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Talpahewa, Chanaka Harsha. "Peace process in Sri Lanka and implications of the Norwegian involvement (2002-2008)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608245.
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Fourman, Jeffrey F. "When Insurgents Go Terrorist: The Role of Foreign Support in the Adoption of Terrorism." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1399546682.
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Soosaithasan, Solène Nadia. "La quête de l’honneur apaisée de la « grandeur indienne ». : Déni de reconnaissance des « tigres tamouls » et événements catalyseurs au Sri Lanka. identité virile et inimitié des décideurs dans un conflit (1987-1990 puis 2000-2009)." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL20028.
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La quêtede l’honneurpeut paraitre désuète de nos jours en Occident mais cela n’est pas forcément le cas si l’on poussait plus loin les analyses. Elle caractérise depuislongtemps les relations entre les décideurs indiens et les dirigeants de la région Asie du Sud. Les relations avec les belligérants sri lankais n’en font pas exception. L’honneur et la gloire sont souvent le produit d’un éthos guerrier et d’une démonstration de virilité de la part des dirigeants politiques et non pas uniquement des militaires.La virilité n’est donc pas biologique mais est un construit politique et social. Les heurts ont été nombreux quant à la résolution du conflit sri lankais.Les décisions, attitudes et actions prises par les Indiens ont été façonnées par les interactions avec leurs interlocuteurs sri lankais et par des éléments extrêmement importants que nous qualifions d’« événements catalyseurs».Après le départ de l’IPKF et l’assassinat de Rajiv Gandhi, les dirigeants indiens ont adopté une autre attitude et des discours plus apaisés vis-à-vis des dirigeants sri lankais tout en refusant de reconnaitre les « Tigres tamouls » (LTTE), une guérilla tamoule au Sri Lanka. La reconnaissance de la part des dirigeants indiens vis-à-vis des décideurs sri lankais a par ailleurs permis la résolution du conflit sri lankais par des moyens militaires. Vingt ans auparavant, cela aurait été totalement inconcevable pour les dirigeants indiens de laisser ainsi faire les décideurs sri lankais. La reconnaissance de part et d’autre a donc pu permettre d’améliorer les relations interpersonnelles et interétatiques indiennes et sri lankaisesToday, the quest for honor can seemoutdated in Western countries. But for a long timeit has characterizedthe relationships between the Indian decision-makers and the South Asian leaders. Relationships with Sri Lankan protagonists are also shaped by this question of honor but also of glory. Just as the military, political leaders are also influenced by honor and glory which are often produced by a warrior ethos So they want to show their manliness. Virility is not biological but a political and social construct. Throughout the resolution of the Indian-Sri Lankan conflict, numerous clashes took place between between their respective leaders. Decisions, attitudes and actions taken by the Indians have been shaped by their interactions with their Sri Lankan counterparts. And this evolution has also been possible because of “catalyst events”. After the IPKF’s withdrawal and Rajiv Gandhi’s murder,Indian decision-makers refused to recognize the“Tamil Tigers” guerilla (Liberation Tamil Tigers of Eelam, in Sri Lanka. But the Indian Political leaders’ recognition of the Sri Lankan rulersopened the way to a conflict resolution with military means. Twenty-years ago it would have been completely impossible for the Indians to allow the Sri Lankans to have their way.Recognition on both parts have largely improved the Indian and the Sri Lankan interpersonal and interstate relationships
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Dissanayake, Kasun. "Privatization in Sri Lanka." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14958.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Economics
Yang-Ming Chang
This report examines the role of the privatization in Sri Lanka and assesses its effectiveness. The focus was given for the evolution of privatization and how socio-political factors such as rent-seeking, inconsistency policy making, market competition, political uncertainty and role of supporting institutions have affected the privatization process. After the independence in 1948, several reforms have been taken place in Sri Lanka. In 1977, a market oriented policy package which brought huge amount of foreign aids into the country was introduced. Further the privatization in Sri Lanka can be addressed as: Sporadic attempt, Systematic approach and Structured approach. The appointment of short-term governments and changing of the leadership has always been a hurdle for a successful privatization in Sri Lanka. In order to establish a successful privatization, it requires having the changing of ownership from public sector to private sector, creating a competitive market environment and forming a proper institutional framework. Unfortunately, due to less emphasis was given to the latter two factors: the privatization has always given undesirable outcomes. In the whole history of privatization in Sri Lanka, the highest value for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was recorded in 2008. It is clear that the reason for the FDI value escalation in 2008 is the improved confidence of foreign investors by addressing security concerns. In conclusion, it is time to investigate whether the current regulatory model is the most appropriate arrangement for the prevailing economic, social and cultural circumstances in Sri Lanka.
