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1
Lee, Kristen E., Jennifer M. Seddon, Stephen Johnston, Sean I. FitzGibbon, Frank Carrick, Alistair Melzer, Fred Bercovitch, and William Ellis. "Genetic diversity in natural and introduced island populations of koalas in Queensland." Australian Journal of Zoology 60, no. 5 (2012): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12075.
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Island populations of animals are expected to show reduced genetic variation and increased incidence of inbreeding because of founder effects and the susceptibility of small populations to the effects of genetic drift. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) occur naturally in a patchy distribution across much of the eastern Australian mainland and on a small number of islands near the Australian coast. We compared the genetic diversity of the naturally occurring population of koalas on North Stradbroke Island in south-east Queensland with other island populations including the introduced group on St Bees Island in central Queensland. The population on St Bees Island shows higher diversity (allelic richness 4.1, He = 0.67) than the North Stradbroke Island population (allelic richness 3.2, He = 0.55). Koalas on Brampton, Newry and Rabbit Islands possessed microsatellite alleles that were not identified from St Bees Island koalas, indicating that it is most unlikely that these populations were established by a sole secondary introduction from St Bees Island. Mitochondrial haplotypes on the central Queensland islands were more similar to a haplotype found at Springsure in central Queensland and the inland clades in south-east Queensland, rather than the coastal clade in south-east Queensland.
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Melzer, A., C. Baudry, M. Kadiri, and W. Ellis. "Tree use, feeding activity and diet of koalas on St Bees Island, Queensland." Australian Zoologist 35, no. 3 (January 2011): 870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2011.040.
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Rivera-Marchand, Bert, Jozef Keularts, Devrim Oskay, and Tugrul Giray. "Coexistence of Feral Africanized and European Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae) on St. Croix Island." Caribbean Journal of Science 44, no. 2 (January 2008): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v44i2.a18.
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Clifton, Irene Delma. "High koala mortality associated with low browse moisture in tropical environments." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 2 (2010): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10015.
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At St Bees Island, central Queensland, during drought conditions from July 2001 to April 2003, 85% of koala deaths occurred when browse moisture fell below 51% fresh weight. Drought-induced mortality (and changing frequencies or intensities of drought due to climate change) may have a considerable effect upon this population.
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Melzer, A., and W. A. Ellis. "Integrating research and conservation land management—a case study from Koala research in St Bees Island National Park." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 16, no. 4 (January 2009): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2009.10648782.
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Melzer, A., and W. A. Ellis. "Integrating research and conservation land management – a case study from Koala research in St Bees Island National Park." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 16, no. 4 (December 2009): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2009.9725239.
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Tucker, G., A. Melzer, and W. Ellis. "The development of habitat selection by subadult koalas." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 5 (2007): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo07035.
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Dispersal by subadults is the principal source of gene flow between groups of koalas in Queensland, so understanding the behaviour of these immature animals is a priority for understanding the ecology of the species. Recent reports postulate that dispersing young koalas may inherit maternal tree selection, but avoid competing with adults. We compared the tree use and diet of adult female koalas with that of their offspring on St Bees Island, Queensland, using radio-tracking and faecal cuticle analysis, to examine this prediction. Koalas at St Bees Island used both fodder and non-fodder species during daytime, moving into fodder species at night. Koala diets were dominated by Eucalyptus tereticornis with E. platyphylla and Corymbia intermedia also represented. Utilisation of daytime tree species was diverse, but at night koalas were found almost exclusively in those species present in their diet. Use of trees during daytime by natal young and young adult koalas were similar to that of maternal adults, but tree use by intermediate stages (independent and dispersing young) during daytime varied from that of the mothers. This resource separation indicates that if tree utilisation for resting is learned from the mother, young animals are excluded from preferred trees while dispersing.
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Stanisic, John. "A new genus and three new species of Pinwheel Snails from Queensland and New South Wales (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Charopidae)." Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Nature 64 (August 31, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17082/j.2204-1478.64.2022.2021-03.
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A new genus and three new species of Charopidae (Pinwheel Snails) from differing habitats in Queensland and New South Wales are described: Bindiropa irwinae gen. et sp. nov. from the Carnarvon Gorge Section of Carnarvon National Park, south-central Queensland; Stanisicaropa covidurnus sp. nov. from St Bees Island, mid-eastern Queensland; and Gyrocochlea occidentalis sp. nov. from the western Border Ranges, south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales. An additional putative Gyrocochlea species from the Richmond Range, north-eastern New South Wales, represented by a single damaged shell, is figured but not described.
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Tucker, Gail M., I. Delma Clifton, and Stephen C. McKillup. "Relationships between morphometric variables and age for captive individuals may not accurately estimate the age of free-ranging juvenile koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 60, no. 3 (2012): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12055.
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Several studies report methods for determining the age of juvenile Queensland koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus adustus) but these are mostly based on data from captive populations, because observing the birth of koalas in their natural habitat is extremely rare. We identified the exact date of birth for two male joeys by initially observing one within minutes and the other within hours of their birth, at St Bees Island, central Queensland. Successive measurements of head length, as these individuals matured, were used to construct a growth curve for free-ranging juveniles. When tested, only one previously published growth curve (based on body mass) was able to accurately estimate the age of the two joeys. Both methods were then tested for precision using morphometric data for other juvenile koalas in the St Bees population. The estimation of age of juvenile koalas was considerably more precise when based on head length. These results demonstrate the inaccuracy that may be inherent in growth curves derived from captive animals and also show that estimates of age based on data from individuals in a particular population or locality may not be accurate throughout the range of a species.
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Melzer, Alistair, William Ellis, Greg Gordon, Gail Tucker, Robyn Kindness, and Frank Carrick. "Unusual patterns of tooth wear among koalasPhascolarctos cinereusfrom St Bees Island, Queensland, require re-evaluation of criteria for aging koalas by tooth-wear class." Australian Zoologist 35, no. 3 (January 2011): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2011.006.
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ROUX, JACOBUS† P. "The fern genus Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) in Ascension and Saint Helena islands, Atlantic Ocean." Phytotaxa 118, no. 2 (July 29, 2013): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.118.2.3.
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The fern genus Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) in the isolated Atlantic Ocean islands, Ascension and St Helena isreviewed. Three species are known from these islands. Dryopteris ascensionis is endemic to and the only Dryopterisspecies known from Ascension Island. This species now appears to be extinct since has not been recorded since 1975,and was not found during repeated searches in the 1990s. Two Dryopteris species, D. cognata and D. napoleonis, areendemic to St. Helena and are rare on that island. Dryopteris napoleonis is lectotypified.
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Crerar, Lorelei D., Andrew P. Crerar, Daryl P. Domning, and E. C. M. Parsons. "Rewriting the history of an extinction—was a population of Steller's sea cows ( Hydrodamalis gigas ) at St Lawrence Island also driven to extinction?" Biology Letters 10, no. 11 (November 2014): 20140878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0878.
