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1
Gandhimathi, A., and R. Aravind. "An Experimental Study on Effect of Lime and Geogrid in Pavement Thickness." Materials Science Forum 972 (October 2019): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.972.57.
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— Soil stabilization is a process by which the strength, stiffness and bearing capacity of road foundations are improved by either mechanical or chemical means. Structures need a stable foundation for their proper construction and lifelong durability. Foundation needs to rest on soil ultimately, transferring whole load to the soil. If weak soil base is used for construction, with passage of time it compacts and consolidates, which results in differential settlement of structure. It may result in cracks in structure which can have catastrophic affect too. To avoid these future problems in weak soil, stabilized soil should be considered. The soil sample is collected from “Alandurai”. The soil properties are identified by conducting different laboratory tests such as Sieve grain analysis, Atterberg limits, Specific gravity using Pycnometer, Standard Proctor tests, California Bearing ratio test. From the tests results soil is classified as Fine grained red soil. The most commonly found soil around the sample soil collected. The stability of the soil is found using C.B.R test. Natural soil is both a complex and variable material. Yet because of its universal availability and its low cost winning it offers great opportunities for skilful use as an engineering material. However the soil at any particular locality is unsuited, wholly or partially, to the requirements of the construction engineer. A basic decision must therefore be made whether to accept the site material as it is and design to standards sufficient to meet the restrictions imposed by its existing quality. Remove the site material and replace with a superior material. Alter the properties of existing soil so as to create a new site material capable of better meeting the requirements of the task in hand. Lime and Geogrid were selected for the stabilisation of soil.1 to 6 percent of Lime are added and its optimal value is identified. Apparently CBR tests are done after introducing Geogrid and stability of the soil is identified. Analysis the performance of thickness of pavement in conventional soil, Lime stabilised soil and geogrid reinforced soil. Cost Estimation of the pavement is done and difference in the cost is identified.
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Zhang, Xin, Xin Ping Zhang, Hong Tao Peng, Qiang Xia, and Jun Wang. "Relation of Microstructure and Unconfined Compression Strength of Soil Stabilized with TerraZyme." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.760.
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TerraZyme as an enzymatic soil stabilizer was used in this research. The stabilized soil was mixed with TerraZyme in proper proportion to determine the relationship of unconfined compression strength and microstructure caused by the introduction of TerraZyme. The experimental results show that the unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil with TerraZyme added is higher than that without TerraZyme. The micrographs of scanning election microscopy (SEM) indicate that the microstructure of the stabilized soil sample with TerraZyme added is denser than that without TerraZyme. This is because the particles of stabilized soil sample treated with TerraZyme are more coarse and blocky than those untreated with TerraZyme. The stabilized soil is with fewer pores than that without TerraZyme. This kind of compact microstructure should be the basis of higher unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil with TerraZyme added.
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Tingle, Jeb S., and Rosa L. Santoni. "Stabilization of Clay Soils with Nontraditional Additives." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-10.
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A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the stabilization of low- and high-plasticity clay soils with nontraditional chemical or liquid stabilizers. Clay soil specimens were mixed with various stabilization products and compacted using a gyratory compaction machine to approximate ASTM D1557 moisture–density compaction. Each specimen was subjected to wet and dry testing following a 28-day cure. Twelve nontraditional stabilizers were evaluated, including an acid, enzymes, a lignosulfonate, a petroleum emulsion, polymers, and a tree resin. Additional specimens were stabilized with Type I portland cement and hydrated lime for comparison with traditional stabilizers under the same mixing, compaction, and curing conditions. Analysis of the test data consisted of determining the average strength, in terms of unconfined compressive strength, of three replicate specimens of each mixture. The average strength of the three replicates of each additive was compared with the average strength results of the remaining nontraditional additives, the traditional stabilization results, and a series of control specimens that were not stabilized. The experiment results indicate an increased strength of some nontraditionally stabilized specimens when compared with that of both the control series and the traditional stabilization alternatives. Other nontraditional stabilizers did not demonstrate significant increased strength compared with that of the control series for the conditions of this experiment. Many of the stabilized specimens were highly susceptible to moisture, indicating the potential for poor performance when exposed to adverse environmental conditions, whereas a few specimens demonstrated excellent performance when exposed to moisture. Specific product categories are recommended for stabilizing low- and high-plasticity clay soils.
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Garzón, E., L. Morales, J. Reca, E. Romero, and P. J. Sánchez-Soto. "Physical and geotechnical properties of a silty sand soil treated with calcium carbonate fixing bacteria." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019505002.
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The objective of the present study is to develop a biotechnological tool for a new application of silty sand soil as stabilized materials in linear works replacing chemical stabilizer (e.g. cement and lime) by natural cement, formed by precipitated calcium carbonate generated by microorganisms of the Sporosarcina family. For this purpose, it is conducted a chemical and mineralogical characterization and an examination of physical and geotechnical properties, being very important from the engineering standpoint. The results of different tests are presented here. The data show that the effects of bacteria are reducing the soil specific surface and increasing its plasticity. The reason for this result could be the addition of a plastic component to the natural soil, or the result of the more aggregated structure promoted during the treatment. The pore size distribution of the soil changes in an approximate range 3 - 30 µm, where the pore mode tends to disappear. The change in the pore density function is reflected in the mechanical behaviour of the treated soil, which presents typical features of a less dense soil with respect to the natural untreated one. The friction angle of the treated soil is slightly higher, and its compressibility is consistently lower than that of the natural soil. As the bacteria do not seem to produce any cementation effect on the soil skeleton, collapse upon wetting does not seem to be significantly affected by the treatment. On the contrary, comparison of collapse data shows that occurrence and amount of collapse are ruled by the as-compacted dry density. The tests performed seem to suggest that the microbiological technique may be effective to improve the mechanical characteristics of the compacted soil. For that, it is necessary to provide more energy in compacting the treated soil that it will be stabilized, so as to achieve a high initial dry density. From this viewpoint, it seems that higher compaction effort is even more effective than increasing the amount of bacteria introduced to stabilize the soil.
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Snodi, Lamyaa Najah, Yahya Atemimi, and Fauziah binti Ahmad. "Effect of stabilizers on the shear strength of residual soil." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816201019.
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In this paper, chemical stabilizer was used for soil characteristics improvement. Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) polymer and lime is effectively used as an inexpensive and easily applied material for soil stabilization and its response performance was evaluated. This research studied improving the engineering properties of Residual soil by mixing it with varying percentages of chemical stabilizer. An evaluation of the effectiveness and performance of SBR and Lime as a soil stabilizer was performed over a series of laboratory tests for geotechnical soil properties. Residual soil used in this study was lateritic soil. The soil was mixed with various amounts of stabilizer for polymer (SBR) {2.5, 5, 10 and 12.5 %} and for lime {1.25,2.5,5 and 10%} by weight and then compacted at the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry unit weight (MMD). The original soil and the stabilized samples were subjected to unconfined compression test to determine their strength at different curing times (7,14 and 28 day). The results showed a reduction in the plasticity index. The results showed an increase in strength.
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Sas, Wojciech, Andrzej Głuchowski, and Alojzy Szymański. "Impact of the stabilization of compacted cohesive soil – sandy clay on yield criterion improvement." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Land Reclamation 46, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sggw-2014-0012.
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Abstract Impact of the stabilization of compacted cohesive soil - sandy clay on yield criterion improvement. Soft soils, exhibiting low strength properties in the case of external load, require improvement. Chemical stabilization is easy in preparing and presents very good results in improving mechanical properties. In this paper, results of CBR and unconfined compressive strength test are presented for cohesive soil - sandy clay. Stabilization medium was Reymix, which is a cement derivative. Conducted tests define the characteristics of mechanical properties improvement and estimate yield criterion for stabilized soil during the time of stabilization, which is different for non-stabilized soils
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Vynnykov, Yu L., and T. V. Lvovska. "MOISTURE CONDITIONS PATTERNS IN ROAD EMBANKMENT CLAY SOILS DEPTH." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 2, no. 49 (October 17, 2017): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2017.49.847.
