Academic literature on the topic 'Stabilised layers method'
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Journal articles on the topic "Stabilised layers method"
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Lisitano, Domenico, Elvio Bonisoli, and John E. Mottershead. "Experimental direct spatial damping identification by the Stabilised Layers Method." Journal of Sound and Vibration 437 (December 2018): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2018.08.055.
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Sawka, Agata. "Chemical Vapour Deposition of Scandia-Stabilised Zirconia Layers on Tubular Substrates at Low Temperatures." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 2120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062120.
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The paper presents results of investigation on synthesis of non-porous ZrO2-Sc2O2 layers on tubular substrates by MOCVD (metalorganic chemical vapor deposition) method using Sc(tmhd)3 (Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)scandium(III), 99%) and Zr(tmhd)4 (Tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)zirconium)(IV), 99.9+%) as basic reactants. The molar content of Sc(tmhd)3 in the gas mixture was as follows: 14, 28%. The synthesis temperature was in the range of 600–700 °C. The value of extended Grx/Rex2 expression (Gr-Grashof number, Re-Reynolds number and x-the distance from the gas inflow point) was less than 0.01. The layers were deposited under reduced pressure or close to atmospheric pressure. The layers obtained were tested using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS) microanalyzer, X-ray diffractometer and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The layers deposited were non-porous, amorphous or nanocrystalline with controlled chemical composition. The layers synthesized at 700 °C were nanocrystalline. ZrO2-Sc2O3 layers with 14 mol.% Sc2O3 content had a rhombohedral structure.
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Zabielska-Adamska, Katarzyna, Mariola Wasil, and Patryk Dobrzycki. "Resilient Response of Cement-Treated Coarse Post-Glacial Soil to Cyclic Load." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 6495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216495.
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Stabilisation with cement is an effective way to increase the stiffness of base and subbase layers and to improve the rutting of subgrade. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of different percentages of cement additives (1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0%) on the resilient modulus of coarse-grained soil used on road foundations. The influence of the compaction method, the standard Proctor and the modified Proctor, as well as the sample curing time is analysed. The cement addition significantly increases the resilient modulus and reduces the resilient axial strain. Extending the curing time from 7 to 28 days also improves the resilient modulus. The change in the compaction energy from standard to modified does not increase the resilient modulus of the stabilised gravelly sand due to its compaction characteristics. The test results of the resilient modulus of the gravelly sand stabilised with cement indicate the possibility of using it as a material for the road base and subbase due to meeting the AASHTO requirements. However, the non-stabilised gravelly sand does not meet the above requirements. It has been sheared during cyclic tests at the first load sequence, regardless of the compaction method.
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Gołos, Michał, and Piotr Mazurowski. "Pavement Optimisation With Aggregate Base Or Asphalt Layers Stabilised With Hexagonal Geogrids." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1202, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1202/1/012024.
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Abstract The use of hexagonal geogrids in pavement structures results in the increase of the life of designed structure. This offers the possibility to reduce the thickness of layers without reduction of pavement life, or to increase the traffic capacity of a pavement without the need to increase its thickness. This way of using geogrids in pavements design was introduced to the pavement industry by one producer of hexagonal geogrids as a Pavement Optimisation (PO) concept. It can be transformed into both economic and environmental benefits, and obviously results in savings of natural resources and reduction of carbon footprint of a project. PO with geogrids can be used both in the newly designed pavement structures, and in the asphalt overlays of the existing old pavements. Asphalt overlays enhancement with a geogrid either increases the fatigue life of overlays or allows the reduction of overlays thickness to achieve the same pavement life. In new pavements, stabilisation of aggregate base with geogrids increases the stiffness of aggregate, which increases the performance of a whole pavement. This paper presents several tests results, which confirm beneficial effects of using hexagonal geogrids in asphalt overlays and aggregate base layers, from laboratory to full scale accelerated pavement tests. Also, modifications of Mechanistic-Empirical pavement design method, which allow to implement the geogrid benefits into the design process, are discussed. Finally, case studies of pavements – newly designed and reconstructed – optimised with hexagonal geogrids are presented.
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Zikulnig, Johanna, Ali Roshanghias, Lukas Rauter, and Christina Hirschl. "Evaluation of the Sheet Resistance of Inkjet-Printed Ag-Layers on Flexible, Uncoated Paper Substrates Using Van-der-Pauw’s Method." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082398.
