and accommodated. This book, the first to be devoted entirely to cirrus clouds, captures the state of knowledge of cirrus and serves as a practical handbook as well. Each chapter is based on an invited review talk presented at Cirrus, a meeting hosted by the Optical Society of America and co-sponsored by the American Geophysical Union and the American Meteorological Society. All aspects of cirrus clouds are covered, an approach that reaches into diverse fields. Topics include: the definition of cirrus, cirrus climatologies, nucleation, evolution and dissipation, mixed-phase thermodynamics, crystallinity, orientation mechanisms, dynamics, scattering, radiative transfer, in situ sampling, processes that produce or influence cirrus (and vice versa), contrails, and the influence of cirrus on climate.
Book chapters on the topic "Stage sampling Design"
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Kumar, M. "Optimal Design of Reliability Acceptance Sampling Plans for Multi-stage Production Process." In Springer Series in Reliability Engineering, 123–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93623-5_7.
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Lin, Yu, Athon Zanikopoulos, Kostas Doris, Hans Hegt, and Arthur H. M. van Roermund. "A Power-Optimized High-Speed and High-Resolution Pipeline ADC with a Parallel Sampling First Stage for Broadband Multi-Carrier Systems." In Design, Modeling and Testing of Data Converters, 3–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39655-7_1.
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Diestmann, Thomas, Nils Broedling, Benedict Götz, and Tobias Melz. "Surrogate Model-Based Uncertainty Quantification for a Helical Gear Pair." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 191–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77256-7_16.
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AbstractCompetitive industrial transmission systems must perform most efficiently with reference to complex requirements and conflicting key performance indicators. This design challenge translates into a high-dimensional multi-objective optimization problem that requires complex algorithms and evaluation of computationally expensive simulations to predict physical system behavior and design robustness. Crucial for the design decision-making process is the characterization, ranking, and quantification of relevant sources of uncertainties. However, due to the strict time limits of product development loops, the overall computational burden of uncertainty quantification (UQ) may even drive state-of-the-art parallel computing resources to their limits. Efficient machine learning (ML) tools and techniques emphasizing high-fidelity simulation data-driven training will play a fundamental role in enabling UQ in the early-stage development phase.This investigation surveys UQ methods with a focus on noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics of transmission systems. Quasi-static 3D contact dynamic simulations are performed to evaluate the static transmission error (TE) of meshing gear pairs under different loading and boundary conditions. TE indicates NVH excitation and is typically used as an objective function in the early-stage design process. The limited system size allows large-scale design of experiments (DoE) and enables numerical studies of various UQ sampling and modeling techniques where the design parameters are treated as random variables associated with tolerances from manufacturing and assembly processes. The model accuracy of generalized polynomial chaos expansion (gPC) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) is evaluated and compared. The results of the methods are discussed to conclude efficient and scalable solution procedures for robust design optimization.
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Castillo-Santiago, Miguel Ángel, Edith Mondragón-Vázquez, and Roberto Domínguez-Vera. "Sample Data for Thematic Accuracy Assessment in QGIS." In Land Use Cover Datasets and Validation Tools, 85–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90998-7_6.
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AbstractWe present an approach that is widely used in the field of remote sensing for the validation of single LUC maps. Unlike other chapters in this book, where maps are validated by comparison with other maps with better resolution and/or quality, this approach requires a ground sample dataset, i.e. a set of sites where LUC can be observed in the field or interpreted from high-resolution imagery. Map error is assessed using techniques based on statistical sampling. In general terms, in this approach, the accuracy of single LUC maps is assessed by comparing the thematic map against the reference data and measuring the agreement between the two. When assessing thematic accuracy, three stages can be identified: the design of the sample, the design of the response, and the estimation and analysis protocols. Sample design refers to the protocols used to define the characteristics of the sampling sites, including sample size and distribution, which can be random or systematic. Response design involves establishing the characteristics of the reference data, such as the size of the spatial assessment units, the sources from which the reference data will be obtained, and the criteria for assigning labels to spatial units. Finally, the estimation and analysis protocols include the procedures applied to the reference data to calculate accuracy indices, such as user’s and producer’s accuracy, the estimated areas covered by each category and their respective confidence intervals. This chapter has two sections in which we present a couple of exercises relating to sampling and response design; the sample size will be calculated, the distribution of sampling sites will be obtained using a stratified random scheme, and finally, a set of reference data will be obtained by photointerpretation at the sampling sites (spatial units). The accuracy statistics will be calculated later in Sect. 5 in chapter “Metrics Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps” as part of the cross-tabulation exercises. The exercises in this chapter use fine-scale LUC maps obtained for the municipality of Marqués de Comillas in Chiapas, Mexico.
