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Academic literature on the topic 'Stabilized Soil Compacts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Stabilized Soil Compacts"

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Gandhimathi, A., and R. Aravind. "An Experimental Study on Effect of Lime and Geogrid in Pavement Thickness." Materials Science Forum 972 (October 2019): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.972.57.

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— Soil stabilization is a process by which the strength, stiffness and bearing capacity of road foundations are improved by either mechanical or chemical means. Structures need a stable foundation for their proper construction and lifelong durability. Foundation needs to rest on soil ultimately, transferring whole load to the soil. If weak soil base is used for construction, with passage of time it compacts and consolidates, which results in differential settlement of structure. It may result in cracks in structure which can have catastrophic affect too. To avoid these future problems in weak soil, stabilized soil should be considered. The soil sample is collected from “Alandurai”. The soil properties are identified by conducting different laboratory tests such as Sieve grain analysis, Atterberg limits, Specific gravity using Pycnometer, Standard Proctor tests, California Bearing ratio test. From the tests results soil is classified as Fine grained red soil. The most commonly found soil around the sample soil collected. The stability of the soil is found using C.B.R test. Natural soil is both a complex and variable material. Yet because of its universal availability and its low cost winning it offers great opportunities for skilful use as an engineering material. However the soil at any particular locality is unsuited, wholly or partially, to the requirements of the construction engineer. A basic decision must therefore be made whether to accept the site material as it is and design to standards sufficient to meet the restrictions imposed by its existing quality. Remove the site material and replace with a superior material. Alter the properties of existing soil so as to create a new site material capable of better meeting the requirements of the task in hand. Lime and Geogrid were selected for the stabilisation of soil.1 to 6 percent of Lime are added and its optimal value is identified. Apparently CBR tests are done after introducing Geogrid and stability of the soil is identified. Analysis the performance of thickness of pavement in conventional soil, Lime stabilised soil and geogrid reinforced soil. Cost Estimation of the pavement is done and difference in the cost is identified.
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Zhang, Xin, Xin Ping Zhang, Hong Tao Peng, Qiang Xia, and Jun Wang. "Relation of Microstructure and Unconfined Compression Strength of Soil Stabilized with TerraZyme." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.760.

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TerraZyme as an enzymatic soil stabilizer was used in this research. The stabilized soil was mixed with TerraZyme in proper proportion to determine the relationship of unconfined compression strength and microstructure caused by the introduction of TerraZyme. The experimental results show that the unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil with TerraZyme added is higher than that without TerraZyme. The micrographs of scanning election microscopy (SEM) indicate that the microstructure of the stabilized soil sample with TerraZyme added is denser than that without TerraZyme. This is because the particles of stabilized soil sample treated with TerraZyme are more coarse and blocky than those untreated with TerraZyme. The stabilized soil is with fewer pores than that without TerraZyme. This kind of compact microstructure should be the basis of higher unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil with TerraZyme added.
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Tingle, Jeb S., and Rosa L. Santoni. "Stabilization of Clay Soils with Nontraditional Additives." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-10.

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A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the stabilization of low- and high-plasticity clay soils with nontraditional chemical or liquid stabilizers. Clay soil specimens were mixed with various stabilization products and compacted using a gyratory compaction machine to approximate ASTM D1557 moisture–density compaction. Each specimen was subjected to wet and dry testing following a 28-day cure. Twelve nontraditional stabilizers were evaluated, including an acid, enzymes, a lignosulfonate, a petroleum emulsion, polymers, and a tree resin. Additional specimens were stabilized with Type I portland cement and hydrated lime for comparison with traditional stabilizers under the same mixing, compaction, and curing conditions. Analysis of the test data consisted of determining the average strength, in terms of unconfined compressive strength, of three replicate specimens of each mixture. The average strength of the three replicates of each additive was compared with the average strength results of the remaining nontraditional additives, the traditional stabilization results, and a series of control specimens that were not stabilized. The experiment results indicate an increased strength of some nontraditionally stabilized specimens when compared with that of both the control series and the traditional stabilization alternatives. Other nontraditional stabilizers did not demonstrate significant increased strength compared with that of the control series for the conditions of this experiment. Many of the stabilized specimens were highly susceptible to moisture, indicating the potential for poor performance when exposed to adverse environmental conditions, whereas a few specimens demonstrated excellent performance when exposed to moisture. Specific product categories are recommended for stabilizing low- and high-plasticity clay soils.
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Garzón, E., L. Morales, J. Reca, E. Romero, and P. J. Sánchez-Soto. "Physical and geotechnical properties of a silty sand soil treated with calcium carbonate fixing bacteria." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019505002.