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The Kommandorskiye Islands population of Steller's sea cow ( Hydrodamalis gigas ) was extirpated ca 1768 CE. Until now, Steller's sea cow was thought to be restricted in historic times to Bering and Copper Islands, Russia, with other records in the last millennium from the western Aleutian Islands. However, Steller's sea cow bone has been obtained by the authors from St Lawrence Island, Alaska, which is significantly further north. Bone identity was verified using analysis of mitochondrial DNA. The nitrogen-15 (δ 15 N)/carbon-13 (δ 13 C) values for bone samples from St Lawrence Island were significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) different from Bering Island samples, indicating a second population. Bone samples were dated to between 1030 and 1150 BP (approx. 800–920 CE). The samples date from close to the beginning of the mediaeval warm period, which could indicate that the population at St Lawrence Island was driven to extinction by climate change. A warming of the climate in the area may have changed the availability of kelp; alternatively or in addition, the animals may have been driven to extinction by the expansion of the Inuit from the Bering Strait region, possibly due to opening waterways, maybe following bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ), or searching for iron and copper. This study provides evidence for a previously unknown population of sea cows in the North Pacific within the past 1000 years and a second Steller's sea cow extirpation event in recent history.
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Souma, Jun, and Tadashi Ishikawa. "First record of the stink bug genus Ochrophara Stål, 1871 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) from Japan." Check List 18, no. 5 (October 18, 2022): 1121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/18.5.1121.
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The stink bug genus Ochrophara Stål, 1871 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae, Sephelini) is dis-tributed in the Oriental Region, including southern China; however, no species has been recorded in Japan. To date, O. chinensis Zheng & Liu, 1987 has only been reported in China. In the present study, Ochrophara and O. chinensis were recorded in Japan for the first time based on materials from Okinawa and Ishigaki islands of the Ryukyu Islands. Oki-nawa Island is the northernmost locality for this genus. The species was attracted to artificial light on Okinawa Island.
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HEDGES, S. BLAIR. "A new species of frog from the Caribbean island of Montserrat (Eleutherodactylidae, Eleutherodactylus)." Zootaxa 5219, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.4.5.
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I describe a new species of frog, Eleutherodactylus montserratae sp. nov., from Montserrat, previously confused with E. johnstonei Barbour. It is native to that island and has been introduced, and established, on other Lesser Antillean islands west of 62 degrees west longitude including Anguilla, St. Martin/St. Maarten, St. Barthélemy, Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, and Nevis, as well as Bermuda. Previous chromosome and molecular studies have shown that populations from these islands are distinct from E. johnstonei, a species occurring east of 62 degrees west longitude in the Lesser Antilles, and elsewhere, but could not identify diagnostic morphological differences. Here, I show that the new species differs morphologically in being smaller (males and females) and having a proportionately larger tympanum, a wider head, and greater separation between the nostrils. Both species have been introduced within and outside of the Caribbean region and will likely expand their ranges in the future.
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GÓMEZ, SAMUEL, RAY GERBER, and JUAN MANUEL FUENTES-REINÉS. "Redescription of Cletocamptus albuquerquensis and C. dominicanus (Harpacticoida: Canthocamptidae incertae sedis), and description of two new species from the US Virgin Islands and Bonaire." Zootaxa 4272, no. 3 (May 30, 2017): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4272.3.1.
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The history surrounding the identity of Cletocamptus albuquerquensis (Herrick, 1894) and C. dominicanus Kiefer, 1934 is very complex. This complexity has been exacerbated by incomplete, and in some cases erroneous, original descriptions of these two species. Also, new records from other locations did not describe the significant characters needed to clearly delineate them. This led several authors to consider C. dominicanus as a synonym of C. albuquerquensis, among other taxonomical considerations regarding, for example, the status of Marshia brevicaudata Herrick, 1894. Inspection of biological material from Saskatchewan (southern Canada), Wyoming (central US), Trinidad and Tobago, and the British Virgin Islands, identified by other researchers as C. albuquerquensis, as well as of newly collected material from Great Salt Lake (Utah, central US), Puerto Rico, Culebra Island, Vieques Island, St. John Island (US Virgin Islands), San Salvador (Bahamas), and Santa Marta (Colombia), revealed that C. albuquerquensis and C. dominicanus are distinct and identifiable species, distributed in a more restricted area than previously thought. Additionally, we describe a new species, C. tainoi sp. nov., from St. John Island (US Virgin Islands), and we propose another new species, C. chappuisi sp. nov., for two males from Bonaire previously identified as C. albuquerquensis. Finally, we give some observations on tube-pore-like structures, previously overlooked, on the endopod of the male leg three.
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Quelennec, Thierry, and Marianne Quelennec. "Is there an owl species on St Matthias (Mussau) Islands, Papua New Guinea?" Australian Field Ornithology 37 (2020): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo37161165.
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In July 2019, during a short ornithological visit to the St Matthias (Mussau) Islands, Papua New Guinea, we recorded a sound that might have been from an owl on the small island of Emussau close to Mussau. No owl or nightjar is known to occur on these islands. The bird’s call shows similarities but differs from other Melanesian Ninox owl species. Here we describe the call and discuss potential origins.
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Souma, Jun. "First records of the lace bug genus Lasiacantha Stål, 1873 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Tingidae) from Japan." Check List 18, no. 4 (August 2, 2022): 839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/18.4.839.
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The lace bug genus Lasiacantha Stål, 1873 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Tingidae, Tinginae, Tingini) is widely distributed in the Old World; however, no species has been recorded in Japan. To date, L. altimitrata (Takeya, 1933) has been reported in China and Taiwan. Here, I report Lasiacantha and L. altimitrata from Japan for the first time, based on materials collected from Ishigaki and Miyako islands in the Ryukyu Islands. In Japan, this lace bug is found in grasslands near beaches. Miyako Island is the easternmost locality for L. altimitrata.
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Meyerhoff, Miriam. "Bequia sweet/ Bequia is sweet: syntactic variation in a lesser-known variety of Caribbean English." English Today 24, no. 1 (February 22, 2008): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078408000084.
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ABSTRACTAn analysis of dialect variability in the use of BE in the island of Bequia. Bequia (pronounced /bekwei/) is the northernmost of the Grenadine islands in St Vincent and the Grenadines. Like most of the Caribbean, Bequia has a long history of language contact, but most of the evidence for this must be inferred. It appears that the Carib population living on the island before European colonization settled Bequia in successive waves of migration ultimately originating from the coast of South America indeed the name ‘Bequia’ is said to derive from a Carib word becouya, meaning ‘Island of the clouds’, but as yet I have been unable to trace this etymon reliably to a particular Carib language. Based on what we know about St Vincent, and the limited mentions of Bequia in the eighteenth century, we can infer that, at times, there may have been contact between some combination of speakers of a Carib language or languages, French, English, African languages and/or possibly a relatively new creole-like or contact variety of English.
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Smith, David A. S. "The status of the African Queen butterfly, Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae), in the Canary Islands, including an irruption on Fuerteventura." Entomologist's Gazette 72, no. 4 (October 29, 2021): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.724.1818.
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Examination of museum collections and field work have established that Danaus chrysippus once inhabited five of the seven Canary Islands but is probably now confined to La Palma, La Gomera and Fuerteventura. It may be extinct on Gran Canaria and Tenerife. Before colonisation by the Spanish in the 14th century the food-plants of the relict Canary Island populations were undoubtedly scarce endemic milkweeds (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). However, on Fuerteventura the recent establishment and subsequent explosive spread of the alien milkweeds Calotropis procera (especially) and Gomphocarpus fruticosus have enabled a massive irruption of the butterfly over the last 20 years. The butterfly population is presently, as it appears always to have been, polymorphic at two unlinked genetic loci which control its colour and are under strong selection. In the African Humid Period of the Holocene, 14,000–5,000 years ago, the Sahara Desert region was green and the island populations were in close proximity to those of North Africa. Thus, there is no evidence that the Canary Island populations of the butterfly have been subject to Founder Effects or prolonged bottlenecks – as is so often the case with isolated island populations. It is suggested that the relict island populations have been periodically introgressed from North Africa and the Cape Verde Islands. There is insufficient evidence to support subspecific status (as D. chrysippus kanariensis Fruhstorfer, 1898) for the present dark-bodied butterflies from the Canary Islands (and St. Helena).