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Engel, Uwe, and Lena Dahlhaus. "The Bremen AI Delphi Study." In Robots in Care and Everyday Life, 49–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11447-2_3.
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AbstractThe chapter introduces the Bremen AI Delphi study, recently conducted in Germany’s city-state of Bremen. This study consists of a large Delphi survey of scientists from different backgrounds and involves a subsample of stakeholders from politics (N = 297 participants). The study consists also of a closely related population survey (N = 216 participants). The chapter describes sampling and survey design and introduces basic features of questionnaire architecture.
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Hankin, David G., Michael S. Mohr, and Ken B. Newman. "Multi-stage sampling." In Sampling Theory, 173–99. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.003.0009.
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In multi-stage sampling, there are two or more stages of sampling and the simplest version, which the chapter emphasizes is called two-stage sampling. In two-stage sampling, an initial first-stage sample of n primary units (or clusters) is selected. Then, at the second stage of sampling, m i subunits are selected from the M i subunits in the selected primary units. First- and second-stage units may be selected with equal or unequal probabilities and a wide variety of estimators may be used to estimate totals within selected primary units and to estimate the total of the target variable in the finite population. Illustrative sample spaces are provided for equal sized two-stage cluster sampling with SRS selection at both stages, and for two-stage unequal size cluster sampling, with clusters selected by PPSWOR and units within clusters selected by SRS. Sampling variance is shown to originate from two sources: variation between primary unit totals or means (first-stage variance), and errors of estimation of primary units totals (second-stage variance). Topics of optimal allocation and net relative efficiency are addressed in the two-stage context with equal and unequal size clusters. General expressions for sampling variance are presented for three or more stages of sampling. The multi-stage framework can take powerful advantage of all of the concepts and sampling designs considered in previous chapters and the ecologist or natural resource scientist can apply everything he/she knows about an ecological or natural resource setting to guide development of an intelligent multi-stage sampling strategy.
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Dunn, Graham. "Statistics and the design of experiments and surveys." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 137–43. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0017.
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Research into mental illness uses a much wider variety of statistical methods than those familiar to a typical medical statistician. In many ways there is more similarity to the statistical toolbox of the sociologist or educationalist. It would be a pointless exercise to try to describe this variety here but, instead, we shall cover a few areas that are especially characteristic of psychiatry. The first and perhaps the most obvious is the problem of measurement. Measurement reliability and its estimation are discussed in the next section. Misclassification errors are a concern of the third section, a major part of which is concerned with the estimation of prevalence through the use of fallible screening questionnaires. This is followed by a discussion of both measurement error and misclassification error in the context of modelling patterns of risk. Another major concern is the presence of missing data. Although this is common to all areas of medical research, it is of particular interest to the psychiatric epidemiologist because there is a long tradition (since the early 1970s) of introducing missing data by design. Here we are thinking of two-phase or double sampling (often confusingly called two-stage sampling by psychiatrists and other clinical research workers). In this design a first-phase sample are all given a screen questionnaire. They are then stratified on the basis of the results of the screen (usually, but not necessarily, using two strata—likely cases and likely non-cases) and subsampled for a second-phase diagnostic interview. This is the major topic of the third section. If we are interested in modelling patterns of risk, however, we are not usually merely interested in describing patterns of association. Typically we want to know if genetic or environmental exposures have a causal effect on the development of illness. Similarly, a clinician is concerned with answers to the question ‘What is the causal effect of treatment on outcome?’ How do we define a causal effect? How do we measure or estimate it? How do we design studies in order that we can get a valid estimate of a causal effect of treatment? Here we are concerned with the design and analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This is the focus of the fourth section of the present chapter. Finally, at the end of this chapter pointers are given to where the interested reader might find other relevant and useful material on psychiatric statistics.
