Journal articles: 'ST14'

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Giske, Christian G., Inga Fröding, Chowdhury Mehedi Hasan, Agata Turlej-Rogacka, Mark Toleman, David Livermore, Neil Woodford, and Timothy R. Walsh. "Diverse Sequence Types of Klebsiella pneumoniae Contribute to the Dissemination ofblaNDM-1in India, Sweden, and the United Kingdom." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 5 (February 21, 2012): 2735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.06142-11.

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ABSTRACTClinical isolates ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeproducing NDM-1 carbapenemase from India (n= 22), the United Kingdom (n= 13), and Sweden (n= 4) were subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST), automated repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR), serotyping, virulence gene screening, and plasmid replicon typing. The most frequently detected MLST sequence types (STs) were ST14 (n= 13; all serotype K2), ST11, ST149, ST231, and ST147. The correlation between MLST and automated rep-PCR was excellent. IncA/C was the most frequently detected plasmid replicon type (n= 14). ST14, ST11, and other successful clones may be important for the dissemination ofblaNDM-1.

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Rudzińska, Monika, Beata Kowalewska, Małgorzata Waleron, Mirosław Kalicki, Katarzyna Sikorska, and Beata Szostakowska. "Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis from Animals and Their Caregivers at the Gdańsk Zoo (Poland) and the Assessment of Zoonotic Transmission." Biology 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10100984.

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Blastocystis is a highly genetically diverse gut protist commonly found in humans and various animals. The role of animals in human infection is only partly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the host specificity and possibility of zoonotic transmission of this microorganism. Subtypes of Blastocystis isolated from 201 zoo animals and their 35 caregivers were identified by sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene. Blastocystis was found in 26.86% of animal and 17.14% of human samples. Both mammalian (ST1–ST3, ST5, ST8, ST10, ST13, ST14) and non-mammalian subtypes were detected. Of the subtypes found in non-human primates (ST1, ST2, ST3, and ST13), two subtypes (ST1 and ST3) were also detected in humans. The presence of identical ST1 sequences in three monkeys and their caregiver indicates the possibility of direct transmission of Blastocystis between these animals and humans. Detection of ST5 only in wild boars and peccaries, ST8 only in Marsupial, ST10 and ST14 only in Bovidae, and non-mammalian subtypes in reptiles suggests higher host specificity for these subtypes, and indicates that their transmission between animals and humans is unlikely. Additionally, this was probably the first time that ST5 was found in peccaries, ST2 in patas monkeys, and ST8 in red kangaroos.

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Maloney, Jenny G., Yunah Jang, Aleksey Molokin, Nadja S. George, and Monica Santin. "Wide Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Maryland, USA." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061343.

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Blastocystis is a gastrointestinal protist frequently reported in humans and animals worldwide. Wildlife populations, including deer, may serve as reservoirs of parasitic diseases for both humans and domestic animals, either through direct contact or through contamination of food or water resources. However, no studies of the occurrence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis in wildlife populations have been conducted in the United States. PCR and next generation amplicon sequencing were used to determine the occurrence and subtypes of Blastocystis in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Blastocystis was common, with 88.8% (71/80) of samples found to be positive. Twelve subtypes were identified, ten previously reported (ST1, ST3, ST4, ST10, ST14, ST21, and ST23–ST26) and two novel subtypes (ST30 and ST31). To confirm the validity of ST30 and ST31, MinION sequencing was used to obtain full-length SSU rRNA gene sequences, and phylogenetic and pairwise distance analyses were performed. ST10, ST14, and ST24 were the most commonly observed subtypes. Potentially zoonotic subtypes ST1, ST3, or ST4 were present in 8.5% of Blastocystis-positives. Mixed subtype infections were common (90.1% of Blastocystis-positives). This study is the first to subtype Blastocystis in white-tailed deer. White-tailed deer were found to be commonly infected/colonized with a wide diversity of subtypes, including two novel subtypes, zoonotic subtypes, and subtypes frequently reported in domestic animals. More studies in wildlife are needed to better understand their role in the transmission of Blastocystis.

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Chen, Shanyu, Wanyu Meng, Ziyao Zhou, Lei Deng, Xiaogang Shi, Yijun Chai, Haifeng Liu, et al. "Genetic characterization and zoonotic potential of Blastocystis from wild animals in Sichuan Wolong National Natural Reserve, Southwest China." Parasite 28 (2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021071.

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Blastocystis is a prevalent eukaryotic parasite that has been identified in a wide range of hosts. Several species are considered potential sources of Blastocystis infection in humans, but little is known about the prevalence of Blastocystis in wild animals. In this study, the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis were investigated to assess the zoonotic potential of wild animals in Sichuan Wolong National Natural Reserve. A total of 300 fecal samples were collected from 27 wildlife species in three areas of the Reserve. The subtype (ST), genetic characteristics, and prevalence of Blastocystis were determined by PCR amplification of part (~600 bp) of the SSU rRNA gene. Thirty fecal samples (10.0%) were Blastocystis-positive. The highest prevalence of Blastocystis was found in Yinchanggou (18.3%), with significantly less found in Niutoushan (7.5%) and Genda (5.5%) (p < 0.05). No significant differences were associated with different orders of animals in prevalence, which may be because of the small number of positive samples obtained. Sequence analysis showed five subtypes (ST1, ST3, ST5, ST13, and ST14), with ST13 and ST14 being predominant (33% each), followed by ST1 (20%). This is the first molecular investigation of Blastocystis infection in the wild animals of southwestern China. Subtypes ST1, ST3, ST5, and ST14 have previously been identified in humans, suggesting that wild animals may be potential reservoirs of Blastocystis for humans.

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Muraya, Angela, Cecilia Kyany’a, Shahiid Kiyaga, Hunter J. Smith, Caleb Kibet, Melissa J. Martin, Josephine Kimani, and Lillian Musila. "Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in Kenya by Whole-Genome Sequencing." Pathogens 11, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050545.

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Klebsiella pneumoniae is a globally significant opportunistic pathogen causing healthcare-associated and community-acquired infections. This study examined the epidemiology and the distribution of resistance and virulence genes in clinical K. pneumoniae strains in Kenya. A total of 89 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected over six years from five counties in Kenya and were analyzed using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics. These isolates were obtained from community-acquired (62/89) and healthcare-associated infections (21/89), and from the hospital environment (6/89). Genetic analysis revealed the presence of blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-181 carbapenemase genes and the armA and rmtF genes known to confer pan-aminoglycoside resistance. The most abundant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes identified were blaCTX-M-15 (36/89), blaTEM (35/89), and blaOXA (18/89). In addition, one isolate had a mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-8). Fluoroquinolone resistance-conferring mutations in gyrA and parC genes were also observed. The most notable virulence factors were those associated with hyper-virulence (rmpA/A2 and magA), yersiniabactin (ybt), salmochelin (iro), and aerobactin (iuc and iutA). A total of 38 distinct sequence types were identified, including known global lineages ST14, ST15, ST147, and ST307, and a regional clone ST17 implicated in regional outbreaks. In addition, this study genetically characterized two potential hypervirulent isolates and two community-acquired ST147 high-risk clones that contained carbapenemase genes, yersiniabactin, and other multidrug resistance genes. These results demonstrate that the resistome and virulome of Kenyan clinical and hospital environmental K. pneumoniae isolates are diverse. The reservoir of high-risk clones capable of spreading resistance, and virulence factors have the potential to cause unmanageable infection outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality.