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With the growing significance of printed sensors on the electronics market, new demands on quality and reproducibility have arisen. While most printing processes on standard substrates (e.g., Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)) are well-defined, the printing on substrates with rather porous, fibrous and rough surfaces (e.g., uncoated paper) contains new challenges. Especially in the case of inkjet-printing and other deposition techniques that require low-viscous nanoparticle inks the solvents and deposition materials might be absorbed, inhibiting the formation of homogeneous conductive layers. As part of this work, the sheet resistance of sintered inkjet-printed conductive silver (Ag-) nanoparticle cross structures on two different, commercially available, uncoated paper substrates using Van-der-Pauw’s method is evaluated. The results are compared to the conductivity of well-studied, white heat stabilised and treated PET foil. While the sheet resistance on PET substrate is highly reproducible and the variations are solely process-dependent, the sheet resistance on uncoated paper depends more on the substrate properties themselves. The results indicate that the achievable conductivity as well as the reproducibility decrease with increasing substrate porosity and fibrousness.
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Fukutomi, M., S. Kumagai, and H. Maeda. "Fabrication of YBa2Cu3Oy Thin Films on Textured Buffer Layers grown by Plasma Beam Assisted Deposition." Australian Journal of Physics 50, no. 2 (1997): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p96055.
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A new technique named plasma beam assisted deposition (PBAD) is proposed to grow in-plane textured yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) thin films on polycrystalline metallic substrates as a buffer layer for deposition of YBa2Cu3Oy (YBCO) films. The in-plane texturing of the YBCO films obtained is decisively governed by that of the YSZ buffer layer on which the YBCO grows. Because of a reduction of the weak links at high-angle grain boundaries, a marked increase in the critical current density Jc is observed with improved texturing of the YBCO films. So far, it has been demonstrated that YBCO films with Jc above 105 A cm-2 (77 K, 0 T) can be successfully deposited by a laser ablation technique. The PBAD process proposed here is found to be valuable technologically because it offers a very convenient method to grow textured films on long tape or large area substrates. An attempt was also made to grow textured films simultaneously on one side or both sides of various pieces of tape substrates. The results indicate that PBAD is one potential technique for future large scale application of YBCO films.
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Góral, Marek, Tadeusz Kubaszek, Marcin Kobylarz, Marcin Drajewicz, and Maciej Pytel. "Thermal Barrier Coating Deposited Using the PS-PVD Method on TiAl-Nb-Mo Intermetallic Alloy with Different Types of Bond Coats." Solid State Phenomena 320 (June 30, 2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.320.60.
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TiAl intermetallics can be considered an alternative for conventional nickel superalloys in the high-temperature application. A TBC (Thermal Barrier Coatings) with ceramic topcoat with columnar structure obtained using EB-PVD (electron beam physical vapour deposition) is currently used to protect TiAl intermetallics. This article presents the new concept and technology of TBC for TiAl intermetallic alloys. Bond coats produced using the slurry method were obtained. Si and Al nanopowders (70 nm) were used for water-based slurry preparation with different composition of solid fraction: 100 wt.% of Al, 50 wt.% Al + 50 wt.% Si and pure Si. Samples of TNM-B1 (TiAl-Nb-Mo) TiAl intermetallic alloy were used as a base material. The samples were immersed in slurries and dried. The samples were heat treated in Ar atmosphere at 1000 °C for 4 h. The outer ceramic layer was produced using the new plasma spray physical vapour deposition (PS-PVD) method. The approximately 110 μm thick outer ceramic layers contained yttria-stabilised zirconium oxide. It was characterised by a columnar structure. Differences in phase composition and structures were observed in bond coats. The coatings obtained from Al-contained slurry were approximately 30 μm thick and consisted of two zones: the outer contained the TiAl3 phase and the inner zone consisted of the TiAl2 phase. The second bond coat produced from 50 wt.% Al + 50 wt.% Si slurry was characterised by a similar thickness and contained the TiAl2 phase, as well as titanium silicides. The bond coat formed from pure-Si slurry had a thickness < 10 μm and contained up to 20 at % of Si. This suggests the formation of different types of titanium silicides and Ti-Al phases. The obtained results showed that PS-PVD method can be considered as an alternative to the EB-PVD method, which is currently applied for deposition a columnar structure ceramic layer. On the other hand, the use of nanopowder for slurry production is problematic due to the smaller thickness of the produced coating in comparison with conventional micro-sized slurries.
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Zhang, Fuhai, Lei Zhang, and Wangxi Hong. "Stabilization of Expansive Soil with Polyvinyl Alcohol and Potassium Carbonate." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (November 14, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7032087.
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Expansive soils have great volume change potentials with water content changes, which is problematic to facilities. Great efforts have been spent on finding proper methods to stabilize expansive soils, but these stabilizers all had limitations. The Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and K2CO3 combination was proposed in this paper. Free swell tests, oedometric tests, unconfined compression tests, and direct shear tests were performed to investigate the effectiveness of the PVA and K2CO3 combination to control the volume change and increase the soil strength. Microstructures of the natural expansive soil and the stabilized soil were also studied with SEM photos. SEM photos showed a homogenous and dense microstructure after stabilization. In addition, a laboratory soil column model was built to study the ability of this stabilizer combination to stabilize expansive soils by directly spraying the solution on the ground surface. All these test results show that the combination of PVA and K2CO3 is able to effectively stabilize the natural expansive soil and increase the shear strength. It is possible to directly spray the stabilizer solution on the soil surface to form a relatively thick layer of the stabilized expansive soil.
