Journal articles: 'Stack gases'

1

Bartoš, Ondřej, Jan Havlík, and František Hrdlička. "Wet stack – Analysis of condensation." EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002005.

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The aim of the paper is to introduce the study of condensation processes in the wet stack. Because of the high cost of reheating (due to the loss of useful heat of flue gases), wet stacks are being considered for new or retrofit applications of wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems around the word. Wet stacks, in contrast to classical chimneys where flue gases are heated up to avoid any condensation, works with wet flue gases and condensation is welcome. The study provides a quantitative analysis of the condensation.

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2

Frank, N., K. Kawamura, and G. Miller. "Electron beam treatment of stack gases." Radiation Physics and Chemistry (1977) 25, no. 1-3 (January 1985): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-5724(85)90247-x.

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Miller, FC, BJ Macauley, and ER Harper. "Investigation of various gases, pH and redox potential in mushroom composting Phase I stacks." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 3 (1991): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910415.

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Investigations of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia concentrations, pH and redox potential were carried out within Phase I mushroom composting stacks in conjunction with measurements of temperature and oxygen concentrations. Gypsum-derived sulfate supported significant microbial activity by sulfate-reducing bacteria in anaerobic core areas. Ammonia concentrations up to 800 ppm were strongly associated with pH values up to 8.8 in aerobic stack areas. Anaerobic areas had pH values of 5-7, with little or no ammonia. Redox potential generally agreed with oxygenation history, with stacks exhibiting reducing conditions overall and with potential rising with compost maturity. Anomalously negative redox potentials in aerobic, outer stack areas were associated with actinomycete colonisation. Physical factors such as temperature, oxygen availability and water potential, which determine microbial and chemical activity in stacks, are distributed very unevenly, both spatially and temporally.

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Tran, Quan Anh, Ngoc Hong Thi Nguyen, Phi Quoc Nguyen, and Anh Mai Nguyen. "Simulation of thermal power plant source contribution to ambient air concentration in Cam Pha City, Quang Ninh province using AERMOD dispersion model." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 63, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2022.63(3).05.

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Cam Pha, the home of three major thermal power plants including Cam Pha, Mong Duong I and Mong Duong II, is one of the most important industrial cities in the North of Vietnam. Air pollution due to stacks emission is the biggest problem threatening Cam Pha City's sustainable development. In this study, the AERMOD modeling system was used to evaluate the impact of the stack emission by the thermal power plants on the ambient atmospheric environment. The maximum 1-HR, 24-HR, 99th percentile and annual average concentrations of TSP, SO2 and NO2 were simulated within the 40x40 km domain of 100x100 m grid spacing with the hourly meteorological data taken from 2018 to 2020. Air dispersion simulation is performed on the observed background gas concentration of the everyday environment. Hourly emission data of 10 primary stack sources of 3 factory groups were used as input data. The simulated spatial distribution of gases indicates the strong fluence of the mountainous topography on the dispersion of stack emission. Results also revealed that the maximum short-term stack emission at ground-level concentrations of SO2 and NO2 are much higher than the national standard, thus raising the risk of severe pollution. TSP pollution is less severe than SO2 and NO2 but still at a dangerous level. Since Cam Pha locates by the East Sea with the prevailing wind is heading northeast and east directions. The annual average concentrations of these pollutants indicate that the high terrain areas at the south and northwest of Cam Pha City, which block the flow of the stack emission, are the most affected regions by exhausted gases from industrial stacks.

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Karr, C., R. V. Rahfuse, and P. F. Langdon. "Reactions of iron sulphides in simulated stack gases." Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 22, no. 5 (April 25, 2007): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2720220508.

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6

Jordan, S. "Progress in the electron beam treatment of stack gases." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part C. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 31, no. 1-3 (January 1988): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0197(88)90106-3.

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7

Yur’ev, B. P., and V. A. Dudko. "Analysis of the Work of Flue Gas Stack of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-2-52-56.

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The features of the work of flue gas stack in non-ferrous metallurgy serving thermal installations for copper production are considered. On the example of the operation of two flue gas stacks of the copper smelting shop of OJSC SUMZ (Revda), with the help of which converter gases (pipe height 150 m) and suction gases from Vanyukov furnaces (pipe height 120 m) are removed, environmental studies were carried out and their operation was analyzed before and after changing the technology for producing matte at the factory. Recommendations are given on improving the environmental situation at the plant, some of which have been implemented. The results obtained in the work are of certain interest and can be used at other similar enterprises of non-ferrous metallurgy associated with the production of copper and using similar thermal units.

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Bromley, J. "Monitoring of Emissions from Hazardous Waste Incineration." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 201, no. 1 (January 1987): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_083_02.

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Incinerator stack emissions can be followed either by monitoring gases and particulates leaving the stack or by monitoring deposition in the environment. Monitoring techniques for both are discussed and the particular problems in planning a monitoring programme are highlighted. Factors affecting the possible routes to humans must be considered and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin measurements are briefly mentioned.