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White, Lauren C., Vicki A. Thomson, Rebecca West, Laura Ruykys, Kym Ottewell, John Kanowski, Katherine E. Moseby, et al. "Genetic monitoring of the greater stick-nest rat meta-population for strategic supplementation planning." Conservation Genetics 21, no. 5 (August 11, 2020): 941–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-020-01299-x.
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Abstract Translocation is an increasingly common component of species conservation efforts. However, translocated populations often suffer from loss of genetic diversity and increased inbreeding, and thus may require active management to establish gene flow across isolated populations. Assisted gene flow can be laborious and costly, so recipient and source populations should be carefully chosen to maximise genetic diversity outcomes. The greater stick-nest rat (GSNR, Leporillus conditor), a threatened Australian rodent, has been the focus of a translocation program since 1985, resulting in five extant translocated populations (St Peter Island, Reevesby Island, Arid Recovery, Salutation Island and Mt Gibson), all derived from a remnant wild population on the East and West Franklin Islands. We evaluated the genetic diversity in all extant GSNR populations using a large single nucleotide polymorphism dataset with the explicit purpose of informing future translocation planning. Our results show varying levels of genetic divergence, inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity in all translocated populations relative to the remnant source on the Franklin Islands. All translocated populations would benefit from supplementation to increase genetic diversity, but two—Salutation Island and Mt Gibson—are of highest priority. We recommend a targeted admixture approach, in which animals for supplementation are sourced from populations that have low relatedness to the recipient population. Subject to assessment of contemporary genetic diversity, St Peter Island and Arid Recovery are the most appropriate source populations for genetic supplementation. Our study demonstrates an effective use of genetic surveys for data-driven management of threatened species.
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Weckmann, Javier, and George M. Watts. "BERM BREAKWATER FAILURE AT ST. PAUL HARBOR, ALASKA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 21 (January 29, 1988): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.209.
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St. Paul Island, Alaska, is located at 50°10'N latitude and 170°15'W longitude in the south central Bering Sea. It is the most northward and largest island of the Pribilof Island group. The area of the island is about 70 square miles (180 square kilometers), with the city and harbor of St. Paul located at a cove (Village Cove) on the southern coastline. The Pribilof Islands are of volcanic origin and are generally hilly with much of the coastline consisting of precipitous rocky cliffs. Moderate to strong winds are characteristic throughout the year, causing the island to be treeless. It is predominantly covered with grasses, sedges, and wild flowers. The Pribilofs are a natural haven for a variety of flora and fauna. More than a quarter of a million seabirds nest each year along the coastal cliffs. About two-thirds of the world's population of northern fur seals migrate annually to the Pribilofs for mating purposes. The Pribilof Island area of the Bering Sea is also one of the most abundant and richest seafood grounds in the world. Due to a recent moratorium, the harvest of fur seals in the Pribilofs has been discontinued. In order to maintain existing cultural and economic resources, the City of St. Paul has elected to construct a harbor facility at Village Cove to provide services to commercial fishing vessels operating in the central Bering Sea. The maximum natural water depth in the Village Cove area is 26 feet (7.9m) relative to mean lower low tide datum (MLLWO.0). Mean higher high tide level is 3.2 feet (lm) above MLLW, with extreme high tide during storm periods being estimated at between 5.0 and 6.0 feet (1.5 to 1.8m) above MLLW. Waves approaching from the southwest sector have the most effect on St. Paul Harbor. During the winter months, breaking waves with heights of 25 feet (7.6m) and 13-16s periods can be expected at Village Cove several times each year.
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Hammill, M. O., J. F. Gosselin, and G. B. Stenson. "Abundance of Northwest Atlantic grey seals in Canadian waters." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 6 (January 1, 2007): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2726.
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Northwest Atlantic grey seals form a single stock, but for management purposes are often considered as 2 groups. The largest group whelps on Sable Island, 290 km east of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The second group referred to as ‘non-Sable Island’ or ‘Gulf’ animals whelps primarily on the pack ice in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, with other smaller groups pupping on small islands in the southern Gulf and along the eastern shore of Nova Scotia. Estimates of pup production in this latter group have been determined using mark-recapture and aerial survey techniques. The most recent visual aerial surveys flown during January-February 1996, 1997 and 2000 in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence and along the Eastern Shore resulted in pup production estimates of 11,100 (SE = 1,300), 7,300 (SE = 800) and 6,100 (SE = 900) in 1996, 1997 and 2000 respectively after correcting for births and including counts of pups on small islands. Incorporating information on pup production, reproduction rates and removals into a population model indicates that the Gulf component increased from 15,500 (95% CI = 14,600-16,300) animals in 1970 to 62,700 (95% CI = 49,800-67,800) animals by 1996 and then declined to 22,300 (95% CI = 17,200-28,300) animals in 2000. On Sable Island the population has increased from 4,800 (95% CI = 4,700-4,900) animals in 1970 to 212,500 (95% CI = 159,600-276,200) in 2000. The total Northwest Atlantic grey seal population is estimated to number around 234,800 animals in 2000.
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Wetterer, James K. "Worldwide spread of the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 6, no. 3 (2013): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749836-06001068.
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Native to the Neotropics, Wasmannia auropunctata has spread to numerous other tropical and subtropical areas, where it is can reach extremely high densities and threaten the local biota. To evaluate the worldwide spread of W. auropunctata, I compiled published and unpublished specimen records from > 1700 sites. I documented the earliest known W. auropunctata records for 53 geographic areas (countries, island groups, major West Indian islands, and US states), including many with no previously published records: Anguilla, Antigua, Barbuda, Caicos Islands, El Salvador, Guam, Montserrat, Nevis, St Kitts, St Martin, and Texas. In the New World, W. auropunctata has a seemingly continuous distribution from central Argentina to southernmost Texas, suggesting that it may be native throughout this expanse. Wasmannia auropunctata has also spread throughout the West Indies and to peninsular Florida, though it is unclear which West Indian islands may constitute part of its native range. The earliest Old World reports of W. auropunctata, in the 1890’s, came from West Africa: Sierra Leone and Gabon. Although no additional records have come from Sierra Leone, W. auropunctata has spread broadly across Gabon and into neighboring countries, where it is a serious pest. In Oceania, the earliest records of W. auropunctata date to 1972 from New Caledonia and 1974 from the Solomon Islands. Pacific populations of W. auropunctata are actively spreading within these islands and to many other island groups. In the past decade, first records of W. auropunctata have been reported from several Old World areas, including the Central African Republic, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Guam, Italy, and Israel. Wasmannia auropunctata appears to still have much potential for future spread in the Old World.
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Geyfman, Victoria, and Christian Grandzol. "St Croix oil refinery: choosing the right future." CASE Journal 13, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 187–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-03-2016-0028.