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Gromysz, Krzysztof, Łukasz Szoblik, Ewa Cyrulik, Agnieszka Tanistra-Różanowska, Zofia Drabczyk, and Szymon Jancia. "Analysis of stabilisation method of gable walls of a barrack located at the section BI of the former KL Auschwitz II-Birkenau." MATEC Web of Conferences 284 (2019): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928408004.
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The subject of the article is an analysis of the stabilisation method of the western gable walls of a barrack with the inventory number B-123, situated at the section BI of the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau. The barracks of the former Birkenau have a documentary and historical value and are subject to protective conservation. A barrack with inv. no. B-123 had been erected in the last months of 1941 as a residential barrack, then it was used as a hospital facility. The barrack walls are characterised by low stiffness, because with the building’s plan of 36.17 m 11.39 m, the walls are only 0.12 m thick. Gable walls have been greatly deformed, as a result they have detached from longitudinal walls and their deflection is up to 120 mm. The construction of the walls is at risk, because a bad-quality wall is loaded with horizontal and vertical forces transmitted from the roof, on the eccentricity reaching 120 mm. Deformations are progressing as a consequence of such forces and the walls must be stabilised. In case of the western wall, it was decided to stop its further deformation and to increase the local carrying capacity by stabilising with steel elements connected with ties anchored in the ground. Given the historical value of the plasters with paint coats layers covering the wall, it was decided not to remove the wall deformation mechanically. For the eastern wall, which is not covered with plaster and was partly reconstructed after the war, the removal of its deflection by rectification was designed.
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Mallick, Rajib B., Animesh Das, and S. Nazarian. "Fast Nondestructive Field Test Method to Determine Stiffness of Subsurface Layer in Thin Surface Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavement." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1905, no. 1 (January 2005): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190500109.
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The determination of the moduli of subsurface stabilized layers in pavements with unknown and variable layers and thin asphalt layers is a challenging problem. Reliable estimation of moduli cannot be obtained from backcalculation of falling weight deflectometer data. In addition, for many stabilized layers, full-depth intact cores cannot be obtained from the field, and hence, laboratory determination of the moduli is not possible. Analysis of the seismic property of a pavement is a well-known method for estimation of the surface modulus of the pavement. This paper proposes a simple methodology on how seismic data acquired on the pavement surface can be effectively used to estimate the modulus of the surface layer as well as those of the subsequent subsurface layers of a flexible pavement. A research study was conducted on three hot-mix asphalt pavements with a foamed asphalt (FA) stabilized base in Maine. These three pavements were tested with both portable seismic and falling weight deflectometer equipment. Cores were taken from the same locations and tested in the laboratory for their resilient moduli. The modulus values obtained from different tests were compared, the effect of temperature on the modulus of the FA was evaluated, and the deflections computed from layered elastic analysis by use of the predicted modulus of the FA layer were compared with the observed deflections. It is concluded that the portable seismic equipment can be used to determine accurate moduli of subsurface stabilized layers. The practical advantages of using such equipment warrant further study for refinement of the method.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stabilised layers method"
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LISITANO, DOMENICO. "Spatial damping identification and control of mechanical systems." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2734827.
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DESSOLIN, JOEL. "Etude de la reduction de trainee et de la stabilite d'une couche limite laminaire sur une plaque equipee d'une serie de perturbateurs." Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30030.
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Pour depasser le cadre de la theorie locale de la triple deck de stewartson et williams, on etablit une formulation en triple couche et en double echelle longitudinale jusqu'au second ordre des developpements asymptotiques. Celle-ci exige une utilisation precise de la regle du raccord asymptotique dont on donne l'expression appropriee. L'utilisation de developpements non reguliers, tenant compte de l'epaississement de la couche limite, s'avere particulierement bien adaptee aux ecoulements sur une plaque presentant une serie d'indentations. En effet, cette nouvelle approche montre que l'on peut traiter simultanement les problemes du premier et second ordre, dans chaque couche, par la resolution d'un probleme unique. Elle met egalement en evidence l'existence d'une nouvelle longueur caracteristique des indentations qui contribue a une meilleure interpretation du phenomene de deplacement de la couche limite. Dans une premiere partie, on etudie la reduction de la trainee laminaire en fonction des parametres geometriques des indentations ainsi que des variations locales du nombre de reynolds. Dans la seconde, on examine la stabilite lineaire et faiblement non lineaire des ecoulements generes par les perturbateurs. Dans le cadre de la theorie de la stabilite lineaire parallele, conduisant a l'equation d'orr - sommerfeld, on caracterise analytiquement et numeriquement l'apparition d'ondes de tollmien - schlichting ainsi que l'influence de la geometrie des indentations sur l'amplification de ces ondes. Des lors, une configuration geometrique optimisee des perturbateurs est construite pour simultanement reduire la trainee laminaire et reculer l'abscisse du debut de la transition. Enfin, a l'aide d'un code pse (parabolized stability equations) de l'onera-cert, on exprime les variations qualitatives des resultats de la stabilite lineaire lorsque l'on tient compte des effets faiblement non lineaires.