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The article deals with optimal compaction criteria of road embankment soils improving, which provide their long-term strength. Physical experiment methodology for patterns establishment of water migration in subgrade embankment depth, in the capacity factors of what it is accepted: clay soil type (its number plasticity); moisture, at what the soil was compacted; soil skeleton density; embankment height; «rest» time after subgrade erection and before it’s operation are developed and realized. By laboratory and field tests water migration patterns in compacted subgrade soils depth are established. As a result of statistical processing of laboratory and field research results, the empirical dependence of compacted clay soil stabilized moisture for their multilayer consolidation in relation to soil skeleton density and plasticity number values is obtained.
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Baldovino, Jair A., Ronaldo Izzo, and Abdullah Ekinci. "Strength Relationship Equation for Artificially Stabilized Rammed Sedimentary Soils." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 12, 2022): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091433.
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Soils from the superficial layers of the Guabirotuba formation (in Brazil) are problematic due to their expansive and low-bearing capacity. Stabilizing these soils with a calcium-based binder is a technique that must be explored. Therefore, this study aims to determine the mechanical behavior of stabilized sedimentary silts with cement and binder in various conditions. Four types of fine soils were used in deformed conditions. These soils were mixed with cement and compacted to measure their mechanical behavior. The specimens were tested in unconfined compressive and split tensile tests prepared with respect to several molding conditions: the moisture content, the curing period, durability cycles, the dry unit weight, the cement content, the cement type, and the soil type. This study was also carried out to develop a simplified approach to estimating the unconfined compressive strength (qu or UCS) and split tensile strength (qt or STS) of soil-cement or soil-cement–binder mixes. The results further demonstrate the influence of the porosity/volumetric cement index (η/Civ) on the qu- and qt-adjusted two new parameters—bo = 0.174 (dependent on cement) and k = 2.565 (dependent on the type of soil)—proposed herein for all mixtures studied. Using the proposed new parameters, a unique equation was developed to estimate the strength of the compacted blends as a function of the porosity and binder content, with an acceptance of 93% and an error close to 6%.
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Oyediran, Ibrahim A., and Oluwasegun Y. Mikail. "Geotechnical Characterization and Stabilization of Gully Erosion Soils at Auchi, Anambra Basin Southeastern Nigeria." Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 3 (September 28, 2022): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/eesrj.090302.
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Gully erosion is a severe ecological concern in Auchi and its environs, which has led to destruction of lives and properties. Termite reworked soils have been observed to possess improved engineering properties and have over the years been used to improve soil properties. This research therefore seeks to mitigate the effects of the erosion by stabilizing the gully soils using termite-reworked soils of different genetically diverse origins. Soils from gully walls and beds from two gully erosion sites in the Auchi area and termite-reworked soils from different geological terrains were sampled. All the soils were analyzed for the determination of natural moisture content, grain size analyses, and Atterberg limits. The gully soil samples were thereafter compacted with termite-reworked soils at optimum blending ratio ranging between 27 to 50% by weight gotten through an arithmetic method by adopting grading limits for soil-aggregate mixtures. Shear strength parameters were determined on the compacted soils at OMC. The results revealed that the gully soil is non-plastic unconsolidated poorly graded sand with uniformity coefficient between (1.70-2.50), coefficient of curvature (0.77-1.15), natural moisture content between (4.00-9.00), while the termite reworked soils of both terrains are fairly graded inorganic soil of low to medium plasticity composed of kaolinite as the dominant clay mineral, indicating non-swelling and shrinkage potentials. Both termite-reworked soils are classified as lean clay soils, indicative of their suitable binding properties. The gully soils possess low maximum dry density showing the soils are unconsolidated and friable while the effect of the stabilization increases the MDD and reduces the OMC. Pre-stabilized gully soils have an average cohesion value of 15.5 KN/m2 indicating a very loose soil while the SBT (Sedimentary base termitarium) stabilized gully soil and the BCT (Basement complex termitarium) stabilized gully soil have an average cohesion value of 51.3 KN/m2 and 57.3 KN/m2 indicating the presence of binding material. Conclusively, blending of gully soil with termite-reworked soils significantly enhanced the cohesion between the grain particles of the gully soils, improved its strength and can thus help prevent gully.
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Yin, Chenglong, Wei Zhang, Xunli Jiang, and Zhiyi Huang. "Effects of Initial Water Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lean Clay Soil Stabilized by Compound Calcium-Based Stabilizer." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101933.
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Initial water content significantly affects the efficiency of soil stabilization. In this study, the effects of initial water content on the compressibility, strength, microstructure, and composition of a lean clay soil stabilized by compound calcium-based stabilizer were investigated by static compaction test, unconfined compression test, optical microscope observations, environment scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that as the initial water content increases in the range studied, both the compaction energy and the maximum compaction force decrease linearly and there are less soil aggregates or agglomerations, and a smaller proportion of large pores in the compacted mixture structure. In addition, for specimens cured with or without external water supply and under different compaction degrees, the variation law of the unconfined compressive strength with initial water content is different and the highest strength value is obtained at various initial water contents. With the increase of initial water content, the percentage of the oxygen element tends to increase in the reaction products of the calcium-based stabilizer, whereas the primary mineral composition of the soil-stabilizer mixture did not change notably.
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Lawton, Evert C., Anagha A. Mokashi, and Nathaniel S. Fox. "Field Tests and Numerical Analyses of Subgrade Soil Reinforced with Grids of Stabilized Granular Columns." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1534, no. 1 (January 1996): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153400111.
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Field tests and numerical analyses conducted to establish the feasibility of reinforcing soft, loose, or otherwise inadequate subgrade soils with a grid of small-diameter, stabilized, vertical granular columns to support traditional pavement systems are described. This technique may prove to be cost-effective if it is used to improve subgrade soils so that the sub-base or base courses can be reduced in thickness or eliminated. Field plate bearing tests were carried out on unreinforced cohesionless silty sand and on the same soil reinforced with vertical reinforcing columns constructed of four materials: crushed granitic gneiss, silica sand, cement-stabilized native soil, and cement-stabilized silica sand. The field tests indicated that the columns made of the two cement-stabilized materials substantially increased the subgrade modulus of the native soil. In contrast, the two unstabilized columnar reinforcing materials produced no substantial improvement in stiffness. The field tests were modeled by using an axisymmetric finite-element (FE) program and hyperbolic constitutive relationships for the native soil and the columnar reinforcing materials. Triaxial tests were performed on reconstituted specimens of the native soil and compacted specimens of cement-stabilized native soil to determine the stress–strain–strength parameters required for the FE analyses. The FE analyses modeled the plate bearing tests on the reinforced soil to a reasonable degree, indicating that the FE method used has the potential to simulate a complete pavement system (including a wearing surface) in which the subgrade soil is reinforced with columns of stabilized granular materials.
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Faria, Obede Borges, Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle, and Célia Neves. "Influence of the addition of "synthetic termite saliva" in the compressive strength and water absorption of compacted soil-cement." Ambiente Construído 16, no. 3 (September 2016): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212016000300096.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of adding 0.1 wt% of "synthetic termite saliva" on a fine and clayey sand latosol (76.5% sand) from the region of Bauru, SP (Brazil), stabilized with 1% to 3% of cement. Compacted cylindrical specimens (with standard Proctor energy) were tested to determine their compressive strength and water absorption. The results indicate that the use of the chemical stabilizer increased by at least 35% the compressive strength and reduced by up to 13% the water absorption of the samples. This work contributes to efforts aimed at reducing the consumption of cement through the production of stabilized compressed earth blocks and bricks (CEB) and rammed earth.