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Synopsis Atlantic Basin Refining, Inc. (ABR), a Virgin Islands company located on the island of St Croix, reached a tentative agreement with Hess and Petroleos de Venezuela SA to purchase the two companies’ joint venture, Hovensa, LLC in November 2014. Hovensa operated the large St Croix oil refinery that had been closed since 2012, but the deal required approval by the Virgin Islands Senate. Although reopening the large refinery would generate a significant boost to the local economy, past operating losses, and financial and legal issues associated with Hovensa, raised concerns about the feasibility of ABR’s proposal. The case is set in late 2014 as the government is working to ensure that the decision to allow ABR to purchase the refinery reflects the long-term interests of the Virgin Islands. Research methodology The case was researched using secondary data and all materials are available to the public. This was necessary due to the ongoing legal battle concerning the refinery’s sale. No disguises of people or entities were used. Frequently cited sources include government and court records, newspaper articles, and internet sources. Relevant courses and levels The case is most appropriate for undergraduate courses in management or finance where capital budgeting decisions are analyzed. Theoretical bases The case draws on literature related to capital budgeting and management.
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Collins, Dominique W. "Macrophthalmothrips argus (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae): a fungus-feeding thrips newly established on the Atlantic island of St Helena." Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 154, no. 4 (October 26, 2018): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/m00138908.1544.3946.
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Macrophthalmothrips argus (Karny) is here recorded as newly established on the island of St Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. A review of the Thysanoptera fauna of St Helena is also presented. Macrophthalmothrips argus is the twelfth thrips species to be recorded from the island: the eleventh, Sericothrips staphylinus Haliday, was introduced onto the island as a biocontrol agent for the invasive plant Ulex europaeus in 1995, but its current status on the island is uncertain. A species of Aeolothrips present on the island has long been attributed to A. fasciatus (L.), but its specific identity has never been confirmed. Helenothrips tinctus zur Strassen, once regarded as a St Helena endemic species, is indicated to be itself an introduction, from South Africa.
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Stea, Rudolph R., and Daryl M. Wightman. "Age of the Five Islands Formation, Nova Scotia, and the Deglaciation of the Bay of Fundy." Quaternary Research 27, no. 3 (May 1987): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90078-0.
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AbstractThree atomic mass spectrometry (AMS) dates have been obtained for shell material from the bottomset beds of a glaciomarine delta at Spencers Island, Nova Scotia, near the head of the Bay of Fundy. The sediments in the delta are part of the previously undated Five Islands Formation, and are the first direct indictaion of the age of deglaciation in this region. The dates range from 14,300 to 12,600 yr B.P. and record the duration of deposition of a diamicton under the deltaic deposits and of the delta itself. The diamicton may have formed around 14,000 yr B.P. under ice-shelf or calving-bay conditions, or by a readvance of grounded ice. The Spencers Island delta is part of a prominent ice-marginal stand marked by numerous deltas along the Minas Basin. The time of formation of the deltas and the inferred ice margin is between 13,500 and 12,000 yr B.P. based on the Spencers Island dates and palynologically confirmed dates on the base of lake-sediment cores from the delta surface. Ice-marginal glaciomarine deposits near St. John, New Brunswick, record a range of radiocarbon dates similar to the Spencers Island dates. This implies that the Bay of Fundy became virtually ice free about 14,000 yr B.P.
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Serreze, Mark C., Bruce Raup, Carsten Braun, Douglas R. Hardy, and Raymond S. Bradley. "Rapid wastage of the Hazen Plateau ice caps, northeastern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada." Cryosphere 11, no. 1 (January 25, 2017): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-169-2017.
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Abstract. Two pairs of small stagnant ice bodies on the Hazen Plateau of northeastern Ellesmere Island, the St. Patrick Bay ice caps and the Murray and Simmons ice caps, are rapidly shrinking, and the remnants of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps are likely to disappear entirely within the next 5 years. Vertical aerial photographs of these Little Ice Age relics taken during August of 1959 show that the larger of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps had an area of 7.48 km2 and the smaller one 2.93 km2; the Murray and Simmons ice caps covered 4.37 and 7.45 km2 respectively. Outlines determined from ASTER satellite data for July 2016 show that, compared to 1959, the larger and the smaller of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps had both been reduced to only 5 % of their former area, with the Murray and Simmons ice caps faring better at 39 and 25 %, likely reflecting their higher elevation. Consistent with findings from other glaciological studies in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, ASTER imagery in conjunction with past GPS surveys documents a strikingly rapid wastage of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps over the last 15 years. These two ice caps shrank noticeably even between 2014 and 2015, apparently in direct response to the especially warm summer of 2015 over northeastern Ellesmere Island. The well-documented recession patterns of the Hazen Plateau ice caps over the last 55+ years offer an opportunity to examine the processes of plant recolonization of polar landscapes.
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BURNS, FIONA, NEIL MCCULLOCH, TAMÁS SZÉKELY, and MARK BOLTON. "The impact of introduced predators on an island endemic, the St Helena Plover, Charadrius sanctaehelenae." Bird Conservation International 23, no. 2 (May 20, 2013): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270913000245.
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SummaryWe investigated the impact of introduced predators on the productivity of the St Helena Plover Charadrius sanctaehelenae, a shorebird endemic to the South Atlantic island of St Helena. The nest predator species identified have all been introduced to St Helena in the last 510 years, and all are species that are known to be invasive on other islands. The species responsible for taking the largest proportion of eggs was the domestic cat Felis catus, with rats (Rattus rattus or R. norvegicus) and Common Myna Acridotheres tristis taking smaller proportions. Nest survival varied spatially and was correlated with an index of cat density. No relationship was observed between the number of nesting attempts per pair in a year and predator density. The resulting estimates of productivity were insufficient in some areas to allow stable populations to persist locally. Future work should focus on assessing the population level impacts of current and reduced predator densities to St Helena Plovers, and understanding the influence of resource availability and habitat structure on the densities and impacts of predators.
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GRACE, CHRIS L., DENNIS E. DESJARDIN, BRIAN A. PERRY, and JACKIE E. SHAY. "The genus Marasmius (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Marasmiaceae) from Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa." Phytotaxa 414, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 55–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.414.2.1.
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This treatise serves as a preliminary monograph and phylogenetic treatment of Marasmius from the African island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe (ST&P), based on data generated from 30 specimens collected in 2008. Twenty-one species are described, seven of which represent species new to science (Marasmius albisubiculosus, M. diversus, M. elaeocephaliformis, M. laranja, M. leptocephalus, M. paratrichotus, M. segregatus), and all represent new distribution records for ST&P. Species are delimited based on comprehensive morphological characters and DNA sequence data. Prior to the collection of these specimens, only one Marasmius species had been documented from these islands. Phylogenetic hypotheses generated from analyses of DNA sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer regions (ITS1+5.8S+ITS2) are proposed to explore the evolutionary relationships amongst ST&P Marasmius and global Marasmius diversity. A dichotomous key to aid in identification, illustrations of pertinent micromorphological features, colour photographs of basidiomata, comprehensive descriptions and commentaries are provided.
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Wetterer, James Kelly. "Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of St. Vincent, West Indies." Sociobiology 68, no. 2 (June 17, 2021): e6725. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v68i2.6725.