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Hsieh, Po-Wen, and 謝博文. "Stabilized finite element methods for solving boundary and interior layer problems." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07646626523950699002.
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博士國立中央大學
數學研究所
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This thesis is devoted to developing stabilized finite element methods (FEMs) for solving boundary and interior layer problems. We propose and analyze two new stabilized FEMs. The first one is the bubble-stabilized least-squares finite element method (LSFEM) which is applied to solve scalar convection-dominated convection-diffusion problems. We first convert the second-order convection-diffusion problem into a first-order system formulation by introducing the gradient of solution as a new unknown. Then the LSFEM using continuous piecewise linear elements enriched with residual-free bubbles for all unknowns is applied to solve the first-order mixed problem. The residual-free bubble functions are assumed to strongly satisfy the associated homogeneous second-order convection-diffusion equations in the interior of each element, up to the contribution of the linear part, and vanish on the element boundary. To implement this two-level least-squares approach, a stabilized method of Galerkin/least-squares type is used to approximate the residual-free bubble functions. This bubble-stabilized LSFEM not only inherits the advantages of the primitive LSFEM, such as the resulting linear system being symmetric and positive definite, but also exhibits the characteristics of the residual-free bubble method without involving any stabilization parameters. Several numerical experiments are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed bubble-stabilized LSFEM. The accuracy and computational cost of this method are also compared with those of the primitive LSFEM. We find that for a small diffusivity, the bubble-stabilized LSFEM is much better able to capture the nature of layer structure in the solution than the primitive LSFEM, even if the primitive LSFEM uses a very fine mesh or higher-order elements. In other words, the bubble-stabilized LSFEM provides a significant mprovement, with a lower computational cost, over the primitive LSFEM for solving convection-dominated problems. Finally, we extend this approach to a coupled system of convection-diffusion equations arising from the steady incompressible magnetohydrodynamic duct flow problem with a transverse magnetic field at high Hartmann numbers. The second method that we propose in this thesis is a new stabilized FEM in the Galerkin formulation. We analyze the method using continuous piecewise linear elements for solving 2D reaction-convection-diffusion equations. The equation under consideration is reaction-convection-dominated, involving a small diffusivity and a large reaction coefficient. In addition to giving error estimates of the approximations in $L^2$ and $H^1$ norms, we explicitly establish the dependence of error bounds on the diffusivity, the module of convection field, the reaction coefficient and the mesh size. Several numerical examples exhibiting boundary layers are given to illustrate the high accuracy and stability of the newly proposed stabilized FEM. The results obtained are also compared with those of existing stabilized FEMs.
Books on the topic "Stabilised layers method"
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Peyman, Givi, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Vortex-scalar element calculations of a diffusion flame stabilized on a plane mixing layer. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.
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P, Givi, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Vortex-scalar element calculations of a diffusion flame stabilized on a plane mixing layer. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.
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Ghoniem, Ahmed F. Vortex-scalar element calculations of a diffusion flame stabilized on a plane mixing layer. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1987.
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Peyman, Givi, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Vortex-scalar element calculations of a diffusion flame stabilized on a plane mixing layer. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Stabilised layers method"
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Hirota, Kiyoharu, Yasuhisa Suganuma, Tomoharu Iwasaki, and Takeshi Kuwano. "How to Teach Remotely the Vegetation Works to Protect Slopes Against Mass Wasting: A Case of Using Video Materials in Bhutan." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 2, 2022, 361–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18471-0_26.
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AbstractThis paper describes the outline of the video tutorial prepared for vegetation workers and relevant officers in Bhutan to learn how vegetation works are to be done in remote areas. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA for short) took a project on cutting unstable slopes in Gangthangkha, Wangdue, Bhutan, so that they should be gentler than 45° to improve slope stability with vegetation works. Particularly stabilizing slopes along Prime National Highway No. 1 (PNH-1 for short) was the overriding priority because slope failures along this highway have reportedly occurred in rainy seasons. Before vegetation works were carried out on the studied slope of the project, the authors conducted germination tests to choose seeds and methods suitable for the vegetation works. They chose Paspalum Atratum, Ruzi grass, and GM mixed (Grass Mixture seed formulating of Cock’s foot 70% and Italian Ryegrass 30% of 100 kg) based on their test results. The soil thickness associated with sowing was set at 5 cm. The authors tried the following types of vegetation methods on the studied site. Type A is arranging on the slope stripes of soil mixed with seeds and fertilizer, Type B is spreading out a five cm-thick seeds-mixed soil layer over the slope, and Type C is transplanting germination beds. In conclusion, Type C is the best in terms of its performance because the whole slope is quickly covered with already grown plants. In Type B, it is not until grass covers the entire slope that the slope is finally stabilized. Type A is good for seeds-mixed soil stripes, but it takes time for the grass to spread gradually over the whole slope.