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Watson, Elliott L. "America and Sri Lanka : terrorism ignored?" Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43109.
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The central investigation of the thesis is an exploration of why the US has, historically, done very little in terms of assisting the various Sri Lankan governments in their fight against, what the US Department of State determined as, one of the most deadly terrorist organisations on the planet. The thesis traces the development of the US-Sri Lanka relationship from independence (1948) to present day, identifying trends and motifs in the bi-lateral connection. Once identified, these trends and motifs are used to place the American response to the emerging conflict in a clear historical context. The work makes it clear that there are unambiguous historical indicators in the US-Sri Lanka relationship that help determine the nature of it, and that these indicators become ever more apparent, even dominant, as the war between the Tamil insurgents and the Sri Lankan state intensifies. These historical indicators are then used to frame the impact of the War on Terror on America's orientation towards the conflict. The investigation draws together the historical dynamics that have shaped, and continue to impact upon, the US-Sri Lanka relationship, giving a very definite set of parameters within which the US is prepared to accommodate the Sri Lankan state. Ultimately, the question of whether the War on Terror, prosecuted by the administration of President George W. Bush, marked a 'turning point' in the relationship between America and Sri Lanka is answered. The judgment, clearly supported by a broad range of original and, at times peerless, primary sources, is that the US operates a very restrictive foreign policy with Sri Lanka, and that this policy has done very little in material terms, to assist against the LTTE - despite the Bush administration's War on Terror.
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Konara, Konara Mudiyanselage Palitha Senarath Bandara. "Foreign direct investment in Sri Lanka : determinants and impact." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4788/.
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Sri Lanka is a relatively small sized island economy possessing significant resource and location advantages and demonstrating impressive human capital indicators, which only few countries are fortunate to have. At the same time, the country is recovering from nearly three decades of civil war, which ended in 2009. However, Sri Lanka has performed poorly in terms of attracting FDI. Research in FDI in the context of Sri Lanka is limited. Only a handful of studies (Wijeweera & Mounter, 2008; Athukorala & Jayasuriya, 2004; Athukorala, 2003; Athukorala, 1995) have looked at FDI in the context of Sri Lanka. To fill the research gap, this thesis attempts to formulate systematic and in-depth studies of FDI in Sri Lanka, investigating the determinants, impact and policy issues. First, efforts are made to provide an analytical piece that set out the environmental context of Sri Lanka before providing details focusing on FDI. This is followed by three empirical chapters on the determinants and impact of FDI in Sri Lanka. With regard to determinants of FDI, special attention is given to civil war, human capital and stock market price level. For the impact, the focus is on the impact of FDI on productivity. Civil war is a major source of political instability and is likely to discourage FDI. Based on the nearly three decades of civil war in Sri Lanka during the period of 1983-2009, the first empirical study demonstrates that presence of war can have a negative effect on incoming FDI. Though this is unsurprising, this study demonstrates different levels of impact of war on FDI in manufacturing and services. The negative effects are much higher in manufacturing than in services. Investigating the impact of war by market-orientation of manufacturing FDI, this study further finds that there is a higher negative impact on FDI in export intensive manufacturing than in market-seeking manufacturing. Human capital is often considered to be a determining factor for FDI. Recent studies also emphasise the importance of stock market in attracting FDI. Given Sri Lanka’s impressive human capital indicators and recent development of stock market, the second research study explores these two determinants by conducting a panel study based on annual FDI inflows to a sample of countries in Asia. It shows that the relationship between human capital and FDI flows was significantly negative for Sri Lanka while, in general, human capital has been a positive determinant of FDI flows to the rest of the countries in the sample. Further analysis shows that Sri Lanka is constrained to capitalise on its human capital due to linguistic limitations of human capital and qualitative weaknesses in the education system. Although the importance of human capital in attracting FDI is widely recognised in the theoretical consideration, empirical evidence is inconclusive, particularly for developing countries. In this context, findings of this study highlight the importance of recognising country specific limitations in human capital in understanding the relationship between human capital and FDI. This study also revealed a significant negative relationship between host country stock market valuations and