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The ants of Saint Vincent have long been one of the most thoroughly documented ant faunas of any Caribbean island. Ant specimens collected more than 100 years ago on St. Vincent include 76 valid taxa. In ten days surveying ants on Saint Vincent, I found eleven species not found by previous researchers. Eight are widespread Neotropical species (Anochetus inermis, Camponotus claviscapus, Cyphomyrmex minutus, Odontomachus ruginodis, Pheidole exigua, Pheidole moerens, Rogeria curvipubens, Solenopsis corticalis) and three are Old World exotics (Cardiocondyla minutior, Syllophopsis sechellensis, Trichomyrmex destructor). Ant records from St. Vincent include more Neotropical species (72) and fewer Old World exotic species (15) than the neighboring Caribbean islands of similar size: Barbados and Grenada. Factors that may contribute to this pattern are that, compared to Barbados and Grenada, Saint Vincent has more mountainous terrain, more intact forest, lower human population density, and fewer international tourist visits.
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OLIVER, PAUL M., JONATHAN R. CLEGG, ROBERT N. FISHER, STEPHEN J. RICHARDS, PETER N. TAYLOR, and MERLIJN M. T. JOCQUE. "A new biogeographically disjunct giant gecko (Gehyra: Gekkonidae: Reptilia) from the East Melanesian Islands." Zootaxa 4208, no. 1 (December 14, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4208.1.3.
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The East Melanesian Islands have been a focal area for research into island biogeography and community ecology. However, previously undescribed and biogeographically significant new species endemic to this region continue to be discovered. Here we describe a phylogenetically distinct (~20% divergence at the mitochondrial ND2 gene) and biogeographically disjunct new species of gecko in the genus Gehyra, from the Admiralty and St Matthias Islands. Gehyra rohan sp. nov. can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of its very large size, ring of bright orange scales around the eye, moderate degree of lateral folding on the limbs and body, and aspects of head, body and tail scalation. Molecular data indicate mid to late Miocene divergence of the new species from nearest relatives occurring nearly 2000 kilometres away in Vanuatu and Fiji. Large Gehyra have not been recorded on the intervening large islands of the Bismark Archipelago (New Britain and New Ireland) and the Solomon Islands, suggesting this dispersal pre-dated the current configuration of these islands, extinction in intervening regions, or potentially elements of both. Conversely, low genetic divergence between disjunct samples on Manus and Mussau implies recent overseas dispersal via either natural or anthropogenic means.
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Lenoble, Arnaud. "Drymaeus virgulatus, an extirpated land snail species on Saint Kitts and Tintamarre islands." Novitates Caribaea, no. 18 (July 15, 2021): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.33800/nc.vi18.270.
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The land snail species Drymaeus virgulatus (Férussac, 1821) is recorded in St. Kitts in the form of 21 complete or fragmented shells collected on the island in November 2019. The complete shells were collected on the backshores of South Frigate Bay and Majors Bay, while shell fragments come from naturally exposed sections of the North Frigate Bay sand ridge, where they date to the pre-Columbian period. This evidence therefore attests to the past presence of this species on the island. The absence of this taxon from recent malacological surveys points to it having been extirpated from St. Kitts. Apertural fragments of a large bulimulidae collected in the caves of Tintamarre Island, near St. Martin, are also related to this taxon, adding a second West Indian island from which this species apparently disappeared in recent centuries.
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Tambi, Sergei A. "Estonians on the Vasilyevsky Island Of Saint Petersburg." Finno-Ugric World 11, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.011.2019.01.061-072.
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The subject of the article is the analyzes of the life of Estonians, who came from the Estland and Lifland provinces in the eastern direction to the Vasilyevsky Island of St. Petersburg, the birthplace of the Estonian community of the city. The object of the study is the the life of Estonian immigrants who came to this place in search of a better life for themselves and their descendants. The aim of the study is to reveal Lutheran parishes of the Vasilyevsky Island, attended by the Estonians; describe the founding and work of local Estonian organizations, as well as cultural and educational institutions. The author tells about the events held by the Estonians living on the Vasilyevsky Island; Estonian shops and educational institutions. Practical significance of the paper lies in the fact that the it reveals the specific features of the cultural life and traditions of the local Estonian community of the Vasilyevsky Island of St. Petersburg. The author also tells about the famous Estonians who were born, worked, lived or served on the Vasilyevsky Island, and their contribution to the development of science and culture of St. Petersburg, Russia and Estonia. The main methods used in the study are the generalization, the system approach, the historical-descriptive method, the analysis of the documents, and empirical description. Numerous articles from Estonian newspapers and magazines have been used to reconstruct the features of the life of the Estonians on the Vasilyevsky Island. The author shows how Estonian community of St. Petersburg emerged and developed on the Vasilyevsky Island. It showed Estonian organizations of the island, as well as cultural and academic staff of Estonian origin, whose life was closely connected with the Vasilyevsky Island. Living on the island, the Estonians represented a united and unique community inhabiting the Vasilyevsky Island. At the same time, their community was not isolated and it established a wide network with the Estonians in other districts of St. Petersburg. Due to natural assimilation and migration, the Estonians are represented on the Vasilyevsky Island in a rather poor number at the present time. The Estonians lived on the Vasilyevsky Island made the significant contribution to the development of culture and science of St. Petersburg, as a multinational city, hosting Russians, Ingrian Finns, Tatars and the representatives of other nations since its construction. The phenomenon of the Estonians of the Vasilyevsky Island is unique and interesting for further research.
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OLDFIELD, PAUL. "The Medieval Cult of St Agatha of Catania and the Consolidation of Christian Sicily." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 62, no. 3 (June 3, 2011): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046911000844.
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In the twelfth century the cult of St Agatha of Catania was revived on the island of Sicily. This article explores the development of the cult within the wider process of the re-Christianisation of an island which had, in the previous century, been removed from Muslim control by Norman conquerors. It demonstrates that the revival of St Agatha's cult occurred through its connection to powerful political circles and to a range of emergent communication networks. The increasing renown of this shrine centre contributed to Sicily's integration into the Latin Christian world, and countered suspicious external perceptions of the island.
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Donaldson, Ronnie, and Adrian Forssman. "‘Opening up to the World’: An Exploration of Residents’ Opinions on and Perceptions of St Helena Island’s Tourism Development." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 9(6) (December 15, 2020): 944–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-61.
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St Helena Island, often regarded as one of the most remote places on earth, is an Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom and generally considered geographically as ‘part’ of Africa. Economically, the island is wholly dependent on British aid. Once important as a stop for trading ships for some 400 years, the island has suffered the same problems faced by many other small island economies: a lack of natural resources, diseconomies of scale, net outmigration, and a dependence on aid and remittances. Tourism has been earmarked as an important sector which has the potential to contribute significantly to the economy of St Helena, especially after the completion of the St Helena Airport. The purpose of this research reported here was to determine the level of tourism development on St Helena since its ‘opening up’ to the world after the first passenger flight touched down in 2017, by applying Butler’s tourism area life cycle model and Doxey’s irridex model. These models provided the framework for qualitatively determining the level of tourism development. An e-survey was conducted among residents about their expectations of tourism development. St Helena has been trapped in the involvement stage for decades while being inhibited by its remoteness and accessibility issues. It is clear from the evidence that some of the island’s tourism characteristics relate to the involvement stage, whereas others are synonymous with the development stage. It is thus reasonable to argued that St Helena currently lies in a flux between the involvement and development stages of the Butler model. The opening of the airport is conceivably the springboard necessary for leaving behind all the impeding features of the involvement stage.
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Jacobson, Steven A. "The participial oblique, a verb mood found only in Nunivak Central Alaskan Yup'ik and in Siberian Yupik." Études/Inuit/Studies 30, no. 1 (August 1, 2007): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016154ar.