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Khaled, Salma, Nausicaa Gantois, Amadou Tidjani Ly, Simon Senghor, Gaël Even, Ellena Dautel, Romane Dejager, et al. "Prevalence and Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis sp. in Senegalese School Children." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091408.

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Blastocystis sp. is an enteric protozoan that frequently colonizes humans and many animals. Despite impacting on human health, data on the prevalence and subtype (ST) distribution of Blastocystis sp. remain sparse in Africa. Accordingly, we performed the first multicenter and largest epidemiological survey ever conducted on Blastocystis sp. for this continent. A total of 731 stool samples collected from healthy school children living in 10 villages of the northwestern region of Senegal were tested for the presence of Blastocystis sp. by real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by subtyping of positive samples. Considerable variation in prevalence between villages (51.7 to 100%) was evident with the overall prevalence being 80.4%. Mixed infections were identified in 23% of positive individuals. Among 453 school children with a single infection, ST2 was predominant, followed by ST1, ST3, ST7, ST10, and ST14; this is the first report of ST10 and ST14 in humans. Genetic polymorphisms were evident at the intra-ST level with the identification of numerous ST1 to ST3 genotypes. ST1 showed the greatest intra-ST diversity followed by ST2 and ST3. The prevalence and distribution of STs and genotypes varied among target villages, pointing to several potential infection sources, including human-to-human, zoonotic, and waterborne transmission.

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Chen, Shanyu, Wanyu Meng, Xianpeng Shi, Yijun Chai, Ziyao Zhou, Haifeng Liu, Zhijun Zhong, et al. "Occurrence, genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of Blastocystis sp. in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in Southwest China." Parasite 29 (2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2022037.

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Blastocystis sp. is a common anaerobic protist with controversial pathogenicity that can infect various animals and humans. However, there are no reports of Blastocystis sp. infections in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). The present study was designed to examine the occurrence, subtype distribution and genetic characterization of Blastocystis sp. in forest musk deer in southwestern China, and to assess the potential for zoonotic transmission. A total of 504 fresh stool samples were collected from captive forest musk deer in four distinct areas of southwestern China. Overall, 14.7% of the forest musk deer (74/504) were found to be infected with Blastocystis sp. The highest occurrence of Blastocystis sp. was observed in Dujiangyan (27.5%), followed by Maerkang (23.3%). The occurrence of Blastocystis sp. was 7.9% and 4.1% in Shimian and Hanyuan, respectively. Significant differences in the occurrence of Blastocystis sp. among different areas were observed (p < 0.05), while we did not observe significant differences among animals of different age and sex (p > 0.05). Two known zoonotic subtypes (ST1 and ST5) and three animal-predominant subtypes (ST10, ST13, and ST14) were identified, of which ST10 was the most common (36/74, 48.6%). Our findings highlight that forest musk deer may be potential reservoirs of zoonotic human Blastocystis sp. infections.

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Baek, Sohyeong, Jenny G. Maloney, Aleksey Molokin, Nadja S. George, Jesús A. Cortés Vecino, and Monica Santin. "Diversity of Blastocystis Subtypes in Horses in Colombia and Identification of Two New Subtypes." Microorganisms 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2022): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091693.

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Blastocystis is a common intestinal protist in humans and animals worldwide. Wild and domestic animals are thought to be reservoirs of Blastocystis subtypes that also infect humans. There are limited studies on the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis in horses. In this study, 185 fecal samples were collected from horses (1 month to 17 years of age) in four regions of Colombia (Sabana de Bogotá, Costa Atlántica, Llanos Orientales, and Bogotá D.C.). Blastocystis presence and subtypes were determined by PCR and next generation amplicon sequencing. Eighty-one (43.8%) horses were positive for Blastocystis, with positive horses in all four regions. Molecular characterization identified 12 Blastocystis subtypes, 10 known subtypes (ST1, ST3–ST6, ST10, ST14, ST25, ST26), and 2 novel subtypes (ST33 and ST34). The validity of the novel subtypes was confirmed via phylogenetic and pairwise distance analyses of the full-length SSU rRNA gene sequences. Mixed subtype infections were common (55.6% of Blastocystis-positive horses). ST10 was the most prevalent subtype, present in 82.8% of Blastocystis-positive horses. Potentially zoonotic subtypes were identified in 88.9% of the Blastocystis-positive horses. This constitutes the most comprehensive study of Blastocystis in horses. Our findings indicate that horses harbor potentially zoonotic subtypes and could contribute to the transmission of Blastocystis to humans.

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Liu, Hui, Yan Yu, and Jun Jing He. "Spot Weldability Comparison of High Strength Steel BIF340 and Normal Cold-Rolled Steel St14." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.846.

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The experimental investigation was carried out to compare resistance spot weldability of BIF340 and St14 steel in different weld processes.The spot weld microstructure and properties of two steels were analyzed.The results shown that : resistance spot weldability of BIF340 is better than St14.The optimum parameters of BIF340 were as follows: welding current was 6KA,welding time was 7 cycles, electrode force was 2800N. With the same welding process parameters, the microstructure of BIF340 spot weld was homogeneous and fine-grained, and the tensile shear strength was higher than St14.

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Zhang, Peiyang, Qingxun Zhang, Shuyi Han, Guohui Yuan, Jiade Bai, and Hongxuan He. "Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of the Zoonotic Enteric Protozoans and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Père David’s Deer (Elaphurus davidianus) from Beijing, China." Pathogens 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2022): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111223.

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Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis, Giardia duodenalis, Balantioides coli, Pentatrichomonas hominis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are enteric protozoan parasites and fungal species in humans and animals. Père David’s deer is an endangered species in China, but the prevalence of enteric protozoans in this species still needs to be further studied. Thus, we investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of zoonotic parasites in Père David’s deer during the period of 2018–2021. Among the 286 fecal samples collected from Père David’s deer in the Nanhaizi Nature Reserve, 83 (29.0%) were positive for Blastocystis, 70 (24.5%) were positive for E. bieneusi, while other protozoan parasites were negative. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, three Blastocystis subtypes (ST10, ST14, and ST21) and ten E. bieneusi genotypes (Genotype D, MWC_d1, HLJD-V, Peru6, BEB6, BJED-I to BJED-I V) were identified. In addition, the Blastocystis subtype ST14 and the E. bieneusi genotype D and Peru6 were first detected in Père David’s deer. Our study first reports the presence of two enteric protozoans in Père David’s deer during a 4-year active surveillance and provides more information about zoonotic subtypes/genotypes of Blastocystis and E. bieneusi in deer.

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Yuan, Xiao Jiang, and Qiu Ju Zhang. "ST14 Material Stamping Process Applications of Finite Element Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 711 (June 2013): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.214.

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ST14 material around the back door window frames of the front bracket parts for the carrier, and to AutoForm stamping process finite element analysis software as a platform for ST14 experience of the material structure process simulation of material forming process, the analysis of the parts stamping process defects through repeated amendments of Part Process structure, to achieve the purpose of stamping process defects.