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Venkatarama Reddy, B. V., and M. S. Latha. "Retrieving clay minerals from stabilised soil compacts." Applied Clay Science 101 (November 2014): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.08.027.
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Gultom, R. P. W., and R. M. Simanjuntak. "Analysis of shear strength of the expansive soil stabilized with kaolin at various soaking times." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 878, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/878/1/012050.
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Abstract Expansive clay soils are high shrinkage soils that have low bearing capacity. So an effort is needed to reduce the nature of its swelling. One effort that can be done is the method of soil stabilization, where the soil is mixed with materials that can reduce soil swelling and increase the shear strength of the soil. One of the materials that can be used is kaolin powder. Kaolin is a stabilizing agent found in nature so it is easy to obtain. The purpose of this research is to analyse the decrease of expansive soil swelling and the value of its unconfined compression strength at various soaking times. The test was carried out by mixing 9% kaolin powder against dry soil weight. The stabilized soils were then compacted as samples to be soaked with time variations of 0 days, 3 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days. The results of the test after soaking 14 days is a decrease of the stabilized soil swelling value up to 67.78%. The unconfined compression strength is increase up to 77.28% compared to its natural condition.
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Yarbaş, Necmi, and Ekrem Kalkan. "Effects of Quartzite on the Desiccation Cracks of Clayey Soils Exposed to Wetting-Drying Cycles." International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications 11, no. 01 (January 2022): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7753/ijsea1101.1005.
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The compacted clayey soils crack on drying because of their high swelling potential, and their hydraulic conductivities increase. To solve this problem, it is essential to stabilize the clayey soils using additive materials. The aim of this study is to examine the suitability of quartzite as a stabilization material to reduce the development of desiccation cracks in compacted clayey liner and cover systems. Experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of wetting-drying cycles on the initiation and evolution of cracks in compacted clayey soils. For experimental studies, seven samples were prepared stabilized by using 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7,5%, 10%, 12,5% and 15% quartzite and then they were subjected to four subsequent wetting-drying cycles. The results show that quartzite decreases the development of desiccation cracks on the surface of compacted samples. It is concluded that quartzite as a geological material can be successfully used to reduce the development of desiccation cracks in compacted clayey liner and cover systems exposed wetting-drying cycles.
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Lvovska, Tetyana, Tetyana Lytvynenko, and Alla Kariuk. "Soil Compaction Methods Development." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14605.
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A process of soil compaction methods development including new authors’ methodology is described. The importance of soil compaction for engineering purposes is substantiated. Preconditions for Proctor compaction test appearance are highlighted. Proctor’s approach and suggestions for the degree of soil compaction assessing are analyzed. Soviet version of Proctor’s equipment and Modified Proctor compaction test are given. Principal differences between Proctor test, Standard compaction test and Modified Proctor test are presented. The problems and disadvantages of existent soil compaction tests are revealed. New authors’ physical experiment methodology for patterns establishment of water migration in subgrade embankment depth, in the capacity factors of what it is accepted: clay soil type (its number plasticity); moisture, at what the soil was compacted; soil skeleton density; embankment height; «rest» time after subgrade erection and before it’s operation is developed and realized. By laboratory and field tests water migration patterns in compacted subgrade soils depth are established. As a result of statistical processing of research results, the empirical dependence of compacted clay soil stabilized moisture is obtained. Empirical dependence parameter corresponds to maximum molecular moisture capacity at what it is advisable to do the subgrade clay soils multilayer consolidation for their long-term strength ensuring.
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Lindh, Per, and Polina Lemenkova. "Geotechnical Properties of Soil Stabilized with Blended Binders for Sustainable Road Base Applications." Construction Materials 3, no. 1 (March 12, 2023): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/constrmater3010008.
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This study aimed at evaluating the effect of blended binders on the stabilization of clayey soils intended for use as road and pavement materials in selected regions of Sweden. The stabilization potential of blended binders containing five stabilizers (cement, bio fly ash, energy fly ash, slag and lime) was investigated using laboratory tests and statistical analysis. Soil samples were compacted using Swedish Standards on UCS. The specimens were stabilized with blended mixtures containing various ratios of five binders. The effects of changed ratio of binders on soil strength was analyzed using velocities of seismic P-waves penetrating the tested soil samples on the day 14 of the experiment. The difference in the soil surface response indicated variations in strength in the evaluated specimens. We tested combination of blended binders to improve the stabilization of clayey soil. The mix of slag/lime or slag/cement accelerated soil hardening process and gave durable soil product. We noted that pure lime (burnt or quenched) is best suited for the fine-grained soils containing clay minerals. Slag used in this study had a very finely ground structure and had hydraulic properties (hardens under water) without activation. Therefore, slag has a too slow curing process for it to be practical to use in real projects on stabilization of roads. The best performance on soil stabilization was demonstrated by blended binders consisted of lime/fly ash/cement which considerably improved the geotechnical properties and workability of soil and increased its strength. We conclude that bearing capacities of soil intended for road construction can be significantly improved by stabilization using mixed binders, compared to pure binders (cement).
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Bahar, R., M. Benazzoug, and S. Kenai. "Performance of compacted cement-stabilised soil." Cement and Concrete Composites 26, no. 7 (October 2004): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.01.003.
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Waruwu, Aazokhi, Arif Darmawandi, Tematius Halawa, and Muammar Muammar. "PERBANDINGAN ABU VULKANIK DAN KAPUR SEBAGAI MATERIAL STABILISASI TANAH LEMPUNG." Jurnal Proyek Teknik Sipil 5, no. 1 (June 19, 2022): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/potensi.2022.12042.
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Clay soil as a subgrade is problematic if it has a low California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value. There are many choices of stabilizing materials that can improve the CBR value, but it is necessary to consider the availability of materials around the project. This study examines partial soil improvement in CBR specimens by differentiating thickness and soil stabilizing materials. The clay stabilization materials used were volcanic ash and lime as much as 6% and 12% of the dry weight of the soil. Laboratory CBR tests were carried out on original soil specimens, 1/3 and 2/3 parts of stabilized soil, and entirely of stabilized soil. The results showed that the CBR value of the stabilized soil with lime was higher than the volcanic ash. The thickness of the stabilized soil has an effect on the CBR value, the overall CBR value is obtained stable in the stabilized soil 2/3 part of the thickness of the soil and the rest is the original compacted soil.
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Zhou, Yan-Ming, Zong-Wei Deng, Zi-Jian Fan, and Wen-Jie Liu. "Shear Strength Deterioration of Compacted Residual Soils under a Wind Turbine due to Drying-Wetting Cycles and Vibrations." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (December 13, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8628842.
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The soil beneath a wind turbine withstands not only environmental impacts but also continuous vibrations transmitted from the superstructure. This paper presents an experimental study of the deterioration characteristics of shear strengths of residual soils affected by drying-wetting cycles and continuous vibrations. A series of triaxial tests were performed on compacted residual soil specimens after various drying-wetting cycles and vibrations. The influences of drying-wetting cycles and vibrations on the shear strengths of residual soils with different compaction degrees were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the shear strength and cohesion of compacted residual soils decreased as the number of drying-wetting cycles increased, and they tended to be stable after three drying-wetting cycles. The angle of internal friction decreased linearly with the reduction of compaction degree but was generally not affected by drying-wetting cycles. The shear strength of compacted residual soils also decreased because of continuous vibrations. After 10000 vibrations, the strength was stabilized gradually. Both the cohesion and angle of internal friction showed dynamic attenuation phenomenon. Finally, a modified Mohr–Coulomb strength equation considering the effects of drying-wetting cycles and vibrations was established. This equation could be used to predict the shear strength of compacted residual soils and further estimate the embedded depth of wind turbine foundations.
