Journal articles: 'SSV substrate'

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Zhan, Zhengyan, Ju Zhou, and Li Huang. "Site-Specific Recombination by SSV2 Integrase: Substrate Requirement and Domain Functions." Journal of Virology 89, no. 21 (August 19, 2015): 10934–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01637-15.

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ABSTRACTSSV-type integrases, encoded by fuselloviruses which infect the hyperthermophilic archaea of theSulfolobales, are archaeal members of the tyrosine recombinase family. These integrases catalyze viral integration into and excision from a specific site on the host genome. In the present study, we have established anin vitrointegration/excision assay for SSV2 integrase (IntSSV2). IntSSV2alone was able to catalyze both integration and excision reactionsin vitro. A 27-bp specific DNA sequence is minimally required for the activity of the enzyme, and its flanking sequences influence the efficiency of integration by the enzyme in a sequence-nonspecific manner. The enzyme forms a tetramer through interactions in the N-terminal part (residues 1 to 80), interacts nonspecifically with DNA and performs chemical catalysis in the C-terminal part (residues 165 to 328), and appears to recognize and bind the specific site of recombination in the middle portion (residues 81 to 164). It is worth noting that an N-terminally truncated mutant of IntSSV2(residues 81 to 328), which corresponded to the putative product of the 3′-end sequence of the IntSSV2gene of the integrated SSV2 genome, was unable to form tetramers but possessed all the catalytic properties of full-length IntSSV2except for the slightly reduced recombination activity. Our results suggest that, unlike λ integrase, SSV-type integrases alone are capable of catalyzing viral DNA recombination with the host genome in a simple and reversible fashion.IMPORTANCEArchaea are host to a variety of viruses. A number of archaeal viruses are able to integrate their genome into the host genome. Many known archaeal viral integrases belong to a unique type, or the SSV type, of tyrosine recombinases. SSV-type integrases catalyze viral integration into and excision from a specific site on the host genome. However, the molecular details of the recombination process have yet to be fully understood because of the lack of an establishedin vitrorecombination assay system. Here we report anin vitroassay for integration and excision by SSV2 integrase, a member of the SSV-type integrases. We show that SSV2 integrase alone is able to catalyze both integration and excision and reveal how different parts of the target DNA and the enzyme serve their roles in these processes. Therefore, our results provide mechanistic insights into a simple recombination process catalyzed by an archaeal integrase.

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Espinosa, A., L. Rosas, K. Ilangovan, and A. Noyola. "Effect of trace metals on the anaerobic degradation of volatile fatty acids in molasses stillage." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0473.

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A laboratory UASB reactor was fed with cane molasses stillage at organic loadings from 5 to 21.5 kg COD/m3 d. With an organic load of 17.4 kg COD/m3 d, an accumulation of VFA, principally propionic acid, was observed due to little bioavailability or lack of trace metals (Fe, Ni, Co and Mo). Associated to this, the performance of the UASB reactor was low (44% COD removal efficiency), with an alkalinity ratio above 0.4. The addition of Fe (100 mg/l), Ni (15 mg/l), Co (10 mg/l) and Mo (0.2 mg/l) to the influent reduced significantly the level of propionic acid (5291mg/l to 251 mg/l) and acetic acid (1100 mg/l to 158 mg/l). The COD removal efficiency increased from 44% to 58%, the biogas production from 10.7 to 14.8 l/d (NTP) and 0.085 to 0.32 g CH4-COD/g SSV d for specific sludge methanogenic activity with propionic acid as substrate. These improved results were obtained with high COD (68.9 g/l) and organic load (21.5 kg COD/m3 d).

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Lindblom, S., P. Ek, G. Muszyńska, B. Ek, J. Szczegielniak, and L. Engström. "Phosphorylation of sucrose synthase from maize seedlings." Acta Biochimica Polonica 44, no. 4 (December 31, 1997): 809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1997_4386.

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Two isoforms of sucrose synthase (SS1 and SS2) from maize (Zea mays, var. Mona) seedlings co-purified with a calcium and phospholipid dependent protein kinase. The enzymatic preparation obtained gave a positive reaction with the antibody against mammalian protein kinase C. Maize sucrose synthase was phosphorylated by the endogenous protein kinase. Also, mammalian protein kinases (protein kinase C and protein kinase A) were able to phosphorylate the 86 kDa subunit of sucrose synthase. When excised seedlings were fed [32P]orthophosphate, sucrose synthase was also phosphorylated. Microsequencing of in vivo labelled enzyme has shown phosphorylation of Ser-15 in SS2. The present work provides evidence that maize sucrose synthase is the physiological substrate of the endogenous calcium and phospholipid dependent protein kinase(s).

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Choi, Seung Kyu, Jae Min Jang, and Woo Gwang Jung. "Influence of Ion Bombardment of Sapphire on Electrical Property of GaN Layer." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.615.

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Ion beam bombardment of proton, He+, Ar+, Xe+ ions were made on single crystal substrate by cyclotron. The GaN epi-layer material was grown by MOCVD on ion beam bombarded substrate. After deposition of GaN epi-layer heat treatment was made in flow of N2. The RMS roughness of the substrate was increased by ion bombardment. The GaN crystal quality for substrates of ion bombardment was better than that for bare substrates. Raman spectrum analysis indicated the induced stress in the GaN epi-layer during the heat treatment. The electrical property of GaN was improved after heat treatment. It is estimated that ion bombardment of proton with current of 1μA is the optimum condition in our experimental condition.

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Wojewoda-Budka, Joanna, Natalia Sobczak, Jerzy Morgiel, and Rafal Nowak. "Microstructure Characteristics of the Reaction Product Region Formed due to the High Temperature Contact of Molten Aluminium and ZnO Single Crystal." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 1267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.1267.

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Interface reactions between liquid aluminium and ZnO single crystal substrates of <1-100> orientation (at 1273 K under vacuum) were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The substrates were subjected to the “pushing drop” tests when liquid is deposited from the capillary on the substrate surface and then, after appropriate contact time, it is pushed away. After short time of interaction with <1-100>ZnO substrate, three phases were detected: α-Al2O3, the alumina of unknown type and ZnAl2O4 spinel formed due to the solid state reaction between Al2O3 and ZnO.

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Yalla, Ramachandrarao, Y. Kojima, Y. Fukumoto, H. Suzuki, O. Ariyada, K. Muhammed Shafi, Kali P. Nayak, and Kohzo Hakuta. "Integration of silicon-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds with an optical nanofiber." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 24 (June 13, 2022): 241102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093116.