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Deng, Lei, Yijun Chai, Ziyao Zhou, Haifeng Liu, Zhijun Zhong, Yanchun Hu, Hualin Fu, Chanjuan Yue, and Guangneng Peng. "Epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. infection in China: a systematic review." Parasite 26 (2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019042.

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Blastocystis sp., a unicellular intestinal parasite in humans and animals worldwide, is frequently found in immunocompromized patients and people in close contact with animals. Here, we reviewed recent studies on the prevalence, subtypes, and distribution of Blastocystis infection in humans and animals in China. To date, more than 12 provinces have reported Blastocystis infection in humans, with identification of six different subtypes (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5, and ST6). The overall infection rate reported was 3.37% (3625/107,695), with the lowest prevalence (0.80%) in Fujian province and the highest prevalence (100%) in Guangdong province. ST3 (62%, 186/300) was the most dominant subtype, identified in all tested provinces in China. A total of eight provinces have reported Blastocystis infection in various animals, with the overall prevalence being 24.66% (1202/4874). Molecular analysis revealed 14 subtypes that infected animals, including 10 known (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5, ST6, ST7, ST10, ST13, ST14), and 4 novel (Novel1, Novel2, Novel3, Novel4) subtypes. ST5 was the dominant subtype infecting artiodactyls (44.1%, 460/1044), while ST1 commonly infected carnivores (45.5%, 5/11). These findings provide insights into the epidemiological behavior of Blastocystis sp. in China, and could help in developing effective control strategies against the parasite.

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Naguib, Doaa, Nausicaa Gantois, Jeremy Desramaut, Nagah Arafat, Gaël Even, Gabriela Certad, Magali Chabé, and Eric Viscogliosi. "Prevalence, Subtype Distribution and Zoonotic Significance of Blastocystis sp. Isolates from Poultry, Cattle and Pets in Northern Egypt." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112259.

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Blastocystis sp. is a widespread enteric protozoan that frequently infects human and animal groups. Despite its burden and zoonotic potential worldwide, epidemiological investigations remain limited in animal groups that come in contact with humans. Therefore, the largest survey ever conducted in North Africa was performed in Egypt with the aim to investigate the prevalence and subtype (ST) distribution of Blastocystis sp. in animals. For this purpose, a total of 889 fecal specimens were collected from chickens (217), cattle (373), dogs (144) and cats (155) from six governorates of northern Egypt. These specimens were then screened for the presence of Blastocystis sp. using a quantitative real-time PCR, followed by subtyping the isolates. The overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. reached 9.2% (82/889), with the highest infection rates reported in chickens (17.0%) and domestic cattle (11.0%), highlighting an active circulation of the parasite in both animal groups. In contrast, the low prevalence in cats (2.6%) and the absence of the parasite in dogs suggested that pets are not natural hosts of Blastocystis sp. ST10 and ST14 were largely predominant in cattle, confirming that both STs represented cattle-adapted STs. The report of one ST3 and one ST4 isolate in this animal group could be explained by an accidental zoonosis from humans to animals. All but one of the subtyped isolates in poultry belonged to ST7, which was considered as an avian ST. The presence of a remaining isolate of ST14 likely reflected a transient infection from contact between birds and cattle feces. The same environmental contamination was also likely the source of the ST14 infection in three of the four positive cats, with the remaining animals infected by ST3 as the result of human-to-animal transmission. These occurrences and subtyping data, combined with those previously collected in the Egyptian population, implies that poultry could play a significant role as reservoir for zoonotic transmission, which would not be the case for cattle and pets.

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Yang, Xin, Yunhui Li, Yuxin Wang, Junwei Wang, Peng Lai, Yuan Li, Junke Song, Meng Qi, and Guanghui Zhao. "Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis sp. in Camelus bactrianus in Northwestern China." Animals 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113016.

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Blastocystis sp. is an important zoonotic protist in humans and various animals with worldwide distribution. However, there have been no data on the occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus, an important economic animal in northwestern China. In the present study, a PCR-sequencing tool based on the SSU rRNA gene was applied to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. in 638 faecal samples from C. bactrianus in 21 sampling sites within three main breeding areas (Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang) in northwestern China. The total prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was 21.8% (139/638) in C. bactrianus, with the infection rates of 29.5% (18/61), 50.0% (14/28) and 19.5% (107/549) for animals aged <2 years, 2–6 years and >6 years, respectively. Significant differences in prevalence were detected among C. bactrianus from three geographic areas (χ2 = 19.972, df = 2, p < 0.001) and all sampling sites (χ2 = 104.154, df = 20, p < 0.001). A total of 16 of 21 sampling sites were positive for Blastocystis sp., with the prevalence ranging from 7.7% to 70.6%. Sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene identified eight subtypes in C. bactrianus in the present study, including seven animal adapted subtypes (ST10, ST14, ST21, ST24, ST25, ST26 and ST30) and one potentially novel subtype, with ST10 being the dominant one. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first insight for the occurrence and genetic make-up of Blastocystis sp. in C. bactrianus and contributes to the understanding of the transmission of Blastocystis infection in C. bactrianus in China.

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Rauff-Adedotun, Adedolapo Aminat, Farah Haziqah Meor Termizi, Nurshafarina Shaari, and Ii Li Lee. "The Coexistence of Blastocystis spp. in Humans, Animals and Environmental Sources from 2010–2021 in Asia." Biology 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10100990.

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Blastocystis spp. are controversial unicellular protists that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of humans and a wide range of animals worldwide. This review provides an overview of the prevalence and distribution of Blastocystis spp. and their subtypes throughout Asia. Research articles reporting on the presence of Blastocystis spp. in locations within Asia, between 1 January 2010, and 10 May 2021, were obtained from Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. In 427 articles, the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. in 31 countries within the last decade was revealed. Isolates were found in humans, various mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, water sources, vegetables, and ambient air. Prevalence of Blastocystis spp. varied widely across host categories. Subtypes identified throughout Asia were STs 1–14, and ST18–22 (novel subtypes). ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4 were the most frequently isolated in humans; ST5 in pigs; ST10 and ST14 in goats, sheep, and cattle; and ST6 and ST7 in chickens. ST1 and ST3 were most common in water samples. ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5 and ST6 were shared by humans, animals, and water sources. There is a growing interest in the study of Blastocystis spp. and their subtypes in Asia. Due to the isolation of Blastocystis spp. from biotic and abiotic sources in Asia, the application of the One Health (OH) approach to the study of Blastocystis spp. is proposed for improved perception of this organism.

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Audebert, Christophe, Nausicaa Gantois, Sébastien Ducrocq, Marianne Darras, Sophie Merlin, Sophie Martel, Eric Viscogliosi, Gaël Even, and Magali Chabé. "Animal, Herd and Feed Characteristics Associated with Blastocystis Prevalence and Molecular Diversity in Dairy Cattle from the North of France." Parasitologia 2, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia2010005.