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Li, Yanju, Dongxu Li, Zheshu Ma, Meng Zheng, and Zhanghao Lu. "Thermodynamic Modeling and Performance Analysis of Vehicular High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System." Membranes 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010072.

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Since the high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC) stack require a range of auxiliary equipments to maintain operating conditions, it is necessary to consider operation of related components in the design of HT-PEMFC systems. In this paper, a thermodynamic model of a vehicular HT-PEMFC system using phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole membrane is developed. The power distribution and exergy loss of each component are derived according to thermodynamic analysis, where the stack and heat exchanger are the two components with the greatest exergy loss. In addition, ecological functions and improvement potentials are proposed to evaluate the system performance better. On this basis, the effects of stack inlet temperature, pressure, and stoichiometric on system performance are analyzed. The results showed that the energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and net output power of the system achieved the maximum when the inlet gases temperature is 406.1 K. The system performance is better when the cathode inlet pressure is relatively low and the anode inlet pressure is relatively high. Moreover, the stoichiometry should be reduced to improve the system output performance on the basis of ensuring sufficient gases reaction in the stack.

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Kruusenberg, Ivar, Kush Chadha, and Taarini Atal. "High Power Density Fuel Cell Systems for Portable Electric Generators." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261234mtgabs.

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It is of utmost importance to develop light weight fuel cell stacks and find the ways to integrate these to light weight and low temperature fuel cell systems. In order to meet the future energy demands non-polluting, compact, transportation and portable applications are required. Current energy systems have lower power density (kW/kg) resulting in optimized power only at higher overall weight. Systems with higher power density demands higher initial setup costs. Low temperature PEMFC, on other hand offers various advantages but fails to provide the required output without exceeding the weight of the fuel cell stack and thereby fuel cell systems. A fuel cell system consists of a fuel cell stack, compressed gas in cylinder, pressure relief valves, regulators, water pump, sensors and cvm. A fuel cell stack is the main component consisting of one of the devices with maximum weight and cost contribution. In such case, developing a system with stack having higher power density reduces overall weight and increases power density (kW/kg). PowerUP Energy Technologies has developed light weight fuel cell stack to achieve higher power density. Experiments considering flow field designs, recirculation strategy, different anode configuration has been a subject of study. Dead-end anode, closed cathode configuration of fuel cell stack further improves fuel utilization. Recirculation line of hydrogen if further added can improve in overall fuel utilization. Counter flow arrangement for reactant distribution further removes the necessity of humidifying the gases. This result in removal of humidifiers and thereby reducing the weight of the fuel cell system in total. Portable fuel cell systems have flexibility for ease in transportation and stationery solutions. Furthermore, lighter fuel cell stacks add advantage for higher output power at lower overall weights. This stack developed is further optimized with improved flow field designs and design of manifold. These fuel cell stacks are used in PowerUP’s portable fuel cell electric generators that are more efficient and sustainable than the currently used fossil fuel based solutions.

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11

Metzinger, J. V., A. Kühter, P. L. Silveston, and S. K. Gangwal. "A novel periodic reactor for scrubbing SO2 from industrial stack gases." Chemical Engineering Science 49, no. 24 (1994): 4533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(05)80039-9.

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12

KESSLER, B., J. VON EYSMONDT, and H. MERTEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Utilization of CO2 from Stack Gases for Chemical Syntheses." ChemInform 24, no. 21 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199321302.

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13

Azid, I. A., A. R. Yusoff, K. N. Seetharamu, and A. L. Ahmad. "APPLICATION OF BACK PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK IN PREDICTING PALM OIL MILL EMISSION." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 20, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.376.

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The paper presents an approach to investigate and monitor the air pollution caused by the palm oil mill. A concept of dealing with the problem from its causes is used where the sources of pollution from the stack gases were examined. The main causes were from the combustion of shell fibre and of the palm oil. However, in the boiler itself, several parameters like steam load and pressure, fuel capacity and temperature also contribute to the pollution. The study uses Neural Network (NN) to simulate the process of combustion and stack gases. This neural network was trained by using the data on emission and combustion bed taken from local palm oil plant in Perak, Malaysia. The trained data by NN agrees well with the measured data, i.e. almost within 8% error for pollutants like CO, SO2, NO and particulate matters.

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Hlinka, Peter, Ingrid Karandušovská, and Štefan Mihina. "Monitoring of Gas Production During the Biowaste Composting." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2019-0014.

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Abstract The aim of this paper was to monitor the production and composition of gases from the biowaste landfill in terms of the utilized composting process technology. Processing technology of biowaste in the reference sample V1 was without modification; process optimization technology – material homogenization by overturning and irrigation – was used for the second sample V2. Gas measurements (methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrous oxide) were conducted during the first and sixth weeks after their establishing. At the same time, samples were taken for laboratory determination of the dry matter content of examined materials, pH and C/N ratio. It has been statistically proved that there was a significantly higher gas production in V2, which was overturned and irrigated, than in V1. The measured CO2 values were 2.5 times higher in V2 in comparison to V1. The mean CH4 production in the stack V1 was 96.35 mg·m−3 and 235.9 mg·m−3 in the stack V2, which is 2.5 times more. Due to overturning and irrigation of composted material in the stack V2, the decomposition of microorganisms was faster, which also affected the amount of released gases.