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We experimentally demonstrate the integration of silicon-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds (SiV-NDs) with an optical nanofiber (ONF). We grow SiV-NDs on seed NDs dispersed on a quartz substrate using a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition method. First, we search and characterize SiV-NDs on a quartz substrate using an inverted confocal microscope and an atomic force microscope (AFM). Subsequently, we pick up SiV-NDs from the quartz substrate and deposit them on the surface of a free-standing ONF using the AFM tip. The fluorescence emission spectrum, photon count rate, and intensity correlations for SiV-NDs are systematically measured.

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Augulis, R., R. Valiokas, B. Liedberg, and R. Rotomskis. "Atomic Force Microscopy of Self-Assembled Nanostructures of TPPS₄ on SAM Substrates." Solid State Phenomena 97-98 (April 2004): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.97-98.195.

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The adsorption of organic molecules on solid surfaces is one of the fundamental processes for the development of molecular-based nanodevices. Here we focus on the adsorption and ordering of the TPPS4-based J-aggregates on silicon and gold as well as on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces. The SAMs used for the experiments were based on the chemisorption of thiol containing compounds onto gold. Long ω-substituted alkanethiols are spontaneously assembled on gold to form highly ordered and densely packed layers with controllable chemical and physical properties. TPPS4 J-aggregates were dispersed on SAM surfaces, and on plain gold and silicon substrates for comparison. The dimensions of aggregates, measured by means of atomic force microscopy, varied depending on the type of substrate. Long stripe-like aggregates were flattened on the substrate surface, and the height and width of aggregates highly correlated with the polarity of surface groups. For example, the J-aggregates were narrower on hydrophobic substrates (with non-polar groups) and wider on hydrophilic substrates (with polar groups). These observations support the hypothesis, that TPPS4 forms .soft. cylindrical aggregates, that appear flattened on the substrate.

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Tovstolytkin, Alexander I., Taras I. Polek, Alexander I. Matviyenko, Mykola I. Zakharenko, Mykhailo P. Semen'ko, and Alexey V. Pashchenko. "Magnetotransport Properties of La_0.6Sr_0.2Mn_1.2O₃ Films: Effects of Film Thickness and Substrate-Induced Strain." Solid State Phenomena 200 (April 2013): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.200.239.

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Electric and magnetoresistive properties of La0.6Sr0.2Mn1.2O3 films deposited on SrTiO3 (001) and LaAlO3 (001) single crystalline substrates by magnetron sputtering have been studied. Characteristic features of the evolution of resistivity, magnetoresistance and Curie temperature upon the decrease of film thickness from 500 to 2 nm are specified. A key role of a thin strained layer adjacent to the substrate is demonstrated. The critical thicknesses of the strained layer are calculated for the films deposited on different substrates

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Jhin, Jung Geun, Jae Hong Choi, Jong Hyeob Baek, and Dong Jin Byun. "Properties of Preferred Orientation of TiO₂ Thin Film on Plasma Pretreated Substrate." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1509.

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The degree of preference of thin anatase TiO2 films prepared by CVD for the <112> orientation was enhanced by pretreating the soda-lime glass substrates with a plasma. The relationships between the preferred orientation and plasma pretreatments were investigated. It was founded that the TiO2 films on the plasma pretreated soda-lime glass substrates exhibited a higher degree of preference for the (112) orientation than those without the pretreatment. To confirm the effect of the plasma pretreatments on the soda-lime glass substrates, TOF-SIMS, contact angle measurement and TEM were used to determine the changes in the components, surface energy and crystallinity of the substrates, respectively. It was found the components added as network modifiers, such as Na+, Ca2+, and K+ ions, was depleted in the surface region of the substrates after the plasma pretreatment, and that the surface energy of the substrates was increased. Finally, it was observed that the substrate surface was changed from an amorphous phase to polycrystalline. To sum up, it was assumed that the surface of the soda-lime glass substrates with their partially crystalline, namely poly-crystalline, structures artificially induced the thin anatase TiO2 films to develop with a <112>-preferred orientation. In conclusion, the plasma pretreatment of the glass substrate caused the TiO2 thin films to exhibit a higher preference for the <112> orientation, thereby optimizing their photocatalytic efficiency.

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De Almeida, T. M. H., A. C. S. Andrade, and H. M. Lopes. "Brazilian cacti seed germination under different temperature and substrate conditions." Seed Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2009.37.2.21.

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Park, N. K., H. S. Lee, Y. S. No, Tae Whan Kim, Jeong Yong Lee, and W. K. Choi. "Atomic Arrangement and Formation Mechanism of c-Axis Oriented ZnO Thin Films Grown on p-Si Substrates." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.93.

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The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for the ZnO films grown on Si (100) substrates indicates that the grown ZnO films have a strong c-axis orientation. The pole figure indicates that ZnO thin films have columnars with the grains of the [0002] crystallographic axis perpendicular to the Si (100) substrate, indicative of the random rotational orientations along the c-axis. Selected area electron diffraction pattern (SADP) of the ZnO/Si (100) heterostructures shows that the ZnO preferential oriented film is formed on the Si substrate. A possible atomic arrangement of the crystal structure and the formation mechanism of the c-axis orientated ZnO thin films grown on p-Si substrates are discussed on the basis of the XRD, the pole figure, and SADP results.

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Valckx, Nick, Daniel Cuypers, Rita Vos, Harold Philipsen, Jens Rip, Geert Doumen, Paul W. Mertens, Marc M. Heyns, and Stefan De Gendt. "Study of the Etching Mechanism of Heavily Doped Si in HF." Solid State Phenomena 187 (April 2012): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.187.41.

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Following Moores scaling law, the transistor source and drain area become shallower and higher doped regions. As a consequence the limitations of substrate and dopant loss during cleaning become more stringent. For a better understanding, highly B, As and P doped blanket substrates, either prepared by ion implantation or by EPI growth, are studied. Substrate and dopant loss as a function of time and different HF etching conditions is monitored by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and additional techniques like Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE), .... It is shown that in general, the Si etching is dependent of the position of the Fermi level. More remarkably, the junction (4 nm) of a non-annealed heavily As or P doped substrate is completely removed after less than 20 min of etching in HF. This process is related to enhanced etch rates because of the amorphization of the substrate.

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Starý, Vladimír, Ladislav Cvrček, Stanislav Daniš, Jan Krčil, Jaroslav Malek, and Zdeněk Tolde. "Characterization of TiNb Films on Ti Alloys for Hard Tissue Replacement." Solid State Phenomena 258 (December 2016): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.345.