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Purohit, Pritee, and Shashikant Tukaram Vagge. "Oxidation and Tribology of Al2O3-Induced LaTi2Al9O19/YSZ Double Ceramic Layer Coatings." In Handbook of Research on Tribology in Coatings and Surface Treatment, 45–63. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9683-8.ch003.
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In the present work, the alumina-induced thermal barrier coatings with LaTi2Al9O19 (LTA) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), LTA/YSZ double ceramic layer (DCL) are studied for oxidation and wear tests. Different coatings combinations with varying thickness of LaTi2Al9O19 (LTA) top coat layer are developed using plasma spray method and are tested for isothermal oxidation and wear test. An Alumina layer is induced after the bond coat layer to provide a readily available oxide layer. The activation energy is calculated using the Arrhenius equation. Arrhenius plots are developed using oxidation kinetics. Coatings are tested for wear performance also. The coating combination with a higher thickness of LTA proved best for both oxidation and wear performances. Surface characterization is done using EDS and XRD analysis.
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Mishriki, M. "Tracking the settlement of sand layers stabilized by stone piles using numerical modeling." In Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, 787–92. Taylor & Francis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439833766.ch114.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Stabilised layers method"
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Friedrich, C. J., R. Gadow, and T. Schirmer. "Lanthane Aluminate—A New Material for Atmospheric Plasma Spraying of Advanced Thermal Barrier Coatings." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p1219.
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Abstract One of the main application fields of the thermal spraying process are thermal barrier coatings (TBC). Today partially stabilised zirconia (YSZ or MSZ) is mainly used as TBC material. At temperatures above 1000°C, zirconia layers ages distinctively including shrinkage and microcrack formation. Therefore there is a considerable interest in TBCs for higher temperature application. In this paper lanthanum aluminate, a newly developed TBC material with long term stability up to 1400 °C, is presented. It ages significantly slower at these high temperatures than commercial zirconia based TBCs. Its composition favors the formation of platelets, which prevent a densification of the coating by postsintering. It consists of La2O3, AI2O3 and MgO. Its crystal structure corresponds to lanthanum aluminate powders were produced using two different fabrication routes, one based on salts, the other one based on oxides. To optimise the granulate various raw materials and additives were tested. The slurry was spray dried in a laboratory spray drier and calcined at 1650°C. Using these two powders, coatings were produced by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The residual stresses of the coatings were measured by the hole drilling method and the deposition process was optimised with respect to the residual stresses of the TBC. The coatings were extensively analysed regarding phase composition, thermal expansion, long term stability as well as microstructural properties.
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Last, Nicholas Charles, and Kittiphong Jongkittinarukorn. "A Simplified Approach to the Analysis of Commingled Wells Whose Layers Have Contrasting Skins." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210634-ms.
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Abstract It has been well documented in the literature that commingled wells in which the different layers have different levels of formation damage – also known as skin – yield anomalous values of formation transmissibility (kh) when they are tested. Specifically, the apparent transmissibility resulting from pressure transient analysis of such wells is typically lower than the arithmetical sum of the transmissibilities of the individual layers. The objective of this study is to present a simple method to quantify this kh reduction effect that is applicable to cases with unlimited numbers of layers that may have different layer pressures as well as different skins. The methodology starts with the quantification of each layer's productivity index (J), as a function of its kh and skin, during transient inflow conditions. During this transient period, J is not constant but decreases with time, and the apparent kh of the well is then calculated as a function of the evolution with time of the productivity indices of the individual layers. The method is applied to cases where layer skins are different but initial layer pressures are the same, as well as to cases where both skins and pressures differ between layers. The method is then extended again to the case of stabilized inflow conditions, at which time J is conventionally considered to be no longer changing. The outcome of the study is a simple equation that allows the apparent transmissibility of the commingled well to be calculated, for any number of layers with differing pressures and skins, under transient or stabilized inflow conditions. The quantification of the apparent transmissibility then allows the apparent total-well skin to be easily calculated. It is shown that, for certain combinations of layer skins and layer pressures, the transmissibility reduction effect is significantly smaller than expected and, in some circumstances, might not be observed at all. This result is at odds with the current understanding as set out elsewhere in the literature. The results of this study point towards alternatives to the conventional methods that are used for testing and analyzing commingled wells, and also have implications for the design of well stimulation programs.