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15

Meshalkin, V. P., P. V. Roslyakov, T. V. Guseva, and V. G. Dovi. "New Ash and Sulfur Dioxide Emission Limit Levels for Large Combustion Plants and Best Available Techniques of Stack Gases Treatment." Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-8-40-46.

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In order to determine new technological parameters for reviewing ITS 38-2017, the authors analyse coal properties and techniques for sulphur and ash removal from the stack gases. The technologies of ash purification and desulphurization of gases are analyzed and recommendations for their effective use are given. New technological emission parameters for ITS 38-2017 review proposed and recommendations provided for expanding the list of the Best Available Techniques to be implemented at Russian large combustion plants.

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16

Ciobanu, Cristian, Gheorghe Voicu, Irina Aura Istrate, and Paula Tudor. "Aspects Regarding Polluting Emissions to the Stack of Clincher Ovens in Romanian Cement Factories." Advanced Engineering Forum 42 (September 7, 2021): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.42.159.

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The paper presents an analysis of the flow of flue gases and dust in the area of the clinker kiln and in the area of the flour mill, as well as emission data for the last three consecutive years at the flour mill stack - clinker kiln, from some cement factories in Romania. In general, both emissions of dust (total powders) and pollutant gases (SOx, NOx, CO, dioxins and furans, VOC, heavy metals, etc.) were within the permissible limits set out in the Integrated Environmental Permit of the individual plants.

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17

Simões, Gustavo José, and André Felipe Simões. "AVALIAÇÃO DA DISPERSÃO DE GASES POLUENTES GERADOS A PARTIR DO EQUIPAMENTO VENT STACK: ESTUDO DE CASO CENTRADO NO TERMINAL MARÍTIMO MADRE DE DEUS." REVISTA FOCO 15, no. 7 (December 26, 2022): e606. http://dx.doi.org/10.54751/revistafoco.v15n7-001.

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Neste trabalho analisa-se a possibilidade de substituição de “flares” existentes no terminal aquaviário Madre de Deus (TEMADRE) pelo equipamento Vent Stack. Para este objetivo são utilizadas informações relativas aos “flares” existentes para simulação do Vent Stack. Logo, são analisadas as condições existentes nos flares de alta pressão e de baixa pressão. É feito uma análise da dispersão dos gases inflamáveis e tóxicos oriundos da tocha do Terminal de Madre de Deus (TEMADRE), utilizando a fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD, computational fluid dinamics, em inglês).

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18

Motylinski, Konrad, Marcin Blesznowski, Marek Skrzypkiewicz, Michal Wierzbicki, Agnieszka Zurawska, Arkadiusz Baran, Maciej Bakala, and Jakub Kupecki. "Analysis of Soot Deposition Mechanisms on Nickel-Based Anodes of SOFCs in Single-Cell and Stack Environment." Processes 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111370.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can be fueled with various gases, including carbon-containing compounds. High operating temperatures, exceeding 600 °C, and the presence of a porous, nickel-based SOFC anode, might lead to the formation of solid carbon particles from fuels such as carbon monoxide and other gases with hydrocarbon-based compounds. Carbon deposition on fuel electrode surfaces can cause irreversible damage to the cell, eventually destroying the electrode. Soot formation mechanisms are strictly related to electrochemical, kinetic, and thermodynamic conditions. In the current study, the effects of carbon deposition on the lifetime and performance of SOFCs were analyzed in-operando, both in single-cell and stack conditions. It was observed that anodic gas velocity has an impact on soot formation and deposition, thus it was also studied in depth. Single-anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells were fueled with gases delivered in such a way that the initial velocities in the anodic compartment ranged from 0.1 to 0.7 m/s. Both cell operation and post-mortem observations proved that the carbon deposition process accelerates at higher anodic gas velocity. Furthermore, single-cell results were verified in an SOFC stack operated in carbon-deposition regime by dry-coupling with a downdraft 150 kWth biomass gasifier.

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Prashantha, B. G., D. R. Swamy, Bhimasen Soragaon, and T. S. Nanjundeswaraswamy. "Design Optimization and Analysis of Thermoacoustic Refrigerators." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 28, no. 03 (July 22, 2020): 2050020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132520500200.

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Thermoacoustic refrigeration, a novel technology, uses eco-friendly gases like helium, air or the mixture of noble gases as working substances in the absence of moving parts. The design, optimization and analysis of thermoacoustic refrigerators using helium and air as oscillating gases are discussed. Pure helium is chosen since it is proven as the best and economical working gas compared to the alternate pure or the mixture of noble gases. Air is chosen since it is abundant in nature and the least cost of the pressurized dry air cylinders. The design optimization strategies discussed in this paper serve as a guide for aspiring researchers in the design and development of thermoacoustic coolers. Cooling power as a function of stack diameter is discussed. Theoretical results of the optimized coolers are compared with DeltaEC simulation results for validation and are in agreement with each other.