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We present here a study of coatings prepared from β-Ti binary alloy Ti-39wt%Nb, a promising metallic material. TiNb is a highly corrosion-resistant and non-toxic material that is potentially applicable as a biomaterial. TiNb coatings can be prepared on substrates of widely-used materials, and promise not only improved properties but also a less high price of potential TiNb implants. A TiNb film can also be used as a barrier for limiting the potential diffusion of some allergens and toxic elements from the substrate to the surface, which can be influenced by layer properties. We deposited thin layers of TiNb by magnetron sputtering, which provides excellent layer properties in applications. These layers were prepared on substrates made from Ti, Ti alloys (Ti39Nb and Ti6Al4V) and stainless steel AISI316. The aim of our work was to characterize the structure and the mechanical properties of the layers, in dependence on the type of substrate, for application as coatings for medical implants.

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Lee, Heon, Joo Youl Huh, Ki Yeon Yang, Sung Hoon Hong, and Gun Young Jung. "Fabrication of 100nm Sized Patterns on a Non-Planar Substrate by Using Nanoimprinting Lithography." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.665.

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A faithful pattern transferring onto a non-planar substrate was demonstrated by nano-imprinting technique. Uniform pressing of a flexible template onto a substrate was important for the faithful pattern transferring. Both the UV-based and thermal imprinting techniques were used to transfer patterns of 200nm sized features to the non-planar substrates such as outer wall of rod and inner surface of cylinder and it could be used for nano-devices such as lab on a chip.

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da Cunha, A., L. E. Eiden, and D. M. Rausch. "Neuronal substrates for SIV encephalopathy." Advances in Neuroimmunology 4, no. 3 (January 1994): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-5428(06)80266-4.

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Novikov, Herman A., Rustem M. Bayazitov, Rafael M. Batalov, Ildar A. Faizrakhmanov, Gennadii D. Ivlev, and Stanislav L. Prokop'ev. "Experimental Study and Simulation of the Structure-Phase Transitions in Deposited Ge Layers during Pulsed Laser Annealing." Solid State Phenomena 247 (March 2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.247.24.

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Ion-beam deposition of amorphous Ge layers on different substrates (silicon and quartz) has been performed. Deposited amorphous Ge layers were subjected to pulsed laser annealing (λ = 0.69 μm, τ = 80 ns). Simultaneously the optical probing of the Ge surface was carried out. The computer simulation of heating processes and phase transitions was performed taking into account the temperature dependences of film and substrates’ parameters and phase transition energies. The results of the dynamics of heating, melting, crystallization and plasma formation processes are well described by simulation data. It is shown that the threshold values for radiation power density and phase transition rates are determined mainly by thermophysical parameters of the substrates and thermal contact between Ge melt and substrate.

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Dong, Peng, Xing Bo Liang, Da Xi Tian, Xiang Yang Ma, and De Ren Yang. "Enhanced Internal Gettering of Iron in n/n⁺ Epitaxial Silicon Wafer: Effect of High Temperature Rapid Thermal Annealing in Nitrogen Ambient." Solid State Phenomena 242 (October 2015): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.242.218.

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We report a strategy feasible for improving the internal gettering (IG) capability of iron (Fe) for n/n+ epitaxial silicon wafers using the heavily arsenic (As)-doped Czochralski (CZ) silicon wafers as the substrates. The n/n+ epitaxial silicon wafers were subjected to the two-step anneal of 650 °C/16 h + 1000 °C/16 h following the rapid thermal processing (RTP) at 1250 °C in argon (Ar) or nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. It is found that the prior RTP in N2 atmosphere exhibits much stronger enhancement effect on oxygen precipitation (OP) in the substrates than that in Ar atmosphere, thereby leading to a better IG capability of Fe contamination on the epitaxial wafer. In comparison with the RTP in Ar atmosphere, the one in N2 atmosphere injects not only vacancies but also nitrogen atoms of high concentration into the heavily As-doped silicon substrate. The co-action of vacancy and nitrogen leads to the enhanced OP in the substrate and therefore the better IG capability for the n/n+ epitaxial silicon wafer.

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Ueda, Tsuyoshi, Md Mosharaf Hossain Bhuiyan, H. Norimatsu, S. Katsuki, and Tomoaki Ikegami. "Property of NO_x Gas Sensor Using Carbon Nanotube Prepared by Thermal CVD Method." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1253.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT) gas sensors for NOx gas detection were prepared. CNTs were grown on an Al2O3 substrate with interdigital Pt-electrodes (Al2O3 ceramic substrate) using both pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. In this method, Al buffer layer and Fe catalytic thin film were prepared on the substrate by PLD method and then CNTs were grown by thermal CVD method. Surface images of CNTs on the substrates were observed by SEM, and the gas sensing property specific to NO gas was measured. Resistance of the prepared CNTs gas sensor decreased with increase of sensor temperature, and it decreased with increase of NO gas concentration at room temperature.

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Caffaro, Carolina E., Carlos B. Hirschberg, and Patricia M. Berninsone. "Functional Redundancy between Two Caenorhabditis elegans Nucleotide Sugar Transporters with a Novel Transport Mechanism." Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, no. 38 (July 25, 2007): 27970–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m704485200.

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Transporters of nucleotide sugars regulate the availability of these substrates required for glycosylation reactions in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus and play an important role in the development of multicellular organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans has seven different sugars in its glycoconjugates, although 18 putative nucleotide sugar transporters are encoded in the genome. Among these, SQV-7, SRF-3, and CO3H5.2 exhibit partially overlapping substrate specificity and expression patterns. We now report evidence of functional redundancy between transporters CO3H5.2 and SRF-3. Reducing the activity of the CO3H5.2 gene product by RNA interference (RNAi) in SRF-3 mutants results in oocyte accumulation and abnormal gonad morphology, whereas comparable RNAi treatment of wild type or RNAi hypersensitive C. elegans strains does not cause detectable defects. We hypothesize this genetic enhancement to be a mechanism to ensure adequate glycoconjugate biosynthesis required for normal tissue development in multicellular organisms. Furthermore, we show that transporters SRF-3 and CO3H5.2, which are closely related in the phylogenetic tree, share a simultaneous and independent substrate transport mechanism that is different from the competitive one previously demonstrated for transporter SQV-7, which shares a lower amino acid sequence identity with CO3H5.2 and SRF-3. Therefore, different mechanisms for transporting multiple nucleotide sugars may have evolved parallel to transporter amino acid divergence.