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"Self-weighting Designs in Multi-stage Sampling." In Practical Sampling Techniques, 335–40. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273465-32.
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Gedikli, Erman, and Yeter Demir Uslu. "Strategic Pathway Determination for a State Hospital in Terms of an Integrated Facility Management System." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration, 404–38. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8103-5.ch024.
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The purpose of this study is to develop strategies to provide effective, efficient, and patient safety facility management in a public hospital. Exploratory sequential mixed method research design was employed. Quantitative approaches were used in the second stage of the investigation after qualitative methods in the first stage. The universe of the research consists of all the staff. The criterion sampling technique was applied during the qualitative phase. In the first phase 39 managers were interviewed individually as part of data collection process. To assess the priority of the need group, the AHP questionnaire was used to seven managers in ultimate decision-making positions during the second phase of data collecting. Finally, decision-makers should prioritize taking action to address the needs identified under the respective topics of emergency preparedness and business continuity, human factors, and communication, respectively. The environmental management and sustainability was determined as the last priority group.
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"Self-weighting Designs in Stratified Single-stage Sampling." In Practical Sampling Techniques, 257–60. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273465-26.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Stage sampling Design"
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Manjunatha, Hemanth, Jida Huang, Binbin Zhang, and Rahul Rai. "A Sequential Sampling Algorithm for Multi-Stage Static Coverage Problems." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60305.
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It is critical in many system-engineering problems (such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, and cooperative task performance) to optimally allocate resources in the presence of limited resources. Static coverage problem is an important class of the resource allocation problems that focuses on covering an area of interest so that the activities in the area of interest can be detected/monitored with higher probability. In many practical settings (primarily due to financial constraints) a system designer has to allocate resources in multiple stages. In each stage, the system designer can assign a fixed number of resources (agents). In the multi-stage formulation, the agents locations for the next stage are dependent on all the agents location in the previous stages. Such multi-stage static coverage problems are non-trivial to solve. In this paper, we propose a robust and efficient sequential sampling algorithm to solve the multi-stage static coverage problem in the presence of probabilistic resource intensity allocation maps (RIAMs). The agents locations are determined by formulating this problem as an optimization problem in the successive stage . Three different objective functions are compared and discussed from the aspects of decreasing L2 difference and Sequential Minimum Energy Design (SMED). It is shown that utilizing SMED objective function leads to a better approximation of the RIAMs. Two heuristic algorithms, i.e. cuckoo search, and pattern search, are used as optimization algorithms. Numerical functions and real-life applications are provided to demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach.
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van Beek, Anton, Siyu Tao, and Wei Chen. "Global Emulation Through Normative Decision Making and Thrifty Adaptive Batch Sampling." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98223.
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Abstract We consider the problem of adaptive sampling for global emulation (metamodeling) with a finite budget. Conventionally this problem is tackled through a greedy sampling strategy, which is optimal for taking either a single sample or a handful of samples at a single sampling stage but neglects the influence of future samples. This raises the question: “Can we optimize the number of sampling stages as well as the number of samples at each stage?” The proposed thrifty adaptive batch sampling (TABS) approach addresses this challenge by adopting a normative decision-making perspective to determine the total number of required samples and maximize a multistage reward function with respect to the total number of stages and the batch size at each stage. To amend TABS’ numerical complexity we propose two heuristic-based strategies that significantly reduce computational time with minimal reduction of reward optimality. Through numerical examples, TABS is shown to outperform or at least be comparable to conventional greedy sampling techniques. In this fashion, TABS provides modelers a flexible adaptive sampling tool for global emulation, effectively reducing computational cost while maintaining prediction accuracy.
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Ajorlou, S., and A. Ajorlou. "A fuzzy-based design procedure for a single-stage sampling plan." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fuzzy.2009.5277316.
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Barrak, Rim, Adel Ghazel, and Fadhel Ghannouchi. "Design of Sampling-Based Downconversion Stage for Multistandard RF Subsampling Receiver." In 2006 13th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2006.379854.
