Academic literature on the topic 'SSV substrate'
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Journal articles on the topic "SSV substrate"
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Zhan, Zhengyan, Ju Zhou, and Li Huang. "Site-Specific Recombination by SSV2 Integrase: Substrate Requirement and Domain Functions." Journal of Virology 89, no. 21 (August 19, 2015): 10934–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01637-15.
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ABSTRACTSSV-type integrases, encoded by fuselloviruses which infect the hyperthermophilic archaea of theSulfolobales, are archaeal members of the tyrosine recombinase family. These integrases catalyze viral integration into and excision from a specific site on the host genome. In the present study, we have established anin vitrointegration/excision assay for SSV2 integrase (IntSSV2). IntSSV2alone was able to catalyze both integration and excision reactionsin vitro. A 27-bp specific DNA sequence is minimally required for the activity of the enzyme, and its flanking sequences influence the efficiency of integration by the enzyme in a sequence-nonspecific manner. The enzyme forms a tetramer through interactions in the N-terminal part (residues 1 to 80), interacts nonspecifically with DNA and performs chemical catalysis in the C-terminal part (residues 165 to 328), and appears to recognize and bind the specific site of recombination in the middle portion (residues 81 to 164). It is worth noting that an N-terminally truncated mutant of IntSSV2(residues 81 to 328), which corresponded to the putative product of the 3′-end sequence of the IntSSV2gene of the integrated SSV2 genome, was unable to form tetramers but possessed all the catalytic properties of full-length IntSSV2except for the slightly reduced recombination activity. Our results suggest that, unlike λ integrase, SSV-type integrases alone are capable of catalyzing viral DNA recombination with the host genome in a simple and reversible fashion.IMPORTANCEArchaea are host to a variety of viruses. A number of archaeal viruses are able to integrate their genome into the host genome. Many known archaeal viral integrases belong to a unique type, or the SSV type, of tyrosine recombinases. SSV-type integrases catalyze viral integration into and excision from a specific site on the host genome. However, the molecular details of the recombination process have yet to be fully understood because of the lack of an establishedin vitrorecombination assay system. Here we report anin vitroassay for integration and excision by SSV2 integrase, a member of the SSV-type integrases. We show that SSV2 integrase alone is able to catalyze both integration and excision and reveal how different parts of the target DNA and the enzyme serve their roles in these processes. Therefore, our results provide mechanistic insights into a simple recombination process catalyzed by an archaeal integrase.
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Espinosa, A., L. Rosas, K. Ilangovan, and A. Noyola. "Effect of trace metals on the anaerobic degradation of volatile fatty acids in molasses stillage." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0473.
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A laboratory UASB reactor was fed with cane molasses stillage at organic loadings from 5 to 21.5 kg COD/m3 d. With an organic load of 17.4 kg COD/m3 d, an accumulation of VFA, principally propionic acid, was observed due to little bioavailability or lack of trace metals (Fe, Ni, Co and Mo). Associated to this, the performance of the UASB reactor was low (44% COD removal efficiency), with an alkalinity ratio above 0.4. The addition of Fe (100 mg/l), Ni (15 mg/l), Co (10 mg/l) and Mo (0.2 mg/l) to the influent reduced significantly the level of propionic acid (5291mg/l to 251 mg/l) and acetic acid (1100 mg/l to 158 mg/l). The COD removal efficiency increased from 44% to 58%, the biogas production from 10.7 to 14.8 l/d (NTP) and 0.085 to 0.32 g CH4-COD/g SSV d for specific sludge methanogenic activity with propionic acid as substrate. These improved results were obtained with high COD (68.9 g/l) and organic load (21.5 kg COD/m3 d).
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Lindblom, S., P. Ek, G. Muszyńska, B. Ek, J. Szczegielniak, and L. Engström. "Phosphorylation of sucrose synthase from maize seedlings." Acta Biochimica Polonica 44, no. 4 (December 31, 1997): 809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1997_4386.
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Two isoforms of sucrose synthase (SS1 and SS2) from maize (Zea mays, var. Mona) seedlings co-purified with a calcium and phospholipid dependent protein kinase. The enzymatic preparation obtained gave a positive reaction with the antibody against mammalian protein kinase C. Maize sucrose synthase was phosphorylated by the endogenous protein kinase. Also, mammalian protein kinases (protein kinase C and protein kinase A) were able to phosphorylate the 86 kDa subunit of sucrose synthase. When excised seedlings were fed [32P]orthophosphate, sucrose synthase was also phosphorylated. Microsequencing of in vivo labelled enzyme has shown phosphorylation of Ser-15 in SS2. The present work provides evidence that maize sucrose synthase is the physiological substrate of the endogenous calcium and phospholipid dependent protein kinase(s).
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Choi, Seung Kyu, Jae Min Jang, and Woo Gwang Jung. "Influence of Ion Bombardment of Sapphire on Electrical Property of GaN Layer." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.615.
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Ion beam bombardment of proton, He+, Ar+, Xe+ ions were made on single crystal substrate by cyclotron. The GaN epi-layer material was grown by MOCVD on ion beam bombarded substrate. After deposition of GaN epi-layer heat treatment was made in flow of N2. The RMS roughness of the substrate was increased by ion bombardment. The GaN crystal quality for substrates of ion bombardment was better than that for bare substrates. Raman spectrum analysis indicated the induced stress in the GaN epi-layer during the heat treatment. The electrical property of GaN was improved after heat treatment. It is estimated that ion bombardment of proton with current of 1μA is the optimum condition in our experimental condition.
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Wojewoda-Budka, Joanna, Natalia Sobczak, Jerzy Morgiel, and Rafal Nowak. "Microstructure Characteristics of the Reaction Product Region Formed due to the High Temperature Contact of Molten Aluminium and ZnO Single Crystal." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 1267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.1267.