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Khanh Ni, Tran Ngoc, Hoang Cong Tin, Vo Trong Thach, Cédric Jamet, and Izuru Saizen. "Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation along the Central Vietnamese Coast Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060395.

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Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Khanh Hoa (Vietnam) coastal area plays an important role in coastal communities and the marine ecosystem. However, SAV distribution varies widely, in terms of depth and substrate types, making it difficult to monitor using in-situ measurement. Remote sensing can help address this issue. High spatial resolution satellites, with more bands and higher radiometric sensitivity, have been launched recently, including the Vietnamese Natural Resources, Environment, and Disaster Monitoring Satellite (VNREDSat-1) (V1) sensor from Vietnam, launched in 2013. The objective of the study described here was to establish SAV distribution maps for South-Central Vietnam, particularly in the Khanh Hoa coastal area, using Sentinel-2 (S2), Landsat-8, and V1 imagery, and then to assess any changes to SAV over the last ten years, using selected historical data. The satellite top-of-atmosphere signals were initially converted to radiance, and then corrected for atmospheric effects. This treated signal was then used to classify Khanh Hoa coastal water substrates, and these classifications were evaluated using 101 in-situ measurements, collected in 2017 and 2018. The results showed that the three satellites could provide high accuracy, with Kappa coefficients above 0.84, with V1 achieving over 0.87. Our results showed that, from 2008 to 2018, SAV acreage in Khanh Hoa was reduced by 74.2%, while gains in new areas compensated for less than half of these losses. This is the first study to show the potential for using V1 and S2 data to assess the distribution status of SAV in Vietnam, and its outcomes will contribute to the conservation of SAV beds, and to the sustainable exploitation of aquatic resources in the Khanh Hoa coastal area.

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Pecka-Kiełb, Ewa, Dorota Miśta, Bożena Króliczewska, Andrzej Zachwieja, Maja Słupczyńska, Barbara Król, and Józef Sowiński. "Changes in the In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Diets for Dairy Cows Based on Selected Sorghum Cultivars Compared to Maize, Rye and Grass Silage." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060492.

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An in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the impact of silage produced from selected varieties of sorghum on the microbial fermentation profile of cows’ ruminal fluid. To determine the main microbial fermentation products, ruminal fluid samples were obtained from Polish Holstein–Friesian cows. Serum bottles were filled with 80 mL of ruminal samples, and 1 g of one of the following substrates was added: corn silage (CS), grass silage (GS), rye silage (RS), sorghum silage (sweet) (SS1), sorghum silage (grain) (SS2) or sorghum silage (dual-purpose) (SS3). The serum bottles were flushed with CO2 and fermented for 8 and 24 h at 39 °C. After incubation, the obtained gas and rumen fluid were then analysed to determine the methane and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents using gas chromatography. The use of sorghum silage (SS) resulted in a decrease in the total concentration VFA concentration in the ruminal fluid compared with the use of other silages, especially GS. Moreover, the ruminal fluid contained a lower molar proportion of propionic and butyric acids when SS was used compared with CS. The butyric acid proportion was higher in SS samples than in RS samples. The differences in chemical composition between sorghum varieties did not influence the rumen VFA concentration or profile. A decrease in gas production, but without effects on methanogenesis, was observed when SS was used compared with GS and CS. The analysis demonstrates the physiological processes of fermentation in the rumen, as evidenced by the products of microbial fermentation. The main advantage is that the addition of SS, irrespective of the plant variety, reduced fermentation gas production in the ruminal fluid compared with CS. The silage of the analyzed sorghum varieties may be used in the diets of dairy cows as a substitute for corn and grass silages.

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Jung, Chung Kyung, Sung Wook Joo, Seoung Hun Jeong, Sang Wook Ryu, Han Choon Lee, Jin Youn Cho, Gun Woo Park, Yeon Jong Lee, Yong Won Cha, and Jae Won Han. "A Comparative Study for the Backside Illumination (BSI) Technology Using Bonding Wafer Cleaning Process for Advanced CMOS Image Sensor." Solid State Phenomena 195 (December 2012): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.195.75.

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Over the last decades, the concept of backside illumination (BSI) sensors has become one of the leading solutions to optical challenges such as improved quantum efficiency (QE), and cross-talk, respectively [1-. Direct wafer bonding is a method for fabricating advanced substrates for micro-electrochemical systems (MEMS) and integrated circuits (IC). The most typical example of such an advanced substrate is the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer.

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Kim, Young Ha, Tae Hyun Sung, Sang Chul Han, Young Hee Han, Nyeon Ho Jeong, Jae Won Shin, and Kwang Soo No. "Effect of Substrate Texture on Superconducting Properties of YBCO Thick Films." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.283.

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On nontextured substrates, YBCO superconducting thick films were fabricated using a simple screen-printing method, from Cu-free powders (Y2O3 and BaCO3). However, the films have poor superconducting properties, such as the critical current density, Jc value due to the random orientation of the films. In this work, we investigate the influence of substrate texture on superconducting properties of the film. The films screen-printed on the nontextured and textured Cu substrates were heat-treated by 2-step procedure in air (980 °C 10 sec + 930 °C 90 sec) followed by oxygen annealing at 450 °C for 1 hr. We speculate that Cu ions diffusion from the textured Cu substrates is still faster than Cu ions diffusion from the nontextured Cu substrates that CuO formed excessively in the film deteriorates superconducting properties of the YBCO film.

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Xiong, Liang Ming, and Masayuki Nogami. "Interface Influence on the Proton-Conductivity of Ordered Mesoporous Silica Membranes." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.623.

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As an alternative to a solid-state electrolyte for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), ordered mesoporous membranes (OMMs) were prepared using a sol-gel technique, followed by a deep-UV irradiation. Structure and impedance spectroscopy analyses revealed that the porous architecture and proton conductivity of OMMs were influenced by the nature of the substrates. Compared with hydrophilic substrate, hydrophobic substrate was beneficial to an accessible porous architecture in the interface layer and an increase of proton conductivity of the whole membrane. The proton conductivity of the OMMs was up to 10-3 S cm-1.

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Liang, Yu-He, Rong Gao, and Xiao-Dong Su. "Structural insights into the broadened substrate profile of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase OXY-1-1 fromKlebsiella oxytoca." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 68, no. 11 (October 18, 2012): 1460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s090744491203466x.