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Abstract Nunivak Island has the most divergent dialect of Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo, the language of southwestern Alaska. Lexical and phonological divergences have been discussed elsewhere. This paper discusses the form and function of the “participial oblique” verb mood found in Nunivak—but not in other Central Alaskan Yup’ik dialects—and in Central Siberian Yupik Eskimo, the language of St. Lawrence Island Alaska and the tip of Chukotka. Discussed also are differences between the Chukotkan form of the mood and that of St. Lawrence Island, the mood’s presence in Naukan Yupik, and a probable “missing link” participial construction in other Central Alaskan Yup’ik dialects.
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McFarlane, Donald A., Ross D. E. MacPhee, and Derek C. Ford. "Body Size Variability and a Sangamonian Extinction Model for Amblyrhiza,a West Indian Megafaunal Rodent." Quaternary Research 50, no. 1 (July 1998): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1977.
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The megafaunal rodent Amblyrhiza inundatafrom Anguilla and St. Martin is often cited in lists of late Quaternary human-induced extinctions, but its date of disappearance has never been established. Here, we present a suite of uranium-series disequilibrium dates from three independent Amblyrhizasites in Anguilla, all of which cluster in marine isotope Stage 5. Thus, there is no indication that Amblyrhizasurvived into the late Holocene, when islands of the northern Lesser Antilles were first invaded by humans. We argue that the most probable cause of the extinction of Amblyrhizawas a failure of island populations to adjust to catastrophic reductions in available range which accompanied last interglacial sea-level maxima. We support this argument with quantitative extinction probability estimates drawn from persistence time models. Amblyrhizaexhibits body-size hypervariability, a common but underemphasized feature of island megafaunal species. We argue that hypervariability is a record of morphological response to oscillating natural selection, which in turn is driven by asymmetries in the relationship of population size, body mass, and persistence time. The fate of Amblyrhizastands in marked contrast to that of most other West Indian land mammals, whose losses increasingly appear to have been anthropogenically mediated.
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Cumming, John D., and Ihsan S. Al-Aasm. "Sediment Characterization and Porewater Isotope Chemistry of Quaternary Deposits from the St. Clair Delta, Ontario, Canada." Quaternary Research 51, no. 2 (March 1999): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.2028.
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AbstractWalpole Island is part of a large freshwater delta located at the St. Clair River mouth in southwestern Ontario. Quaternary deposits on the island consist of Lake Nipissing to Lake St. Clair stage deltaic sediments underlain by a thick sequence of Late Wisconsin glaciolacustrine rhythmites and massive clayey till. These sediments overlie a thin freshwater aquifer resting on Paleozoic bedrock. Porewater δ18O, δD, and δ13CDICprofiles of cores taken from northern and central Walpole Island show that older (>10,000 yr B.P.), deeper glaciogenic porewaters have mixed with, and have been displaced by, younger modern surficial water. In contrast, isotopic profiles from a core taken from southern Walpole Island indicate that modern St. Clair River waters have penetrated the entire 20-m core via fractures, effectively displacing all glaciogenic porewater. Fracturing and faulting are clearly visible throughout the southern core, and their presence may be attributed to its location on the trend of the Electric Fault. These features are interpreted as the product of renewed Holocene fault movement. Porewater Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+concentration gradients are consistent with the presence of upwardly diffusing deep brine, for which the Electric Fault may serve as a conduit.
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Gainor, Kerry, April Bowen, Pompei Bolfa, Andrea Peda, Yashpal S. Malik, and Souvik Ghosh. "Molecular Investigation of Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) Outbreak in Nevis Island: Analysis of the Nearly Complete Genomes of CPV-2 Strains from the Caribbean Region." Viruses 13, no. 6 (June 6, 2021): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061083.
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To date, there is a dearth of information on canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) from the Caribbean region. During August–October 2020, the veterinary clinic on the Caribbean island of Nevis reported 64 household dogs with CPV-2-like clinical signs (hemorrhagic/non-hemorrhagic diarrhea and vomiting), of which 27 animals died. Rectal swabs/fecal samples were obtained from 43 dogs. A total of 39 of the 43 dogs tested positive for CPV-2 antigen and/or DNA, while 4 samples, negative for CPV-2 antigen, were not available for PCR. Among the 21 untested dogs, 15 had CPV-2 positive littermates. Analysis of the complete VP2 sequences of 32 strains identified new CPV-2a (CPV-2a with Ser297Ala in VP2) as the predominant CPV-2 on Nevis Island. Two nonsynonymous mutations, one rare (Asp373Asn) and the other uncommon (Ala262Thr), were observed in a few VP2 sequences. It was intriguing that new CPV-2a was associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis on Nevis while found at low frequencies in sporadic cases of diarrhea on the neighboring island of St. Kitts. The nearly complete CPV-2 genomes (4 CPV-2 strains from St. Kitts and Nevis (SKN)) were reported for the first time from the Caribbean region. Eleven substitutions were found among the SKN genomes, which included nine synonymous substitutions, five of which have been rarely reported, and the two nonsynonymous substitutions. Phylogenetically, the SKN CPV-2 sequences formed a distinct cluster, with CPV-2b/USA/1998 strains constituting the nearest cluster. Our findings suggested that new CPV-2a is endemic in the region, with the potential to cause severe outbreaks, warranting further studies across the Caribbean Islands. Analysis of the SKN CPV-2 genomes corroborated the hypothesis that recurrent parallel evolution and reversion might play important roles in the evolution of CPV-2.
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Colson, K. E., James D. Smith, and Kris J. Hundertmark. "St. Matthew Island colonized through multiple long-distance red fox (Vulpes vulpes) dispersal events." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 8 (August 2017): 607–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0289.
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Expansion of red fox (Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)) into new arctic habitat and the potential for competition with arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus (L., 1758)) are of considerable conservation concern. Previous work has focused on red fox expanding into contiguous areas with few barriers to dispersal. Here, we examine mitochondrial DNA in red fox on recently colonized St. Matthew Island in the Bering Sea to determine their ultimate origin. Though limited in sample size (n = 7), we found that St. Matthew Island was colonized by North American lineages; surprisingly, despite the >400 km distance to the mainland, we found the island was colonized by at least three mitochondrial matrilines. These results suggest that even extremely isolated places may be colonized by red fox, and that the over-ice or over-ocean dispersal ability of red fox may have been previously underappreciated.
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West, Ronald R., Harold B. Rollins, and Richard M. Busch. "Taphonomy and an Intertidal Palimpsest Surface: Implications for the Fossil Record." Paleontological Society Special Publications 5 (1990): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200005578.
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Lateral fluctuations of shoreline positions along shallow basinal margins often result in spatially and temporally overprinted (palimpsested) firmground or hardground surfaces (Frey and Basan, 1981). Recent palimpsested surfaces can teach us a great deal about the fossil record, particularly when we view them taphonomically. For the last few years we have been studying such surfaces along the seaward coast of St. Catherines Island, Georgia. In this paper we will first briefly discuss the modern salt marsh at St. Catherines Island, and its invertebrate inhabitants. This will form a basis for recognition and description of relict marsh surfaces. We will next describe the relict salt marsh surface that is currently being exhumed by coastal erosion and palimpsested by other invertebrate communities. Such palimpsested events also represent heterochronous community replacement–the disjunct temporal and (usually) spatial overprinting of an older community (or biogenic surface) by one (or more) younger communities. This interprets “replacement” as a passive, generally species non-interactive, phenomenon (contra Miller, 1986). Lastly, we will make some rather broad comparisons between the St. Catherines Island setting and what we interpret as analogous situations recorded in the Carboniferous strata of the Appalachian Basin.