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Xie, Qixu, Zhichao Li, and Guoyong Shi. "Design Space Exploration of Multi-Stage Op Amps by Symbolic Modeling and gm/ID Sampling." In 2023 International Symposium of Electronics Design Automation (ISEDA). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseda59274.2023.10218716.
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Jin, Ruichen, Wei Chen, and Agus Sudjianto. "On Sequential Sampling for Global Metamodeling in Engineering Design." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/dac-34092.
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Approximation models (also known as metamodels) have been widely used in engineering design to facilitate analysis and optimization of complex systems that involve computationally expensive simulation programs. The accuracy of metamodels is directly related to the sampling strategies used. Our goal in this paper is to investigate the general applicability of sequential sampling for creating global metamodels. Various sequential sampling approaches are reviewed and new approaches are proposed. The performances of these approaches are investigated against that of the one-stage approach using a set of test problems with a variety of features. The potential usages of sequential sampling strategies are also discussed.
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Malik, Ariff Md Ab, Masri Ayob, and Abdul Razak Hamdan. "Stratified random sampling technique for integrated two-stage multi-neighbourhood tabu search for examination timetabling problem." In 10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isda.2010.5687093.
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Isa, Erkan Nevzat, Dominique Morche, and Catherine Dehollain. "Optimal design of a multiplying D/A converter stage with time-shifted correlated double sampling." In 2010 8th IEEE International NEWCAS Conference (NEWCAS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/newcas.2010.5604013.
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Zhang, Siliang, Ping Zhu, Paul D. Arendt, and Wei Chen. "Extended Objective-Oriented Sequential Sampling Method for Robust Design of Complex Systems Against Design Uncertainty." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70799.
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In robust design of complex systems, metamodeling techniques are commonly used to replace expensive computer simulations. To improve the sampling efficiency, efforts have been made towards developing objective-oriented sequential sampling methods for deterministic problems. In this paper, an extended objective-oriented sequential sampling method is proposed for robust design, with an emphasis on those problems with uncertainty in design variables. The method involves quantitative assessment of the effects of metamodeling uncertainty on the robust responses, as well as a sequential strategy of choosing samples to adaptively improve the predicted robust response. To validate the benefits of the sequential strategy, two mathematical examples are illustrated first. This is followed by an automotive crashworthiness design example, a highly expensive and non-linear problem. Results show that the proposed method can mitigate the effect of both metamodeling uncertainty and design uncertainty, and more efficiently identify the robust solution compared to the one-stage sampling approach that is commonly used in practice.
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Romero, David A., Cristina H. Amon, and Susan Finger. "On Adaptive Sampling for Single and Multi-Response Bayesian Surrogate Models." In ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99210.
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In order to reduce the time and resources devoted to design-space exploration during simulation-based design and optimization, the use of surrogate models, or metamodels, has been proposed in the literature. Key to the success of metamodeling efforts are the experimental design techniques used to generate the combinations of input variables at which the computer experiments are conducted. Several adaptive sampling techniques have been proposed to tailor the experimental designs to the specific application at hand, using the already-acquired data to guide further exploration of the input space, instead of using a fixed sampling scheme defined a priori. Though mixed results have been reported, it has been argued that adaptive sampling techniques can be more efficient, yielding better surrogate models with less sampling points. In this paper, we address the problem of adaptive sampling for single and multi-response metamodels, with a focus on Multi-stage Multi-response Bayesian Surrogate Models (MMBSM). We compare distance-optimal latin hypercube sampling, an entropy-based criterion and the maximum cross-validation variance criterion, originally proposed for one-dimensional output spaces and implemented in this paper for multi-dimensional output spaces. Our results indicate that, both for single and multi-response surrogate models, the entropy-based adaptive sampling approach leads to models that are more robust to the initial experimental design and at least as accurate (or better) when compared with other sampling techniques using the same number of sampling points.
Reports on the topic "Stage sampling Design"
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Sniedze-Gregory, Shani, Rachel Felgate, Elizabeth O'Grady, Sarah Buckley, and Petra Lietz. What Australian students say about transition to secondary school. Final report. Australian Council for Educational Research, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-644-4.