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Klebsiella oxytocais a pathogen that causes serious infections in hospital patients. It shows resistance to many clinically used β-lactam antibiotics by producing chromosomally encoded OXY-family β-lactamases. Here, the crystal structure of an OXY-family β-lactamase, OXY-1-1, determined at 1.93 Å resolution is reported. The structure shows that the OXY-1-1 β-lactamase has a typical class A β-lactamase fold and exhibits greater similarity to CTX-M-type β-lactamases than to TEM-family or SHV-family β-lactamases. It is also shown that the enzyme provides more space around the active cavity for theR1andR2substituents of β-lactam antibiotics. The half-positive/half-negative distribution of surface electrostatic potential in the substrate-binding pocket indicates the preferred properties of substrates or inhibitors of the enzyme. The results reported here provide a structural basis for the broadened substrate profile of the OXY-family β-lactamases.

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Vopát, Tomáš, Marián Haršáni, Marcel Kuruc, Vladimír Šimna, Rudolf Zaujec, Jozef Peterka, and Ľubomír Čaplovič. "Effect of Substrate Bias and Coating Thickness on the Properties of nc-AlCrN/a-Si_xN_y Hard Coating and Determination of Cutting Parameters." Solid State Phenomena 261 (August 2017): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.261.229.

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Nitride hard coatings Al25.5Cr21Si3.5N were deposited on WC-Co substrates with a different thickness and a negative substrate bias voltage by the LAteral Rotating Cathodes Arc technology. The nanoindentation tests were performed for analysis of AlCrSiN coatings in order to determine the most promising combination of parameters for subsequent machining. On the basis of results of nanohardness measurement and Ratio H/E*, which represents the resistance to plastic deformation and cracking, deposition conditions were selected for coating of turning cemented carbide inserts. For the evaluation of coating adhesion to substrate, Mercedes adhesion test was used. Chip forming tests and long-term tool life tests were performed for determination of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) for AlCrSiN coated cemented carbide inserts when machining austenitic stainless steel material.

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Tamulevičius, Sigitas, I. Prosyčevas, Asta Guobienė, and J. Puišo. "Oxygen Plasma Processing of Silicon and Silica Substrates for Thin Films of Polymer Blends." Solid State Phenomena 99-100 (July 2004): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.99-100.175.

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The influence of plasma processing of silica and crystalline silicon substrates on the formation of polymeric layers of PS/PMMA blends by sorption from 50 vol. % concentration toluene solutions was analyzed. The morphology dependence of PS/ PMMA blend films on the type and condition of substrate processing was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was shown that reduction of carbon and oxygen components from the surface contaminants as well as the existence of a nonstoichiometric SiOx layer on the Si surface contributed to the hydrophilicity of the substrate. These processes can be used to produce thin nanostructured polymer blend films.

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Dmitriev, A. I., O. V. Koplak, and R. B. Morgunov. "GaAs:Mn Layer Magnetization in GaAs-Based Heterostructures Containing InGaAs Quantum Well." Solid State Phenomena 190 (June 2012): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.190.550.

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Magnetic properties of a GaAs-based heterostructures containing InGaAs quantum well and 2 nm thick GaAs layer doped with 5 at. % Mn (GaAs:Mn) on flat and vicinal substrates were studied. Two types of ferromagnetism were found. In the heterostructures grown on the flat substrate parallel to the (001) GaAs plane the magnetization obeys the Bloch T3/2 temperature dependence while for the structures grown on the vicinal surface grown (disoriented by 3°) the magnetization follows percolation dependence.

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Jech, David, Ladislav Čelko, Lenka Klakurková, Karel Slámečka, Miroslava Horynová, and Jiří Švejcar. "Formation of Thermally Sprayed Coatings on Grid-Like Structure Substrate." Solid State Phenomena 258 (December 2016): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.387.

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The main goal of this contribution is to investigate the influence of the substrate morphology on the resulting thermally sprayed coatings microstructure. Therefore, three different representative coating systems and/or thermal spray techniques were utilized to produce the coatings on grid-like structure substrates: (i) CoNiCrAlY bond coat (BC) sprayed by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) technique and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coat (TC) sprayed by means of atmospheric plasma spray (APS) technique, (ii) YSZ coating sprayed by means of APS and (iii) YSZ coating sprayed by means of nanoparticle colloid suspension plasma spraying (SPS). The shadowing effect of thermal spray coatings in relation with the grid-like substrate structure was investigated in detail. Resulting microstructure of sprayed samples was studied utilizing light microscopy, digital image analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffraction techniques.

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Gocman, Krzysztof, Tadeusz Kałdoński, Waldemar Mróz, and Bogusław Budner. "The Effect of Deposition Parameters on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of BN Coatings Deposited onto High-Speed Steel by the PLD Method." Solid State Phenomena 220-221 (January 2015): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.220-221.737.

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Boron nitride coatings have been deposited onto high-speed steel substrates using pulsed laser deposition technique combined with RF-discharge. In order to improve adhesion and reduce internal stresses, substrates were subjected to gas nitriding. The structure and morphology of coatings were investigated applying atomic force microscopy (AFM) and FTIR spectroscopy. Nanohardness and elastic modulus were examined employing a nanoanalyzer (CETR). On the basis of the conducted experiments, stable, crystalline, multiphase coatings have been obtained. It has been proved that morphology, structure and mechanical properties strongly depend on the parameters of the PLD process; in particular, the temperature of the substrate has a crucial influence on the properties of BN coatings.

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Kulchin, Yuriy Nikolaevich, Nikolay Gennadievich Galkin, Evgenii P. Subbotin, Vasiliy M. Dolgorook, and Dmitrii S. Yatsko. "On the Principles of the Additive Technology Implementation of Composite Magnetic Coating’s Formation on Non-Magnetic Substrates by Laser Welding of Micro Powders." Solid State Phenomena 245 (October 2015): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.245.230.

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The article discusses the formation of coatings with magnetic properties on non-magnetic substrates by the method of additive technology of metal powders using high power pulsed laser radiation. An instrumental base for the development of methods for creating local magnetic zones of a given configuration has been described. Approaches to create methods of additive welding of solid solution magnetic zones on the basis of micro-powders of metal alloys have been developed. The coatings with soft magnetic properties on the basis of powders of bronze and iron-containing "Inconel" alloy on non-magnetic substrates were obtained by laser welding. The structural inhomogeneity at the interface of the substrate and the solid solution were studied. Data on hardness and magnetic properties were obtained for formed magnetically soft materials.