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Kovar, Petr, Pavel Dryak, Jiri Suran, and Arunas Gudelis. "Calibration of stack monitors for measurement of noble gases in nuclear facilities." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 70, no. 9 (September 2012): 2127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.02.074.

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21

Jensen, S. H., H. Langnickel, N. Hintzen, M. Chen, X. Sun, A. Hauch, G. Butera, and L. R. Clausen. "Reversible operation of a pressurized solid oxide cell stack using carbonaceous gases." Journal of Energy Storage 22 (April 2019): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.02.003.

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22

PIRKL, H. G., and H. HOFMANN. "ChemInform Abstract: Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide from Stack Gases." ChemInform 24, no. 21 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199321304.

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23

Person, James C., and David O. Ham. "Removal of SO2 and NOx from stack gases by electron beam irradiation." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part C. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 31, no. 1-3 (1988): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0197(88)90103-8.

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24

Schäfer, Dominik, Tomke Janßen, Qingping Fang, Frank Merten, and Ludger Blum. "System-Supporting Operation of Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Stacks." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030544.

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Flexible, system-oriented operating strategies are becoming increasingly important in terms of achieving a climate-neutral energy system transformation. Solid-oxide electrolysis (SOEC) can play an important role in the production of green synthesis gas from renewable energy in the future. Therefore, it is important to investigate the extent to which SOEC can be used flexibly and which feedback effects and constraints must be taken into account. In this study, we derived a specific load profile from an energy turnaround scenario that supports the energy system. SOEC short-stacks were operated and we investigated the impact that the load profile has on electrical stack performance and stack degradation as well as the product gas composition by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The stacks could follow the grid-related requirement profiles of secondary control power and minute reserves very well with transition times of less than two minutes per 25% of relative power. Only short-term disturbances of the H2/CO ratio were observed during transitions due to the adjustment of feed gases. No elevated degradation effects resulting from flexible operation were apparent over 1300 h, although other causes of degradation were present.

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Anaam A. Sabri. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE STUDY EFFECTS OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS IN AIR." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2011.04212.

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The purpose of the present work was to investigate air quality that contained pollutant gases (SO2 , NO2 , CO) released from the thermal power plant as case study. Gaussian Plume Model and the computer program (visual basic 6) is used to calculate concentrations dispersion of gas pollutants at different meteorological conditions (wind speed, ambient temperature); maximum concentration values, downwind distance and required effective stack height estimation. A typical theoretical investigation of a case study concerning existing air pollution problems at an industrial area (4Km) downwind distance by using the computer program. The results showed that the concentration of SO2 (890 µg/m3) released from stack may is higher than the EPA standard. Also the optimum point of the ground level concentration of pollutants decreases with increasing effective stack height.

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Tatum Ernest, C., D. Donohoue, D. Bauer, A. Ter Schure, and A. J. Hynes. "Programmable thermal dissociation of reactive gaseous mercury – a potential approach to chemical speciation: results from a field study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 12 (December 21, 2012): 33291–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-33291-2012.

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Abstract. The use of programmable thermal dissociation (PTD) as an approach to investigating the chemical speciation of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM, Hg2+) has been explored in a field study. In this approach RGM is collected on a denuder and analyzed using PTD. The denuder is placed in an oven and the dissociation of the RGM is measured, as a function of temperature, by monitoring the evolution of elemental mercury (GEM, Hg0) in real time using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The technique was tested in a field campaign at a coal-fired power plant in Pensacola, Florida. Uncoated tubular denuders were used to obtain samples from the plant's stack exhaust gases and from the stack plume, downwind of the stack using an airship. The PTD profiles from these samples were compared with PTD profiles of HgCl2.

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Sofilic, T., J. Jendričko, Z. Kovačevic, and M. Ćosić. "Measurement of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emission from EAF steel making proces." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0089-1.

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Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel manufacturing is an important recycling activity which contributes to the recovery of steel resources and steel scrap/waste minimization. Because of the content of plastics, coatings and paintings as well as other nonferrous materials in the charge during melting, a strong emission of pollutants, including polluting substance group consists of persistent organic pollutions (POPs) represented by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) occurs. This study was set out to investigate emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from the stack of a new electric-arc furnace-dust treatment plant installed during modernisation of the Melt Shop in CMC SISAK d.o.o., Croatia. Obtained results have been compared with previously obtained results of PCDDs/Fs emission measurements from the old electric-arc furnace dust treatment without dust drop-out box, as well as quenching tower. The total PCDDs/Fs concentration in the stack off gases of both electric arc furnaces EAF A and EAF B were 0.2098 and 0.022603 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 respectively, and these results are close to previous obtained results by other authors. The calculated values of the emission factors for PCDDs/Fs calculated on the basis of measured PCDDs/Fs concentration in the stack off gases in 2008 and 2011 were 1.09 and 0.22 ng I-TEQ/ ton steel, respectively.