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Lopez-Lara, T., C. L. Gonzalez-Vega, J. B. Hernandez-Zaragoza, E. Rojas-Gonzalez, D. Carreón-Freyre, R. Salgado-Delgado, E. Garcia-Hernandez, and M. Cerca. "Application of Optimum Compaction Energy in the Development of Bricks Made with Construction Trash Soils." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/835620.
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In general, bricks frequently show different densities and therefore different resistances because the compaction energy is not considered in their production. Expansive soils represent a problem for light buildings over them because of volumetric instability. A generalized solution has been to extract them and substitute them by inert soil; thus they become construction trash. So, in this work the compaction energy aspect and the use of construction trash soils in the elaboration of resistant masonry bricks of homogeneous and controlled density are a new contribution in the production of bricks of better quality. First, the soil was stabilized with CaOH which leads to a decrease in its volumetric changes. Then, they were compacted with a specific energy for obtaining an optimal and maximum controlled density to ensure an increase in strength. Our results show that two optimal compaction energies can be considered with respect to the variation of optimum moisture in masonry bricks of expansive soil stabilized with lime. The first is when the optimal humidity reaches its smallest value (integrated soil lumps) and the second is when humidity increases (disintegrated soil lumps), after reaching its lowest value. We also conclude that high compaction energy does not improve density values.
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Venkatarama Reddy, B. V., and M. S. Latha. "Influence of soil grading on the characteristics of cement stabilised soil compacts." Materials and Structures 47, no. 10 (July 19, 2013): 1633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0142-1.
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Lindh, Per, and Polina Lemenkova. "Simplex Lattice Design and X-ray Diffraction for Analysis of Soil Structure: A Case of Cement-Stabilised Compacted Tills Reinforced with Steel Slag and Slaked Lime." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 3726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223726.
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Evaluating the structure of soil prior to building construction is valuable in a large variety of geotechnical and civil engineering applications. To built an effective framework for assessing the strength of the stabilised soil, the presented workflow includes a complex approach of simplex lattice design and X-ray diffraction for the analysis of soil structure. Different from the traditional in situ measurements, we propose a statistical framework for effective decision-making on binder combination to stabilise soil collected in three localities of Southern Sweden—Bromölla Municipality (Skåne County), Petersborg (Östergötland County) and Örebro (Örebro County). A practical solution is presented that includes the evaluation of strength properties of various types of soil using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), slaked lime and steel slag as pure agents and blended binders. The specimens were collected in Southern Sweden and included sandy silty tills and clay till (clay content 6–18%). The preprocessing included the mineralogical analysis of mineral composition and soil structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a sieve. The soil samples were fabricated, compacted, rammed, stabilised by six binder blends and assessed for uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The moisture condition value (MCV) and water content tests were done for compacted soil and showed variation in the MCV values for different binders. The study determined the effects from binder blends on the UCS gain in three types of soil, measured on days 7, 28 and 90. Positive effects were noted from the steel slag/lime blends on the UCS gain in sandy silty tills. A steel slag/slaked lime mixed binder performed better compared to the pure binders. The effectiveness of the simplex lattice design was demonstrated in a series of ternary diagrams showing soil strength evaluated by adding the stabilising agents in different proportions.
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Dong, Yun, Wei Zhong He, and Bao Tian Wang. "Study on the Impact of Long-Term Immersion on the Shear Strength of Compacted Lime Stabilized Expansive Soils." Applied Mechanics and Materials 238 (November 2012): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.238.431.
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To offer or predict the shear strength of compacted lime stabilized expansive soils after long-term immersion for the slope analysis, the paper carried out direct shear test on the compacted stabilized expansive soils after different immersion time. The test results show that long-term immersion has significant impact on the shear strength of the lime stabilized expansive soils, the shear strength reduced sharply after soaking, but the shear strength tends to a stable value about 60%~70% normal strength while soaking is longer than 50 days. Logarithm model can well fitted the sketch of φ, c and immersion times within 50 days, which may be used to predict the shear strength of the stabilized expansive soils quickly.
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Bernat-Maso, E., L. Gil, M. J. Lis, and E. Teneva. "Soil biostabilisation and interaction with compaction processes for earthen engineering structures production." Materiales de Construcción 71, no. 343 (August 17, 2021): e256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2021.00221.
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Interaction between microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) and compaction procedures to stabilise raw soil materials has been studied with the aim of producing earthen engineering structures. Initial tests to optimise MICP in aqueous medium and in selected soils were performed. MICP and compaction were finally applied to assess medium-size elements. The main result was that sandy soils should be compacted before irrigation treatment to close the existing voids and prevent bacterial sweeping, whereas clayey soils should be compacted after irrigation treatment to avoid the plugging effect. MICP improved small sand soil compressive strength by up to 32% over the value reached by compaction alone. However, MICP had no positive effect on coarse soils and soils with an optimum particle size distribution: MICP treatment was not able to fill large connected voids in the first case and it caused little void generation due to bacteria sporulation in the second.
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Saranya, S. S. S., S. N. Maya Naik, and Shankara . "Retention Behaviour of Heavy Metals from Industrial Sludge Amended with Admixtures to Use Them as Liners for Landfill Facilities." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i01.009.
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The solidification of contaminants within the soil/waste has proved to be a versatile technique to de-contaminate them and make them usable for several applications. In this method, the development of binder provisions leads to the conversion of the environmentally unstable condition of waste materials into a nearly stable material. Further, these materials pose a minimum threat that can be absorbed into the environment. Normally lime/cement and other pozzolanic materials are used as binder materials. In this work, it is proposed to use the efficiency of binding fly ash to improve the unconfined compressive strength (UCC) of soils, particularly during the curing period. This is because improvement in strength is a reflection of the improvement of bonding soil particles. Fly ash as the main source material, in addition to a minor proportion of cement and lime, is used to determine the strength. UCC test results revealed that as the percentage of fly ash increases there is an increase in compressive strength. It is also observed that with an increase in lime content and an increase in cement content, the UCC strength also increases. The strength in cement-stabilized compacted specimens is more compared to lime-stabilized mixtures. To confirm that the improvement in strength is related to the solidification of contaminated metals, particularly for soils containing copper and chromium, the stabilized mixture is tested for the leaching of these metals. Leaching tests were conducted on various stabilized mixtures at different curing periods. The leachate was examined for metal ion concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The leaching behavior of heavy metals from different proportions of soil matrix revealed that with an increase in lime or cement percentage, a decrease in leachability is observed. It is found that the leaching of heavy metals from cement-stabilized soils was lower than in lime mixture combinations. However, minimum strength improves the solidification and retention of heavy metals effectively.
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Hatami, Kianoosh, Jaime E. Granados, Danial Esmaili, and Gerald A. Miller. "Reinforcement Pullout Capacity in Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls with Marginal-Quality Soils." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2363, no. 1 (January 2013): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2363-08.
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Pullout capacity of geotextile reinforcement is an important consideration in the analysis of internal stability of reinforced soil structures, especially those constructed with marginal soils. Precipitation, ground water infiltration, and seasonal variations of water content during the construction process or service life of the structure could result in significant reductions in the matric suction and lead to a reduction in the strength of the soil–geotextile interface. Consequently, the reinforced soil structure may experience unacceptable deformations or even failure during its construction or postconstruction periods. The loss of matric suction in the soil influences both the shear strength of the soil and the soil–reinforcement interface. However, the focus of this study was merely on the latter. Nine pullout tests and 18 interface shear tests were performed to measure the pullout resistance of a reinforcement geotextile in a marginal soil that was compacted at different gravimetric water contents (GWCs). The marginal soil was selected to meet the limiting requirements of the National Concrete Masonry Association guidelines for segmental retaining walls with respect to fines content, gradation, and plasticity. The range of GWC values investigated varied from the dry to the wet side of the optimum moisture content of the soil. The matric suction in the soil was measured to evaluate its influence on the soil–reinforcement interface shear strength. A moisture reduction factor is proposed to account for the reduction in the soil–geotextile interface strength as a result of the loss in matric suction.