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The objective of the present study is to develop a biotechnological tool for a new application of silty sand soil as stabilized materials in linear works replacing chemical stabilizer (e.g. cement and lime) by natural cement, formed by precipitated calcium carbonate generated by microorganisms of the Sporosarcina family. For this purpose, it is conducted a chemical and mineralogical characterization and an examination of physical and geotechnical properties, being very important from the engineering standpoint. The results of different tests are presented here. The data show that the effects of bacteria are reducing the soil specific surface and increasing its plasticity. The reason for this result could be the addition of a plastic component to the natural soil, or the result of the more aggregated structure promoted during the treatment. The pore size distribution of the soil changes in an approximate range 3 - 30 µm, where the pore mode tends to disappear. The change in the pore density function is reflected in the mechanical behaviour of the treated soil, which presents typical features of a less dense soil with respect to the natural untreated one. The friction angle of the treated soil is slightly higher, and its compressibility is consistently lower than that of the natural soil. As the bacteria do not seem to produce any cementation effect on the soil skeleton, collapse upon wetting does not seem to be significantly affected by the treatment. On the contrary, comparison of collapse data shows that occurrence and amount of collapse are ruled by the as-compacted dry density. The tests performed seem to suggest that the microbiological technique may be effective to improve the mechanical characteristics of the compacted soil. For that, it is necessary to provide more energy in compacting the treated soil that it will be stabilized, so as to achieve a high initial dry density. From this viewpoint, it seems that higher compaction effort is even more effective than increasing the amount of bacteria introduced to stabilize the soil.
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Snodi, Lamyaa Najah, Yahya Atemimi, and Fauziah binti Ahmad. "Effect of stabilizers on the shear strength of residual soil." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816201019.

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In this paper, chemical stabilizer was used for soil characteristics improvement. Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) polymer and lime is effectively used as an inexpensive and easily applied material for soil stabilization and its response performance was evaluated. This research studied improving the engineering properties of Residual soil by mixing it with varying percentages of chemical stabilizer. An evaluation of the effectiveness and performance of SBR and Lime as a soil stabilizer was performed over a series of laboratory tests for geotechnical soil properties. Residual soil used in this study was lateritic soil. The soil was mixed with various amounts of stabilizer for polymer (SBR) {2.5, 5, 10 and 12.5 %} and for lime {1.25,2.5,5 and 10%} by weight and then compacted at the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry unit weight (MMD). The original soil and the stabilized samples were subjected to unconfined compression test to determine their strength at different curing times (7,14 and 28 day). The results showed a reduction in the plasticity index. The results showed an increase in strength.
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Sas, Wojciech, Andrzej Głuchowski, and Alojzy Szymański. "Impact of the stabilization of compacted cohesive soil – sandy clay on yield criterion improvement." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Land Reclamation 46, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sggw-2014-0012.

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Abstract Impact of the stabilization of compacted cohesive soil - sandy clay on yield criterion improvement. Soft soils, exhibiting low strength properties in the case of external load, require improvement. Chemical stabilization is easy in preparing and presents very good results in improving mechanical properties. In this paper, results of CBR and unconfined compressive strength test are presented for cohesive soil - sandy clay. Stabilization medium was Reymix, which is a cement derivative. Conducted tests define the characteristics of mechanical properties improvement and estimate yield criterion for stabilized soil during the time of stabilization, which is different for non-stabilized soils
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Vynnykov, Yu L., and T. V. Lvovska. "MOISTURE CONDITIONS PATTERNS IN ROAD EMBANKMENT CLAY SOILS DEPTH." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 2, no. 49 (October 17, 2017): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2017.49.847.

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The article deals with optimal compaction criteria of road embankment soils improving, which provide their long-term strength. Physical experiment methodology for patterns establishment of water migration in subgrade embankment depth, in the capacity factors of what it is accepted: clay soil type (its number plasticity); moisture, at what the soil was compacted; soil skeleton density; embankment height; «rest» time after subgrade erection and before it’s operation are developed and realized. By laboratory and field tests water migration patterns in compacted subgrade soils depth are established. As a result of statistical processing of laboratory and field research results, the empirical dependence of compacted clay soil stabilized moisture for their multilayer consolidation in relation to soil skeleton density and plasticity number values is obtained.
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Baldovino, Jair A., Ronaldo Izzo, and Abdullah Ekinci. "Strength Relationship Equation for Artificially Stabilized Rammed Sedimentary Soils." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 12, 2022): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091433.