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Sun, Y. W., C. Liu, K. L. Chan, P. H. Xie, W. Q. Liu, Y. Zeng, S. M. Wang, et al. "Stack emission monitoring using non-dispersive infrared with optimized nonlinear absorption cross-interference correction algorithm." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 1 (February 21, 2013): 2009–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-2009-2013.

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Abstract. In this paper, we present an optimized analysis algorithm for non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) to monitor stack emissions. The newly developed analysis algorithm simultaneously compensates for nonlinear absorption and cross-interference between different gases. We present a mathematical derivation for the measurement error caused by variations in interference coefficients when nonlinear absorption occurs. The optimized algorithm is derived from a classical one and uses interference functions to quantify cross-interference. The interference functions vary proportionally with the nonlinear absorption. Thus, interference coefficients among different gases can be modeled by the interference functions whether gases are characterized by linear or nonlinear absorption. In this study, the simultaneous analysis of two components (CO2 and CO) serves as an example for the validation of the optimized algorithm. The interference functions in this case can be obtained by least-squares fitting with three-order polynomials. Experiments show that the results of cross-interference correction are improved significantly by utilizing fitted interference functions when nonlinear absorptions occur. The dynamic measurement ranges of CO2 and CO are improved by about a factor of 1.8 and 3.5, respectively. A commercial NDIR multi-gas analyzer with high accuracy was used to validate the CO and CO2 measurements derived from the NDIR analyzer prototype in which the new cross-interference correction algorithm was embedded. Both measurements well agreed.

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Kuzma-Kichta, Yu A., D. Yu Bukhonov, and Yu V. Borisov. "Enhancement of heat transfer during condensation of water vapor from flue stack gases." Thermal Engineering 54, no. 3 (March 2007): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s004060150703007x.

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Mullett, Mark, Phillip Pendleton, and Alexander Badalyan. "Removal of elemental mercury from Bayer stack gases using sulfur-impregnated activated carbons." Chemical Engineering Journal 211-212 (November 2012): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.098.

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Monfort, E., J. García-Ten, I. Celades, and S. Gomar. "Monitoring and possible reduction of HF in stack flue gases from ceramic tiles." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 131, no. 1 (January 2010): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.09.008.

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32

Mostajeran Goortani, B., E. Mateos-Espejel, M. Moshkelani, and J. Paris. "Energy efficiency improvement of a Kraft process through practical stack gases heat recovery." Applied Thermal Engineering 31, no. 17-18 (December 2011): 4091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.08.016.

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Szpalerski, Jerzy, and Adam Smoliński. "Analysis of the Excess Hydrocarbon Gases Output from Refinery Plants." Processes 7, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7050253.

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The article presents the ideas of maximizing recovery of flare gases in the industrial plants processing hydrocarbons. The functioning of a flare stack and depressurization systems in a typical refinery plant is described, and the architecture of the depressurization systems and construction of the flares are shown in a simplified way. The proposal to recover the flare gases together with their output outside the industrial plant, in order to minimize impact on the environment (reduction of emissions) and to limit consumption of fossil fuels is presented. Contaminants that may be found in the depressurization systems are indicated. The idea presented in the article assumes the injection of an excess stream of gases into an existing natural gas pipelines system. A method of monitoring is proposed, aiming to eliminate introduction of undesirable harmful components into the systems.

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Shi, Wen Xi, Jie Ji, Jin Hua Sun, S. M. Lo, Lin Jie Li, and Xiang Yong Yuan. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF STACK EFFECT ON FIRE IN THE COMPARTMENT ADJACENT TO STAIRWELL OF HIGH RISE BUILDING." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, no. 1 (March 10, 2014): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.802729.

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In this paper, to study the influence of stack effect on fire in the compartment adjacent to a stairwell, a set of experiments were conducted by varying the pool size, top vent state and bottom vent size in a 1/3 scaled 12-layer-stairwell configuration. The phenomenon of methanol flame tilting in the fire room was observed and studied. Results showed that the flame tilt angle increases with an increase of Ri-1. The temperatures of hot gases in the fire room decrease due to the cooling effect of fresh air induced by stack effect. The mass loss rate of methanol fuel is influenced by fresh air flow sucked into fire room due to stack effect. On the basis of the experimental results, we conclude that the velocity of air flow into fire room is proportional to 1/3 power of the heat release rate in the stairwell.

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Lei, Qingxin, Chenyu Shan, Chunyu Liu, Xiajie Liu, and Wenzhang Xie. "Design of nuclear radiation detector for stack exhaust of plasma melting system." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 02035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125202035.

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The Plasma melting technology can reduce the low and medium level radioactive waste to a minimum. The emission of high-temperature radioactive aerosol generated in the process of treatment needs to be monitored. After treatment with a high efficiency filter and meeting national standards for gaseous effluents, it will be allowed to be discharged into the atmosphere. In order to achieve stable and reliable radiation monitoring, through the research on the radionuclide analysis of stack exhaust and the design of detector selection, the combined design of plastic scintillator & NaI scintillator is adopted. At the same time, the real-time and reliable monitoring of radioactive aerosols in stack gases under high temperature environment is also solved.