FDI in the context of Sri Lanka and other countries with under-developed stock markets. These results indicate that cheap assets hypothesis (and expensive assets hypothesis)is likely to be applicable in the context of countries with under-developed stock markets, and therefore, in the context of Sri Lanka. Based on the firm level data for Sri Lanka, the third empirical study revealed that foreign firms are quite distinctive from local firms. Compared to domestic firms, foreign firms are larger, more productive and more profitable. Foreign firms also tend to hire high proportion of skilled workers, pay higher wages and undertake more in-house training programmes. They are more active in R&D and more innovative. They are more export oriented but rely more on inputs of foreign origin. A cross sectional econometric study estimating direct and indirect effects of FDI on firm level labour productivity indicated a positive own firm effects of FDI and negative spillover effects of foreign firms on local firms and other foreign firms in the same sector. In summary, Sri Lanka‘s economy is characterised by a lower level of industrialisation and is narrowly concentrated in a few sectors with little participation in technical intensive sectors. Foreign firms, through their distinctive characteristics identified in this thesis, are likely to bring in much needed expertise and skills that could help to overcome these structural deficiencies. However, Sri Lanka’s mediocre performance in attracting FDI, poor performance in attracting FDI into technology intensive sectors, and absence of positive spillovers from foreign firms to local firms may all have resulted in poor performance of local firms in terms of upgrading their firm specific capabilities. The goal of the national FDI policies are twofold. First a country should attract the right type of FDI. Second, the country should devise appropriate policies to extract benefits from it. It appears that Sri Lanka has performed poorly in both of these aspects, and this has in turn, deprived the country the much needed skills and technologies, and decelerated the development of the country. End of the civil war has given renewed hopes for Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka’s impressive human capital indicators appear as a key strength. However, due to issues with quality of education and linguistic limitations of human capital, the extent to which Sri Lanka can exploit its impressive human capital indicators to lure FDI is rather limited. Weak institutional environment, poorly managed exchange rate policy and poor infrastructure appear to be major issues in terms of boosting future FDI inflows to Sri Lanka.
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DeVotta, Neil. "From linguistic nationalism to ethnic conflict Sri Lanka in comparative perspective /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3031040.
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Allmen, Fritz von. "Opportunities and barriers of the internationalisation of small and medium enterprises under special consideration of a company survey among foreign direct investors in Sri Lanka /." Duisburg : Univ, 2003. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015320397&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Algar-Faria, Gilberto John. "State-society relations and the international-local nexus in post-war Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.743046.
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Perry, Amanda Joan. "Legal systems as a determinant of foreign direct investment : the case of Sri Lanka." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.344077.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) is widely considered to be an essential source of capital for developing countries. A broad consensus is developing amongst academics, multilateral development organisations and bilateral aid donors that a states' legal system is an important factor affecting the location of FDI; that predictable and efficient legal systems are the most effective in attracting FDI; and that efficiency and predictability are best achieved by adopting a Western- style legal system (Ideal Paradigm). A case study is presented of foreign investment in Sri Lanka, which is reforming its legal system to attract FDI. Interviews with the wider community, and a survey of foreign investors are used to test (1) whether the legal system is a factor in investment decisions in Sri Lanka, and (2) whether investors react negatively to a legal system which is not of the Ideal Paradigm. The research findings indicate that, in the case of Sri Lanka, the legal system is probably not a factor in the investment decisions of many investors in the sample, and many investors generally; that most investors do not react negatively to legal systems which are not- of the Ideal Paradigm;-and that the role-of the legal-system as -a-determinant of FDI may be affected by investors' characteristics, such as their size or nationality. It is concluded that current legal reform recommendations may be flawed, in that they reflect misconceptions about foreign investors' expectations of host state legal systems. These misunderstandings may result from a lack of research, and an excessive emphasis upon an international liberal economic agenda. A better understanding of the expectations of different types of investors is required if the costs of legal reform are to be rewarded with adequate benefits.