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Brousse, E., G. Montavon, A. Denoirjean, P. Fauchais, and K. Wittmann-Teneze. "Gastight Yttria-Partially Stabilized Zirconia Layers Manufactured by Suspension Plasma Spraying for SOFC Electrolyte Functional Layers." In ITSC2009, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2009p0120.
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Abstract Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells include in their design a solid electrolyte layer, usually made of yttria-stabilized zirconia, that acts as an ionic conductor through which oxygen ions diffuse. This layer must be as thin as possible to limit ohmic losses yet have a low leakage rate corresponding to a low level of connected stacking defects such as microcracks. Suspension plasma spraying (SPS) appears to be a viable method for manufacturing such layers and is used in this study to produce gastight coatings that with further improvements may meet the requirements of SOFCs. The paper describes the setup and optimization of the SPS process and the methods used to evaluate the solid electrolyte layers.
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Sukeshini, A. M., T. Jenkins, P. Gardner, R. M. Miller, and T. L. Reitz. "Investigation of Aerosol Jet Deposition Parameters for Printing SOFC Layers." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33262.
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This work entails an investigation of the Aerosol Jet® Printing (AJP) method for depositing dense and porous layers necessary for the fabrication of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Ink preparation, method of printing, and the impact of various printing and processing parameters on the microstructure of layers will be presented. In addition, the electrochemical performance of anode supported button cells produced via the AJP process will be discussed. Thin electrolyte and cathode layers were deposited onto a standard anode-supported substrate and consisted of a yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, a strontium doped lanthanum manganate (LSM)/YSZ cathode functional interlayer, and a neat LSM cathode current collection layer. Optimal printing parameters for depositing dense electrolyte layers with thickness ranging from a few microns to a few tens of microns (8–33 μm) were identified. Porous composite cathode interlayers were printed from mixtures of individually aerosolized components of YSZ and LSM. Button cells incorporating the electrolyte and cathode layers on a NiO/YSZ support substrate exhibited stable voltage of 1.16–1.20 V at open circuit at 700–850 °C for hydrogen and air as fuel and oxidant, respectively. The results demonstrate the capability and potential of AJP method for deposition of layers necessary for SOFC fabrication and suggest that the method is very viable for obtaining highly reproducible microstructures with potential for mass manufacturing.
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Parmar, Parth, Sachin Alya, Ramesh Singh, and Anil Saigal. "Development of a Thermal Barrier Coating via Direct Energy Deposition." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73730.
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Abstract Laser cladding is a direct energy deposition method that is used to deposit desired property material on the substrate with sound metallurgical bond and has well-known applications, like surface depositions, for improving or altering the corrosion and/or wear resistance of the material. The laser cladding process involves various physical phenomena occurring together. It is a layer by layer deposition technique. The accuracy and precision of the laser cladding process are high because of the controlled heat input and minimal dilution. With these beneficial aspects, laser cladding finds application in the development of a thermal barrier coating. This paper is focused on the development and characterization of a thermal barrier coating via laser cladding. Parametric study to clad Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (8YSZ) on H13 tool steel was performed using 3kW fiber laser and 6-axis KUKA robot. For the engineered thermal response of the thermal barrier coating, i.e., thermal diffusivity, different methods were studied. Characterization of the laser flash method is done for accurate thermal diffusivity measurement. In addition, the effects of process parameters such as scanning speed, laser power, and powder flow rate on the macro clads and micro clad geometry, surface roughness, and microhardness have been studied. The deposition height and width were found to be increasing with an increae in laser power for both microscale and macro-scale depositions. Also, if the scanning speed is increased, the deposition height and width decrease. The hardness of the deposited Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia coating was found to be ∼1400 HV.
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Mekada, N., M. Seino, T. Yamane, and H. Nakajima. "Thermally Stabilized 1 X 4 Ti:LiNbO3 Waveguide Switch." In Integrated and Guided Wave Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/igwo.1989.maa2.
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Z-cut LiNbO3 waveguide devices are essential in high-speed optical fiber communication and photonic switching systems. To put them to practical use, they must be useable in wide temperature range. However, these devices usually have a large temperature dependency due to the thermally-induced pyroelectric charge on the z-cut surface. Electrodes on the highly-resistive SiO2 buffer layer makes charge distribution ununiform and results in an undesirable electric field on waveguides as we reported previously(1). Drive point voltage shifts with temperature and it degrades crosstalk. Another problem is the connection between fibers and waveguides. The conventional method using Si V-groove array provides thermally stable connection(2), but, there is often a large excess loss because of the imperfect matching between the waveguide and silicon end faces. The purpose of our research is to overcome these problems and make a thermally stable z-cut Ti:LiNbO3 high-speed switch with low loss. To solve the first problem, we formed a Si layer with appropriate resistivity between the SiO2 buffer layer and the electrodes to keep the surface-charge distribution uniform(1). We also devised a new method for attaching fibers to waveguides to make stable joints with low loss. We fabricated a low-loss, thermally stable 1X4 optical switch on z-cut LiNbO3 and tested it in a 512-Mbps optical time division switching system(3).