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Interface reactions between liquid aluminium and ZnO single crystal substrates of <1-100> orientation (at 1273 K under vacuum) were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The substrates were subjected to the “pushing drop” tests when liquid is deposited from the capillary on the substrate surface and then, after appropriate contact time, it is pushed away. After short time of interaction with <1-100>ZnO substrate, three phases were detected: α-Al2O3, the alumina of unknown type and ZnAl2O4 spinel formed due to the solid state reaction between Al2O3 and ZnO.
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Yalla, Ramachandrarao, Y. Kojima, Y. Fukumoto, H. Suzuki, O. Ariyada, K. Muhammed Shafi, Kali P. Nayak, and Kohzo Hakuta. "Integration of silicon-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds with an optical nanofiber." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 24 (June 13, 2022): 241102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093116.
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We experimentally demonstrate the integration of silicon-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds (SiV-NDs) with an optical nanofiber (ONF). We grow SiV-NDs on seed NDs dispersed on a quartz substrate using a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition method. First, we search and characterize SiV-NDs on a quartz substrate using an inverted confocal microscope and an atomic force microscope (AFM). Subsequently, we pick up SiV-NDs from the quartz substrate and deposit them on the surface of a free-standing ONF using the AFM tip. The fluorescence emission spectrum, photon count rate, and intensity correlations for SiV-NDs are systematically measured.
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Augulis, R., R. Valiokas, B. Liedberg, and R. Rotomskis. "Atomic Force Microscopy of Self-Assembled Nanostructures of TPPS4 on SAM Substrates." Solid State Phenomena 97-98 (April 2004): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.97-98.195.
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The adsorption of organic molecules on solid surfaces is one of the fundamental processes for the development of molecular-based nanodevices. Here we focus on the adsorption and ordering of the TPPS4-based J-aggregates on silicon and gold as well as on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces. The SAMs used for the experiments were based on the chemisorption of thiol containing compounds onto gold. Long ω-substituted alkanethiols are spontaneously assembled on gold to form highly ordered and densely packed layers with controllable chemical and physical properties. TPPS4 J-aggregates were dispersed on SAM surfaces, and on plain gold and silicon substrates for comparison. The dimensions of aggregates, measured by means of atomic force microscopy, varied depending on the type of substrate. Long stripe-like aggregates were flattened on the substrate surface, and the height and width of aggregates highly correlated with the polarity of surface groups. For example, the J-aggregates were narrower on hydrophobic substrates (with non-polar groups) and wider on hydrophilic substrates (with polar groups). These observations support the hypothesis, that TPPS4 forms .soft. cylindrical aggregates, that appear flattened on the substrate.
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Tovstolytkin, Alexander I., Taras I. Polek, Alexander I. Matviyenko, Mykola I. Zakharenko, Mykhailo P. Semen'ko, and Alexey V. Pashchenko. "Magnetotransport Properties of La0.6Sr0.2Mn1.2O3 Films: Effects of Film Thickness and Substrate-Induced Strain." Solid State Phenomena 200 (April 2013): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.200.239.
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Electric and magnetoresistive properties of La0.6Sr0.2Mn1.2O3 films deposited on SrTiO3 (001) and LaAlO3 (001) single crystalline substrates by magnetron sputtering have been studied. Characteristic features of the evolution of resistivity, magnetoresistance and Curie temperature upon the decrease of film thickness from 500 to 2 nm are specified. A key role of a thin strained layer adjacent to the substrate is demonstrated. The critical thicknesses of the strained layer are calculated for the films deposited on different substrates
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Jhin, Jung Geun, Jae Hong Choi, Jong Hyeob Baek, and Dong Jin Byun. "Properties of Preferred Orientation of TiO2 Thin Film on Plasma Pretreated Substrate." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1509.
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The degree of preference of thin anatase TiO2 films prepared by CVD for the <112> orientation was enhanced by pretreating the soda-lime glass substrates with a plasma. The relationships between the preferred orientation and plasma pretreatments were investigated. It was founded that the TiO2 films on the plasma pretreated soda-lime glass substrates exhibited a higher degree of preference for the (112) orientation than those without the pretreatment. To confirm the effect of the plasma pretreatments on the soda-lime glass substrates, TOF-SIMS, contact angle measurement and TEM were used to determine the changes in the components, surface energy and crystallinity of the substrates, respectively. It was found the components added as network modifiers, such as Na+, Ca2+, and K+ ions, was depleted in the surface region of the substrates after the plasma pretreatment, and that the surface energy of the substrates was increased. Finally, it was observed that the substrate surface was changed from an amorphous phase to polycrystalline. To sum up, it was assumed that the surface of the soda-lime glass substrates with their partially crystalline, namely poly-crystalline, structures artificially induced the thin anatase TiO2 films to develop with a <112>-preferred orientation. In conclusion, the plasma pretreatment of the glass substrate caused the TiO2 thin films to exhibit a higher preference for the <112> orientation, thereby optimizing their photocatalytic efficiency.
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De Almeida, T. M. H., A. C. S. Andrade, and H. M. Lopes. "Brazilian cacti seed germination under different temperature and substrate conditions." Seed Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2009.37.2.21.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "SSV substrate"
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Binti, Mohd Najib Norazwana. "Dual mode suspended substrate stripline (SSS) filter." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20593/.