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Gorodnova, Elena V., Nadeshda G. Korvet2, and Ekaterina A. Suvorova. "ENGINEERING AND GEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE FOUNDATION OF THE MOSCOW — ST. PETERSBURG EXPRESSWAY SECTION AND THE RESULTS OF ITS REINFORCEMENT USING DRILLING AND BLASTING TECHNOLOGY." Gruntovedenie 2, no. 19 (2022): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53278/2306-9139-2022-2-19-65-75.
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The article discusses the features of the construction of a section of the approach embankment to the bridge crossing over the Kolomenka River of the Moscow — St. Petersburg expressway. The presence of structurally unstable soils in the section caused problems during the engineering development of the site, which were expressed, first of all, in the deformation of the soil thickness of the base. Evaluation of their physical and mechanical properties of soils showed the impossibility of using them without the use of methods to increase their bearing capacity. To strengthen the base of the site, which allows to stabilize the thickness of weak soils and compact loose sands, a complex of works was carried out using the method of deep compaction of soils using drilling and blasting technology. The article presents information about the engineering and geological conditions of the site of the approach embankment to the bridge crossing and the results of the work performed to stabilize the base of the embankment, confirmed by geodetic observations and engineering and geophysical studies.
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Román Martínez, Carlos, Yamid E. Nuñez de la Rosa, Daniela Estrada Luna, Jair Arrieta Baldovino, and Giovani Jordi Bruschi. "Strength, Stiffness, and Microstructure of Stabilized Marine Clay-Crushed Limestone Waste Blends: Insight on Characterization through Porosity-to-Cement Index." Materials 16, no. 14 (July 13, 2023): 4983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16144983.
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The porosity-to-cement index (η/Civ) has been extensively applied to study the evolution of different types of soil stabilization. However, this index has still not been used to characterize soils cemented with crushed limestone waste (CLW). In this sense, this paper sought to analyze the applicability of the porosity-to-cement index over the unconfined compressive strength (qu) and initial stiffness at small deformations (Go) of clayey soil improved with CLW and Portland cement. In addition, a microstructural analysis (SEM and EDX tests) was also conducted. CLW addition increased soil strength and stiffness over time. Moreover, qu and Go compacted mixtures containing CLW have established a distinctive correlation. Chemical microanalyses have uncovered a complex interfacial interaction between the soil, cement, and fine CLW particles, leading to a notable reduction in porosity.
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Tereshchenko, Tatiana, and Serhii Illiash. "CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF SOILS STABILIZED WITH HYDRAULIC BINDER IN ACCORDANCE WITH EUROPEAN STANDARDS." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 1 (261)’2020 (March 20, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2020-1-261-40-48.
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Soils being the most widely used materials for road building industry predominantly contribute the improvement of their mechanical and/or technological properties. Relating to the world-wide experience in road building industry, the most effective method for such improvement is treatment of soils with hydraulic binder under optimum water content. Those mixtures being properly compacted set and harden by hydraulic reaction and give stabilized soils. Requirements and classification of hydraulically stabilized soils established by European standards provide wide possibilities for soils application considering their performance in pavement layers. The elaboration of Ukrainian standards identical to the European standards relating hydraulically stabilized soils should permit the elongated life cycle of pavement and also decrease expenses on repairs of road pavements caused by deformation of sub-grade. This article reviews classification and application of hydraulically stabilized soils according to the requirements of European standards. In accordance with European standards, stabilized soils are classified as hydraulically bound mixtures which properties are covered by Specifications on Hydraulically Bound Mixtures (European Standard EN 14227, Part 15). To conform the standard requirements soils should be treated by standard hydraulic binder (or a combination thereof): cement, slag, fly ash, lime, or a standard hydraulic road binder should be applied. Composition and methods of manufacturing (compaction) of specimens of hydraulically stabilized soils give several strength classes of stabilized materials with the highest category characterized by the cubes compressive strength not less than 12 MPa. European standards establish also classification of hydraulically stabilized soils by tensile strength Rt in combination with elastic modulus E; according to that classification the stabilized materials are divided into five categories from T1 to T5. European standards establish also classification of fresh mixtures by immediate bearing index. This value determines the suitability of a compacted layer to support the immediate trafficking. Nevertheless, that requirement may not cover cement-stabilized mixtures for construction of layers which are not intended to be trafficked for 7 days. The in-situ manufacture of stabilized mixtures needs some measures to minimize the inadequacy of properties of a material, or geometry of a layer such as an increased proportion of a binder or an increased layer thickness. Keywords: hydraulically stabilized soils, classification, compressive strength, immediate bearing index, construction of a layer.
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Pitanga, Heraldo Nunes, Taciano Oliveira da Silva, André Luís dos Santos, Ana Claudia Bernardes Silva, and Dario Cardoso de Lima. "MCT CLASSIFICATION FOR COMPACTED MIXTURES OF SOIL-STEEL SLAG-FLY ASH FOR APPLICATION IN FOREST ROADS." Revista Árvore 40, no. 5 (October 2016): 911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000500015.
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ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the potential application of a stabilizer derived from the intimate mixture of powder electric arc furnace oxidizing slag and fly ash, aiming at the improvement of soil engineering properties for enforcement purposes on forest roads. This evaluation was undertaken by means of an experimental program of laboratory tests to classify soils and mixtures of these with the proposed stabilizer according to the MCT (Miniature, Compacted, Tropical) methodology. The proportions of waste mixtures were 10% and 20% of the total dry mass of soil-waste combinations and percentages of ground steel slag were 75%, 87.5% and 100% relative to total dry mass of waste mixtures. It was shown the potential to technically enable the use of steel waste in the composition of forest roads, emphasizing the relevance of the proposal in meeting the need of steel companies to confer a sustainable destination for the waste and the need of forest companies to meet, with low-cost materials, the significant demands of their unpaved road network.
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Rahman, Md Mostaqur, Sarah L. Gassman, and Kazi Moinul Islam. "Effect of Moisture Content on Subgrade Soils Resilient Modulus for Predicting Pavement Rutting." Geosciences 13, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13040103.
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The subgrade soil stiffness, which depends on the in-situ moisture content and soil index characteristics, is a key factor in pavement rutting. Due to variations in the compaction process used during construction and seasonal changes, the subgrade soil moisture content may deviate from the desired condition. The resilient modulus (MR), an important parameter of the Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) pavement design process, is used to specify the subgrade soil stiffness. Repeated load triaxial tests, which can be challenging and time-consuming to execute, are often used to determine MR. As a result, correlations between MR and more accessible stiffness metrics and index qualities are frequently used. California bearing ratio (CBR) and repeated load triaxial tests were carried out in this investigation. Soil specimens were fabricated at moisture levels that were both above and below the optimum moisture content (wopt). The results of the two tests were correlated, and statistical models were created to correlate the parameters of the generalized constitutive resilient modulus model with the characteristics of the soil index. Additionally, utilizing the MR found for subgrade soils compacted at wopt and ±2%wopt, pavement rutting was analyzed for three base layer types. The results demonstrated that a laboratory-measured MR (MR(Lab)) decreases as the moisture content increases. Specimens compacted at −2%wopt showed higher MR(Lab) than specimens compacted at wopt. Specimens compacted at +2%wopt showed lower MR(Lab) than specimens compacted at wopt. Results also indicated that the MR(Lab) predicted higher pavement rutting compared to field measured MR (MR(Lab)). If a stabilized aggregate foundation layer was employed instead of an untreated granular base, subgrade soil moisture condition showed a significant impact on rutting.
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Omowumi, Ademila. "Engineering Structural Strength Properties of Lateritic Soil-Cement Mix for Road Pavement Stability." Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/arees.v9i1.4374.