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Life Education Australia's Being Healthy Being Active project involved the collection of student voice related to the concept of school transition and the move from primary to secondary school. Students from around Australia participated in 82 focus groups, or student forums, to discuss their own positive experiences, as well as perceived needs and challenges related to their move to secondary school. Section One of this report is a literature review and environmental scan on student transition from primary to secondary school. Section Two describes the methods used to design and administer the Student Forums. This includes a description of the target population and sampling methods as well as the details of the achieved sample: 82 forums with 444 students across 15 schools. Section Three outlines the findings of the Student Forums. Section Four offers conclusions and recommendations to inform the next stage of the project, designing a suite of resources and training for teachers aimed at assisting students with the transition from primary to secondary school.
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Weissinger, Rebecca, Mary Moran, Steve Monroe, and Helen Thomas. Springs and seeps monitoring protocol for park units in the Northern Colorado Plateau Network, Version 1.1. National Park Service, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299467.
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Because of the scarcity of water on the Colorado Plateau and the disproportionately high use by flora and fauna, springs and seeps were quickly identified as an ecosystem of concern for the NCPN. Following the determination of network-wide vital signs, parks were asked to select their top priorities for monitoring. Four parks have implemented springs and seeps monitoring: Arches and Canyonlands national parks, and Hovenweep and Natural Bridges national monuments. This monitoring protocol consists of a protocol narrative and 11 standard operating procedures (SOPs) for monitoring springs, seeps, and hanging gardens (aka “springs”) in NCPN parks. The overall goal of the NCPN springs monitoring program is to determine long-term trends in hydrologic and vegetation properties in the context of changes in other ecological drivers, stressors, and processes. Specific objectives include describing the status and trends of water quantity (flow or stage as applicable), water quality (pH, specific conductance, temperature), and vegetation (endemic plant populations in hanging gardens, and vegetation species and cover). This protocol narrative describes the justification, sampling design, and field methods for NCPN springs monitoring. Details may be found in the SOPs, which are listed in Chapter 1 and available at irma.nps.gov. Other aspects of the protocol summarized in the narrative include procedures for data management, analysis, and reporting; personnel and operating requirements; and instructions for how to revise the protocol.
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George. PR-015-10600-R01 Proposed Sampling Methods for Supercritical Natural Gas Streams. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010981.
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Deepwater natural gas production is a non-traditional operation that is very different than conventional shelf or onshore production, due to the extremely high pressures (2,000 psia, 13.8 MPa abs) and rich gases (1,300 Btu/scf, 48.4 MJ/Nm3) involved. Concerns have been raised about methods used to sample deepwater natural gas supplies in this supercritical state. Sampling methods accepted for natural gas at pipeline conditions have been used to sample gas from offshore platforms and supercritical onshore storage facilities. However, the sample analyses have later been found to overestimate the energy content of the gas by as much as 300 Btu/scf (11.2 MJ/Nm3). Analyses of these samples have also been found to incorrectly estimate other properties of the gas, such as sound speed and density. Due to the potential financial impact of such discrepancies, the need exists to understand their causes, and to identify alternative sampling procedures or methods that can minimize them. A literature search was performed to identify sampling methods with the potential to accurately sample natural gas streams in the supercritical region. The search included methods listed in existing natural gas sampling standards, such as API MPMS Chapter 14.1 and GPA 2166-05, variations and suggested improvements on these standard methods, and sampling methods applied in other sectors of the energy industry. No sampling methods were identified that are designed specifically for sampling supercritical natural gas. However, guidelines were found in various references that are useful in tailoring existing sampling methods or designing new sampling methods for supercritical gas service. These guidelines include means to avoid phase changes in the samples, methods of regulating pressure while maintaining sample temperatures, avoiding issues with adsorption and desorption on equipment, and recommendations for designing a sampling method for high-pressure service.
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Harter, Rachel M., Joseph P. McMichael, Derick S. Brown, Ashley Amaya, Trent D. Buskirk, and David Malarek. Telephone Appends for Address-Based Samples— An Introduction. RTI Press, February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0050.1802.