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Muggah, Robert. "Relocation failures : comparing internal displacement and resettlement regimes in Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670037.
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Subramaniam, Kandasamy 1953. "Attitudes of agriculture instructors toward their job in northern province, Sri Lanka." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277306.
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The purpose of this study was to appraise the attitudes of agricultural instructors providing village extension services in the northern province of Sri Lanka toward their job in the agriculture extension service. Major findings indicate in the aggregate, agricultural instructors like their job and have a good attitude toward their job. The job factors offering the agricultural instructors the positive attitudes are the communication established between agricultural instructors and various layers of administration, the intrinsic reward of the job itself, and the relationship with co-workers and the working conditions. The job factors offering the negative attitudes was the pay and its adequacy for a comfortable living. Attitudes of agricultural instructors toward the job and its relationship with service were not significantly varied with service.
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Aloysius, Mahan. "Problems of English teaching in Sri Lanka : how they affect teaching efficacy." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622477.
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Concerned to comprehend the teaching efficacy of English teachers in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, this thesis investigated contentions by principals, retired teachers and resource personnel that Sri Lankan teachers’ lack of teaching effectiveness (teaching behaviours that influence student learning) accounted for students’ low English attainment; and counter claims by English teachers that their teaching efficacy (beliefs in their abilities to affect student learning) was undermined by classroom and other-related problems. This mixed-method research comprised two stages. In a preliminary study, 298 students and twenty-four teachers from twelve secondary schools participated in a survey designed to understand challenges encountered in the teaching and learning of English. With a similar purpose, thirty-four English lessons involving 320 students and ten teachers were observed. Interviews concerning the aspects underpinning effective English teaching were conducted with five principals, three English resource personnel and three retired teachers. In the main study, sixty-two teachers from thirty-five secondary schools were surveyed and twenty interviewed to identify factors which affected the teaching efficacy of English teachers. Participating schools were categorized vis-à-vis their students’ performance: low-performing and high-performing. Findings support English teachers’ views concerning their teaching efficacy. Teacher perception revealed associations between the lack of teaching efficacy of English teachers in low and high-performing schools, and teacher background/parental duties/self-development, classroom problems and inadequate educational resources. No explicit evidence was found that students’ poor English attainment in low-performing schools was due to their teachers’ lack of teaching effectiveness. Observations showed that students were deprived of external resources which assisted students in high-performing schools to become proficient in English. New insights about Jaffna teachers’ efficacy indicate the need for a more context-specific English language curriculum in Sri Lanka, informed by teachers’ knowledge of their students’ English learning needs at a local level if teaching efficacy and English attainment are to be enhanced.
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Tuchman, Paula Schrier. "Weak but not meek an international society explanation of asymmetric deterrence /." access full-text, 1995. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/umi-r.pl?9601994.pdf.
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Southwold, S. L. "Sri Lankan traders : A case study of credit relations and coconut marketing in a rural economy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383478.
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Ramesh, Sharmele. "SRI LANKAN STUDENTS’ LIFE EXPERIENCE IN NORWAY." Thesis, Trondheim : Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Department of Geography, 2008. http://ntnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:134312/FULLTEXT01.
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Garcia, Gonzalez Erika A. "The Onset of Genocide/Politicide: Considering External Variables." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439295567.
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Tremblay, Karine. "Conflits ethniques, migration et développement : une application aux cas de la Malaisie, de Fidji et du Sri-Lanka." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010002.