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Okubo, Yasuhiro, Hiroshi Shinsha, Takahiko Shiina, and Masaki Kitazume. "Execution of Stabilized Surface Layer on Soft Ground by the Pneumatic Flow Mixing Method." In International Symposium on Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/gi087.
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Waldbillig, D., O. Kesler, Z. Tang, and A. Burgess. "Suspension Plasma Spraying of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrolytes." In ITSC2007, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2007p0677.
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Abstract Suspension plasma spraying is a promising modification to traditional plasma spray techniques that may allow plasma sprayed layers with finer microstructures and better porosity control to be produced. The fine microstructures and controlled porosity of these layers, combined with plasma spraying’s ability to produce layers rapidly without requiring a post-deposition heat treatment, makes this an interesting new manufacturing method to produce solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) active layers. This study uses an axial injection suspension plasma spray system to produce thin, high-density layers of fully stabilized yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) for use as an SOFC electrolyte. Three different aqueous feedstock suspensions with varying solid contents were sprayed, which resulted in coatings with splat thicknesses of approximately 0.5 µm and some intersplat porosity. Total coating thickness increased as the suspension solid content was increased, but suspension flow rates and deposition efficiencies decreased.
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Dumanić, Daniela, Deana Breški, and Sandra Juradin. "The use of fibers in cement stabilized base course of pavement." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1125.
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Nowadays, various materials are being analyzed as a possible component of pavement structure with the goal of using sustainable building materials and protecting the environment. Waste and recycled materials are added to pavement layers in order to improve it. Also, the possibility of using natural, renewable materials by incorporating them into existing standard materials is been examined. Cement-stabilized base course increases load-carrying capacity of the pavement but is prone to cracking which causes reflection cracks in an asphalt surface. Reinforcement of cement-stabilized base course can be achieved by the addition of fibers. Fibers added to the cement stabilization tend to prevent or delay the crack initiation and propagation by redistributing the resulting stresses. Considering the research conducted to-date and the need to use sustainable materials in combination with cement stabilization, some attempts are being made to achieve improvements of this pavement layer. Natural fibers are locally available, economical, renewable and degradable, and can be used as reinforcement. In the Mediterranean area, a possible source of cellulose fibers is found in the wild plant named Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum L). This paper offers an overview of research studies about fiber reinforcement of cement-stabilized base course. It also presents current research on Spanish Broom fibers in cement composites, as well as possible ways of obtaining and treating fibers. Based on the results of this research, a method for obtaining the fibers can be selected which might improve the mechanical properties of cement-stabilized course.
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Huang, X., K. Ridgeway, S. Narasimhan, K. Reifsnider, and X. Ma. "Application of Plasma Sprayed Coatings in a Novel Integrated Composite Seal for SOFCs." In ITSC2006, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, R. S. Lima, and J. Voyer. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2006p0361.
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Abstract Affordable and reliable solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are being widely sought as the next-generation answer to the power needs of many applications throughout the world. Maintaining stable hermetic sealing is critical for SOFC stacks to achieve high efficiency and longevity. The authors have introduced a novel multi-layered composite seal, consisting of thin layers of oxidation resistant alloys, plasma sprayed ceramic, and hermetic filler materials. The seal structure will be directly fabricated onto the surfaces of mating adherends using low-cost manufacturing methods such as atmospheric plasma spray (APS). During stack assembly, sealing can be achieved through a simple heat/pressure-assisted curing process. As an important part of the layered composite seal, a plasma sprayed porous alumina-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) ceramic coating on Fe-Cr based interconnect material has been developed. The ceramic coating was made from low-cost commercially available powders and deposited by atmospheric plasma spray (APS) method. The coating composition and fabrication procedure were optimized for high mechanical robustness, low electric conductivity. Experimental results based on coated “button” samples have demonstrated good bond strength between the plasma-sprayed ceramic layers and interconnect substrates, excellent thermal shock resistnace, good electrical insulation properties, and low permeability. Initial testing result of a composite seal formed with a glass filler has shown a low gas leak rate and good thermo-cycling resistance.
Reports on the topic "Stabilised layers method"
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Qamhia, Issam, and Erol Tutumluer. Review of Improved Subgrade and Stabilized Subbases to Evaluate Performance of Concrete Pavements. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-016.