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Tuchtenhagen, Ralph. "Between Russia, Sweden, and Finland: The Åland Question Since 1809." Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs 26, no. 4 (January 30, 2023): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.4.2022.4.
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This contribution addresses the strategical, political, and cultural significance of the Åland Islands between Russia, Sweden, and Finland from 1809 to the present day. During the first half of the 19th century, Russia fulfilled, with the conquest of the Åland Islands, one of its military goals which had been in place since the Petrine period, namely, to push forward the country’s military control as far as to the Western border of Finland in order to secure Russia’s capital St. Petersburg, and to threaten the capital of the kingdom of Sweden, Stockholm, in order to prevent a Swedish act of revenge for the loss of Sweden’s control of the Eastern Baltic during the Great Northern War. At the same time, the islands were, in a political and cultural sense, an important ingredient of the upcoming Swedish and Finnish national movements. After the loss of Finland, the countries had tried to find solace in national culture and past glories. In this respect, the question of why Sweden, during the Finnish Civil War, sent troops to the Åland Islands can be interpreted as part of Sweden’s anti-Russian military agenda as well as being part of its cultural mission to protect the islands against Finnish and Russian attempts to make the island part of Finnish or Russian culture, and to subdue the overwhelmingly-Swedishspeaking population in the context of a Finnish national state. This Swedish-Finnish opposition, though, turned, during the interwar period, into a secret collaboration against Russian military interests in the Eastern Baltic region, whereby the control of the Åland Islands played a central role. Despite minor yet critical situations, the islands have enjoyed relative calm ever since. However, the outbreak of Russia’s Ukrainian War threatens to cast doubt once again on the islands’ status.
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Forde, Martin S., Suzanne Côté, Elhadji Laouan Sidi, Éric Gaudreau, and Pierre Ayotte. "Evaluation of Bisphenol A in Pregnant Women from 10 Caribbean Countries." Toxics 10, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100556.
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Bisphenol A (BPA), a phenolic chemical incorporated into many plastic products, has been found to act as an endocrine disruptor that potentially is linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Prenatal BPA concentration levels were assessed in 10 English-speaking Caribbean countries by randomly selecting 15 maternal urine samples from approximately 50 pregnant women samples collected in each island and then comparing the findings with comparable data from Canada and the U.S. BPA was detected in all samples ranging from a low geometric mean of 1.46 μg/L (St. Lucia) to a high of 4.88 μg/L (St. Kitts & Nevis). All of the Caribbean islands sampled had geometric mean concentration levels that were higher than those recorded in two Canadian biomonitoring surveys (1.26 μg/L and 0.80 μg/L) and the U.S. NHANES survey (1.39 μg/L). This first biomonitoring survey of BPA concentration levels in maternal urine samples taken from Caribbean countries clearly points to the need for Caribbean governments and public health officials to first engage in legislative and regulatory efforts to ban or minimize the importation and use of BPA products used the Caribbean and, second, to continue to conduct biomonitoring surveys so as to ensure that these laws and regulations are indeed leading to a decrease of BPA concentrations in Caribbean populations.
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Bergerud, Arthur T., W. J. Dalton, H. Butler, L. Camps, and R. Ferguson. "Woodland caribou persistence and extirpation in relic populations on Lake Superior." Rangifer 27, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.27.4.321.
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Extended: The hypothesis was proposed that woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in North America had declined due to wolf predation and over-hunting rather than from a shortage of winter lichens (Bergerud, 1974). In 1974, two study areas were selected for testing: for the lichen hypothesis, we selected the Slate Islands in Lake Superior (36 km2), a closed canopy forest without terrestrial lichens, wolves, bears, or moose; for the predation hypothesis, we selected the nearby Pukaskwa National Park (PNP) where terrestrial lichens, wolves, bears, and moose were present. Both areas were monitored from 1974 to 2003 (30 years). The living and dead caribou on the Slates were estimated by the ‘King census’ strip transect (mean length 108±9.3 km, extremes 22-190, total 3026 km) and the Lincoln Index (mean tagged 45±3.6, extremes 15-78). The mean annual population on the Slate Islands based on the strip transects was 262±22 animals (extremes 104-606), or 7.3/km2 (29 years) and from the Lincoln Index 303±64 (extremes 181-482), or 8.4/km2 (23 years). These are the highest densities in North America and have persisted at least since 1949 (56 years). Mountain maple (Acer spicatum) interacted with caribou density creating a record in its age structure which corroborates persistence at relatively high density from c. 1930. The mean percentage of calves was 14.8±0.34% (20 years) in the fall and 14.1±1.95% (19 years) in late winter. The Slate Islands herd was regulated by the density dependent abundance of summer green foods and fall physical condition rather than density independent arboreal lichen availability and snow depths. Two wolves (1 wolf/150 caribou) crossed to the islands in 1993-94 and reduced two calf cohorts (3 and 4.9 per cent calves) while female adult survival declined from a mean of 82% to 71% and the population declined ≈100 animals. In PNP, caribou/moose/wolf populations were estimated by aerial surveys (in some years assisted by telemetry). The caribou population estimates ranged from 31 in 1979 to 9 in 2003 (Y=1267 - 0.628X, r=-0.783, n=21, P<0.01) and extirpation is forecast in 2018. Animals lived within 3 km of Lake Superior (Bergerud, 1985) with an original density of 0.06/km2, similar to many other woodland herds coexisting with wolves (Bergerud, 1992), and 100 times less than the density found on the Slate Islands. The mean moose population was 0.25±0.016/km2 and the wolf population averaged 8.5±0.65/1000 km2. Late winter calf percentages in PNP averaged 16.2±1.89 (25 years); the population was gradually reduced by winter wolf predation (Bergerud, 1989; 1996). The refuge habitat available is apparently insufficient for persistence in an area where the continuous distribution of woodland caribou is fragmented due to moose exceeding 0.10/km2 and thereby supporting wolf densities ≥6.5/1000 km2. A second experimental study was to introduce Slate Island caribou to areas with and without wolves. A release to Bowman Island, where wolves and moose were present, failed due to predation. Bowman Island is adjacent to St. Ignace Island where caribou had persisted into the late 1940s. A second release in 1989 to the mainland in Lake Superior Provincial Park of 39 animals has persisted (<10 animals) because the animals utilize off-shore islands but numbers are also declining. A third release to Montréal Island in 1984 doubled in numbers (up to 20 animals) until Lake Superior froze in 1994 and wolves reached the island. A fourth release was to Michipicoten Island (188 km2) in 1982 where wolves were absent and few lichens were available. This herd increased at λ= 1.18 (8 to ±200, 160 seen 2001) in 19 years. This was the island envisioned for the crucial test of the lichen/predation hypotheses (Bergerud, 1974: p.769). These studies strongly support the idea that ecosystems without predators are limited bottom–up by food and those with wolves top-down by predation; however the proposed crucial test which has been initiated on Michipicoten Island remains to be completed and there is a limited window of opportunity for unequivocal results.
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Trites, Andrew W., and Peter A. Larkin. "The Decline and Fall of the Pribilof Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus): A Simulation Study." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 1437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-183.