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Surveys with samples selected from an address frame derived from US Postal Service sources are often referred to as address-based sampling (ABS) surveys. For an ABS survey that is primarily conducted by mail, web, or face-to-face, sometimes it is helpful to have a telephone number corresponding to the sample addresses for setting appointments or conducting nonresponse follow-up prompts. The usefulness of a telephone contact mode in a mixed mode ABS design depends on both the percentage of addresses for which telephone numbers can be appended (append rate or match rate) and the accuracy of the telephone numbers associated with addresses. Before planning a telephone contact as part of a mixed-mode study, the designer should know the likely effectiveness of the approach. This paper focuses primarily on append rate information, with a discussion of accuracy rates. For a single ABS frame, telephone match rates vary by geography, address type, match vendor, and by landline vs. cell telephone number. Using very large samples of addresses from a total US ABS frame, we estimated state and national telephone append rates from Marketing Systems Group's sources. The append rates are summarized here and interactively at the website http://abs.rti.org/atlas/.
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Zimmerman, Ephraim, and Staphanie Perles. Vegetation monitoring in relation to white-tailed deer browsing in First State National Historical Park: 2021 summary report. National Park Service, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299655.
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Baseline information on canopy regeneration and plant community composition is needed in order to better understand white-tailed deer browsing impacts at First State National Historical Park (FRST). In 2021, the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) established 20 permanent vegetation monitoring plots following methods developed by the NPS Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network (ERMN) to assess and monitor trends in vegetation (Perles et al. 2014b; Perles et al. 2017). These protocols provided an efficient method of assessing the current status of native and non-native vegetation and deer browsing impact. This report documents the methodology used to quantify the vegetative composition of natural areas at FRST and provides a summary of the data collected in the first year of monitoring. This first year’s activities (2021) included the initial baseline vegetation assessment and summary of results from the baseline data analysis. A variety of metrics used to assess the impact of deer browsing on the vegetation were calculated and are presented. A second survey is proposed for 2024. PNHP used the NPS ERMN database and analysis methods (Perles et al. 2014b) to summarize the condition in year 1 (2021). In year 4 (2024), PNHP will investigate changes in the condition of browse-sensitive understory plants and tree seedlings. Plots occurred in a variety of settings, ranging from younger successional communities to more mature forest stands. Seventy-five percent (75%) of the plots occurred in Mature or Late Successional forests. Disturbances and stressors, such as deer browsing can strongly influence future forest structure as open woodlands mature. A large population of white-tailed deer may severely impact succession from the open woodlands towards closed canopy forest. In closed canopy, later successional forests, a large deer population may inhibit canopy tree recruitment leading to regeneration failure. Given that FRST managers desire to maintain the landscape as forest, it is important to maintain an adequate number of seedlings and saplings of tree species to ensure the persistence of canopy of native tree species as Mature and Late Successional Forests continue to age. The 20 permanent sampling plots occurred within 5 plant communities described by Ebert (2016) and were classified using agglomerative hierarchical clustering (HAC analysis) and indicator species analysis. The most common plant communities within the group of sampling plots were the Mixed oak – beech forest and Mesic mixed tulip – oak-hickory-beech forest. The remaining plots were found in successional Tuliptree woodland, Successional woodland, and Thicket types. All plots were assigned to these types described in Ebert (2016) and crosswalked to the National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). A total of 128 plant species were recorded from the 20 plots at FRST. Eighteen (18) species were found in over ½ of the plots surveyed, of which eight (8) were non-native. In all, 29 plants occurring in the plots (23% of total species richness) were considered introduced (non-native). Non-native plant cover ranged from 0–98% as measured in the monitoring plot quadrats. Indicators of deer browsing varied by plant community type at FRST. In general, the drier Mixed oak – beech forests showed substantially greater impact of deer browsing and fewer seedlings of canopy species in the understory. FRST monitoring protocols focus on a few plant species considered as preferred food for white-tailed deer. Sustained browsing may be affecting long-term viability of these species within the parks. Based on the status of these regeneration metrics in FRST, we suggest that the forest in FRST are in imminent regeneration failure. We define imminent failure as parks that are experiencing severe regeneration failure and are at risk of forest loss due to very low seedling and sapling abundance, as well as species mismatches between canopy and regeneration layers. Given the poor regeneration of canopy species across all community types at FRST, managers should seek opportunities to conduct adaptive management in the park’s forests, especially mixed oak – beech forest, to experiment with and monitor the effects of fire, browse exclosures, and canopy thinning to encourage native canopy tree regeneration.