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Dubček, P., Nenad Radić, S. Bernstorff, K. Salamon, and O. Milat. "Nanosize Structure of Sputter-Deposited Tungsten Carbide Thin Films." Solid State Phenomena 99-100 (July 2004): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.99-100.251.

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The structure of thin films of tungsten-carbon, deposited onto monocrystalline silicon substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering (argon + benzene) in a wide range of preparation parameters has been investigated by GISAXS. Substrates were in a fixed position relative to the two adjacent cylindrical magnetrons. Benzene partial pressure was varied from 1% to 10% of the total working gas pressure. A series of samples were prepared, with the substrate held at room temperature and 400°C, and the substrate potential held at floating potential or biased -70 V with respect to the discharge plasma. The bulk particle contribution to the scattering was investigated outside of the specular plane, applying a two dimensional CCD detector. For higher values of benzene partial pressure, the generated films consist of densely packed tungsten carbide grains in an amorphous, carbon rich matrix, while, in some cases, the lower benzene pressure resulted in isolated carbon rich particles in tungsten carbide. From earlier work it is known that the preparation parameters influence the film’s chemical composition, the relatively complex dependence of particle sizes on benzene partial pressure can be explained as a function of the relative carbon content.

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Batista, G. S., R. B. Mazzini, R. Gimenes, H. W. Pritchard, and K. F. L. Pivetta. "Effects of substrate and mechanical scarification on the germination of Syagrus oleracea (Arecaceae) seeds." Seed Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (October 1, 2011): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2011.39.3.11.

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34

Cieniek, Łukasz, and Jan Kusiński. "Microstructural Investigations of Ca and La Doped CoO Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique." Solid State Phenomena 186 (March 2012): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.168.

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Two types of different oxides multifunctional thin films were deposited by PLD technique on the surface of Si and MgO substrates. First of them was CoO doped with Ca content characterized by fcc (halite) structure and second one was perovskite-type LaCoO3 compound. Their microstructure, chemical/phase composition and morphology were examined by means of diverse techniques (SEM, TEM, EDS). For the surface topography observations of thin films the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was applied. Nanohardness and scratch tests (adhesion measurements) were also performed for estimation of (Co,Ca)O and LaCoO3 films mechanical properties and quality. Obtained results confirm that using PLD technique it is possible to carry stoichiometric composition of different compounds from the target to single crystal substrate however the microstructure and properties of obtained thin films are highly influenced by the substrate’s material and laser ablation parameters (laser wavelength, energy density, time and target-substrate distance).

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Lukaszkowicz, Krzysztof, and Jarosław Konieczny. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of PVD Nanoncrystalline Layers." Solid State Phenomena 186 (March 2012): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.230.

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This work presents the research results on the structure and mechanical properties of coatings deposited by PVD methods on the X40CrMoV5-1 hot work tool steel substrates. It was found that tested coatings have nanostructural character with fine crystallites, while their average size fitted within the range 10–15 nm, depending on the coating type. The morphology of the fracture of coatings is characterized by a dense microstructure. The coatings demonstrated good adhesion to the substrate, the latter not only being the effect of interatomic and intermolecular interactions, but also by the transition zone between the coating and the substrate, developed as a result of diffusion and high-energy ion action that caused mixing of the elements in the interface zone and the compression stresses values. The critical load LC2 lies within the range 66–85 N, depending on the coating type. The coatings demonstrate a high hardness (4000 HV).

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36

Nie, Zhen Yuan, Hong Chang Liu, Jin Lan Xia, Huan Liu, Yun Lu Cui, and Guan Zhou Qiu. "Evolution of Compositions and Contents of Capsule and Slime EPSs for Adaptation to and Action on Energy Substrates and Heavy Metals by Typical Bioleaching Microorganisms." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.466.

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Adaption to the energy substrates and heavy metals by bioleaching micoorganisms is the prerequisite for efficient microbe-mineral interaction in bioleaching process. It is known extracellular polymer substances (EPSs) take important role in mediating the adaption to and action on energy substrates and heavy metals. This report presents the evolution of compositions and contents of the major components of EPSs of the typical bioleaching microorganisms (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferriphilum, Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans, and Acidianus manzaensis,) exposed to different energy substrates and heavy metal ions. These strains were acclimated firstly to Fe2+ substrate, and then on the substrates elemental sulfur (S0), pyrite and chalcopyrite, respectively. It was found that the major components of capsule and slime EPSs in terms of proteins, polysaccharides, as well as uronic acids were quite different in contents for the Fe2+-acclimated strains, and they even changed more when the Fe2+-acclimated strains were further acclimated to the other substrates. When exposed to heavy metals, all strains demonstrated much decrease in contents of capsule EPSs, and much increase in slime EPSs contents and the heavy metals were found to bound to the slime parts. It was for the first time the EPSs of the bioleaching strains were fractionated into capsule part and slime part, and it was also for the first time we found the differences in evolution of compositions and contents of the major organic components as well as the inorganic matter of capsule EPSs and slime EPSs when the bioleaching strains were exposed to different energy substrates and heavy metals.

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Okimura, Kunio, Yusuke Nihei, and Yusuke Sasakawa. "Electric Field Induced Metal-Insulator Transition of Vanadium Dioxide Films on Sapphire Substrate Prepared by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Assisted Sputtering." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.703.

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Single phase monoclinic vanadium dioxide (VO2) films were successfully grown on sapphire (001) substrate by means of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-assisted sputtering with an internal coil. In x-ray diffraction patterns, we observed reflections originating from monoclinic VO2 with a main peak at 2θ = 39.77° corresponding to VO2 (020) for films on sapphire (001) substrates. The VO2 films exhibited metal-insulater transition (MIT) at temperatures around 65°C with three orders of change in resistivity. A simple device of VO2 film on sapphire (001) substrate having aluminum electrodes as ohmic contacts with gap separation of 1.0 mm showed current jump at an applied voltage of 48 V. The current jumped from 7 mA to 200 mA which was a limited value of voltage source.

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38

Tanaka, Shingo, Noboru Taguchi, Tomoki Akita, Fuminobu Hori, and Masanori Kohyama. "First-Principles Calculations of Pd/Au(100) Interfaces with Adsorbates." Solid State Phenomena 139 (April 2008): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.139.47.

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Atomic and electronic structures of H-adsorbed Pd overlayers on Au(100) substrates have been studied by first-principles calculations. The geometric strain effects change the electronic structure and local reactivity of the surface. The lattice strained Pd overlayers on Au surfaces have larger adsorption energies for atomic hydrogen than the unstrained Pd slabs. Adsorption energies for several adsorption sites on the models with different numbers of Pd overlayers have been analyzed from the viewpoints of strains and H-Pd and H-substrate interactions.