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Qualitative construction materials in highway pavement prompted addition of cement at different proportion of 2 - 10% to lateritic soils for enhanced performance. Engineering geological tests were performed on the soil-cement mixture to determine their highway pavement suitability for durable road construction. Furthermore, modelling of the strength characteristics of the mixture presents the correlation between the structural properties and cement mix. Thus, increase in soil-cement California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values with higher cement mix of 8%, revealed enhanced soil improvement. The soil strength is also affected by the curing period. Better quality strength characteristics obtained decreases pavement thickness with reduced cost in road construction. Relationship between the soil strength properties and cement mix content are represented by polynomial model. This reveals stronger bearing capacity of soil cement mix cured in 14 days with R2 ≥ 0.8. The lateritic soil cement mix at 8% cement content could serve as highway subbase and base construction materials. Cement mix having positive effects on soil geotechnical properties are indication of its effectiveness in enhancing volume stability of different soils. Prolong curing time is essential for compacted soil cement mix for enhanced geotechnical engineering properties and to improve the quality of lateritic soil used as road construction materials. Thus, cement-stabilized lateritic soil reduces cost of road construction, its persistent failure, human and environmental losses.
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Arrieta-Baldovino, Jair, Ronaldo Izzo, and Carlos Millan-Paramo. "Applying the Porosity-to-Cement Index for Estimating the Mechanical Strength, Durability, and Microstructure of Artificially Cemented Soil." Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 1023–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-02.
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Fine, expansive, and problematic soils cannot be used in fills or paving layers. Through additions to these soils, they can be converted into technically usable materials in civil construction. One methodology to make them viable for construction is through a stabilization process. Nevertheless, current methodologies regarding dosage based on compaction effort and the volumetric amount of binder used are unclear. Thus, this research describes cement-stabilized sedimentary silt's strength and durability properties from Curitiba (Brazil) for future application in paving. Splitting tensile strength, unconfined compressive strength, and loss of mass against wetting and drying cycles (W-D) were investigated in the laboratory utilizing greenish-gray silt (originating from one of the Guabirotuba Formation layers, Paraná) and high-early strength Portland cement- ARI (CPV). Utilized were cement concentrations (C) of 3, 5, 7, and 9%, molding dry unit weights (d) of 14, 15, and 16 kN/m3, curing periods (t) of 7, 14, and 28 days, and constant moisture content (w) of 23%. With an increase in cement concentration and curing time, the compacted mixes demonstrate an increase in strength, an improvement in microstructure, and a decrease in accumulated mass loss (ALM) and initial porosity (η). Using the porosity/volumetric cement content ratio (η/Civ), the lowest amount of cement required to stabilize the soil in terms of strength and durability was determined. The porosity/cement index provided an appropriate parameter for modeling the mechanical and durability properties, and a unique equation between the strength/accumulated loss of mass and the porosity/binder index was obtained for the curing times studied. Lastly, C = 5% by weight is the minimum acceptable amount for prospective subbase soil application. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-02 Full Text: PDF
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James, Jijo, and P. Kasinatha Pandian. "Plasticity, Swell-Shrink, and Microstructure of Phosphogypsum Admixed Lime Stabilized Expansive Soil." Advances in Civil Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9798456.
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The study involved utilization of an industrial waste, Phosphogypsum (PG), as an additive to lime stabilization of an expansive soil. Three lime dosages, namely, initial consumption of lime (ICL), optimum lime content (OLC), and less than ICL (LICL), were identified for the soil under study for stabilizing the soil. Along with lime, varying doses of PG were added to the soil for stabilization. The effect of stabilization was studied by performing index tests, namely, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, and free swell test, on pulverized remains of failed unconfined compression test specimens. The samples were also subjected to a microstructural study by means of scanning electron microscope. Addition of PG to lime resulted in improvement in the plasticity and swell-shrink characteristics. The microstructural study revealed the formation of a dense compact mass of stabilized soil.
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Payá, Jordi, José Monzó, Josefa Roselló, María Victoria Borrachero, Alba Font, and Lourdes Soriano. "Sustainable Soil-Compacted Blocks Containing Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) Activated with Olive Stone BIOMASS Ash (OBA)." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 9824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239824.
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Soil stabilization using cementing materials is a well-known procedure for earth-based building blocks preparation. For the selected binding materials, innovation usually focuses on low carbon systems, many of which are based on alkaline activation. In the present paper, blast furnace slag (BFS) is used as a mineral precursor, and the innovative alkali activator was olive stone biomass ash (OBA). This means that the most important component in CO2 emissions terms, which is the alkali activator, has been replaced with a greener alternative: OBA. The OBA/BFS mixture was used to prepare compacted dolomitic soil blocks. These specimens were mechanically characterized by compression, and water strength coefficient and water absorption were assessed. The microstructure of blocks and the formation of cementing hydrates were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetry, respectively. The final compressive strength of the 120-day cured blocks was 27.8 MPa. It was concluded that OBA is a sustainable alkali activator alternative for producing BFS-stabilized soil-compacted blocks: CO2 emissions were 3.3 kgCO2/ton of stabilized soil, which is 96% less than that for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) stabilization.
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Abramova, Tamara. "SILICATIZATION OF CULTURAL LAYER SOILS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS." LIFE OF THE EARTH 45, no. 2 (June 14, 2023): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3448.0514-7468.2023_45_2/193-208.
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The preservation and in situ museumification of archaeological objects of stratigraphic sections of cultural layer soils, whose value depends on the integrity and intactness, is a complex and underdeveloped problem. This is due to some specific properties of these soils, such as the heterogeneity of soil composition both vertically and horizontally; the diversity of inclusions, the uneven compressibility of the strata, the ability to self-compact from their weight, changes in hydrogeological conditions, soil soaking and the decomposition of organic inclusions. As a result, these soils are the most unfavorable in artificial stabilization. In the study, a wide range of soils of the cultural layer from various places with stabilization plans were examined. Our analysis of the deposits made it possible to separate these soils by geochemical features which have the highest impact on the intensity of the chemical solution’s interaction processes with the mineral component of the soil. This chemical solution is in a family of silicate compositions with surfactants of the amide class. These organic liquid glass hardeners activate the skeletal part of the soil and provide the complete mobilization of the main cementing substance (silica gel). Pilot tests of various modifications of organo-silicate solutions were carried out at the sites of Chersonesos (Sevastopol), Tanais (Rostov region), Moscow, etc. The soils ranged from sandy to loamy with various inclusions (building stone, ceramics, bones, fish scales, shells, ash, soot, plant roots, etc.). Soil stabilization was carried out by injecting chemical solutions of various densities with the use of vertical and horizontal injections. An important finding of the work was that forming a new soil mass with improved properties was determined by the composition, properties of the soil and injection solutions, the distance from the injector and the depth of the stabilized area. For the first time in Russia, at the center of Moscow, it was possible to preserve the soil mass in situ of the cultural layer of the 16-17th centuries and exhibit it for 32 years to visitors in the underground archaeological museum.
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Ghorbani, Ali, Hadi Hasanzadehshooiili, Mostafa Mohammadi, Fariborz Sianati, Mahdi Salimi, Lukasz Sadowski, and Jacek Szymanowski. "Effect of Selected Nanospheres on the Mechanical Strength of Lime-Stabilized High-Plasticity Clay Soils." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (April 30, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4257530.