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Kull, Kathleen, Craig Young, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, Lloyd Morrison, and Michael DeBacker. Problematic plant monitoring protocol for the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network: Narrative, version 2.0. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293355.
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Problematic species, which include invasive, exotic, and harmful species, fragment native ecosystems, displace native plants and animals, and alter ecosystem function. In National Parks, such species negatively affect park resources and visitor enjoyment by altering landscapes and fire regimes, reducing native plant and animal habitat, and increasing trail maintenance needs. Recognizing these challenges, Heartland Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Network parks identified problematic plants as the highest-ranking vital sign across the network. Given the need to provide early detection of potential problematic plants (ProPs) and the size of network parks, the Heartland I&M Network opted to allocate available sampling effort to maximize the area searched. With this approach and the available sampling effort in mind, we developed realistic objectives for the ProP monitoring protocol. The monitoring objectives are: 1. Create a watch list of ProPs known to occur in network parks and a watch list of potential ProPs that may invade network parks in the future, and occasionally update these two lists as new information is made available. 2. Provide early detection monitoring for all ProPs on the watch lists. 3. Search at least 0.75% and up to 40% of the reference frame for ProP occurrences in each park. 4. Estimate/calculate and report the abundance and frequency of ProPs in each park. 5. To the extent possible, identify temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of ProPs known to occur in network parks. ProP watch lists are developed using the best available and most relevant state, regional, and national exotic plant lists. The lists are generated using the PriorityDB database. We designed the park reference frames (i.e., the area to be monitored) to focus on accessible natural and restored areas. The field methods vary for small parks and large parks, defined as parks with reference frames less than and greater than 350 acres (142 ha), respectively. For small parks, surveyors make three equidistant passes through polygon search units that are approximately 2-acres (0.8 ha) in size. For large parks, surveyors record each ProP encountered along 200-m or 400-m line search units. The cover of each ProP taxa encountered in search units is estimated using the following cover scale: 0 = 0, 1 = 0.1-0.9 m2, 2 = 1-9.9 m2, 3 = 10-49.9 m2, 4 = 50-99.9 m2, 5 = 100-499.9 m2, 6 = 499.9-999.9 m2, and 7 = 1,000-4,999.9 m2. The field data are managed in the FieldDB database. Monitoring is scheduled to revisit most parks every four years. The network will report the results to park managers and superintendents after completing ProP monitoring.
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Wells, Aaron, Tracy Christopherson, Gerald Frost, Matthew Macander, Susan Ives, Robert McNown, and Erin Johnson. Ecological land survey and soils inventory for Katmai National Park and Preserve, 2016–2017. National Park Service, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287466.
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This study was conducted to inventory, classify, and map soils and vegetation within the ecosystems of Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM) using an ecological land survey (ELS) approach. The ecosystem classes identified in the ELS effort were mapped across the park, using an archive of Geo-graphic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) datasets pertaining to land cover, topography, surficial geology, and glacial history. The description and mapping of the landform-vegetation-soil relationships identified in the ELS work provides tools to support the design and implementation of future field- and RS-based studies, facilitates further analysis and contextualization of existing data, and will help inform natural resource management decisions. We collected information on the geomorphic, topographic, hydrologic, pedologic, and vegetation characteristics of ecosystems using a dataset of 724 field plots, of which 407 were sampled by ABR, Inc.—Environmental Research and Services (ABR) staff in 2016–2017, and 317 were from existing, ancillary datasets. ABR field plots were located along transects that were selected using a gradient-direct sampling scheme (Austin and Heligers 1989) to collect data for the range of ecological conditions present within KATM, and to provide the data needed to interpret ecosystem and soils development. The field plot dataset encompassed all of the major environmental gradients and landscape histories present in KATM. Individual state-factors (e.g., soil pH, slope aspect) and other ecosystem components (e.g., geomorphic unit, vegetation species composition and structure) were measured or categorized using standard classification systems developed for Alaska. We described and analyzed the hierarchical relationships among the ecosystem components to classify 92 Plot Ecotypes (local-scale ecosystems) that best partitioned the