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Despite the major impact of Blastocystis sp. in terms of prevalence in human and animal populations and the risk of zoonotic transmission, no epidemiological survey has yet been conducted in cattle herds in France. The aim of this study was thus to assess the prevalence and molecular diversity of Blastocystis sp. and associated factors in dairy cattle from the north of France. A total of 1581 fecal samples were collected from 1246 animals reared in 20 farms. Molecular detection of the protozoan was performed by real-time PCR and indicated an overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. reaching 54.8% in the study population. Important inter-herd variation (from 22.2% to 76.5%) of Blastocystis sp. prevalence was also reported. Sequence analysis of 159 positive samples highlighted a very large predominance of ST10 (36/159) and ST14 (64/159), and ST2 was only found in 2 samples. Mixed subtype infections were common, representing 35.8% of sequenced samples (57/159). A putative correlation between Blastocystis sp. colonization and various animal and herd characteristics or feed intake was subsequently investigated. The protozoan was less prevalent in cows that have recently calved but Blastocystis sp. carriage was not significantly related to age. Blastocystis sp. colonization also decreased with high beet pulp and pasture grass consumption and increased with corn silage intake. Finally, the only significant association between Blastocystis sp. STs and animal and herd characteristics was the number of lactations of cows, with a predominance of ST14 in cows that calved once only.

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Kim, Kyoo-Tae, Gyeonguk Noh, Haeseung Lee, Seon-Hee Kim, Hyesung Jeong, Yongkwan Kim, Weon-Hwa Jheong, et al. "Genetic Diversity and Zoonotic Potential of Blastocystis in Korean Water Deer, Hydropotes inermis argyropus." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110955.

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Blastocystis is a protozoan parasite commonly detected in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. It has been actively studied worldwide; however, information on Blastocystis is limited in Korea. Because there is an increasing concern about the contact between wildlife and domestic animals or humans, we assessed the infection status and zoonotic potential of Blastocystis in Korean water deer (KWD, Hydropotes inermis argyropus) using genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 125 fresh fecal samples were collected from KWD which were killed by vehicles on highways or roadsides in this study. Among the 125 samples, 51 (40.8%) were PCR positive. We performed nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 26 of the 51 PCR-positive samples. By analyzing Blastocystis 18S rRNA, two subtypes (ST4 and ST14) were identified in this study. Of the 26 samples analyzed, 25 were identified as ST14 and one as ST4. Infection of ST14 in humans has not been reported. Although only one ST4 sample was detected in this study, ST4 has zoonotic potential without showing ruminant specificity. Thus, continuous attention should be provided to the potential of transmission between wildlife and domestic animals and humans.

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Ardi, Ryan Dwi Wahyu, Aswan Aswan, Khoiril Anwar Maryunani, Eko Yulianto, Purna Sulastya Putra, and Septriono Hari Nugroho. "CHANGES OF THERMOCLINE DEPTH AT THE SUMBA ISLAND OFFSHORE BASED ON PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES AND ITS IMPLICATION TO EUTROPHICATION SINCE THE LAST DEGLACIATION (~18 ka BP): A PRELIMINARY STUDY." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no. 3 (2021): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.3.3.

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Changes of the thermocline depth (DOT) at the Sumba Island offshore are not well-known compared to the DOT changes in the Timor Sea, the main exit passage of the Indonesian Through-flow (ITF). Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages in cores collected from the southwest Sumba offshore (ST08) and Sumba Strait (ST12, ST13, and ST14) were used as a tool to infer the DOT and paleoproductivity changes at the Sumba Island offshore. The DOT changes were indicated from the thermocline and mixed layer dwellers’ relative abundance while the paleoproductivity changes were indicated from the relative abundance of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei. This study suggests a contrast between the DOT pattern at the Sumba Island offshore and the DOT pattern in the Timor Sea during the Last Deglaciation–Holocene. The contrast DOT pattern indicated that the multi-millennial changes of the Australian-Indonesian monsoon (AIM) during the Last Deglaciation– Holocene were the main factors behind the DOT changes in this region while the effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) –like, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) –like, and ITF to DOT changes were minimal. Paleoproductivity enhancement at the Sumba Island offshore was not solely related to the monsoon-driven coastal upwelling intensification, which resulted in the DOT shoaling and eutrophic condition. The increase of nutrient availability in surface water due to river runoff increase and changes in the lifted water mass nature were also able to enhance productivity in this region.

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Wang, Pei, Sen Li, Yang Zou, Zhao-Wei Hong, Ping Wang, Xing-Quan Zhu, De-Ping Song, and Xiao-Qing Chen. "Prevalence and Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis sp. in Diarrheic Pigs in Southern China." Pathogens 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091189.

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Blastocystis sp. is a common pathogen that infects the intestines of humans and animals, causing a threat to public health. However, little information on the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis sp. in diarrheic pigs in China is available. Herein, 1254 fecal samples were collected from diarrheic pigs in 37 intensive pig farms in Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian provinces in southern China, and the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis sp. were investigated. Blastocystis sp. was detected by PCR assay, which amplified the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was 31.4% (394/1254), including 21.5% (66/307), 33.1% (99/299), 58.9% (56/95), and 31.3% (173/553) in suckling piglets, weaned piglets, fattening pigs, and sows, respectively. Moreover, age and region factors were significantly related to prevalence of Blastocystis sp. (p < 0.05). Four Blastocystis sp. subtypes were identified, including ST1, ST3, ST5, and ST14. The preponderant subtype was ST5 (76.9%, 303/394). To our knowledge, ST14 was firstly found in pigs in China. The human-pathogenic subtypes (ST1, ST3, ST5, and ST14) that were observed in this study indicate a potential threat to public health. These findings provided a new sight for studying the genetic structure of Blastocystis sp.

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Cao, Sheng Quan, Jin Xu Zhang, Jian Sheng Wu, and Jia Guang Chen. "Effect of Local Texture on the Orange Peel Defect in St14 Steel Sheet." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.167.

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In this paper, the ‘orange peel’ defect in the surface range of the st14 steel sheet has been investigated using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. It has been found that the ‘orange peel’ defect in the st14 steel sheet was resulted from the local coarse grains which were produced during hot-rolling due to the critical deformation in dual-phase zone; During deep drawing, the coarse grains with {100}<001> microtexture can slip on the {112}<111> slip system to form bulging and yields orange peel defects, while the coarse grains with {112}<110> orientation do not form the defect as the Schmid factor of {112}<111> slip system in it equals zero.

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Richards, B., R. Heilig, I. Oberlé, L. Storjohann, and G. T. Horn. "Rapid PCR analysis of the St14 (DXS52) VNTR." Nucleic Acids Research 19, no. 8 (1991): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/19.8.1944.

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Catherine Driscoll, M., ConnieH Miller, JamesD Goldberg, LouisM Aledort, LeonW Hoyer, and MitchellS Golbus. "RECOMBINATION BETWEEN FACTOR VIII:C GENE AND St14 LOCUS." Lancet 328, no. 8501 (August 1986): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92091-x.

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Shakespeare, Callum J., and J. R. Taylor. "The spontaneous generation of inertia–gravity waves during frontogenesis forced by large strain: numerical solutions." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 772 (May 7, 2015): 508–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.197.