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Soils from the superficial layers of the Guabirotuba formation (in Brazil) are problematic due to their expansive and low-bearing capacity. Stabilizing these soils with a calcium-based binder is a technique that must be explored. Therefore, this study aims to determine the mechanical behavior of stabilized sedimentary silts with cement and binder in various conditions. Four types of fine soils were used in deformed conditions. These soils were mixed with cement and compacted to measure their mechanical behavior. The specimens were tested in unconfined compressive and split tensile tests prepared with respect to several molding conditions: the moisture content, the curing period, durability cycles, the dry unit weight, the cement content, the cement type, and the soil type. This study was also carried out to develop a simplified approach to estimating the unconfined compressive strength (qu or UCS) and split tensile strength (qt or STS) of soil-cement or soil-cement–binder mixes. The results further demonstrate the influence of the porosity/volumetric cement index (η/Civ) on the qu- and qt-adjusted two new parameters—bo = 0.174 (dependent on cement) and k = 2.565 (dependent on the type of soil)—proposed herein for all mixtures studied. Using the proposed new parameters, a unique equation was developed to estimate the strength of the compacted blends as a function of the porosity and binder content, with an acceptance of 93% and an error close to 6%.
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Oyediran, Ibrahim A., and Oluwasegun Y. Mikail. "Geotechnical Characterization and Stabilization of Gully Erosion Soils at Auchi, Anambra Basin Southeastern Nigeria." Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 3 (September 28, 2022): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/eesrj.090302.

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Gully erosion is a severe ecological concern in Auchi and its environs, which has led to destruction of lives and properties. Termite reworked soils have been observed to possess improved engineering properties and have over the years been used to improve soil properties. This research therefore seeks to mitigate the effects of the erosion by stabilizing the gully soils using termite-reworked soils of different genetically diverse origins. Soils from gully walls and beds from two gully erosion sites in the Auchi area and termite-reworked soils from different geological terrains were sampled. All the soils were analyzed for the determination of natural moisture content, grain size analyses, and Atterberg limits. The gully soil samples were thereafter compacted with termite-reworked soils at optimum blending ratio ranging between 27 to 50% by weight gotten through an arithmetic method by adopting grading limits for soil-aggregate mixtures. Shear strength parameters were determined on the compacted soils at OMC. The results revealed that the gully soil is non-plastic unconsolidated poorly graded sand with uniformity coefficient between (1.70-2.50), coefficient of curvature (0.77-1.15), natural moisture content between (4.00-9.00), while the termite reworked soils of both terrains are fairly graded inorganic soil of low to medium plasticity composed of kaolinite as the dominant clay mineral, indicating non-swelling and shrinkage potentials. Both termite-reworked soils are classified as lean clay soils, indicative of their suitable binding properties. The gully soils possess low maximum dry density showing the soils are unconsolidated and friable while the effect of the stabilization increases the MDD and reduces the OMC. Pre-stabilized gully soils have an average cohesion value of 15.5 KN/m2 indicating a very loose soil while the SBT (Sedimentary base termitarium) stabilized gully soil and the BCT (Basement complex termitarium) stabilized gully soil have an average cohesion value of 51.3 KN/m2 and 57.3 KN/m2 indicating the presence of binding material. Conclusively, blending of gully soil with termite-reworked soils significantly enhanced the cohesion between the grain particles of the gully soils, improved its strength and can thus help prevent gully.
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Yin, Chenglong, Wei Zhang, Xunli Jiang, and Zhiyi Huang. "Effects of Initial Water Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lean Clay Soil Stabilized by Compound Calcium-Based Stabilizer." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101933.