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Evolution of wireless communication systems towards high flexibility, low cost and high efficiency leads to tremendous activity in the area of microwave filters. In an RF front-end of a cellular radio base station, signals are being transmitted and received simultaneously. In the receive band, there are chances of intermodulation products from the power amplifier being fed to the receiver,thus the transmit filter must have a very high level of signal rejection. Furthermore, the transmit filter must also have low passband insertion loss since it impacts the power transmitted and the overall transmit system efficiency. Recently, filters with dual-mode operation were being investigated due to their ability to produce two degenerate modes using a single physical structure; therefore, the size and cost of the filter can be reduced without compromising any figure-of-merits. A dual mode suspended substrate stripline filter is presented in this thesis. These filters enable achieving low insertion loss, high Q, high selectivity and good spurious response. Initially, a dual mode ring resonator structure is investigated using suspended substrate stripline technology. This technology is used due to its advantages which are comparable to microstrip or any other planar transmission lines. The HFSS three dimensional finite element method (FEM) is used to evaluate the resonant frequency, quality factor and the first harmonics. A second order suspended substrate stripline filter was designed with capacitive coupled input and output feeding method. The input and output feed were positioned 90 degree from each other while a notch was used in this filter to couple two degenerate modes which also control the bandwidth of the filter. A high performance Generalized Chebychev filter was designed to meet the stringent electrical requirement in the RF front-end of a cellular radio base station. With this fourth order filter, four finite frequency transmission zeros were achieved due to phase cancellation between two paths which results in high selectivity filter response. Metal tuning screws were added to improve any practical imperfections. Finally an asymmetrical Generalized Chebychev filter was designed with real frequency transmission zeros positioned on one side of the passband. With this design, the aim of achieving higher selectivity filter response above the passband was demonstrated.
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Fattaccioli, Jacques. "Mouillage Specifique d'Emulsions sur Substrats Biomimetiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002188.
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Nous avons exploré la capacité des émulsions à adhérer de manière spécifique à des surfaces modèles solides et notamment la relation entre la composition des gouttes à leur interface et la formation d'un angle de contact macroscopique. Nous avons développé une méthode de fonctionnalisation covalente in-situ de l'interface liquide de gouttes d'émulsion H/E par de la biotine puis par de la streptavidine. La distribution de taille et la densité de streptavidine à la surface des gouttes sont caractérisées à l'aide d'une technique originale utilisant un cytomètre à flux. Nous avons montré que l'angle de contact et l'énergie d'adhésion croissent linéairement en fonction de la densité de biotine sur la lamelle et nous avons observé une répartition spatiale différente (disque, couronne) de la streptavidine dans la zone de contact suivant la densité totale en PEG, suggérant une transition de phase à 2D.
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Backenius, Erik. "Reduction of Substrate Noise in Mixed-Signal Circuits." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8813.
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Backenius, Erik. "On Reduction of Substrate Noise in Mixed-Signal Circuits." Licentiate thesis, Linköping : Department of electrical engineering, Linköpings universitet, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6526.
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Ruwaya, Mathew J. "AUTOMATED SOLID-SUBSTRATE CULTIVATION OF THE ANAEROBIC BACTERIUM CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOCELLUM." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/44.
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The organism Clostridium thermocellum grows on cellulosic substrates and produces ethanol, acetate, lactate, formic acid, and CO2. The organic acids produced alter the growth environment in which the bacteria grows and ultimately inhibit bacterial growth. One method which has been used successfully to maintain the system at acceptable growth conditions is to intermittently flush out the spent media and metabolic products and replace with new fermentation media. Our goal was to design and build an automated system that will automatically flush the spent media from the growing culture and resupply new media without manual intervention. An automated control system was designed and built to control growth parameters. Heated water was pumped through the jacket of each culture vessel and used to regulate the reactor temperature. Sensors for pH and temperature were connected to a central data acquisition system and NI LabVIEW software was used to control each of the components through the signals provided by the data acquisition system. Peristaltic and vacuum pumps were used to supply growth media and acquire reproducible samples for HPLC analysis with limited contamination. In a series of trials, targeted temperature and moisture conditions were achieved and new media was passed through each reactor using a time trigger. More product was produced in manual and automatically flushed cultures than in batch.
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Winkler, Marisa. "Fitness and Substrate Specificity among Serine ß-lactamases: a Study of KPC, SHV, and the AmpC of Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1427444210.
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Souidi, Ramzi. "Etudes des propriétés physiques et chimiques de la surface des substrats de Silicium après découpe dans les applications aux cellules solaires photovoltaïques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY017/document.