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This report presents findings on the evaluation of foundation layers under concrete pavements in the state of Illinois. It also provides recommendations and scenarios where unbound granular layers can be safely used under concrete pavements as economical and well-performing subbase layers. The current practice and mechanistic design methods for constructing concrete pavements in Illinois was first evaluated, including historical studies that led to the current design procedures and policies. The performance of concrete pavements with unbound granular layers in Illinois were then evaluated, and several case studies of well-performing concrete pavements with granular subbases, high traffic levels, and low distress levels and severity were realized. Next, the practices of surrounding states were evaluated, and several Midwest states, i.e., Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Michigan, were found to regularly use unbound granular layers under concrete pavements with no issues. A literature review on the most recent requirements and recommendations for designing granular subbases under concrete pavements was then presented. It is concluded that subbase layers under concrete pavements are mainly used to provide uniform support and prevent pumping. Based on the case study evaluations and literature, a stable, drainable, and durable daylighted granular subbase design is recommended for traffic factors up to 10.0. Stability is ensured by limiting the ratio of gravel-to-sand fractions in the aggregate mix between 1.3 and 1.9. Drainability requirements can be met by limiting the percentage of fines passing the No. 200 sieve (0.075 mm) to 4% and by checking the quality of drainage is at least fair based on the time required to drain 50% of the water. Lastly, a geotextile fabric is recommended for use below the granular subbase for separation to ensure drainability throughout design life.
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Choudhary, Ruplal, Victor Rodov, Punit Kohli, Elena Poverenov, John Haddock, and Moshe Shemesh. Antimicrobial functionalized nanoparticles for enhancing food safety and quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598156.bard.
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Original objectives The general goal of the project was to utilize the bactericidal potential of curcumin- functionalizednanostructures (CFN) for reinforcement of food safety by developing active antimicrobial food-contact surfaces. In order to reach the goal, the following secondary tasks were pursued: (a) further enhancement of the CFN activity based on understanding their mode of action; (b) preparing efficient antimicrobial surfaces, investigating and optimizing their performance; (c) testing the efficacy of the antimicrobial surfaces in real food trials. Background to the topic The project dealt with reducing microbial food spoilage and safety hazards. Cross-contamination through food-contact surfaces is one of the major safety concerns, aggravated by bacterial biofilm formation. The project implemented nanotech methods to develop novel antimicrobial food-contact materials based on natural compounds. Food-grade phenylpropanoidcurcumin was chosen as the most promising active principle for this research. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements In agreement with the original plan, the following research tasks were performed. Optimization of particles structure and composition. Three types of curcumin-functionalizednanostructures were developed and tested: liposome-type polydiacetylenenanovesicles, surface- stabilized nanoparticles and methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (MBCD). The three types had similar minimal inhibitory concentration but different mode of action. Nanovesicles and inclusion complexes were bactericidal while the nanoparticlesbacteriostatic. The difference might be due to different paths of curcumin penetration into bacterial cell. Enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy of CFN by photosensitization. Light exposure strengthened the bactericidal efficacy of curcumin-MBCD inclusion complexes approximately three-fold and enhanced the bacterial death on curcumin-coated plastic surfaces. Investigating the mode of action of CFN. Toxicoproteomic study revealed oxidative stress in curcumin-treated cells of E. coli. In the dark, this effect was alleviated by cellular adaptive responses. Under light, the enhanced ROS burst overrode the cellular adaptive mechanisms, disrupted the iron metabolism and synthesis of Fe-S clusters, eventually leading to cell death. Developing industrially-feasible methods of binding CFN to food-contact surfaces. CFN binding methods were developed for various substrates: covalent binding (binding nanovesicles to glass, plastic and metal), sonochemical impregnation (binding nanoparticles to plastics) and electrostatic layer-by-layer coating (binding inclusion complexes to glass and plastics). Investigating the performance of CFN-coated surfaces. Flexible and rigid plastic materials and glass coated with CFN demonstrated bactericidal activity towards Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (Bac. cereus) bacteria. In addition, CFN-impregnated plastic material inhibited bacterial attachment and biofilm development. Testing the efficacy of CFN in food preservation trials. Efficient cold pasteurization of tender coconut water inoculated with E. coli and Listeriamonocytogeneswas performed by circulation through a column filled with CFN-coated glass beads. Combination of curcumin coating with blue light prevented bacterial cross contamination of fresh-cut melons through plastic surfaces contaminated with E. coli or Bac. licheniformis. Furthermore, coating of strawberries with CFN reduced fruit spoilage during simulated transportation extending the shelf life by 2-3 days. Implications, both scientific and agricultural BARD Report - Project4680 Page 2 of 17 Antimicrobial food-contact nanomaterials based on natural active principles will preserve food quality and ensure safety. Understanding mode of antimicrobial action of curcumin will allow enhancing its dark efficacy, e.g. by targeting the microbial cellular adaptation mechanisms.