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A fully nonlinear numerical model is used to investigate spontaneous wave generation during two-dimensional frontogenesis forced by a horizontal strain field. The model uses the idealised configuration of an infinitely long straight front and uniform potential vorticity, with a uniform imposed convergent strain across the front. Shakespeare & Taylor (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 757, 2014, pp. 817–853) formulated a generalised analytical model (ST14) for this system that extends the classical Hoskins & Bretherton (J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 29, 1972, pp. 11–37) model (HB) to large strain rates (${\it\alpha}\sim f$). Here, we use a numerical model to simulate the fully nonlinear problem and compare the results with the predictions of the analytical model for a variety of strain rates. Even for weak strains (${\it\alpha}=0.2f$), the confinement of the secondary circulation and the spontaneous generation of waves, predicted by ST14, are shown to be important corrections to the HB solution. These inviscid predictions are also robust for an equilibrated front where strain-forced frontogenesis is balanced by diffusion. For strong strains the wavefield becomes of leading-order importance to the solution. In this case the frontal circulation is tightly confined, and the vertical velocity is an order of magnitude larger than in the HB model. The addition of a strain field that weakens with time allows the release and propagation of the spontaneously generated waves. We also consider fronts with both large vorticity and strain rate, beyond the validity of the ST14 model.

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Pecorara, M., L. Casarino, PG Mori, M. Morfini, G. Mancuso, AM Scrivano, E. Boeri, AC Molinari, R. De Biasi, and N. Ciavarella. "Hemophilia A: carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis by DNA analysis." Blood 70, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.2.531.531.

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Abstract In this study, we used DNA polymorphisms for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A in a large group of Italian families. The restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) investigated were the intragenic polymorphic Bc/I site within the factor VIII gene; the extragenic multiallelic Taq I system at the St14 locus; and the extragenic Bg/II site at the DX13 locus. The factor VIII probe was informative in 30%, St14 in 82%, and DX13 in 60% of obligate carriers. The combination of factor VIII-Bc/I and St14-Taq I showed that 91% of obligate carriers were heterozygotes for one or both; with all three probes, only 4% of obligate carriers were noninformative. In families clearly segregating for hemophilia A, RFLP analysis allowed us to define the carrier status for the hemophilia A gene in all 27 women tested. RFLP analysis allowed us to exclude the carrier status in 39 of 45 female relatives of sporadic patients. The combination of RFLP analysis and biological assay of factor VIII allowed us to identify a de novo mutation in the maternal grandfather in 7 of 12 of the families with sporadic cases, for which members of three generations were available for study. Nine of 10 couples requesting prenatal diagnosis provided informative RFLP DNA pattern. Carrier status was excluded in two women, two fetuses were shown to be female, and prenatal diagnosis was carried out in five pregnancies by DNA analysis. Prenatal testing was successful in three instances and failed in two because a sufficient amount of chorionic villous DNA was not obtained for the analysis.

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Pecorara, M., L. Casarino, PG Mori, M. Morfini, G. Mancuso, AM Scrivano, E. Boeri, AC Molinari, R. De Biasi, and N. Ciavarella. "Hemophilia A: carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis by DNA analysis." Blood 70, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.2.531.bloodjournal702531.

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In this study, we used DNA polymorphisms for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A in a large group of Italian families. The restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) investigated were the intragenic polymorphic Bc/I site within the factor VIII gene; the extragenic multiallelic Taq I system at the St14 locus; and the extragenic Bg/II site at the DX13 locus. The factor VIII probe was informative in 30%, St14 in 82%, and DX13 in 60% of obligate carriers. The combination of factor VIII-Bc/I and St14-Taq I showed that 91% of obligate carriers were heterozygotes for one or both; with all three probes, only 4% of obligate carriers were noninformative. In families clearly segregating for hemophilia A, RFLP analysis allowed us to define the carrier status for the hemophilia A gene in all 27 women tested. RFLP analysis allowed us to exclude the carrier status in 39 of 45 female relatives of sporadic patients. The combination of RFLP analysis and biological assay of factor VIII allowed us to identify a de novo mutation in the maternal grandfather in 7 of 12 of the families with sporadic cases, for which members of three generations were available for study. Nine of 10 couples requesting prenatal diagnosis provided informative RFLP DNA pattern. Carrier status was excluded in two women, two fetuses were shown to be female, and prenatal diagnosis was carried out in five pregnancies by DNA analysis. Prenatal testing was successful in three instances and failed in two because a sufficient amount of chorionic villous DNA was not obtained for the analysis.

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26

Abarca, Nadia, Mónica Santín, Sheila Ortega, Jenny G. Maloney, Nadja S. George, Aleksey Molokin, Guillermo A. Cardona, et al. "Molecular Detection and Characterization of Blastocystis sp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Cattle in Northern Spain." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090191.

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Some enteric parasites causing zoonotic diseases in livestock have been poorly studied or even neglected. This is the case in stramenopile Blastocystis sp. and the microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Spain. This transversal molecular epidemiological survey aims to estimate the prevalence and molecular diversity of Blastocystis sp. and E. bieneusi in cattle faecal samples (n = 336) in the province of Álava, Northern Spain. Initial detection of Blastocystis and E. bieneusi was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing of the small subunit (ssu) rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, respectively. Intra-host Blastocystis subtype diversity was further investigated by next generation amplicon sequencing (NGS) of the ssu rRNA gene in those samples that tested positive by conventional PCR. Amplicons compatible with Blastocystis sp. and E. bieneusi were observed in 32.1% (108/336, 95% CI: 27.2–37.4%) and 0.6% (2/336, 95% CI: 0.0–1.4%) of the cattle faecal samples examined, respectively. Sanger sequencing produced ambiguous/unreadable sequence data for most of the Blastocystis isolates sequenced. NGS allowed the identification of 10 Blastocystis subtypes including ST1, ST3, ST5, ST10, ST14, ST21, ST23, ST24, ST25, and ST26. All Blastocystis-positive isolates involved mixed infections of 2–8 STs in a total of 31 different combinations. The two E. bieneusi sequences were confirmed as potentially zoonotic genotype BEB4. Our data demonstrate that Blastocystis mixed subtype infections are extremely frequent in cattle in the study area. NGS was particularly suited to discern underrepresented subtypes or mixed subtype infections that were undetectable or unreadable by Sanger sequencing. The presence of zoonotic Blastocystis ST1, ST3, and ST5, and E. bieneusi BEB4 suggest cross-species transmission and a potential risk of human infection/colonization.

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Casares, S., M. Olivera, M. Vinuesa, and J. M. Rodriguez. "Detection of four new Taql alleles with probe St14-1." Nucleic Acids Research 19, no. 23 (1991): 6662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/19.23.6662-a.

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Kirk, HeatherE, KatherineA Robertson, ColinW Hay, Siu-Li Yong, BarbaraC Mcgillivray, GershonH Growe, and RossT A. Macgillivray. "RECOMBINATION WITHIN DXS52 (ST14) LOCUS IN FAMILY WITH HAEMOPHILIA A." Lancet 329, no. 8532 (March 1987): 560–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90200-5.