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Pour l’industrie photovoltaïque (PV) l’optimisation de la découpe de lingot de silicium en tranches représente un enjeu à la fois économique et scientifique. Enjeu économique en ce qu’il est important de réduire la perte de matière induite par la découpe. Enjeu scientifique en ce qu’il est nécessaire de comprendre l’impact du sciage sur la qualité du silicium au voisinage de la surface. Ce travail de thèse de doctorat a pour objectif de caractériser la nature et l’extension de l’endommagement généré par une technique innovante de découpe réalisée à l’aide de fils diamantés. Un objectif majeur est d’évaluer l’épaisseur de la couche de silicium perturbée (appelée SSD). Afin de caractériser la SSD, des analyses physico-chimiques en fonction de la profondeur ont été réalisées d’une part, sur des échantillons bruts de découpe en surface, en coupes biaises ou transverses et d’autre part, par enlèvement progressif de matière par des attaques chimiques en solutions diluées. Des protocoles de préparation d’échantillons ainsi que de nombreuses techniques de caractérisation ont été utilisées. En particulier des techniques de microscopie (optique, confocale, électronique MEB et TEM), de spectroscopie de photoélectrons (XPS), de diffraction de rayons X (DRX), de spectroscopie Raman ainsi que des essais de résistances mécaniques aboutissent à une caractérisation multi-échelle des tranches et de coupons. Un polissage en coupes biaises avec un angle faible permet d’étendre la zone d’observation des défauts en profondeur et d’en faire une analyse statistique. De plus, des méthodes de mesure de durée de vie des porteurs minoritaires sont exploitées pour évaluer les processus de recombinaison sur la couche perturbée. Le temps de vie a été obtenu via la mesure de la décroissance de photoconductivité (PCD) sur des surfaces passivées par différents matériaux (SiNx :H, Al2O3) et procédés de dépôts (PECVD, ALD). D’abord, la caractérisation des échantillons bruts de découpe indique que les défauts majeurs de la SSD sont des fissures générées par la découpe et qui se propagent en subsurface. Ces fissures se distribuent sur des profondeurs variables et hétérogènes selon les conditions de découpe. Ensuite, les résultats de la méthode par enlèvement contrôlé montrent, d’une part, un effet de la SSD dans les processus de recombinaison. La précision d’évaluation de cet effet est conditionnée par des passivations de surface optimisées et des mesures fiables du temps de vie. D’autre part, ils montrent une interaction de l’attaque chimique avec les fissures. Ce dernier point est déterminant dans l’évaluation de l’épaisseur de la SSD globale pouvant impacter les performances des cellules solairesFor photovoltaic industry (PV), the optimization of cutting silicon ingot into wafers represents both an economic and a scientific issue. Economic challenge in that it is important to reduce the loss of material induced by cutting. Scientific issue in that it is necessary to understand the impact of sawing on the quality of silicon near the surface. This PhD research work aims to characterize the nature and extent of the damage generated by an innovative cutting technique using diamond wires. A major objective is to evaluate the thickness of the subsurface damage layer (called SSD). In order to characterize the SSD, physical and chemical investigations as a function of depth were performed on either as-cut surface, bevel or transverse sectioned samples or by removal of material by sequential etching in diluted solutions. Sample preparation protocols as well as many characterization techniques were used. In particular microscopy techniques (optical, confocal, electronic SEM and TEM), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and mechanical strength tests allow multiscale characterization of wafers and coupons. A low bevel angle polishing lets to extend the observation zone of deep defects and to make a statistical analysis. Furthermore, methods from measuring the minority carrier lifetime are used to evaluate the recombination processes on the disturbed layer. The lifetime was obtained by photoconductivity decay (PCD) measurements on SiNx: H and Al2O3 passivated surfaces obtained from PECVD and ALD deposition processes respectively. First, characterizing samples from as-cut wafers indicates that the major defects of the SSD are cracks generated by cutting and propagated into the subsurface. These cracks are distributed over varying and heterogeneous depths depending on the sawing conditions. Second, the results of the sequential removal method show, on the one hand, an effect of the SSD in recombination processes. The evaluation accuracy of this effect is conditioned by optimized surface passivation and reliable measurements of lifetime. On the other hand, an interaction of chemical attack with cracks is shown. This is crucial in the evaluation of the absolute thickness of SSD layer that may impact the solar cells performance
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Pirota, Rosangela Donizete Perpetura Buzon [UNESP]. "Produção de enzimas despolimerizantes de materal vegetal por fungos termofílicos usando suplemento comercial como substrato." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94857.
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pirota_rdpb_me_sjrp.pdf: 578843 bytes, checksum: cdb9880602dbf9a622dd6735c9072440 (MD5)Muitos fungos decompositores de materiais lignocelulósicos vêm sendo utilizados como produtores de enzimas em processos fermentativos nos quais são utilizados substratos de baixo valor comercial, como os resíduos agrícolas e agroindustriais. No entanto, apenas uma pequena parte destes resíduos são utilizados na alimentação de animais de produção. O presente trabalho visou: 1) a obtenção de preparado enzimático termoestável, com alta atividade de xilanase, pectinase e celulases, a partir do cultivo de fungos filamentosos termofílicos por fermentação em estado sólido; 2) uso de suplemento mineral comercial como meio de cultivo para os fungos na fermentação sólida; 3) avaliar a estabilidade das enzimas frente às características do rúmen; 4) hidrólise enzimática. Os fungos Thermomyces lanuginosus, Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae e Rhizomucor pussilus escolhidos para essa finalidade, foram cultivadas a 45°C por 360 horas em fermentação em estado sólido (FES), utilizando-se como substratos, suplemento comercial (B) (Bellpeso SV* - composto de sais minerais, farelo de algodão e polpa cítrica e para efeitos de comparação farelo de algodão e polpa cítrica (35% e 65%) (A). A amostra foi retirada em 24h e todas as outras de 48h em 48h. A produção máxima de pectinase produzida pelo fungo T. indicae-seudaticae foi obtida em 168h (421,31U/g) no substrato A, e a máxima atividade de xilanase produzida pelo T. lanuginosus TO-03 e ROB foram de 644,30Ug e 865,15 U/g em 168h, respectivemente. A amilase foi produzida por todos os fungos, porém CMCase e Avicelase tiveram uma baixa produção e ligninases não foram detectadas. A temperatura e pH ótimo de pectinase produzida pelo fungo T. indicae-seudaticae foi de 55ºC e pH 4,5 e para xilanase produzida pelas duas linhagens de T. lanuginosus, em ambos os substratos foram 70ºC e pH ótimo 6,5, com exceção...