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Sun, Y. W., C. Liu, K. L. Chan, P. H. Xie, W. Q. Liu, Y. Zeng, S. M. Wang, et al. "Stack emission monitoring using non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy with an optimized nonlinear absorption cross interference correction algorithm." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 8 (August 13, 2013): 1993–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1993-2013.

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Abstract. In this paper, we present an optimized analysis algorithm for non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) to in situ monitor stack emissions. The proposed algorithm simultaneously compensates for nonlinear absorption and cross interference among different gases. We present a mathematical derivation for the measurement error caused by variations in interference coefficients when nonlinear absorption occurs. The proposed algorithm is derived from a classical one and uses interference functions to quantify cross interference. The interference functions vary proportionally with the nonlinear absorption. Thus, interference coefficients among different gases can be modeled by the interference functions whether gases are characterized by linear or nonlinear absorption. In this study, the simultaneous analysis of two components (CO2 and CO) serves as an example for the validation of the proposed algorithm. The interference functions in this case can be obtained by least-squares fitting with third-order polynomials. Experiments show that the results of cross interference correction are improved significantly by utilizing the fitted interference functions when nonlinear absorptions occur. The dynamic measurement ranges of CO2 and CO are improved by about a factor of 1.8 and 3.5, respectively. A commercial analyzer with high accuracy was used to validate the CO and CO2 measurements derived from the NDIR analyzer prototype in which the new algorithm was embedded. The comparison of the two analyzers show that the prototype works well both within the linear and nonlinear ranges.

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Pierozynski, Boguslaw, Tomasz Mikolajczyk, Boguslaw Wojciechowski, and Mateusz Luba. "An Innovative 500 W Alkaline Water Electrolyser System for the Production of Ultra-Pure Hydrogen and Oxygen Gases." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030526.

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This paper communicates on an innovative, laboratory size alkaline water electrolyser (AWE) system, capable of efficiently producing ultra-pure hydrogen and oxygen gases. The system is composed of a zero-gap, bipolar-electrode stack, equipped with a polymer-based membrane, along with two drying columns for effective purification of H2 and O2 gaseous products. An optimal electrochemical efficiency of the electrolyser stack is provided through the employment of catalytically activated, extended surface-area nickel foam electrodes. Laboratory electrochemical examinations of the electrolyser included a series of galvanostatic AWE and alternating current (a.c.) impedance (single cell) experiments. Complementary examinations covered catalyst’s surface topography analysis by combined SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) techniques along with chromatographic evaluation of the purity of hydrogen and oxygen products.

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Neidel, A., M. Giller, and S. Riesenbeck. "Metallurgical Failure Analysis of Cracking in Exhaust Stack Liner Fastening Bolts." Practical Metallography 58, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2021-0057.

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Abstract Exhaust stack liners of a test rig for gas turbine burners failed locally by ruptured fasteners and fallen-off liner plates. Misalignment of the plating relative to each other and relative to their fasteners caused restraint of the expanding and shrinking liner plates upon start-up and shutdown of the burner rig. The fastening holes of the failed liner plates were not concentric, but misaligned relative to each other and relative to their fastener bolts. This exerted a shear loading on the threads of the fastening bolts, which in turn caused a mean stress shift and damaged the threads of the fasteners by nicking. So pre-loaded, the fastening bolts were not able to withstand the vibratory loads from the flowing exhaust gases and failed due to fatigue.

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Wang, Yan, and Derek O. Northwood. "Life-Limiting Aspects of the Corrosion of Metallic Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells." Advanced Materials Research 41-42 (April 2008): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.41-42.469.

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In proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), the bipolar plates supply the reactant gases through the flow channels to the electrodes and serve the purpose of electrochemically connecting one cell to another in the electrochemical cell stack. Requirements of the bipolar plate material are: high values of electronic conductivity; high values of thermal conductivity; high mechanical strength; impermeability to reactant gases; resistance to corrosion; and low cost of automated production. Metallic materials meet many of these requirements but the challenge has been in obtaining the required corrosion resistance. In the paper, six metallic materials were investigated as potential bipolar plate materials. The results showed that the corrosion rates were too high even for the most corrosion resistant metals (SS316L and grade 2 Ti), and that coatings would be required.

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RACHDEV, R. N., and RAMESH K. KAPOOR. "Meteorological aspects of air pollution pertinent to establishing urban air quality standards." MAUSAM 25, no. 3 (February 21, 2022): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v25i3.5251.

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This paper summarises the results of some of the diffusion studies carried at Trombay with argon-41 from CIRUS stack as tracer. The downwind concentrations as observed over time intervals varying from a few minutes to several weeks have been studied as a function of meteorological variables. The implications of these considerations in urban air pollution surveys and the importance of correctly estimating the short-term concentrations of effluent toxic gases from industries are then discussed.