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Cette thèse analyse, sous un angle théorique et empirique, l'impact des conflits ethniques sur la performance économique, par le biais des migrations d'individus qualifiés. Elle est appliquée à la Malaisie, Fidji et au Sri-Lanka. La première partie décrit les facteurs à l'origine de ces conflits et les modalités des politiques de préférence ethnique (ou affirmative action) qui sont souvent adoptées pour y remédier. La seconde partie étudie sous un angle théorique l'impact de ces politiques sur les décisions individuelles de migration des minorités non favorisées, qui peuvent les percevoir comme injustes et discriminatoires. Cette analyse est réalisée à l'aide d'un modèle de production statique ou l'adoption de politiques préférentielles est formalisée sous forme d'une taxation des salaires d'une minorité ethnique au profit d'une autre communauté. La migration dépend de l'écart inter-ethnique de salaires, dans une perspective de privation relative inspirée de Stark (1984). Les résultats indiquent qu'à moins de conditions improbables pour des PED, la performance économique ne se détériore qu'au-delà d'un taux de discrimination seuil amorçant l'émigration des qualifiés de la minorité ethnique. Ce seuil dépend de caractéristiques propres à chaque société (structure de la population active par qualifications et origine ethnique, degré de consensus social), ce qui implique différentes marges de manœuvre selon les pays, et pourrait expliquer la diversité des situations observées. Dans une troisième partie, des analyses empiriques cherchent à établir le lien existant entre politiques préférentielles et migrations des minorités. Des estimations sur concluent à un impact significatif de la discrimination ethnique sur le taux d'émigration, puis des modèles logit indiquent que l'appartenance ethnique des individus permet de prédire leur appartenance à des profils de migrants particuliers (économiques, familiaux, socio-politiques. . . ) Et leurs intentions de retour dans leur pays une fois à l'étranger.
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Smith, Janel. "Civil society, human security, and the politics of peace-building in victor's peace Sri Lanka (2009-2012)." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/937/.
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This thesis aims to expand scholarship on civil society and peace-building through exploration of civil society’s experiences, perspectives, and practices in relation to the politics of peace-building and human (in)security in instances of victor’s peace, using post-war Sri Lanka as case study. It adopts Human Security as an analytical approach calling attention to insecurities operating on and through Sri Lankans but also the nature of power dynamics underlying these insecurities based on the subjective and political nature of ‘peace’ itself. The thesis contributes conceptually and empirically to knowledge of the operation of victor’s peace and its implications for civil society in peace-building. This thesis’s central contention is that acts of securitization and governmentality carried out by Sri Lanka’s central governmental elite within and enabled by the victor’s peace have constricted spaces for civil society to articulate alternatives or engage in critical dialogue within the political process fostered under the victor’s peace. This study, thus, questions romanticized notions of the potentiality of ‘local’ resistances to shift structural inequalities and power asymmetries in victor’s peace. At a disciplinary level, the thesis also deepens knowledge, first, on civil society as complex and contested sphere. It argues that to conceptualize civil society as homogenous or inherently altruistic risks drastically oversimplifying its highly diffuse nature and politics within the sector in which certain actors may benefit within the victor’s peace and engage in ‘peace’-building activities in order to both capitalise on those benefits and sustain the victor’s peace. Second, the thesis addresses the nexus between civil society and peace-building, and specifically the politics of peace-building, in the victor’s peace. In not being constrained by negotiated peace settlement it asserts that, as in Sri Lanka, instances of victor’s peace can quickly transition into repressive environments. Here it is unlikely that civil society, despite innovative methods of exercising agency, can significantly alter the trajectories of the ‘peace’, and further that those civil society actors that support the victor’s peace may seek to exploit the benefits they gain from it at the expense of the human security of others. Finally, the thesis asserts that, ultimately, Human Security’s utility may lie not as political agenda that validates external intervention based on a ‘responsibility’ to intervene, but as a conceptual framework for developing deeper understandings of the nature of (in)security and factors driving (in)security at multiple levels of analysis within different articulations or ‘types’ of peace.
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Amarilla, Chloe. "An Evaluation of the Sri Lankan Government’s Policies in the Defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2019.
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The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) were branded as the most dangerous and deadly extremists in the world by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in January of 2008. The Tamil Tigers are held responsible for perfecting the use of suicide bombers, inventing the suicide belt, being the first to use women in suicide attacks, and killing nearly 4,000 people in the one year prior to 2008. The LTTE is the only terrorist organization to have assassinated two world leaders, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, and Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa. They were also the first to acquire air power and their strike on Sri Lanka’s World Trade Center was the largest terrorist assault before the September 11 attacks in 2001. It took the government of Sri Lanka over thirty years to rid the country of this powerful terrorist group.
This paper will investigate what caused the fall of the Tamil Tigers. In my second chapter, I will evaluate the policies and military strategies adopted by the government. My third chapter will look at the role of international actors in the conflict and their effects. Lastly, in my fourth chapter, I will examine key mistakes made by the LTTE that may have led to its own demise. In chapter five, I will analyze three possible causes for the defeat of the LTTE and what was the most significant in bringing its fall. It will also include its potential for replication in other countries and effects on foreign policy moving forward.