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Kasper, Erich, and Klara Lyutovich. "Thin SiGe Relaxed Buffer for Strain Adjustment." Solid State Phenomena 108-109 (December 2005): 797–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.108-109.797.

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Strain adjustment is obtained by virtual substrates which are composed of a silicon substrate and a strain relaxed buffer. The basics of strain relaxation are explained and applied to the covalent bonded Si/Ge system which shows a large regime of metastability. A solution to ultrathin strain relaxed buffers is given by the injection of point defects which nucleate to dislocation loops in the interface. Principle and injection mechanism are shown.

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40

Szklarek, Radosław, Wojciech Pakieła, Tomasz Tański, and Kamil Sobczak. "Laser Cladding Cermet Coatings on Niobium Substrate." Solid State Phenomena 326 (November 2, 2021): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.326.167.

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Pure niobium substrates were coated using laser cladding method. Pure molybdenum, Yttria Stabilized Zirkonia (YSZ) and corundum (Al2O3) powders were used as coating materials. Coatings were deposited on specimens as seperate paths with 3÷10mm width and 40mm of length. Two different laser power 3kW and 4kW were tested during deposition. In order to assess the quality of the Mo-YSZ and Mo-Al2O3 coatings, the light microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), chemical analysis (EDS) and Vickers hardness test investigation were performed. The surface roughness and wear volume were also measured. As a result of YSZ-Mo powder cladding on the Nb substrate the composite layers were obtained without cracks and porosity not exceeding 1 μm. In addition, an increase in hardness of about 450 HV0.5 was revealed. As a result of Al2O3-Mo powder cladding on the Nb substrate the composite layers with many voids and cracks were obtained for each of the cladding variants.

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41

Vos, Rita, Sophia Arnauts, Thierry Conard, Alain Moussa, Herbert Struyf, and Paul W. Mertens. "Wet Chemical Cleaning of InP and InGaAs." Solid State Phenomena 187 (April 2012): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.187.27.

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In this work, the compatibility of InP and InGaAs in cleaning solutions commonly used in semiconductor manufacturing is investigated. Aqueous oxidizing cleans should be avoided as the substrates dissolve rapidly. Low pH solutions may impose some serious ES&H issues due to hydride evolution occurring upon acidic hydrolysis of the III-V material. However, acidic solutions are very efficient to remove the native oxide from the substrate. Complete oxide free surfaces are not achieved after wet cleaning due to the rapid oxidation of these materials in the atmosphere.

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42

Avramenko, K. A., Nina N. Roshchina, G. P. Olkhovik, Petro S. Smertenko, and Lyudmyla V. Zavyalova. "Structural and Electro-Physical Properties of ZnO Films, Obtained by a MOCVD Method on Glass and Silicon Substrates." Solid State Phenomena 230 (June 2015): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.230.205.

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This paper reports on the ZnO film structures obtained by MOCVD method from acetylacetonate of zinc and diethyldithiocarbamate of zinc on silicon substrates at 280-320 оС substrate. The structural, emitting and transport properties of the ZnO films were examined by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electronic microscopy, Photoluminescent microscopy and Current-Voltage methods. The electrical transport mechanisms were analyzed on the base of differential and injection approaches. The ZnO/Si structure with ZnO film obtained was found to be appropriate for use in electronic devices due to their structural and electrical properties.

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43

Cieniek, Łukasz. "Effect of the Electron Energy on the Structural Evolution of Functional Perovskite La_0.6Ca_0.4CoO₃ Thin Films Produced by the Pulsed Electron Deposition (PED) Technique." Solid State Phenomena 231 (June 2015): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.231.25.

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Functional nonstoichiometric La0.6Ca0.4CoO3perovskite thin films were deposited on theepi-polished [001] MgO substrates by the electron ablation process (PED - pulsed electron deposition) in low oxygene pressure conditions (~7 x 10-3Torr). Deposition process was performed for about 4 hours with the repetition rate of 5 Hz that gave about 72 000 pulses for each sample. By adjusting both the target-substrate distance in the working chamber (70 - 80 mm) as well as the electron energy (10 - 14 kV) it is possible to affect the microstructure and quality of obtained thin films. This paperrelates to the influence of the single pulse electron energy (discharge) on the structure of La0.6Ca0.4CoO3thin films investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The chemical compositions were also examined using energy dispersive spectroscopy. Multiple linear scratch tests allowed to determine the thin films adhesion to the substrates.

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44

Kasim, Nabihah, Zainuriah Hassan, Way Foong Lim, Sabah M. Mohammad, and Hock Jin Quah. "Morphological and Structural Properties of Sol-Gel Derived ZnO Thin Films Spin-Coated on Different Substrates." Solid State Phenomena 301 (March 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.301.35.

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In this work, ZnO thin films were prepared by the low-cost sol-gel deposition method onto six different substrates (glass, ITO coated glass, sapphire (Al2O3), p-Si, p-GaN and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)) to study the effects of these substrates on the morphological and structural properties of the produced films. Precursor solution is Zinc acetate dihydrate based dissolved in ethanol with monoethanolamine (C2H7NO) added to act as a stabilizing agent to the sol. The corresponding ZnO thin films were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results revealed distinct morphological and structural properties of ZnO thin films deposited on each substrate. The most uniform morphology was identified on glass, owing to the acquisition of the averagely stable grain sizes (58 nm – 61 nm) and thin film thicknesses (280 nm – 325 nm). High resolution XRD analysis showed that the films deposited on glass, ITO, p-Si, and p-GaN were attributed to hexagonal crystallite structures while the films deposited on sapphire and PET substrates exhibited amorphous phases. Amongst the samples, the ZnO thin film spin coated on p-Si demonstrated preferred orientation in (002) direction.

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Yusof Hamid, Mohd Rashid, Sharifah Bee O. A. Abdul Hamid, and Boon Hoong Ong. "The Effects of Deposition Time and Seed Layer on Morphological Properties of Zinc Oxide by Chemical Bath Deposition." Solid State Phenomena 264 (September 2017): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.264.240.