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The proper design of protective structures may start from improving the characteristics of soils. In order to obtain reasonable safety criteria, several research studies have recently been dedicated to enhancing complex civil engineering structural systems with the use of nanotechnology. Thus, the following paper investigates the effect of nanospheres, including nanosilica (nano-SiO2) and nano zinc oxide (nano-ZnO), on lime-stabilized high-plasticity clay soil. For this purpose, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were performed on samples. The results showed that the use of the selected nanospheres greatly increased the UCS of the samples compared to untreated soil. The UCS value of samples containing 6% lime and 1.5% nano-ZnO after 28 days of treatment increased by 5-fold compared to the UCS of untreated samples. In addition, the samples containing 6% lime and 2% nano-SiO2, with similar curing conditions, experienced a 5.3-fold increase in their UCS value compared to the untreated samples. These compounds were considered as the optimal amounts and showed the highest mechanical strength in both UCS and CBR tests. The same trend was achieved in the CBR test, in which the CBR value for the optimal mixtures containing nano-ZnO and nano-SiO2 was 14.8 and 16.6 times higher than that of high-plasticity clay soil, respectively. Finally, the results obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the nanospheres caused a dense and compact matrix to form in the soil, which led to the enhancement of the mechanical strength of the treated samples.
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Amin, Maher O. "Effect of Gypsum Stabilization on Mechanical Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 20, no. 3 (August 31, 2013): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.20.3.09.
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There is a need for development of alternative materials for the building industry with low carbon footprint and at the same time saving energy. Clay has been used as a building material from the beginning of humankind. The Compressed Earth Blocks often referred to simply as CEB, is a type of manufactured construction material formed by the compression of the soil in a mold with the help of a manual or motorized press to form a regular block of appropriate shape and size. For the purpose of researches, the press is manufactured locally at Mosul Technical Institute. In the present work, the effect of semi-hydrate gypsum as stabilizer on some of the mechanical and physical properties of unfired CEB was determined. A series of test blocks were fabricated using a local soil stabilized with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% semi-hydrate gypsum, for each of the precedent ratios, three percentages of mixing water were used 10, 20 and 30%, and compacted with a manual press. Results for compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and drying shrinkage are presented in the paper. Results show that the addition of semi-hydrate gypsum improves the mechanical and physical properties of CEB. These preliminary results reinforce their suitability for application in low cost buildings.
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Tchakalova, Boriana. "Effect of natural zeolite on the shear strength of cement stabilized loess soil." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 83, no. 3 (December 2022): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.263.
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The present study intends to make an initial assessment of the effect of a natural zeolite addition on shear strength of cement stabilized loess soil. Unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression shear tests were performed for zeolite & cement-treated and cement-treated samples. It is found that the addition of natural zeolite does not reduce the shear strength of the cement stabilized loess. It causes only slight changes in shear strength parameters of non-compacted loess-cement. This allows the natural zeolite to be successfully used for an improvement of the durability, impermeability, sorption and retardation characteristics of the loess-cement.
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Burroughs, Steve. "Strength of compacted earth: linking soil properties to stabilizers." Building Research & Information 34, no. 1 (January 2006): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613210500279612.
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Zabielska-Adamska, Katarzyna, Patryk Dobrzycki, and Mariola Wasil. "Estimation of Stiffness of Non-Cohesive Soil in Natural State and Improved by Fiber and/or Cement Addition under Different Load Conditions." Materials 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010417.
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The aim of this study was to compare the stiffness of gravelly sand under various load conditions—static conditions using the CBR test and cyclic conditions using the resilient modulus test. The tests were conducted on natural soil and soil improved by the addition of polypropylene fibers and/or 1.5% cement. The impacts of the compaction and curing time of the stabilized samples were also determined. The soil was sheared during the Mr tests, even after fiber reinforcement, so the resilient modulus value for the unbound sand could not be obtained. The cement addition improved Mr, and the curing time also had an impact on this parameter. The fiber addition increased the value of the resilient modulus. The CBR value of the compacted gravelly sand was relatively high. It increased after adding 0.1% fibers in the case of the standard compacted samples. The greater fiber addition lowered the CBR value. For the modified compacted samples, each addition of fibers reduced the CBR value reduced the CBR value. The addition of cement influenced the CBR increase, which was also affected by the compaction method and the curing time. The addition of fibers to the stabilized sample improved the CBR value. The relationship Mr=f(CBR) obtained for all data sets was statistically significant but characterized by a large error of estimate.
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Olugbenga Oludolapo Amu, Christopher Ehizemhen Igibah, Bamitale Dorcas Oluyemi-Ayibiowu, and Lucia Omolayo Agashua. "Effect of triaxial and CBR Scrutiny on mechanical strength and microstructure of kaolin clay powder mixed SSA geopolymer and its performance at various percentages." World Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53346/wjetr.2022.1.1.0024.
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The stabilization capability of kaolin clay powder (KCP), Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and rice husk ash (RHA) was scrutinized using laboratory scrutiny. This was meant at assessing the effect of KCP, OPC and RHA on the stabilization of three lateritic soils for use as sub-base pavement layer materials. Three soils (Soil A, B and C) were improved with various percentages (via weight of dry soil) at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% for all stabilizing agents and compacted via BSL (British Standard light) energy. Their impacts were assessed on the strength physiognomies such as UCS (unconfined compressive strength), OMC (optimum moisture content), and California bearing ratio (CBR), and MDD (maximum dry density tests based on ASTM (American Standard Testing Materials) codes. The result reveals that MDD improved with increase in the quantities of all the additive (SSA, KCP and geopolymer) content, while OMC for KCP reduces from 18.65% at 0% to 14.02%. Both SSA and geopolymer increase from 18.65% at 0% to 18.86% and 22.20% at 10%. Similarly it displays highest CBR of the soil from 10.88% at 0% to 12.84%, 112.95% and 144.45% for (SSA, KCP and geopolymer, this specify that lateritic soil treated with 2% stabilizer yielded CBR values of more than 405%.
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Bamitale Dorcas Oluyemi-Ayibiowu, Lucia Omolayo Agashua, Ehizemhen Christopher Igibah, Olugbenga Oludolapo Amu, Adedapo Oluwaseun Adetayo, Olumuyiwa Samson Aderinola, and Tochukwu Ernest Ugochukwu. "Impact of sodium silicate with normal pH on mechanical strength of rice husk blend geopolymer and its performance at various percentages." World Journal of Advanced Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53346/wjast.2022.1.2.0027.
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The stabilization capability of kaolin clay powder (KCP), Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and rice husk ash (RHA) was scrutinized using laboratory scrutiny. This was meant at assessing the effect of KCP, OPC and RHA on the stabilization of three lateritic soils for use as sub-base pavement layer materials. Three soils (Soil A, B and C) were improved with various percentages (via weight of dry soil) at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% for all stabilizing agents and compacted via BSL (British Standard light) energy. Their impacts were assessed on the strength physiognomies such as UCS (unconfined compressive strength), OMC (optimum moisture content), and California bearing ratio (CBR), and MDD (maximum dry density tests based on ASTM (American Standard Testing Materials) codes. The result reveals that MDD improved with increase in the quantities of all the additive (SSA, KCP and geopolymer) content, while OMC for KCP reduces from 18.65% at 0% to 14.02%. Both SSA and geopolymer increase from 18.65% at 0% to 18.86% and 22.20% at 10%.Similarly, it displays highest CBR of the soil from 10.88% at 0% to 12.84%, 112.95% and 144.45% for (SSA, KCP and geopolymer, this specify that lateritic soil treated with 2% stabilizer yielded CBR values of more than 405%.
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Fardyansah, Yudha, and Nurly Gofar. "Pengaruh Penambahan Pasir Terhadap Daya Dukung Subgrade Jalan." Cantilever: Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Bidang Teknik Sipil 9, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35139/cantilever.v9i2.42.
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The performance of flexible pavement is highly influenced by the quality of subgrade material. In Palembang, the foundation soil is usually consisted of clay which is sensitive to change in water content caused by rainfall as well as inundation. This paper presents results of laboratory study on the effect of adding sand to clay to be used as subgrade material for urban roads. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values were used as indication of strength improvement of the subgrade in unsoaked and soaked conditions. The suitability of the stabilized soil for use as subgrade of pavement construction in response to normal and inundated conditions was further assessed through field verification using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer. Results of both laboratory and field studies indicated that addition of 21% sand by dry weight give the most improvement in terms of CBR value. In this case, the CBR unsoaked increased from 8% to 18% while the CBR soaked increased from less than 3% to 8%. Field verification showed that the CBR of compacted natural soil decreased from 8% to 2% after rainfall while the CBR of the sand stabilized soil decreased from 17% to 8%. Thus the sand stabilized clay is expected to perform adequately even after subjected to rainfall and inundation.