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Jordal, Malin. "Living Up to the Ideal of Respectability : Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Implications for Unmarried Migrant Workers, Single Mothers, and Women in Prostitution in Sri Lanka." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-221584.
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This thesis aims to gain a deeper understanding of relationships and sexuality of women at risk of social exclusion in Sri Lanka and the risk of violations of their sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) that they might face. Individual qualitative interviews with migrant women workers (n=18) and men (n=18) in the Free Trade Zone (FTZ), women facing single motherhood (n=28) and women formerly involved in prostitution (n=15) were conducted. Conceptual approaches included gender, social navigation and SRHR. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, qualitative content analysis and discourse analysis. Findings revealed that the migrant women workers negotiated norms of respectability in a society that highly stigmatizes FTZ women workers, while the men identified conflicting constructions of masculinity existing in the FTZ. The women facing single motherhood navigated oppressive and stigmatizing social forces, and the women in prostitution constructed themselves as respectable in opposition to their societal disvalue and marginalization. In order to retain an image of sexual innocence, unmarried women are likely to refrain from demanding or demonstrating SRHR knowledge and accessing services. Furthermore, gender power imbalances leave the women vulnerable to sexual persuasion, coercion and violence. Once pregnant, social, legal, and knowledge barriers hinder or delay them in accessing abortion services. Unmarried pregnant women are thus left with the alternatives of adoption, infanticide, and suicide or become stigmatized single mothers with risks of health and social exclusion for mother and child. Extreme marginalization and limited power make women in prostitution vulnerable to unsafe sex, rape and violence. In conclusion, these women are likely to face numerous and serious SRHR hazards. The complexity of gendered social circumstances and the SRHR implications demonstrated in this thesis, add to the SRHR knowledge in Sri Lanka, and should inform politicians and policy makers about the need to improve the situation of all women in Sri Lanka.
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Castaldo-Walsh, Cynthia. "Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence in a More-than-Human World: A Multiple Case Study Exploring the Human-Elephant-Conservation Nexus in Namibia and Sri Lanka." Diss., NSUWorks, 2019. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/134.
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This qualitative multiple case study explored human-elephant conflict-coexistence relationships and issues of conservation in Namibia (Damaraland) and Sri Lanka (Wasgamuwa) from a posthumanist, multispecies perspective. Within each region, conflict between humans and elephants is considered high, elephants are considered endangered and are of high conservation priority, the human population has grown significantly, and community-based organizations are implementing holistic approaches to increase positive relations between humans and elephants. This study was guided by research questions that explored the current landscape of the human-elephant-conservation nexus within each region, the shared histories between humans and elephants over time, and the value in utilizing more-than-human theoretical and methodological frameworks to enhance human-elephant relationships and support conservation efforts. Data collection methods included participant observation, naturalistic observation, interviews, visual data, and documents. Data was triangulated and analyzed within each case, as well as across cases. Major themes were identified within each case that describe unique contexts, cultures, and shared histories. These findings were then analyzed comparatively. Emergent themes across cases identified ways that a more-than-human framework may be useful in fostering coexistence between humans and elephants and supporting conservation efforts. This study contributes to the evolving scholarship on multispecies approaches to inquiry and methodology from the position of conflict resolution scholar, supports a more inclusive framework for analyzing human-wildlife conflicts, discusses theoretical and methodological implications in multispecies research, and provides recommendations for future research.
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Saxcé, Ariane de. "Commerce, transferts, réseaux : des échanges maritimes en mer Erythrée entre le IIIe s. av. n.è. et le VIIe s. de n.è." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040028.