variation in soils, vegetation, and disturbance properties observed at the field plots. From the 92 Plot Ecotypes, we developed classifications of Map Ecotypes and Disturbance Landscapes that could be mapped across the park. Additionally, using an existing surficial geology map for KATM, we developed a map of Generalized Soil Texture by aggregating similar surficial geology classes into a reduced set of classes representing the predominant soil textures in each. We then intersected the Ecotype map with the General-ized Soil Texture Map in a GIS and aggregated combinations of Map Ecotypes with similar soils to derive and map Soil Landscapes and Soil Great Groups. The classification of Great Groups captures information on the soil as a whole, as opposed to the subgroup classification which focuses on the properties of specific horizons (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Of the 724 plots included in the Ecotype analysis, sufficient soils data for classifying soil subgroups was available for 467 plots. Soils from 8 orders of soil taxonomy were encountered during the field sampling: Alfisols (<1% of the mapped area), Andisols (3%), Entisols (45%), Gelisols (<1%), Histosols (12%), Inceptisols (22%), Mollisols (<1%), and Spodosols (16%). Within these 8 Soil Orders, field plots corresponded to a total of 74 Soil Subgroups, the most common of which were Typic Cryaquents, Typic Cryorthents, Histic Cryaquepts, Vitrandic Cryorthents, and Typic Cryofluvents.
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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring trends in restored tallgrass prairie at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield: 2008–2020. National Park Service, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293117.
Full textAbstract:
Plant community monitoring at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield (NB) focused on the restored tallgrass prairie community. Six monitoring sites were visited four times and observations of plant species and ground cover were made. In addition to those observations, we included two environmental factors in this report—precipitation and recent fire history—to help understand the vegetation data status and trends. Precipitation data (standardized vegetation index) indicated drought conditions in 2012 and some dry periods in 2016. Although prairies are adapted to drought, we found that species richness at the site and community scales (alpha and gamma diversity) were reduced in dry years. Fire management also plays an important role in shaping the plant communities. Prescribed fire occurrence became less frequent through the monitoring period. Also, additional treatments, including herbicide and mowing, likely shaped the prairie community. Tree regeneration and nonnative plants in particular may have been affected by these techniques. The prairie plant community continues to be moderately diverse despite recent increases in tree seedlings and small saplings. Species richness varied over time and was correlated with precipitation; diversity indices (H′ and J′) were similar across monitored years. Species guilds (also known as functional groups) demonstrated differing patterns. Woody plants, long a concern at the park, were abundant and statistically similar across years. Many guilds were quite variable across the sites, but nonnative forbs declined, and nonnative grasses increased. Overstory trees and canopy cover, measured for the first time in 2020, have likely influenced the composition of one site. The composition of this site points to a shrubland-savanna community. Four of the sites tended towards shrubland rather than tallgrass prairie. The vegetation monitoring protocol experienced some changes between 2008 and 2020. A key difference was a shift from sampling twice during the field season to sampling only once in a monitoring year. An anticipated decline in species richness was observed in 2012 and 2016, but we were unable to isolate sample design as the cause. Additionally, we remedied inconsistencies in how tree regeneration was recorded by tallying seedlings and saplings in the field. Our quality assurance procedures indicated that our observer error from pseudoturnover was 20.2%, meeting our expectations. Cover class estimates agreed 73% of the time, with all disagreements within one cover class. Coordinating management actions to achieve plant community goals like structure and composition of tallgrass prairie will be critical to the survival of the prairie species at the park. Fire and nonnative plant treatments along with the reduction of woody cover including trees are needed to arrest the transition to savanna and woodland community types. Frequent prescribed fire is an integral process for this community and there is no equivalent substitute. Continued focus on management for the desired tallgrass prairie community will also provide needed habitat for imperiled pollinators such as the monarch butterfly. Best management practices for pollinators on federal lands specify that treatments (prescribed fire, mowing or haying) should not occur during the blooming season or when pollinator breeding, egg, larval or pupal stages are present.
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Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.
Full textAbstract:
Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.