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In this work, chemical bath deposition (CBD) method is used to form zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film nanostructures. Three types of zinc (Zn) precursors, namely Zn (NO3)2, ZnSO4 and ZnCl2, were used and the deposition time in water bath were controlled for 20, 40 and 60 minutes at 85 °C respectively. The effect of seed layer, by using potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution, on the formation of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on glass substrates has been determined. It was found that the presence of the seed layer promote better adhesion of the films which allows ZnO to form with a higher growth rate on the substrate with only little or no loss by precipitation in the solution. The enhancement of the thin film adhesion is due to the in situ nucleation centres formation of hydrated oxide colloids of Mn (O)OH, acting as metal ion binding centres on the glass substrates surface. Meanwhile, in the absence of a seed layer, only scattered ZnO deposits are formed on substrates. By varying the deposition time, ZnO nanostructures with different length and diameter can be formed.

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Angermann, Heike, Patrice Balamou, Wen Jia Lu, Lars Korte, Caspar Leendertz, and Bert Stegemann. "Oxidation of Si Surfaces: Effect of Ambient Air and Water Treatments on Surface Charge and Interface State Density." Solid State Phenomena 255 (September 2016): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.255.331.

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Surface sensitive methods, UV-VIS spectral ellipsometry (SE), surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were combined to investigate in detail the Si substrate oxidation and resulting interface electronic properties. Various wet-chemical oxidation methods utilizing hot deionized water with different HCl or Ozone content were optimized in order to prepare ultra-thin oxide layers with reproducible oxide thicknesses (<dox > 0.3 to 3.5 nm), low values of interface state densities and well-defined interface charges. The simulation tool ELifAnT (Effective Lifetime Analysis Tool) was utilised to analyse experimental excess minority charge carrier density (Δn) dependent charge carrier lifetimes τeff (Δn), and to establish correlations between preparation induced interface charges Qit and defect densities Dit on both p-and n-type substrates.

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47

Takashige, Yumeji, Takuya Nebiki, and Tadashi Narusawa. "Growth and Characterizations of Electrochemically Deposited ZnO Thin Films." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.135.

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In this study,Wepresent ZnO thin films using electrochemical deposition method. ZnO thin films are deposited onto metal(Cu) and semiconductor (n-type Si) substrates. The electrolyte consists of a 0.1M Zn(NO3)2 solution, and we applied various potentials at different bath temperatures. XRD shows preferential orientation to (002) that increases with the applied cathodic potential and the bath temperature. Similar tendency is shown on both Cu and n-type Si substrates. SEM micrographs show ZnO surface morphology is greatly affected by the applied cathodic potentials. The RBS analysis reflects the rough morphology of ZnO thin film. The composition ratio Zn:O on n-type Si substrate is determined to be 1.0:1.3 ± 0.3 at the cathodic potential of -1.0[V] and the cell temperature of 70.

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Bhuiyan, Md Mosharaf Hossain, Tsuyoshi Ueda, and Tomoaki Ikegami. "Preparation and Characterization of SnO₂ Thin Film Gas Sensor for NO_x Gas for Environmental Monitoring." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.223.

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SnO2 thin films have been grown on Si3N4 substrates and also on Al2O3 sensor substrates with Pt interdigitated electrodes by the pulsed excimer laser deposition (PLD). Palladium doped SnO2 thin film was also prepared by the PLD method combined with the DC sputtering process. The substrate temperature and the oxygen gas pressure were changed from 300 to 500°C and from 100 to 300 mTorr, respectively during deposition. The morphology and structural properties of the prepared thin films have been studied by AFM and XRD. The gas sensing properties of the SnO2 sensor to NO gas was evaluated by measuring electrical resistance between interdigitated electrodes. The highest sensitivity of the undoped SnO2 and Pd doped sensor was found to be around 9.5 and 42, respectively.

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Kim, Jung Min, Hyun Jung Her, J. H. Yoon, Jae Wan Kim, Y. J. Choi, C. J. Kang, D. Jeon, and Yong Sang Kim. "Characteristics of Pentacene with Different Polymer Gate Insulators for Organic Thin-Film Transistors." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.451.

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We investigated the characteristics of pentacene thin films of different materials for gate insulators using atomic force microscope (AFM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The pentacene thin films are fabricated by evaporation on different polymer substrates. We used HMDS (Hexa Methyl Di Silazane), PVA (Poly Vinyl Alcohol) and PMMA (Poly Methyl Meth Acrylate) for the polymer substrates, on which pentacene is deposited at various substrate temperatures. The case of pentacene deposited on the PMMA has the largest grain size and least trap concentration. We also fabricated pentacene TFTs with the PMMA gate insulator. Pentacene TFTs with PMMA gate insulator, shows high field-effect mobility (ｕFET= 0.03 cm2/Vs) and large on/off current ratio (>105) and small threshold voltage (Vth= -6 V).

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Sorenson, Reed S., Malia J. Deshotel, Katrina Johnson, Frederick R. Adler, and Leslie E. Sieburth. "Arabidopsis mRNA decay landscape arises from specialized RNA decay substrates, decapping-mediated feedback, and redundancy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 7 (January 31, 2018): E1485—E1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712312115.

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The decay of mRNA plays a vital role in modulating mRNA abundance, which, in turn, influences cellular and organismal processes. In plants and metazoans, three distinct pathways carry out the decay of most cytoplasmic mRNAs: The mRNA decapping complex, which requires the scaffold protein VARICOSE (VCS), removes a protective 5′ cap, allowing for 5′ to 3′ decay via EXORIBONUCLEASE4 (XRN4, XRN1 in metazoans and yeast), and both the exosome and SUPPRESSOR OF VCS (SOV)/DIS3L2 degrade RNAs in the 3′ to 5′ direction. However, the unique biological contributions of these three pathways, and whether they degrade specialized sets of transcripts, are unknown. In Arabidopsis, the participation of SOV in RNA homeostasis is also unclear, because Arabidopsis sov mutants have a normal phenotype. We carried out mRNA decay analyses in wild-type, sov, vcs, and vcs sov seedlings, and used a mathematical modeling approach to determine decay rates and quantify gene-specific contributions of VCS and SOV to decay. This analysis revealed that VCS (decapping) contributes to decay of 68% of the transcriptome, and, while it initiates degradation of mRNAs with a wide range of decay rates, it especially contributes to decay of short-lived RNAs. Only a few RNAs were clear SOV substrates in that they decayed more slowly in sov mutants. However, 4,506 RNAs showed VCS-dependent feedback in sov that modulated decay rates, and, by inference, transcription, to maintain RNA abundances, suggesting that these RNAs might also be SOV substrates. This feedback was shown to be independent of siRNA activity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'SSV substrate'

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