Many rot fungi of lignocellulosics material are being utilized as producers of enzymes in fermentation processes, in which, substrates of very little commercial value such as agricultural and agroindustrial residues are used. However, only a small portion of these residues are utilized in the production of animal feed. The present project proposes: 1) the attainment of prepared enzymatic thermostable, with high activity of xylanase, pectinase and cellulases, from the cultivation of filamentous thermophylic fungi from solid state fermentation; 2) the use of commercial mineral supplementation as medium of cultivation for the fungi in solid fermentation; 3) to evaluate the enzymes stability when facing the characteristics of the rumen; 4) enzymatic hydrolysis. Thermomyces lanuginosus, Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae and Rhizomucor pusillus fungi chosen for this purpose, were cultivated at 45°C, for 360 hours in solid state fermentation (SSF), utilizing as substrates, commercial supplement (Bellpeso SV* - composed of mineral salt, cotton meal and citrus pulp) (B) and for comparison purpose cotton meal and citrus pulp at 35% and 65% (A). The first sample was taken in 24hrs and all the others every 48hrs. The maximum production of pectinase produced by the fungus T. indicae-seudaticae was obtained in 168hrs (421.31U/g) in the commercial substrate A, and to maximum activity of xylanase produced by the T. lanuginosus TO-03 and ROB was of 644.30 U/g and 865.15 U/g in 168hrs, respectively. Amylase was produced by all of the fungi, however CMCase and Avycelase had a low production and ligninases was not detected. The optimun temperature and pH of pectinase produced by the fungus T. indicae-seudaticae were of 55ºC and pH 4.5 and for xylanase produced by the two lineages of T. lanuginosus, in both substrates were 70ºC and optimun pH 6.5, with the exception to ROB in the substrate B that presented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Canova, Marc. "Caractéristion de nouveaux substrats des sérine - thréonine protéine-kinases de mycobacterium tuberculosis." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00599361.
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Le séquençage intégral du génome de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a permis de mettre en évidence l'existence de onze Sérine/Thréonine Protéine-Kinases (STPKs) chez cette bactérie. Bien que la quasi-totalité des STPKs aient été biochimiquement caractérisées, très peu de substrats endogènes ont pu être identifiés. Par conséquent, le rôle physiologique de ces couples kinase/substrat reste à élucider. Tout d'abord, les études réalisées au cours de ce travail ont concerné la caractérisation biochimique de la protéine-kinase PknL, ainsi que l'identification de ses substrats potentiels, et notamment la protéine Rv2175c. En effet, l'analyse de l'environnement génétique du gène pknL de la kinase a révélé la présence du gène adjacent rv2175c, pouvant ainsi représenter un substrat éventuel de PknL. Les différentes approches mises en oeuvre ont permis d'identifier cinq sites de phosphorylation sur PknL, et de mettre en évidence le caractère essentiel des résidus K48, T173 et T175 dans les mécanismes d'autophosphorylation de PknL et de phosphorylation de Rv2175c, confirmant ainsi Rv2175c comme substrat spécifique de PknL. Par ailleurs, la caractérisation par RMN de la structure de Rv2175c a permis de déterminer la fonction de cette protéine. Rv2175c possède toutes les caractéristiques structurales d'une protéine capable de fixer l'ADN. Des études fonctionnelles ont permis de confirmer la capacité de Rv2175c de fixer l'ADN et ont mis en évidence le mécanisme de régulation via phosphorylation régissant son activité de fixation. Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence la phosphorylation des protéines chaperonnes mycobactériennes et, plus particulièrement, caractérisé GroEL1. Nous avons démontré que GroEL1 était phosphorylée par PknF, et identifié les résidus T25 et T54 comme étant les sites de phosphorylation de GroEL1. L'ensemble de cette étude nous a donc permis de caractériser de nouveaux substrats de phosphorylation chez M. tuberculosis, de mieux appréhender les interactions kinase/substrat et d'impliquer la phosphorylation dans la régulation de l'activité de ces substrats
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Lima, Bruna Montalvão [UNESP]. "Produção de biossurfactantes pelos fungos Aspergillus ochraceus e Penicillium expansum em fermentação semi-sólida utilizando resíduos agroindustriais como substrato." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94866.
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000687968.pdf: 676213 bytes, checksum: 520749eb50ca5a41470631b041bfed18 (MD5)Surfactantes são compostos anfipáticos, que reduzem a tensão interfacial e superficial, além disso, possuem capacidade de detergência, emulsificação, espumante, molhante, de solubilização e dispersão de substâncias. Os biossurfactantes, surfactantes biológicos derivados do metabolismo secundário de microrganismos, são amplamente utilizados na biorremediação e nas indústrias petrolíferas, de alimentos e de produtos de limpeza. Esses compostos podem ser produzidos por fermentação semi-sólida, a qual pode aproveitar resíduos agroindustriais como substrato para o crescimento microbiano. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram produzir biossurfactante utilizando os fungos Aspergillus ochraceus e Penicillium expansum por fermentação semi-sólida usando bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo como substratos; avaliar a influência destes substratos; avaliar a influência da concentração de sacarose, glicose, óleo diesel e óleo residual de fritura no crescimento microbiano e o potencial de biorremediação dos biossurfactantes produzidos, assim como dos fungos utilizados. Os microrganismos foram propagados em tubos de ensaio inclinados incubados a 25oC em meio PDA. Posteriormente os esporos foram suspensos em solução nutriente e incubados em frascos de Erlenmeyer contendo cinco gramas do substrato a ser utilizado, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar ou farelo de trigo, 30 mL da solução nutriente contendo os esporos (1,7 x 107 esporos/mL) e uma fonte de carbono adicional testada: sacarose, glicose, óleo diesel e óleo residual de fritura. Os experimentos foram realizados a 25oC e tempo de fermentação de 72, 120 e 168h. A presença do biossurfactante no caldo de fermentação foi determinada pela medida da tensão superficial, do índice de emulsificação, da concentração micelar...
Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds that reduce the interfacial and surface tension; also they have capacity of detergency, emulsifying, wettability, of solubilization and dispersation of substances. The biosurfactants, biologic surfactants derivated from secundary metabolism of microorganism, are widely used in the bioremediation and in the petroleum, food and cleaning industries. These compounds can be produced under solid-state fermentation, which can use agro-industrial wastes as substrates for the microbial growth. The purposes of this study were produce biosurfactants using the fungi Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium expansum by solid-state fermentation using sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran as substrates; evaluate the influence of these substrates; evaluate the influence of sucrose, glucose, diesel oil and residual frying oil in the microbial growth and the biosurfactants bioremediation potencial, and microorganisms bioremediation potencial. First, for the inoculum preparation, the microorganisms were propagated in the inclined Erlenmeyers flasks containing PDA and kept at 25°C. After that, the spores were suspended in nutrient solution and incubated in Erlenmeyers flasks containing five grams of the substrate, sugarcane bagasse or wheat bran, 30 mL of nutrient solution containing the spores (1,7 x 107 spores/mL) and an additional carbon source tested: sucrose, glucose, diesel oil and frying oil. The experiments were realized in 25°C and 72, 120 and 168 hours. The presence of the biosurfactant in the fermentation broth was determinated by the surface tension, the emulsification index and the critical micelle concentration. The microorganisms Aspergillus ochraceus e Penicillium expansum showed a high potentiality for biosurfactant production using sugarcane bagasse... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Book chapters on the topic "SSV substrate"
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Mitchell, David A., Oscar F. von Meien, Luiz F. L. Luz, and Marin Berovič. "Substrate, Air, and Thermodynamic Parameters for SSF Bioreactor Models." In Solid-State Fermentation Bioreactors, 265–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31286-2_19.
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Srivastava, Urvashi, Zoomi Singh, and Pinki Saini. "Solid-State Fermentation." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 188–204. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1924-0.ch010.
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Globally, many byproducts or wastes are produced through diverse food industries. These food industries dispose of their waste in the surroundings; merely a few of them reprocess their waste and use it as functional food ingredients. Fermentation techniques can be adopted as one of the methods to prevail over this waste problem. Among the different fermentation methods, solid state fermentation is reviewed as it is elegantly simple and persists to lift interest of scientists and industries around the world. The last decade has included an unprecedented rise in the significance of solid state fermentation (SSF) for the progress of bioprocesses for nutritional enrichment. This chapter focuses on a general review of the advantages of solid state fermentation over conventional fermentation, bioreactor design for SSF, production of bioactive substances from various food stuffs, bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes, and bio refining strategy. SSF is a remarkable tool to elevate nutritional and functional values of the substrate to a large extent.
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Ishaq, Ali Raza, Rabia Batool, Shouwen Chen, Dongbo Cai, and Asfandyar. "The Role of Biotechnology in the Production of Pigmented Cereals." In Pigmented Cereals and Millets, 355–74. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781837670291-00355.
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Cereals are a major source of protein and carbohydrates for humans, but significant nutritional elements, such as carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are deficient. Deficiency of PUFAs in humans leads to various syndromes related to the skin, reproductive, nervous, and inflammatory systems. Carotenoids act as a free radical scavengers and antioxidants due to their strong potential to cure many chronic diseases and protect against the effects of aging. Different biological strategies, such as solid-state fermentation and genetic engineering have been devised to synthesize nutritious cereals effectively. This chapter will provide unusual insight into how genetic engineering is beneficial for pigmented cereals products and discuss the limitation of this method. One of the most promising techniques is solid-state fermentation (SSF), in which micro-organisms are grown on a solid substrate in the absence of free water, and stimulate the fermentation process. Because of specific microbes with solid-state fermentation, new commercial opportunities for cereals and their by-products such as carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids have emerged.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Thomas J. Minello. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch7.
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<em>Abstract.</em> —The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act) of 1996 requires the identification of essential fish habitat (EFH) for fishery species under federal fishery management plans (FMPs). As defined in the Magnuson-Stevens Act, EFH includes waters and substrate necessary for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity. Without EFH, fishery species will be unable to maintain the productivity needed to support a sustainable fishery or contribute ecologically to aquatic ecosystems. The highly productive estuaries in the northern Gulf of Mexico contain many habitat types that are potentially essential for species under FMPs such as brown shrimp <em>Penaeus aztecus, </em> white shrimp <em>P. setiferus</em> , pink shrimp <em>P. duorarum, </em> gulf stone crab <em>Menippe adina, </em> red drum <em>Sciaenops ocellatus</em> , gray snapper <em>Lutjanus griseus</em> , and bluefish <em>Pomatomus saltatrix</em> ; these species spend their juvenile life stages in estuarine nurseries. Estuarine habitats also may be important for prey required as forage by managed species and for other fishery species not under FMPs. My objective in this paper was to summarize information on densities of juvenile fishery species and other animals (all generally <100 mm total length) in shallow-water estuarine areas of Texas and Louisiana. I attempted to identify where these species live (delineate their habitat) and to analyze density patterns within habitats that would be useful in distinguishing EFH. My analysis was restricted to data collected with enclosure sampling techniques because these techniques have been shown to provide comparable density estimates among highly diverse shallow-water areas. Habitat types evaluated included <em>Spartina alterniflora </em> marsh edge (SAME), mixed-vegetation marsh edge, inner marsh (>5 m from open water), submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), oyster reefs, and shallow nonvegetated bottom (SNB). Data also were categorized by season, salinity regime, estuarine system, and year of collection. Mean densities among habitat types frequently varied in relation to salinity regime, but overall, SAME was used most by brown shrimp, white shrimp, blue crab <em>Callinectes sapidus</em> , spotted seatrout <em>Cynoscion nebulosus</em> , and southern flounder <em>Paralichthys lethostigma</em> . Highest densities of pink shrimp, red drum, and sand seatrout <em>Cynoscion arenarius </em> were found in SAV. Stone crabs had highest mean densities on oyster reefs and gulf menhaden <em>Brevoortia patronus </em> on SNB. Each of the six habitat types examined ranked first or second in use by at least one of these fishery species. Thus, all of these habitat types are likely essential for some fishery species. The analysis highlighted many of the challenges confronted in determining habitat-use patterns and emphasized the need for additional systematic sampling to examine geographic variability in habitat use and to examine distribution patterns within habitats. However, in addition to analyses of intrahabitat densities, the identification of EFH requires information on functional relationships between fishery species and habitat characteristics.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Thomas J. Minello. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch7.