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A mathematical model incorporating the basic life history features of the North Pacific fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) approximated the decline of the Pribilof Islands population by reconstructing pup estimates and counts of adult males over the period 1950 to 1987. Simulation results suggest that commercial female harvesting and a series of poor juvenile survival rates were responsible for causing and maintaining the observed decline in pup production on St. Paul Island from 1956 to 1970. A more recent drop in pup production since 1976 is also attributed to poor juvenile survival, but with the addition of higher natural mortalities of adult females. It appears that the natural mortality of adult females may have increased by 2 to 5% beginning in the mid 1970s. We suspect reductions in the fur seal food base and entanglement-related mortality associated with commercial fishing in the North Pacific are contributing to the current decline, although neither possibility has yet been clearly demonstrated.
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MacGown, Joe A., James K. Wetterer, and JoVonn G. Hill. "Geographic spread of Strumigenys silvestrii (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini)." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 5, no. 3-4 (2012): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749836-05031051.
Full textAbstract:
Strumigenys silvestriiis a tiny dacetine ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini), apparently from South America, that has spread to the southern US and the West Indies.Strumigenys silvestriihas recently been found for the first time in the Old World, from the island of Madeira, mainland Portugal, and Macau. Here, we document new distributional records and the geographic spread ofS. silvestrii. We compiled and mapped 67 site records ofS. silvestrii. We documented the earliest knownS. silvestriirecords for 20 geographic areas (countries, major islands, and US states), including four areas for which we found no previously published records: Georgia (US), Grenada, Nevis, and St. Vincent.Strumigenys silvestriiis the only New World dacetine ant that has been recorded in the Old World. The distribution of its closest relatives and of knownS. silvestriispecimen records supports the hypothesis thatS. silvestriiis native to South America. Throughout its New World range (South America, the West Indies, and the southern US), manyS. silvestriirecords are from undisturbed forest habitats (usually indicative of a native species), but are very recent (usually indicative of a newly arrived exotic species).
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Arkle, Kelsey M., and Arnold I. Miller. "Evidence for stratigraphy in molluscan death assemblages preserved in seagrass beds: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands." Paleobiology 44, no. 1 (January 21, 2018): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2017.26.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDeath assemblages that occupy the upper tens of centimeters of sediment in shallow-marine settings are often subject to extensive mixing, thereby limiting their usefulness in assessing environmentally mediated compositional changes through time in the local biota. Here, we provide evidence that dense,Thalassia-rich seagrass beds preserve a stratigraphic record of biotic variation because their dense root–rhizome mats inhibit mixing. We sampled benthic mollusk assemblages at seven localities inThalassia-rich beds around St. Croix, USVI, collecting three separate sediment intervals of ~13 cm each to a total depth of ~40 cm below the sediment–water interface, and found evidence that sedimentary intervals preserved compositional stratigraphy. Further, some localities displayed systematic, directional changes down-core. An examination of interval-to-interval changes in composition revealed that compositional variation was unique from locality to locality rather than reflecting coordinated, island-wide transitions. In general, however, relative abundances of epifaunal gastropods and small lucinid bivalves tended to decrease with depth below the sediment–water interface. Quantitative comparisons of life-to-death assemblages from each successive sedimentary interval demonstrated that the shallowest death assemblages were typically more similar to the life assemblages than were deeper assemblages, suggesting that deeper intervals provide records of earlier community states.
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NASH, JOSHUA. "The influence of Edward Young's St Kitts Creole in Pitcairn Island and Norfolk Island toponyms." English Language and Linguistics 22, no. 3 (March 7, 2017): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674316000605.
Full textAbstract:
Edward Young, the midshipman who sided with Fletcher Christian during the Mutiny on the Bounty, which took place in 1789, was an English and St Kitts Creole speaker. The influence of Young's Kittitian lexicon and grammar toponyms (placenames) in the Pitcairn Island language – Pitcairn – exists in features such as the use of articles and possessive constructions. Pitcairn was moved to Norfolk Island sixty-six years after the settling of Pitcairn Island in 1790 by the mutineers and their Polynesian counterparts. While Kittitian for ‘for, of’ and Kittitian-derived articles ha/ah only occur in a few documented placenames in Pitcairn, the fer and ar/dar elements of possessive constructions in placenames in Norfolk, the Norfolk Island language still spoken today by the descendants of the Pitcairners, are more common than in Pitcairn placenames. It is argued that the use of the for/fer possessive construction and article forms are key social deictic markers of identity and distinctiveness, especially in Norfolk placenames. Their usage delineates Pitcairn blood heritage and ancestry (Norfolk: comefrom) as either Pitcairner or non-Pitcairner, and has been expanded in and adapted to the new social and natural environment of Norfolk Island. The analysis draws on primary Norfolk placename data and compares it to secondary Pitcairn data.
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DYET, K. H., and D. R. MARTIN. "Clonal analysis of the serogroup B meningococci causing New Zealand's epidemic." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 2 (September 5, 2005): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805004954.
Full textAbstract:
An epidemic of meningococcal disease caused by serogroup B meningococci expressing the P1.7-2,4 PorA protein began in New Zealand in 1991. The PorA type has remained stable. Different porB have been found in association with the P1.7-2,4 PorA, although type 4 has been most common. The clonal origins of B:P1.7-2,4 meningococci isolated from cases during 1990 to the end of 2003 were analysed. In 1990, the year immediately preceding the recognized increase in disease rates, all three subclones (ST-41, ST-42, and ST-154) of the ST-41/44 clonal complex occurred among the five isolates of B:P1.7-2,4. The two sequence types, ST-42 and ST-154, continued to cause most disease throughout New Zealand. Isolates belonging to subclone ST-41 were mostly identified early in the epidemic and in the South Island. 16S rRNA typing indicated that isolates belonging to the subclones ST-41 and ST-154 share a common ancestor, with those typing as ST-42 more distantly related with some genetically ambiguous. It is possible that ST-41 and ST-154 may have evolved one from the other but evolution to ST-42 is more difficult to explain. It is possible that one or more of the ST types could have been introduced into New Zealand prior to the first detection of clinical cases in 1990. Genetic diversity may have occurred during carriage in the community.
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Masrur, Hasan, Harun Or Rashid Howlader, Mohammed Elsayed Lotfy, Kaisar R. Khan, Josep M. Guerrero, and Tomonobu Senjyu. "Analysis of Techno-Economic-Environmental Suitability of an Isolated Microgrid System Located in a Remote Island of Bangladesh." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 4, 2020): 2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072880.
Full textAbstract:
Following a rise in population, load demand is increasing even in the remote areas and islands of Bangladesh. Being an island that is also far from the mainland of Bangladesh, St. Martin’s is in need of electricity. As it has ample renewable energy resources, a renewable energy-based microgrid system seems to be the ultimate solution, considering the ever-increasing price of diesel fuel. This study proposes a microgrid system and tests its technical and economic feasibility in that area. All possible configurations have been simulated to try and find the optimal system for the island, which would be eco-friendly and economical with and without considering renewable energy options. The existing power supply configuration has also been compared to the best system after analyzing and investigating all technical and economic feasibility. Sensitivity and risk analysis between different cases provide added value to this study. The results show that the current diesel-based system is not viable for the island’s people, but rather a heavy burden to them due to the high cost of per unit electricity and the net present cost. In contrast, a PV /Wind/Diesel/Battery hybrid microgrid appeared to be the most feasible system. The proposed system is found to be around 1.5 times and 28% inexpensive considering the net present cost and cost of energy, respectively, with a high (56%) share of renewable energy which reduces 23% carbon dioxide.