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29

Hashemi, A., M. Mashhadi, Mohammad Bakhshi-Jooybari, and A. Gorji. "Study of the Effect of Material Properties and Sheet Thickness on Formability of Conical Parts in Hydro-Mechanical Deep Drawing Assisted by Radial Pressure." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.149.

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Conical parts have a lot of usage in industries. Therefore, it is important to form these parts with high accuracy. In sheet forming processes, producing conical parts is one of the most difficult aspects. The two major problems that occur in the production of conical parts are rupturing and wrinkling. Among the forming processes for producing conical parts, the most capable one is hydroforming deep drawing. In this study, the effects of material properties and initial sheet thickness on forming and thickness reduction of the part were examined by using hydro-mechanical deep drawing assisted by radial pressure. For investigating these two parameters, pure copper and st14 steel are used. In experimental evaluation, sheets with thicknesses of 2.5 mm were used. In the simulation study, the thicknesses of 0.5, 1, and 2 mm were also examined. There is a good agreement between experimental and simulation findings. The results showed that for thinner sheets, the thickness reduction is less, and thus, a more uniform thickness distribution curve was obtained. Also, it was illustrated that for St14 steel sheet the thickness distribution curve will be more uniform compared with that of pure copper sheet.

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30

Pál, Tibor, Aqdas B. Butt, Akela Ghazawi, Jens Thomsen, Tahir A. Rizvi, and Ágnes Sonnevend. "Early Years of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales Epidemic in Abu Dhabi." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101435.

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Recent studies showed that the current endemic of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi is dominated by highly resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clones ST14, ST231, and CC147, respectively. In the absence of continuous, molecular typing-based surveillance, it remained unknown whether they lately emerged and rapidly became dominant, or they had been present from the early years of the endemic. Therefore, antibiotic resistance, the presence of carbapenemase and 16S methylase genes, and the sequence types of CRE strains collected between 2009 and 2015 were compared with those collected between 2018 and 2019. It was found that members of these three clones, particularly those of the most prevalent ST14, started dominating already in the very early years of the CRE outbreak. Furthermore, while severely impacting the overall antibiotic resistance patterns, the effect of these clones was not exclusive: for example, increasing trends of colistin or decreasing rates of tigecycline resistance were also observed among nonclonal isolates. The gradually increasing prevalence of few major, currently dominating clones raises the possibility that timely, systematic, molecular typing-based surveillance could have provided tools to public health authorities for an early interference with the escalation of the local CRE epidemic.

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MORRIS, D., M. O'CONNOR, R. IZDEBSKI, M. CORCORAN, C. E. LUDDEN, E. McGRATH, V. BUCKLEY, B. CRYAN, M. GNIADKOWSKI, and M. CORMICAN. "Dissemination of clonally related multidrug-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniaein Ireland." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 2 (June 26, 2015): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815001041.

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SUMMARYIn October 2012, an outbreak of gentamicin-resistant, ciprofloxacin non-susceptible extended-spectrumβ-lactamase (ESBL)-producingKlebsiella pneumoniaeoccurred in a neonatal intensive care unit in Ireland. In order to determine whether the outbreak strain was more widely dispersed in the country, 137 isolates ofK. pneumoniaewith this resistance phenotype collected from 17 hospitals throughout Ireland between January 2011 and July 2013 were examined. ESBL production was confirmed phenotypically and all isolates were screened for susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents and for the presence of genes encodingblaTEM,blaSHV,blaOXA, andblaCTX-M; 22 isolates were also screened forblaKPC,blaNDM,blaVIM,blaIMPandblaOXA-48genes. All isolates harbouredblaSHVandblaCTX-Mand were resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and cefpodoxime; 15 were resistant to ertapenem, seven to meropenem and five isolates were confirmed as carbapenemase producers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of all isolates identified 16 major clusters, with two clusters comprising 61% of the entire collection. Multilocus sequence typing of a subset of these isolates identified a novel type, ST1236, a single locus variant of ST48. Data suggest that two major clonal groups, ST1236/ST48 (CG43) and ST15/ST14 (CG15) have been circulating in Ireland since at least January 2011.

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Hashemi, Ramin, Amir Ghazanfari, Karen Abrinia, and Ahmad Assempour. "Forming Limit Diagrams of Ground St14 Steel Sheets with Different Thicknesses." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 5, no. 1 (April 16, 2012): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0018.

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Kenwrick, S., P. Bridge, D. Lillicrap, J. Bainton, and J. Gitschier. "A new Pstl polymorphism between VK21 and St14 in Xq28 (DXS523)." Nucleic Acids Research 19, no. 9 (1991): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/19.9.2513.

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34

Yan, Xiaoshuang, Yan Xue, Yiye Zhou, Yan Cheng, Shang Yin, Qingwen Ma, and Fanyi Zeng. "Activation of proHGF by St14 induces mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation." Protein & Cell 7, no. 8 (June 18, 2016): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-016-0282-5.

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Wang, Yanfang, Rajamani Rathinam, Amelia Walch, and Suresh K. Alahari. "ST14(Suppression of Tumorigenicity 14) Gene Is a Target for miR-27b, and the Inhibitory Effect of ST14 on Cell Growth Is Independent of miR-27b Regulation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, no. 34 (June 22, 2009): 23094–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m109.012617.

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Ma, Ye-Ting, Qing Liu, Shi-Chen Xie, Xiao-Dong Li, Yuan-Yuan Ma, Tao-Shan Li, Wen-Wei Gao, and Xing-Quan Zhu. "Prevalence and Subtypes of Blastocystis in Alpacas, Vicugna pacos in Shanxi Province, China." Korean Journal of Parasitology 58, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.181.

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Blastocystis, an enteric protist, has been reported to be an important cause of protozoal gastrointestinal manifestations in humans and animals worldwide. Animals harboring certain Blastocystis subtypes (STs) may serve as a potential source of human infection. However, information about the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in alpacas is limited. In the present study, a total of 366 fecal samples from alpacas in Shanxi Province, northern China, were examined for Blastocystis by PCR amplification of the small subunit rRNA gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The prevalence of Blastocystis in alpacas was 23.8%, and gender difference in the prevalence of Blastocystiswas observed. The most predominant Blastocystis ST was ST10, followed by ST14 and ST5. The detection of ST5, a potentially zoonotic genotype, indicates that alpacas harboring ST5 could be a potential source of human infection with Blastocystis. These data provide new insight into the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in alpacas.

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Suh, Sangsu, Haeseung Lee, Min-Goo Seo, Kyoo-Tae Kim, Kyung-Yeon Eo, Young-Sam Kwon, Sang-Joon Park, Oh-Deog Kwon, Tae-Hwan Kim, and Dongmi Kwak. "Molecular Detection and Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in Korean Dogs." Korean Journal of Parasitology 60, no. 4 (August 24, 2022): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.289.