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<em>Abstract.</em> —The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act) of 1996 requires the identification of essential fish habitat (EFH) for fishery species under federal fishery management plans (FMPs). As defined in the Magnuson-Stevens Act, EFH includes waters and substrate necessary for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity. Without EFH, fishery species will be unable to maintain the productivity needed to support a sustainable fishery or contribute ecologically to aquatic ecosystems. The highly productive estuaries in the northern Gulf of Mexico contain many habitat types that are potentially essential for species under FMPs such as brown shrimp <em>Penaeus aztecus, </em> white shrimp <em>P. setiferus</em> , pink shrimp <em>P. duorarum, </em> gulf stone crab <em>Menippe adina, </em> red drum <em>Sciaenops ocellatus</em> , gray snapper <em>Lutjanus griseus</em> , and bluefish <em>Pomatomus saltatrix</em> ; these species spend their juvenile life stages in estuarine nurseries. Estuarine habitats also may be important for prey required as forage by managed species and for other fishery species not under FMPs. My objective in this paper was to summarize information on densities of juvenile fishery species and other animals (all generally <100 mm total length) in shallow-water estuarine areas of Texas and Louisiana. I attempted to identify where these species live (delineate their habitat) and to analyze density patterns within habitats that would be useful in distinguishing EFH. My analysis was restricted to data collected with enclosure sampling techniques because these techniques have been shown to provide comparable density estimates among highly diverse shallow-water areas. Habitat types evaluated included <em>Spartina alterniflora </em> marsh edge (SAME), mixed-vegetation marsh edge, inner marsh (>5 m from open water), submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), oyster reefs, and shallow nonvegetated bottom (SNB). Data also were categorized by season, salinity regime, estuarine system, and year of collection. Mean densities among habitat types frequently varied in relation to salinity regime, but overall, SAME was used most by brown shrimp, white shrimp, blue crab <em>Callinectes sapidus</em> , spotted seatrout <em>Cynoscion nebulosus</em> , and southern flounder <em>Paralichthys lethostigma</em> . Highest densities of pink shrimp, red drum, and sand seatrout <em>Cynoscion arenarius </em> were found in SAV. Stone crabs had highest mean densities on oyster reefs and gulf menhaden <em>Brevoortia patronus </em> on SNB. Each of the six habitat types examined ranked first or second in use by at least one of these fishery species. Thus, all of these habitat types are likely essential for some fishery species. The analysis highlighted many of the challenges confronted in determining habitat-use patterns and emphasized the need for additional systematic sampling to examine geographic variability in habitat use and to examine distribution patterns within habitats. However, in addition to analyses of intrahabitat densities, the identification of EFH requires information on functional relationships between fishery species and habitat characteristics.
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Santos, Liliana Andréa dos, Fábio Ferreira Batista, Gutemberg Francisco Silva, José Fernando Thomé Jucá, and André Felipe de Melo Sales Santos. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DO BAGAÇO DE LARANJA, CASCA DE MARACUJÁ E BAGAÇO DE CAJU PARA CÁLCULO TEÓRICO DO POTENCIAL BIOQUÍMICO DE METANO." In Tendências e estratégias para a agroindústria do futuro, 235–49. Instituto Internacional Despertando Vocações, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31692/978-65-88970-27-0.235-249.
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A indústria de alimentos e, sobretudo no processamento industrial de frutas ocorre a geração de grandes quantidades de subprodutos, geralmente descartados ou utilizados de forma menos nobre ou descartados no meio ambiente, desvalorizando seus potenciais usos. Os resíduos gerados podem ser utilizados para uma infinidade de outros usos que incluem sua valorização como fonte de nutriente, substâncias de interesse biotecnolólógico, potencial uso na agroindústria ou sua valorização energética. A possibilidade de uso desses resíduos para a produção de metano (CH4), por exemplo, contribuindo para a geração energética descentralizada com ganhos a todo ciclo produtivo vem ganhando importância na agroindústria. Os resíduos de bagaço de laranja (BL), Casca de maracujá (CM) e bagaço de caju (BC), são os mais produzidos pela indústria de sucos nacional. A caracterização fisico-química detalhada desses resíduos pode ser uma alternativa mais prática para a determinação teórica do Potencial Bioquímico de Metano (PBM) em detrimento da aplicação de testes laboratoriais caros e com aparatos experimentais e analíticos mais complexos. Neste sentido, este trabalho objetivou apresentar a caracterização de resíduos das frutas mais utilizadas pela indústria de frutas nacional e relacionar as suas características a possibilidades de determinar de maneira mais objetiva o PBM. Foi realizada uma caracterização físico-quimica detalhada dos resídos de BL, CM e BC para os parâmetros pH: umidade e ST (%), STV (%), C, N (%), Celulose, hemicelulose e lignina (%). A partir da caracterização observou-se que apesar ácidos os substratos são favoráveis a digestão anaeróbica, com detaque para o BC que pode necessitar de processos de pré-tratamentos a biodigestão anaeróbia devido o teor de fibras mais elevado. A caracterização físico-quimica previa dos resíduos é uma alternativa de obtenção do PBM teórico, com custo, velocidade de resposta menores mantendo alta onfiabilidade dos resultados obtidos e uteis para dimensionamentos de projetos de valorização energética de resíduos da agroindústria. Palavras-Chave: Cascas de frutas; metano; biogás; agroindústria; indústria de sucos
Conference papers on the topic "SSV substrate"
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Reker, Julia, Thorsten Meyers, Fabio F. Vidor, Trudi-Heleen Joubert, and Ulrich Hilleringmann. "Complementary Inverter Circuits on Flexible Substrates." In 2021 Smart Systems Integration (SSI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssi52265.2021.9466966.