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Initial water content significantly affects the efficiency of soil stabilization. In this study, the effects of initial water content on the compressibility, strength, microstructure, and composition of a lean clay soil stabilized by compound calcium-based stabilizer were investigated by static compaction test, unconfined compression test, optical microscope observations, environment scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that as the initial water content increases in the range studied, both the compaction energy and the maximum compaction force decrease linearly and there are less soil aggregates or agglomerations, and a smaller proportion of large pores in the compacted mixture structure. In addition, for specimens cured with or without external water supply and under different compaction degrees, the variation law of the unconfined compressive strength with initial water content is different and the highest strength value is obtained at various initial water contents. With the increase of initial water content, the percentage of the oxygen element tends to increase in the reaction products of the calcium-based stabilizer, whereas the primary mineral composition of the soil-stabilizer mixture did not change notably.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stabilized Soil Compacts"

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Montgomery, David Edward. "Dynamically-compacted cement stabilised soil blocks for low-cost walling." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2836/.

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This document contains the detailed results and conclusions of work carried out during a PhD to investigate the processing, production and performance of dynamically compacted cement-stabilised soil blocks suitable for sustainable low-cost building. An earlier project carried out by the author demonstrated that full-size blocks could be manufactured by dynamic compaction. It was hoped that this technique could be applied to the self-evident need for low-cost housing in the humid tropics. The apparent advantages of this process, over quasi-static compression (slow steady squeezing), have led to further investigation into the critical factors influencing the production of such building units. Initial tests on small cylindrical samples produced by both quasi-static compression and dynamic compaction provided a means of comparison and helped to develop relationships between dominant variables. These tests showed that the moisture content of the compact was a critical variable, influencing its consolidation and its final cured strength. Optimisation studies were undertaken to determine acceptable parameters for impactor mass, drop height and number of applied blows. These chosen parameters were then extrapolated to full-size block production with the necessary adjustments for practicality and cost. Full-size block production using the Test Rig indicated similar relationships as those discovered at the smaller scale, including the more effective consolidation offered by dynamic compaction. From this experience a production prototype was designed and disseminated to a collaborator in India for further trials and feasibility studies. These trials demonstrated that dynamic compaction could produce blocks with a 7-day wet compressive strength of between 3-5MPa with only 5% cement, (typical building regulations require block strength greater than 3.5MPa after 28-days). Feasibility studies there indicate dynamic compaction offers potential savings of 40% compared with local high-tech CSSB manufacture.
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Book chapters on the topic "Stabilized Soil Compacts"

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Vecchia, G., L. Morales, E. Garzón, C. Jommi, and E. Romero. "Modelling criteria for a microbiologically stabilised compacted soil in the framework of elastoplasticity." In Unsaturated Soils, 795–801. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10526-123.

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"Prediction of soil-water retention properties of a lime stabilised compacted silt." In Unsaturated Soils. Advances in Geo-Engineering, 287–92. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430-38.

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Russo, G., and M. Cecconi. "Prediction of soil-water retention properties of a lime stabilised compacted silt." In Unsaturated Soils. Advances in Geo-Engineering, 271–76. Taylor & Francis, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430.ch32.

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"Time dependency of the water retention properties of a lime stabilised compacted soil." In Unsaturated Soils. Advances in Geo-Engineering, 293–98. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430-39.

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Tedesco, D., and G. Russo. "Time dependency of the water retention properties of a lime stabilised compacted soil." In Unsaturated Soils. Advances in Geo-Engineering, 277–82. Taylor & Francis, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430.ch33.

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Beckett, C., and D. Ciancio. "Effect of microstructure on heat transfer through compacted cement-stabilised soils." In Geomechanics from Micro to Macro, 1539–44. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17395-280.

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Conference papers on the topic "Stabilized Soil Compacts"

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Veeranki, S. T. "Laboratory Studies on the Effectiveness of Quarry Dust and Bottom Ash with Treated Marine Clay for Adaptable Flexible Pavement Sub-Grade." In Sustainable Materials and Smart Practices. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901953-50.