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La présente étude explore les relations maritimes établies pour des raisons commerciales entre le monde méditerranéen, l’Inde du Sud et Sri Lanka, entre le IIIe siècle av. n.è. et le VIIe siècle de n.è. Il s’agit dans un premier temps d’élaborer une synthèse quantifiée des imports issus du monde gréco-romain d’après les vestiges archéologiques découverts en Asie du Sud, en les confrontant aux autres types de sources. Cette synthèse nous conduit à nous pencher sur les contacts culturels que les liens commerciaux ont favorisé dans leur sillage : transferts, métissages, imitations et appropriations. Dans un dernier temps, ce sont les flux inverses qui ont fait l’objet de notre attention, décelables à travers les objets exportés par l’Inde et Sri Lanka vers les côtes de l’Arabie, de l’Afrique, du golfe Persique et de la mer Rouge. Il apparaît que les témoignages du commerce n’impliquent pas de très grandes quantités échangées mais n’ont pas été dénués malgré tout d’un impact certain sur les sociétés. Ainsi se tissent des réseaux complexes qui impliquent tous les acteurs de cette zone géographique, dont les extrémités est et ouest que sont l’Asie et la Méditerranée constituent une des facettesThis dissertation deals with the maritime connections that took place between South Asia (South India and Sri Lanka) and the Mediterranean world between the 3rd c. BCE and the 7th c. CE. It first establishes a global account of the archaeological remains found in South Asia that show the importation of Mediterranean products into this area, by comparison with other types of sources (texts, inscriptions, coins). The study then proceeds towards the social and cultural impact that these imported goods may have had on local populations, with regard to their proper way of appropriating foreign sources of inspiration depending on the regional context. Lastly, attention has been drawn on the return flow of goods from East to West, through archaeological vestiges located on the coasts of Egypt, Africa, Arabia and in the Persian Gulf. This leads to a reassessment of the global quantity of commercial goods crossing this large area, which may have been inferior to what was previously considered, whereas the social and cultural impact is not to be denied. The full picture of these interactions gives an image of a very intricate and complex network, involving lots of intermediaries, middlemen and local networks, which would have created a strong background for the direct long-distance links
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Mazzanti, Maria Rita. "From State sovereignty to responsibility to protect." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/45eb019724sn6sg9mcu4j489l.
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Notre étude a pour objet l’analyse des développements politiques et juridiques relatifs au concept de “Responsabilité de protéger“ (R2P). Notre recherche est conduite selon deux parcours parallèles : l’un traite de l’évolution du concept de souveraineté et de l’importance grandissante du rôle qu’assume la communauté internationale dans les affaires internes d’un Etat ; l’autre est consacré à la notion d’intervention à des fins humanitaires et des leçons qui découlent des expériences des années ‘90. Notre point de départ était que ce que la Responsabilité de protéger est ou n’est pas aujourd'hui, doit être compris à la lumière de cette évolution. Ayant délimité notre espace de recherche et identifié quels sont les éléments essentiels de la Responsabilité de protéger, nous avons evalué si, et de quelle manière la Responsabilité de protéger - après dix années d’existence - a été capable d’influencer la conduite de la communauté internationale, et, en particulier, du Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies. C’est pourquoi nous avons choisi d’étudier quatre cas – Libye, Côte d’Ivoire et Sri Lanka et Syrie – où la Responsabilité de protéger a été invoquée ou aurait dû l’être, pour déterminer les règles applicables à l’avenir. Nous avons adopté pour hypothèse de recherche que la Responsabilité de protéger est influencée par cinq variables indépendantes, à savoir, , la dynamique des discussions au sein du Conseil de Sécurité, la perspective d’un succès raisonnable fondée sur l’analyse coûts/bénéfices; le rôle des organisations régionales/subrégionales concernées; les activités du Conseil des droits de l´homme et l´action de la société civileThe research was aimed at understanding by means of which developments in the political and legal thinking the R2P finally reached its present shape. To this end, we analyzed on one side the evolution of the concept of absolute sovereignty and the shift towards an increased involvement of the international community in the internal affairs of the individual states, and, on the other side, the modifications incurred in the concept of intervention for humanitarian purposes and the lessons learned out of the experiences of the 1990s. We have argued that what R2P is, or is not, should be understood in the light of this long development. Having then established what now R2P is about we wanted to measure to which extent R2P was able, in the ten years of its existence, to influence the behavior of the international community, and in particular of the United Nations Security Council. Hence, we selected four cases – Libya, Côte d’Ivoire Sri Lanka and Syria – where R2P was invoked or should have been invoked, with the aim of finding regularities useful for guiding future action. Our research hypothesis was that R2P is influenced by five main independent variables, namely: the dynamic within the Security Council (active involvement of some specific countries/country representatives); reasonable perspective of success/attractive cost-benefit profile; the role of the relevant regional/sub-regional organizations; the activity of the Human Rights Council; and the action of civil society
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Pillainayagam, Priyanthan A. "The After Effects of Colonialism in the Postmodern Era: Competing Narratives and Celebrating the Local in Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1337874544.