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Kraszewski, Cezary, Leszek Rafalski, and Beata Gajewska. "Effect of Compaction Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Low-Strength Hydraulically Bound Mixtures for Road Engineering." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041561.
Full textAbstract:
Road layers should be properly compacted to obtain an adequate bearing capacity and durability. Both the unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures used in the layers require compaction. After compaction and hardening, soil mixed with a binder acquires mechanical features that unbound soil lacks, including tensile strength (Rit) and unconfined compressive strength (Rc). The effect of the compaction ratio (DPr) of the low-strength cement-stabilised soils on these features has rarely been investigated. This study investigates the influence of the compaction ratio on the mechanical properties of hardened, stabilised mixtures of medium-grained sand with 5%, 6.5%, and 8% Portland cement. Cement–soil stabilisation tests showed that compressive strength depends exponentially on the compaction ratio, whereas tensile strength and the stiffness modulus depend linearly on the compaction ratio. For tensile strength and the dynamic stiffness modulus, the effect is not statistically significant, and the usual practice of ignoring compaction dependence is justified. For compressive strength, however, the effect is significant, especially when DPr = 98–100%. When the values of Rc and Rit strengths at various DPr were normalised by those at 100%, it was found that mixtures with higher strengths are the least resistant to changes in the compaction ratio. Knowing the percentage by which the value of a given parameter changes with compaction can be extremely valuable in engineering practice.
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Silva, Angelo Magno dos Santos e., Paula Taiane Pascoal, Magnos Baroni, Alexandre Silva de Vargas, Jaelson Budny, and Luciano Pivoto Specht. "Use of Phosphoric Acid and Rice Hulk Ash as Lateritic Soil Stabilizers for Paving Applications." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (April 25, 2023): 7160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097160.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a product that can be used as a stabilizing additive for tropical soils in an exploratory manner by the construction industry. For the drying process of this grain, its husks are used as fuel for ovens, generating rice husk ash (RHA), which is considered an environmental liability if not reused. In this sense, this paper aimed to evaluate the resilient behavior and the simple compressive strength, at different curing ages, of the use of rice husk ash and phosphoric acid in a simple and combined mixture for the stabilization of lateritic soil. The lateritic soil was mixed with different contents of RHA, H3PO4, and water and compacted in intermediate and modified Proctor energies. Fractured soil samples in the mechanical compressive strength tests were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show the potential for stabilization of the lateritic soil in question in terms of resilience and simple compressive strength through the addition of RHA and H3PO4 at different curing ages. The insertion of only H3PO4 produced the most satisfying resilient behavior. By adding RHA, the strength properties were improved, and good mixtures were obtained for use in paving.
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Rangkuti, Nuril Mahda. "ANALYZED SOIL IMPROVEMENT BASED GYPSUM AND CEMENT IN SOIL CLAY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 12 (June 8, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i12.2019.295.
Full textAbstract:
Land is an important element of the structure underneath a construction, so that the soil must have a good carrying capacity. But the reality on the ground is that many soils have low carrying capacity, so it is necessary to stabilize the soil with gypsum and cement. This study aims to determine the effective percentage of gypsum and cement addition and the effect of the addition of Gypsum and Cement to physical changes in clay soil in terms of the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value of the curing time. This research was conducted in the laboratory, by testing the physical properties of the soil and the carrying capacity of the soil (CBR) with variations in the addition of gypsum and cement by 1%, 3%, and 5% with a long curing time of 1, 7, and 14 days . Sample testing is carried out with two treatments, namely soil samples are first cured and then compacted and the sample is solidified first and then cured. From the research results obtained the largest CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value occurs in the variation of the addition of Gypsum and Cement 5% with the length of time for soil specimens to be compacted first before curing is equal to 41.54%, this is due to the mixture of soil with gypsum and cement has been manjai solid before the collection can occur, the cavities between soil particles also become solid, so that the strength also increases. From the California Bearing Ratio results, it can be seen that the addition of gypsum and cement to clay soil shows an increase in the value of California Bearing Ratio on clay.
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Hernández, Laura Morales, Eduardo Garzón Garzón, Pedro J. Sánchez-Soto, and Enrique Romero Morales. "Simultaneous Biocementation and Compaction of a Soil to Avoid the Breakage of Cementitious Structures during the Execution of Earthwork Constructions." Geotechnics 3, no. 2 (April 23, 2023): 224–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3020014.
Full textAbstract:
This research focuses on the potential for microbial treatment to stabilize compacted soils, which are often utilized in earthwork projects. A silt–clay sand was used to describe a particular kind of soil. The suggested remedy makes use of the soil’s naturally occurring urea and Ca2+, as well as microorganisms introduced to the compaction water. Two alternative initial water-content types were examined: those on the dry side and those close to the ideal Proctor conditions. Bacillaceae microorganisms were used to induce microbial CaCO3 precipitation and improve the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the compacted soil. The samples were biotreated and immediately compacted, so that the precipitation of calcium carbonate during the curing process took place in the contact areas between the particles (biocementation) and in the pore space (bioclogging). A set of techniques were used to study the ageing effects, such as the water-retention curve by dew-points psychrometer, mercury porosimetry intrusion, permeability, ultrasonic pulse velocity, resonant column, and unconfined and tensile-compression tests. During the ageing, it was observed that the bacterial activity consumed water for the hydrolysis of urea and other intermediate reactions to precipitate CaCO3. This process resulted in a retraction of the microstructure and a change in the macrostructure. The bioclogging phenomenon was more evident in the soil microstructure, while the biocementation process was easier to observe in the macrostructure. The suction’s effects on the soil stiffness were studied in detail, and a significant increase was detected. Despite these water-content losses, which caused soil stiffening by increasing the suction, it was still feasible to identify the gradual rise in small-strain stiffness throughout incubation. The unconfined and tensile-compression tests showed a similar progressive increase in terms of peak compressive and peak splitting strength during the incubation. These results are of interest when microbiological treatments are applied in soils to produce cementitious materials, with the present investigation demonstrating a complete study of their geotechnical behaviour.
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Ugbe, F. C., K. N. Nwakaji, and E. A. Emioge. "Influence of Increasing Cement Content on some Geotechnical Properties of selected Lateritic Soils of Western Niger Delta on Sapele-Agbor Road, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 11 (February 10, 2022): 1887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i11.6.
Full textAbstract:
This study is aimed at determining the influence of stabilization by percentage increase in volume of cement on Geotechnical properties of some lateritic soils obtained from two borrow pits along Agbor-Sapele road, Western Niger Delta, Nigeria. The soils are classified as A-7-6 and A-7-5 with high percentage of Fines, averaging 60.43%. These natural soil samples falls short of the Federal Ministry of Works Standard based on grain size and consistency limits. The values of 1950.91 Kg/m3 and 22.70% obtained for maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) when soil was treated at 10% by volume of cement, reveals the fact that higher unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values would be noticeable at 10% by volume addition of cement with increasing energy level of compaction, than that to be obtained at 5% by volume of addition of cement with MDD of 1933.80 Kg/m3 and OMC 22.78%. When the soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values for treated soils were considered, the reduction in soaked CBR value is minimal at 10%, with an average of 76.33% than that obtained at 5% by volume of cement with an average of 78.45%, compacted at varying energy level. In general, the study result clearly reveals that increasing cement content would result in improved strength characteristics even as permeability decreased from 6.744x10-8 mm/s to 6.129 x 10-8 mm/s across the compaction level of the stabilized soil samples.