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Abstract. The soil found on the sea bed is classed as Marine clay. The major proportion of marine soil is clay so it is generally referred as marine clay (MC). The MC is often weak and lacks stability in heavy loads. This research is concerned with the potential of BA (Bottom ash) and QD (Quarry dust) as soil stabilizers based on resistance enhancement. Soil stabilization points to make strides the geotechnical features of the MC. The engineering properties of MC have been built-up, such as grain size distribution, particle density and soil plasticity. The soil sample was blended and compacted with various quantities of the BA and QD i.e. 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% 12.5% and 15% for compaction and strength test. The dry-weight method was utilized to prepare the samples. A standard Proctor test was run to determine the stabilized floor OMC and MDD. In the interim, the CBR was conducted to obtain the strength of the stabilized soil. Test results indicate that the MDD of the MC has been improved by 0.19 (g/cc) on addition of 10% BA and it has been improved by 0.246 (g/cc) when 10% QD is added when compared with untreated MC. Laboratory analyses of the cyclic plate load test revealed the ultimate load carrying capacity of the treated MC model flexible pavement has been increased by 349.9% at OMC when compared with untreated MC model flexible pavement.
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Mickevič, Rafal, and Audrius Vaitkus. "Performance of roller-compacted concrete pavement structure with stabilized soil base layers during spring thaw." In 7th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2022.1359.

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Roller-compacted concrete is a type of concrete with significantly larger fine aggregates comparing to conventional concrete. Larger fine aggregates percentage in roller-compacted concrete leads concrete mix to be non-slip and to be compacted by rollers. Roller-compacted concrete is cost-effective and easy to construct. Roller-compacted concrete can be paved by typical asphalt paver which simplifies the construction technology and makes it similar to asphalt paving technology. It also has the strength and performance of conventional concrete or even higher. Due to all the advantages, the use of roller-compacted pavement in industrial areas and low-volume rural roads is very beneficial. Some specially designed roller-compacted concrete structures with cement and special additives stabilized subgrade and or base layers showed very good performance in road. Few experimental tests were made measuring surface deflection with falling weight deflectometer (FWD). The main aim of these experimental tests is to collect deflection values from roller-compacted structure and to compare them between different seasons of the year. Such experimental tests also helps to learn more about this type of pavement structure and how it performs during spring thaw when the bearing capacity of the pavement structure is usually lower comparing to the other seasons. In these paper surface deflection measurements was conducted on local road No. 130 in Lithuania, which was reconstructed in 2021. The bearing capacity of the pavement structure was measured in August 2021 and March 2022. The results have showed that the bearing capacity of the pavement structure increased 9 months after reconstruction and that hydrothermal conditions do not affect the bearing capacity of RCC pavement structure with stabilized subbase and base layers.
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Abdallah, Rafik Isaam, Céline Perlot, Hélène Carré, Christian La Borderie, and Haissam El Ghoche. "Fire Behavior of Raw Earth Bricks: Influence of Water Content and Cement Stabilization." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.792.

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This study focus on the effects of both water content and cement stabilization on the fire behavior of earth bricks. To observe the effect of cement stabilization, two materials are formulated: raw earth with only soil and water, and stabilized bricks with soil, water and cement (3.5% by mass of soil). Since the material’s mechanical strength can strongly influence its fire behavior, the raw bricks were compacted at 50 MPa to reach a compressive strength similar to the one of stabilized bricks. Four different water contents were tested; dry state obtained with oven drying and three others achieved through equalization at 50%, 75% and 100% of relative humidities. Bricks are then subjected to an ISO 834-1 standard fire. Results show that water content has caused a thermal instability behavior on the raw earth bricks after equalization at 50% and 75% relative humidities. Thermally stable bricks displayed a noticeable diffusion of cracks on their heated face. Furthermore, cement stabilization helps to prevent from thermal instabilities.
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Allende, Maria I., Joshua E. Miller, B. Alan Davis, Eric L. Christiansen, Michael D. Lepech, and David J. Loftus. "Prediction of Micrometeoroid Damage to Lunar Construction Materials using Numerical Modeling of Hypervelocity Impact Events." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-036.

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Abstract Constructing a human-occupied Lunar base presents a unique civil engineering challenge; the resources to make conventional construction materials are unavailable. One approach, known as in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), proposes transforming local resources into construction materials [1,2]. One of the Moon’s most abundant resources is the unconsolidated surface “soil”, known as regolith. Several methods for transforming regolith into useful engineering elements, known as regolith stabilization, have been proposed and are the subjects of ongoing research efforts [e.g., 3-9]. One class of stabilized regolith material, Biopolymer-Bound Soil Composites (BSC), consists of regolith mixed with a small amount of biopolymer binding agent (10% w/w). BSC compares favorably to other stabilized regolith materials because it does not require high temperature or high energy input and uses a relatively small fraction of binder to achieve an average compressive strength of 20 MPa.
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Tannoury, George A., and Steven D. Schrock. "Introduction to Chemical Stabilization of Unstable Trackbeds." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5779.