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Fischerauer, A., Ch Schwarzmuller, and G. Fischerauer. "Substrate influence on the characteristics of interdigital-electrode gas sensors." In 2009 6th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices (SSD). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssd.2009.4956738.
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Sharma, R., A. Al-Hamry, S. Vijayragavan, A. Benchirouf, A. Sanli, C. Muller, and O. Kanoun. "Single-wall carbon nanotubes based near-infrared sensors on flexible substrate." In 2014 11th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssd.2014.6808867.
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Yi, Jong Chang, Nadir Dagli, and Larry Coldren. "Optical properties of serpentine superlattices." In Integrated Photonics Research. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ipr.1991.tuf3.
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Recent developments on ultrafine submonolayer epitaxy on vicinal substrates1 by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)2 or metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MQCVD)3,4 made it possible to fabricate arrays of quantum wires named tilted superlattices (TSL) and serpentine superlattices (SSL).2,5 Figure 1 (a) and (b) show the cross sectional profile of a TSL and a SSL. A TSL or a SSL is directly grown on an off axis or vicinal GaAs substrate by alternating deposition of two materials of different compositions by either MBE or MOCVD. The end result is an array of quantum well wires (QWW) shown in figure 1 with a period T, which is determined by the tilt angle, α of the substrate. Such QWW are considered to be superior to bulk and quantum well structures in laser applications due to a larger temperature coefficient, larger relaxation frequency, and smaller threshold current. Furthermore, these structures have several significant advantages in comparison with the arrays of QWW fabricated with the fine line lithography techniques. The lateral dimensions are in the low nanometer range which is suitable for obtaining sufficient quantum size effect, they are obtained processing free, hence is free from processing damage. There is one practical difficulty in the fabrication of a TSL, however. To keep the growth interface vertical one has to know the exact growth rates and keep them constant throughout the growth. Any deviation from the correct value would tilt the growth interface. This difficulty can be circumvented if one deliberately varies the growth rate from less than the correct value to greater than the correct value.5 Then one grows a superlattice with a curved growth interface and somewhere within the grown layer one obtains a vertical interface, hence two dimensional confinement as shown in figure 1 (b). In this paper a study of the optical properties of the SSL for quantum wire laser applications is undertaken. The most important criteria for this application is a large subband spacing, larger than the thermal energy and broadening of the energy levels due to unavoidable imperfections, and narrow subband widths to create well localized and sharp gain peaks.
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Yu, Wei, Faxing Che, Yeow Chon Ong, and Hong Wan Ng. "Study on Substrate Crack through Experiment and Simulation on SSD BGA under Temperature Cycling." In 2022 IEEE 24th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eptc56328.2022.10013153.
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Jung, Sunghoon, Wonmin Ahn, Seunghun Lee, and Dogeun Kim. "Flexible Plastic Substrate with a Light Extraction Layer for OLED Lightings." In Solid-State Lighting. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ssl.2017.sw2c.3.
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Messatfa, Tarek, Fouad Chebbara, and Abderrahim Annou. "Analysis and Design of Printed Antenna Based on Photonic Crystal Substrate for 5 GHz Applications." In 2022 19th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssd54932.2022.9955813.
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Irissou, E., J. G. Legoux, C. Moreau, and A. N. Ryabinin. "How Cold is Cold Spray? An Experimental Study of the Heat Transfer to the Substrate in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying." In ITSC2008, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2008p0613.
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Abstract Time-resolved thermographic measurements were performed by a high speed infrared camera on a substrate surface during cold gas dynamic spraying without powder particles. Experiments were carried out on three commercial cold spray systems (Centerline SST, CGT Kinetiks 3000 and Inovati KM-CDS 2.2) spanning a wide range of gas pressures, gas temperatures, gun traverse speeds and stand-off distances. The substrate surface temperatures were measured directly beneath the cold spray gun nozzle as well as at predetermined distances from the gun giving a general evaluation of the heat input to the substrate in actual deposition conditions. It is shown that the substrate surface temperature can rise to a value close to the inlet gas stagnation temperature in the area located beneath the cold spray gun (bow shock region). For the same set of process conditions, significant differences were found in measured surface temperature range between the three cold spray systems, due to differences in nozzle configuration.
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Lee, Kyung Min, Romain Fardel, Lianfeng Zhao, Craig Arnold, and Barry Rand. "Outcoupling Enhancement in White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes on Scattering Polyimide Substrates." In Solid-State Lighting. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ssl.2017.sw2c.2.
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Kostov, Georgi, Rositsa Denkova-Kostova, Bogdan Goranov, Vesela Shopska, and Zapryana Denkova. "Microbial growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B1 in a complex nutrient medium (MRS-broth)." In 36th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2022-0135.
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The microbial growth of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B1, cultivated in a complex nutrient medium (MRS-broth), was studied in the present work. The complex nutrient medium provides not only the carbon source necessary for the growth of biomass, but also all the additional sources of nitrogen, phosphorus and other components that the biomass needs for its growth. The use of non-structural mathematical dependences determines the optimal conditions (substrate concentration) for the accumulation of biomass or lactic acid, depending on the needs of the specific production.
Reports on the topic "SSV substrate"
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Bielejec, Edward S., John Bishoy Sam Abraham, and Daniel Lee Perry. Optimization of SiV Defect Yield in Diamond Substrates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1562424.
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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.
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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.