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Blastocystis is a genus of unicellular heterokont parasites belonging to a group of organisms known as Stramenopiles, which includes algae, diatoms, and water molds. Blastocystis includes several species that habitat in the gastrointestinal tracts of organisms as diverse as humans, farm animals, birds, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and cockroaches. It is important to public health and distributed globally, but its prevalence in dogs in Korea has not been reported to date. Here, we collected 787 canine fecal samples and assessed Blastocystis infection by age, sex, region, season, and diarrhea symptoms. We determined Blastocystis subtypes using phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA gene sequences. We identified, 10 Blastocystis positive samples (1.3%). A higher proportion of infected dogs was asymptomatic; however, infection rates did not significantly differ according to region, age, sex, and season. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Blastocystis sp. identified belonged to 4 subtypes (STs), ST1, ST5, ST10, and ST14, thus revealed the genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. in dogs Korean. This is first report on the presence of Blastocystis sp. in dogs Korean. This study revealed a lower infection rate than expected and differed from previous studies in STs. Further studies are warranted to observe the national infection status of Blastocystis in dogs and the genetic characteristics of this genus.

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Jayol, Aurélie, Laurent Poirel, Adrian Brink, Maria-Virginia Villegas, Mesut Yilmaz, and Patrice Nordmann. "Resistance to Colistin Associated with a Single Amino Acid Change in Protein PmrB among Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates of Worldwide Origin." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 8 (June 9, 2014): 4762–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00084-14.

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ABSTRACTA series of colistin-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniaeisolates recovered from different countries was investigated in order to evaluate the involvement of the PmrA/PmrB two-component system in this resistance. Six isolates possessed a mutated PmrB protein, which is encoded by thepmrBgene, part of thepmrCABoperon involved in lipopolysaccharide modification. The same amino acid substitution (Thr157Pro) in PmrB was identified in the six isolates. The six isolates belonged to four distinct clonal groups, recovered in South Africa (sequence type 14 [ST14]), Turkey (ST101), and Colombia (ST258 and ST15). Three out of the four clones produced a carbapenemase, OXA-181, OXA-48, or KPC-3, while a single isolate did not produce any carbapenemase. Expression assays revealed an overexpression of thepmrA(70-fold),pmrB(70-fold),pmrC(170-fold), andpmrK(40-fold) genes in thepmrB-mutated isolate compared to expression of thepmrBwild-type isogenicK. pneumoniaeisolate, confirming that the PmrB substitution was responsible for increased expression levels of those genes. Complementation assays leading to the expression of a wild-type PmrB protein restored the susceptibility to colistin in all isolates, confirming that the substitution in PmrB was responsible for the resistance phenotype. This study identified a key amino acid located in the PmrB protein as being responsible for the overexpression ofpmrCABandpmrHFIJKLMoperons, leading to resistance to colistin.

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Ali, S., Z. Ahmed, and S. Taha. "Virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae strain NUBRI-K (ST14), Sudan." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.184.

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Afshari, Mahmoud, Nima Fakhralmobasheri, Mohammad Reza Samadi, Amirhossein Alavi, and Hossein Norozi Foroushani. "Mechanical and Formability Evaluation of ST14 Alloys Welded by Friction Stir Welding." Shock and Vibration 2021 (November 29, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6269135.

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Friction stir welding as one of the modern methods of solid-state welding of steel sheets and aluminum is a highly regarded industry. In these studies, the experimental design and response surface methodology were used. Optimization of experimental conditions and results which are compared with good agreement between the results was observed. The mechanical properties and ductility of welded plates under optimal conditions were studied. Microhardness testing, metallography, tensile testing, and limiting dome height were used to investigate the mechanical properties and formability limit diagram attached, respectively. The results showed that the heat-affected zone is very small and narrow and not easily distinguished from the base metal. In all tests, the failure of the dome height limit in the area was chaos. In all samples welded with the optimal parameters, tensile failure occurred in the base metal region. Turbulence in the region confirms the presence of WC particles. Experimental design and response surface methodology could introduce an optimal state, and the creation of common defects in the FSW process can prevent the binding strength of the guarantee. But due to the lack of proper stirring in the perturbation area in the samples welded with non-optimized parameters, the strength of the connection is not suitable, and samples were broken from the SZ region.

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Ge, Weiting, Hanguang Hu, Kefeng Ding, Lifeng Sun, and Shu Zheng. "Protein Interaction Analysis of ST14 Domains and Their Point and Deletion Mutants." Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, no. 11 (January 9, 2006): 7406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m510687200.

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42

Barjon, P., and C. Schwartz. "New TaqI RFLPs at the DXS52 (St14) locus in the black population." Nucleic Acids Research 17, no. 5 (1989): 2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.5.2149.

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Frederiksen-Møller, Britta, Jan S. Jørgensen, Mie R. Hansen, Oliver Krigslund, Lotte K. Vogel, Louise B. Andersen, and Boye L. Jensen. "Prostasin and matriptase (ST14) in placenta from preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women." Journal of Hypertension 34, no. 2 (February 2016): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000000795.

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Flament-Simon, Saskia-Camille, Marie-Hélène Nicolas-Chanoine, Vanesa García, Marion Duprilot, Noémie Mayer, María Pilar Alonso, Isidro García-Meniño, Jesús E. Blanco, Miguel Blanco, and Jorge Blanco. "Clonal Structure, Virulence Factor-encoding Genes and Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli, Causing Urinary Tract Infections and Other Extraintestinal Infections in Humans in Spain and France during 2016." Antibiotics 9, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9040161.

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Escherichia coli is the main pathogen responsible for extraintestinal infections. A total of 196 clinical E. coli consecutively isolated during 2016 in Spain (100 from Lucus Augusti hospital in Lugo) and France (96 from Beaujon hospital in Clichy) were characterized. Phylogroups, clonotypes, sequence types (STs), O:H serotypes, virulence factor (VF)-encoding genes and antibiotic resistance were determined. Approximately 10% of the infections were caused by ST131 isolates in both hospitals and approximately 60% of these infections were caused by isolates belonging to only 10 STs (ST10, ST12, ST58, ST69, ST73, ST88, ST95, ST127, ST131, ST141). ST88 isolates were frequent, especially in Spain, while ST141 isolates significantly predominated in France. The 23 ST131 isolates displayed four clonotypes: CH40-30, CH40-41, CH40-22 and CH40-298. Only 13 (6.6%) isolates were carriers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes. However, 37.2% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Approximately 40% of the MDR isolates belonged to only four of the dominant clones (B2-CH40-30-ST131, B2-CH40-41-ST131, C-CH4-39-ST88 and D-CH35-27-ST69). Among the remaining MDR isolates, two isolates belonged to B2-CH14-64-ST1193, i.e., the new global emergent MDR clone. Moreover, a hybrid extraintestinal pathogenic E.coli (ExPEC)/enteroaggregative isolate belonging to the A-CH11-54-ST10 clone was identified.

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Shen, Lijuan, Manqian Huang, and Nanli Xie. "Experimental Study on Streptococcus agalactiae Genotype and Erythromycin Resistance in Neonatal Sepsis." Cellular and Molecular Biology 67, no. 6 (February 27, 2022): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2021.67.6.14.