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Trackbeds are typically composed of all granular materials comprised of ballast and subballast over compacted subgrade. Most poor performances of railroads can be attributed to poor and unstable subgrade conditions. Below the surface, the instability of the subgrade material can propagate through the granular zone leading to excessive settlements and deformations of the railway. Conventional subgrade restoration in the trackbed system requires the removal of the granular materials and over-excavation of soft unstable subgrade materials, moisture adjustment, re-compaction, and sometimes chemical stabilization of the subgrade soils. Since these procedures are considered very expensive in terms of construction equipment, railway outage time, and labor force, alternative solutions for consideration and evaluation are essential. Injection of expansive foam (polymer based) materials is a relatively recent method that has been used in various applications of soil stabilization in the roadway industry. This technique relies on the injection of rigid-polyurethane foam, which is a high-density, expanding, thermoset, hydro-insensitive and environmentally neutral polyurethane-resin product, into the soft and unstable soil to improve their shear strength and stability index. In addition, the stabilized zone acts as a waterproof membrane protecting moisture sensitive subgrade, and acting as a separation layer to eliminate pumping and contamination of the granular subballast at saturated fine grained conditions. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the practicability of polyurethane stabilized soft and unstable subgrade under unbounded granular trackbeds to mitigate future deformation, restore railway foundation, and reduce trackbed repair cost and outage time.
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Kulshreshtha, Yask, Philip J. Vardon, Gabrie Meesters, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Nelson J. A. Mota, and Henk M. Jonkers. "What Makes Cow-Dung Stabilised Earthen Block Water-Resistant." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.540.

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The water-resistance of cow-dung has made it a widely used stabiliser in traditional earthen structures in several Asian and African countries. Multiple studies have shown an improvement in water-resistance with the addition of cow-dung, but none provides insight into this behaviour. The present study investigates the water-resistance behaviour of cow-dung stabilised earthen blocks through an extensive experimental programme to identify and characterise the components of cow-dung responsible for its water-resistance. Fresh cow-dung was collected and separated into fibres (>63 μm), medium-sized microbial aggregates (1-63 μm) and small-sized microbial aggregates (0.5-7 μm). Each component was mixed with soil and samples were prepared at different water contents (optimum water content corresponding to the highest dry density and water content higher than optimum) and compacted with 2.5 MPa force to prepare compressed blocks. The water-resistance of these blocks was evaluated through the immersion and modified drip/rain test. It was found that the small-sized microbial aggregates are almost entirely responsible for water-resistance behaviour of cow-dung stabilised earthen blocks. Small-sized microbial aggregates were further characterised by gas chromatography, mercury intrusion porosimetry, N2- BET surface area, zeta potential measurement and electron microscopy. The results indicate that the small-sized microbial aggregates are composed of clay-sized negatively charged particles that are rich in fatty acids. The hydrophobicity of these particles is hypothesised to be responsible for water-resistance behaviour. These insights are further used to produce stabilised blocks that performed at least 30 times better than the unstabilised blocks in both water-resistance tests. The study concludes with practical recommendations for the use of wet cow-dung over dry cow-dung and a reduction of fibre content to increase the water-resistance of earthen blocks.
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Sun, Kai, Masaki Nakano, Eiji Yamada, and Akira Asaoka. "Mechanical Behavior of Compacted Geomaterial Changed from the Dredged Soil in Nagoya Port by Mixing with Some Stabilizers." In GeoShanghai International Conference 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41108(381)20.

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Martins, R. F., M. C. Brant, R. Z. Domingues, and T. Matencio. "NiO/YSZ Composites for SOFC: Synthesis and Characterization." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97146.

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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) works at high temperature and is normally used in stationary devices which are of wide interest in the world market. The most currently SOFC developers utilize yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as electrolyte, strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (LSM) as cathode and a Ni/YSZ cermet obtained from NiO/YSZ in situ reduction as anode. The electrode performance is directly influenced by powder grain sizes, homogeneity, purity, and amount of Ni. Although physical mixture is a simpler procedure it hardly gives homogeneous materials as suitable to SOFC applications. Alternative chemical methods are sol-gel, impregnation and those derived from Pechini route. The present work compares thermal stability and hydrogen reducibility of NiO/YSZ composites prepared by impregnation (I), Pechini (P) and physical mixture (PM) procedures.
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