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Lu, Chang Wei, Szu Han Wu, Hung Hsiang Lin, Wen Hsiu Chung, Jing Kai Lin, Yung Neng Cheng, and Ruey Yi Lee. "Optimization of Operating Conditions for an SOFC Stack." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.119.

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Performance testing for a single-cell solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is carried out to optimize its operating conditions. In this study, the Taguchi method is employed to effectively define the test matrix. The single-cell stack is composed of a 10x10 cm2 commercial anode-supported cell, metallic interconnects, current collectors, and glass-ceramic sealant. The major parameters for the experiments include: flow rates of fuel (hydrogen) and oxidant (air) gases, and temperatures. The target indices are the electrical power output, electrical efficiency, and fuel utilization. The fuel flow rates (400, 500, and 600 sccm), air flow rates (1000, 1500, and 2000 sccm) and temperatures (650, 675, and 700°C) are evaluated for different experimental combinations. The results reveal that, the operating temperature is the most crucial factor to the stack performance. The maximum power reaches to 46 W (570 mW/cm2) with a current of 58 A (715 mA/cm2) at test conditions of 700°C and fuel and oxidant flow rates of 600 sccm and 2000 sccm, respectively. As the fuel flow rate decreases to 400 sccm, the electrical efficiency can reach to 53% while the power at 34.6 W (427 mW/cm2) and current 42 A (518 mA/cm2). As the current increases to 44 A (543 mA/cm2), the fuel utilization reaches to 83%, nevertheless concentration polarization is observed in such operating condition.

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Bouabid, Ghizlane, Fouzia Byoud, Nisrine Benzbiria, Driss Nahya, and Mohammed Azzi. "Use of Non-Hazardous Solid Waste as Alternative Fuels in Cement Manufacturing Process." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.1.1657.

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The incineration of non-hazardous solid waste and its use as alternative fuel in cement manufacturing process was studied and simulated under the effect of air flow acceleration in a laboratory scale reactor. Firstly, analysis of the different waste materials (textile, wood and paper) was performed separately, showing that textile samples presented the highest levels of heavy metals (H.M). In the course of a test run using solid recovered fuel (SRF), the mass balance of heavy metals revealed that lead and chromium probably volatilized during firing while arsenic, cadmium and zinc were trapped in clinker. As to gaseous emissions, heavy metals concentration in the stack remained relatively low and below the standard limits. Secondly, the temperature and concentration of gases flue was monitored. It was shown that the combustion regime is characterized by low reaction temperatures and an oxygen-deficient environment. Air injection rate affected significantly the formation and degradation mechanisms of the emitted gases concentrations, particularly CO, CO2, NO, NOx, SO2. Textile waste exhibited the lowest concentration of emitted gases compared to the other types of waste.

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Bouabid, Ghizlane, Fouzia Byoud, Nisrine Benzbiria, Driss Nahya, and Mohammed Azzi. "Use of Non-Hazardous Solid Waste as Alternative Fuels in Cement Manufacturing Process." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.1.1657.

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The incineration of non-hazardous solid waste and its use as alternative fuel in cement manufacturing process was studied and simulated under the effect of air flow acceleration in a laboratory scale reactor. Firstly, analysis of the different waste materials (textile, wood and paper) was performed separately, showing that textile samples presented the highest levels of heavy metals (H.M). In the course of a test run using solid recovered fuel (SRF), the mass balance of heavy metals revealed that lead and chromium probably volatilized during firing while arsenic, cadmium and zinc were trapped in clinker. As to gaseous emissions, heavy metals concentration in the stack remained relatively low and below the standard limits. Secondly, the temperature and concentration of gases flue was monitored. It was shown that the combustion regime is characterized by low reaction temperatures and an oxygen-deficient environment. Air injection rate affected significantly the formation and degradation mechanisms of the emitted gases concentrations, particularly CO, CO2, NO, NOx, SO2. Textile waste exhibited the lowest concentration of emitted gases compared to the other types of waste.

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Lang, Michael, Corinna Auer, Paul Jentsch, and Tilman Weckesser. "SOFC Stacks for Mobile Applications." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1170.

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are gaining more and more importance as auxiliary power units (APU), e.g. for passenger cars, trucks and airplanes. In this context, the main challenge is the development of SOFC stacks, which fulfill the strong requirements for mobile applications. These are a low weight, a low volume, and a high power density with reformate gases but also low long term degradation rates. The paper presents results of investigations of SOFC short stacks for mobile applications. Therefore, a light weight stack design was developed in an industrial consortium in cooperation with the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Stuttgart and the Research Center Jülich (FZJ). The SOFC stacks were operated at different temperatures, varying fuel gas compositions and different fuel gas flow rates. The short stacks were electrochemically characterized mainly by long-term measurements, by current-voltage measurements and by impedance spectroscopy. The fuel utilizations and the power densities were determined. In order to analyze the uniformity inside the stacks, the electrochemical behaviour of the individual cassettes were analyzed and compared to each other. Finally, the degradation rates and the degradation mechanisms were determined from the long-term measurements.