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This study aimed to evaluate Streptococcus agalactiae genotype and erythromycin resistance in neonatal sepsis. After obtaining the mothers’ informed consent, trained nurses sampled 430 neonatal specimens of sepsis from the ear canal, oral cavity and umbilical cord immediately after childbirth and implemented a cross-sectional study. By Gram staining, morphology, hemolysis mode, catalase and CAMP tests, the isolate was identified as S. agalactiae. All 455 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disc diffusion method. Multilocus sequence typing was used to serotype S. agalactiae involving sequencing of 7 housekeeping genes. The erythromycin resistance genes-erm (B), erm (A) and mef (A) were detected by PCR. Results showed that there were 286 cases (66.51%) of neonates delivered naturally, and 144 cases (33.49%) of neonates delivered by cesarean section. A total of 455 strains were tested, including 253 strains (55.60%) of Gram-positive bacteria with 100 strains (21.98%) of S. agalactiae and 52 strains (11.43%) of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 178 strains (39.12%) of Gram-negative bacteria with 45 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.89%), 36 strains of Escherichia coli (7.91%), 36 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.91%), and 323 strains of Citrobacter freundii (7.03%). S. agalactiae had the highest resistance of 87 (87.00%) to erythromycin, followed by resistance to azithromycin 83 (83.00%) and clindamycin 78 (78.00%). In children with neonatal sepsis, S. agalactiae serotypes were mainly Ia, Ib, and III, accounting for 29.00%, 35.00%, and 19.00% respectively. The main genotypes were ST651, ST103 and ST176, which account for 19.00%, 17.00% and 15.00% respectively. The ST19 type 13.00%, ST27 type 8.00%, ST17 Type 11.00%, ST10 type 12.00%, ST485 type 5.00%. The ST103 and ST485 isolates were classified as serotype Ia, the ST10 and ST176 isolates were classified as serotype Ib, and ST17 and ST19 isolates were classified as serotype III. Among the strains of S. agalactiae, 40.23% (35/87) carry erm (A) gene, 35.63% (31/87) carry erm (B) gene, and 24.14% (21/87) carry mef (A) gene. erm (A) gene was the most common gene in ST19 strain (7/11, 63.64%), and erm (B) gene was the most common gene in ST176 and ST651 strains (6/12, 50.00%; 8/18, 44.44%), while mef (A) gene was the most common gene in ST17 strain (5/11, 45.45%). In general, S. agalactiae genotypes in neonatal sepsis were mainly ST651, ST103 and ST176, and the main serotypes are Ia, Ib, and III. There was good consistency between ST and serotype, and a significant difference was shown in erythromycin resistance and ST distribution, which highlights the value of new epidemiological trend detection by monitoring multiple characteristics and provides inspiration for the development of multivalent S. agalactiae vaccines.

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Hashemi, Seyed Jalal, and Amir H. Roohi. "Minimizing spring-back and thinning in deep drawing process of St14 steel sheets." International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) 16, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12008-021-00816-7.

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Kauppinen, Jaana M., Veli-Matti Kosma, Ylermi Soini, Reijo Sironen, Minna Nissinen, Timo K. Nykopp, Vesa Kärjä, Matti Eskelinen, Vesa Kataja, and Arto Mannermaa. "ST14 Gene Variant and Decreased Matriptase Protein Expression Predict Poor Breast Cancer Survival." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 19, no. 9 (August 17, 2010): 2133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0418.

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Mulley, John, Gillian Turner, Sharon Bain, and Grant R. Sutherland. "Linkage between the fragile X andF9,DXS52 (St14),DXS98 (4D-8) andDXS105 (CX55.7)." American Journal of Medical Genetics 30, no. 1-2 (May 1988): 567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320300158.

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Tagle, Analiza Grubanzo, Izumi Chuma, and Yukio Tosa. "Rmg7, a New Gene for Resistance to Triticum Isolates of Pyricularia oryzae Identified in Tetraploid Wheat." Phytopathology® 105, no. 4 (April 2015): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-14-0182-r.

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A single gene for resistance, designated Rmg7 (Resistance to Magnaporthe grisea 7), was identified in a tetraploid wheat accession, St24 (Triticum dicoccum, KU120), against Br48, a Triticum isolate of Pyricularia oryzae. Two other wheat accessions, St17 (T. dicoccum, KU112) and St25 (T. dicoccum, KU122), were also resistant against Br48 and showed a similar disease reaction pattern to St24. Crosses between these resistant accessions yielded no susceptible F2 seedlings, suggesting that St24, St17, and St25 carry the same resistance gene. Furthermore, a single avirulence gene corresponding to Rmg7 was detected in a segregation analysis of random F1 progenies between Br48 and MZ5-1-6, an Eleusine isolate virulent to St24 at a higher temperature. This avirulence gene was recognized not only by St24, but also by St17 and St25, thus supporting the preceding results indicating that all three accessions carry Rmg7. This resistance gene may have potential in future wheat breeding programs.

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Steiro, Ida, Pegah Abdollahi, Magne Børset, and Tobias S. Slørdahl. "The Serine Protease Matriptase Acts As a Tumour Suppressor in Multiple Myeloma." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-140229.

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Both in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) and during progression of the disease, malignant plasma cells are found circulating in peripheral blood as well as in the bone marrow (BM). The disseminated nature of MM is strongly dependent on the interplay between the cancer cells and the BM microenvironment, promoting myeloma cell migration in the BM. Matriptase (ST14), a type-II transmembrane serine protease primarily found in epithelial tissues, is overexpressed in a variety of human malignancies and is sufficient to induce tumour formation in mice. Frequently, a concomitant reduction in the levels of its cognate inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1 (SPINT1) is observed in carcinomas, while expression and function of the related inhibitor HAI-2 (SPINT2) is yet to be clarified. Dysregulated expression causing increased matriptase proteolytic activity has been associated with cancer growth, survival and metastasis. Here, we show for the first time a role of matriptase as a possible tumour suppressor in myeloma pathogenesis. Gene expression analysis of primary cells from MM patients (n=24) and human myeloma cell lines (n=8) revealed highly variable levels of matriptase, HAI-1 and HAI-2. This observation prompted us to investigate the functional role of matriptase in vitro. We showed that stable overexpression of matriptase in INA-6, a MM cell line with no endogenous ST14 expression, reduced migration by more than 50% in response to the combination of the pro-migratory cytokines stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF, Fig. 1A). Conversely, stable knockdown of matriptase in two MM cell lines with high endogenous matriptase expression (RPMI-8226 and JJN-3) significantly enhanced migration in vitro. Mechanistically, matriptase overexpression blocked activation of Src kinase (Fig. 1B), well-known as a critical player in metastasis formation promoting cancer cell motility, invasiveness and angiogenesis. In agreement with our result, previous studies have demonstrated the activation of Src family kinases (SFK) downstream SDF-1/CXCR4-signaling. Finally, we performed survival analyses in the public available MMRF CoMMpass trial database (release version IA14). Low ST14 expression was associated with significant worse overall survival (P=0.05, Fig. 1C) and progression-free survival (P=0.02, Fig. 1D). Altogether, our data are in marked contrast to the role ascribed to matriptase in epithelial and certain non-epithelial tumours as an oncogenic protein and an unfavourable prognostic marker. In conclusion, these findings suggest a novel role of matriptase as a tumour suppressor in MM pathogenesis. Disclosures Slørdahl: Celgene: Consultancy; Janssen and Celgene: Honoraria.

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Journal articles on the topic 'ST14'

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