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45

Amano, Kofi Owusu Ansah, Sarah-K. Hahn, Rico Tschirschwitz, Tim Rappsilber, and Ulrich Krause. "An Experimental Investigation of Thermal Runaway and Gas Release of NMC Lithium-Ion Pouch Batteries Depending on the State of Charge Level." Batteries 8, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8050041.

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In this study, 19 experiments were conducted with 25 pouch cells of NMC cathode to investigate thermal runaway and the release of gases from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Single cells, double cells, and a four-cell battery stack were forced to undergo thermal runaway inside an air-tight reactor vessel with a volume of 100 dm3. The study involved two series of tests with two types of ignition sources. In the Series 1 tests, a heating plug was used to initiate thermal runaway in LIBs in the ranges of 80–89% and 90–100% SOC. In the Series 2 tests, a heating plate was used to trigger thermal runaway in LIBs in the ranges of 30–50%, 80–89%, and 90–100% SOC. Thermal runaway started at an onset temperature of 344 ± 5 K and 345 K for the Series 1 tests and from 393 ± 36 K to 487 ± 10 K for the Series 2 tests. Peak reaction temperatures ranged between 642 K and 1184 K, while the maximum pressures observed were between 1.2 bar and 7.28 bar. Thermal runaway induced explosion of the cells and lead to a rate of temperature increase greater than 10 K/s. The amounts of gases released from the LIBs were calculated from pressures and temperatures measured in the reactor. Then, the gas composition was analyzed using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The highest gaseous production was achieved at a range of 90–100% SOC and higher battery capacities 72 L, 1.8 L/Ah (Series 1, battery stack) and 103 L, 3.2 L/Ah (Series 2, 32 Ah cell)). Among the gases analyzed, the concentration of gaseous emissions such as C2H4, CH4, and C2H6 increased at a higher cell capacity in both series of tests. The study results revealed characteristic variations of thermal behavior with respect to the type of ignition source used.

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Wang, Lin-Chi, Wen-Jhy Lee, Perng-Jy Tsai, Wei-Shan Lee, and Guo-Ping Chang-Chien. "Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from stack flue gases of sinter plants." Chemosphere 50, no. 9 (March 2003): 1123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00702-6.

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Barchas, R., and R. Davis. "The Kerr-McGee/ABB Lummus Crest technology for the recovery of CO2 from stack gases." Energy Conversion and Management 33, no. 5-8 (May 1992): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(92)90028-u.

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48

Huang, Cheng‐Hsiung, Yung‐Tai Ho, and Chuen‐Jinn Tsai. "Measurement of Inorganic Acidic Gases and Particles from the Stack of Semiconductor and Optoelectronic Industries." Separation Science and Technology 39, no. 9 (January 2, 2005): 2223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ss-120039319.

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Cao, Quang Hat, and Sang-Wook Lee. "Effect of the Design Parameters of the Combustion Chamber on the Efficiency of a Thermal Oxidizer." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010170.

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Carbon monoxide is often produced during the incomplete combustion of volatile organic carbon compounds in industry. In the combustion chamber for oxidizing carbon monoxide emissions, a penta-coaxial port device can be used to improve the process of mixing the fuel and oxidizer. In this study, the conjugate heat transfer analysis was conducted by solving both Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the eddy dissipation model and solid heat conduction equation in the wall using Fluent 2019R2 to simulate the reaction flow of a volatile organic carbon compound burner and heat transfer of the stack insulation layer. The mass fractions of the O2, CO2, and CO gases; the temperature; and the velocity distribution in a combustion chamber were computed to investigate how various design parameters of the combustor, including air inlet size and stack height, and air inflow conditions affected the combustion performance. Results show that the size of the air inlet had only a minor effect on combustion efficiency and that the airstream forced by a fan significantly enhanced the combustion performance. In particular, increasing the height of the stack from 2 m to 4 m greatly increased combustion efficiency from 63% to 94%, with a 50% increase in the incoming air flow rate by natural convection, which demonstrates the importance of stack height in combustor design.

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Ghosh, P. C., T. Wüster, H. Dohle, N. Kimiaie, J. Mergel, and D. Stolten. "Analysis of Single PEM Fuel Cell Performances Based on Current Density Distribution Measurement." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (November 10, 2005): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2173664.

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A new in situ measurement method of mapping the current density distribution in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) is used to analyze the performance of a fuel cell under different operating conditions. The present method is useful in investigating the current density distribution in a single cell as well as a stack, which carries the information about the local reactant activity over the electrode area. It was found that the current density close to the gas inlets is strongly influenced by the reactants' relative humidity. The performance close to the gas outlets is greatly influenced by the inlet gas pressures and the stoichiometry factors of the reactant gases, mainly on the cathode side. It was also observed that the performance of the fuel cell drops with the increase in operating temperature if the reactant gases are not sufficiently humidified.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stack gases'

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