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Ekanayake, Rohan. "State coercion and the ascendancy of civil disorder in Sri Lanka." Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147456.
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Gopalakrishnan, S. "South India-Sri Lanka Relations, 1762-1802 (With Special Reference to Political Relations Between the English East India Company and The Kandyan Kingdom of Sri Lanka)." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/1362.
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Embuldeniya, Don. "Ethnic conflict, horizontal inequalities and development policy : the case of Sri Lanka." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13540.
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There has been a growing understanding in recent years of the links between conflict emergence and horizontal inequalities and increased focus on the role which development policies can play in both ameliorating and exacerbating the root causes of violent conflict. This study tests the empirical relationship between horizontal inequalities and conflict causation using the Sri Lankan ethnic conflict as a case study. The analysis shows robust support for the empirical relationship between horizontal inequality (which encompasses political, economic, social and cultural dimensions) and the emergence of violent conflict in Sri Lanka. In this context of inequality, Tamil leaders, who faced political exclusion, and their followers, who themselves experienced inequitable access to employment, education opportunities, assets, were inspired to mobilise and engage in armed violence. Thus, the ethnic conflict stemmed from the disillusionment, frustration and increasing radicalisation of Tamils in their attitude towards the Sri Lankan state, rejecting what they perceived as exclusionary policies. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) emerged as a key protagonist in the conflict, with an expressed view to establish a Tamil homeland in Sri Lanka.
While most post war development policies are strongly aligned to government objectives, there are very little steps taken towards the design and adoption of policies to ameliorate horizontal inequalities. Instead, the government has identified security issues and economic growth as the cornerstone in the post war development process, and they are given greater emphasis in policies compared to underlying causes of violent conflict: inequalities in access to political power, economic resources and/or cultural status. Most Sri Lankan state actors are either not mandated to address equality issues or prefer conflict sensitive approaches to post war development. In general, there is a weak approach to conflict sensitivity in early post war development and reconstruction strategies (from 2009 to 2013). Likewise, there is relatively little attention paid to other conflict sensitive causes and dynamics such as the nature of the political system
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and problems of human rights. The failure to address fundamental issues relating to minority Tamil grievances has the potential to re-ignite the conflict.Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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Jegathesan, Mythri. "Bargaining in a Labor Regime: Plantation Life and the Politics of Development in Sri Lanka." Thesis, 2013. https://doi.org/10.7916/D86D615Z.
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This dissertation is an ethnographic study of migrant labor, development, and gender among Malaiyaha ("Hill Country") Tamil tea plantation residents in contemporary Sri Lanka. It draws on one year of field research (2008-2009) conducted during state emergency rule in Sri Lanka amongst Malaiyaha Tamil plantation residents, migrant laborers, and community members responding to histories of dislocation and ethnic marginalization. Based on ethnographic observations, detailed life histories, and collaborative dialogue, it explores how Malaiyaha Tamils reconstitute what it means to be a political minority in an insecure Sri Lankan economy and state by 1) employing dignity-enabling strategies of survival through ritual practices and storytelling; 2) abandoning income-generating options on the plantations to ensure financial security; and 3) seeking radical alternatives to traditional development through employment of rights-based ideologies and networks of solidarity in and beyond Sri Lanka. Attending to these three spheres of collective practice--plantation life, migrant labor experience, and human development--this dissertation examines how Malaiyaha Tamils actively challenge historical representations of bonded labor and political voicelessness in order to rewrite their representative canon in Sri Lanka. At the center of each pragmatic site is the Malaiyaha Tamil woman. Focusing particularly on the female worker, I present emerging gender relations and experiences in group life, transnational labor mobilization, and development work that pose radical and deliberate alternatives to economic marginalization and capitalist plantation production in Sri Lanka. Negotiating their place within patriarchal structures on the plantation and in civil society, Malaiyaha Tamil women present themselves in ways that sharply contrast the expert narratives of their experiences, which are composed for public recognition and consumption. Interceding this transmission of knowledge, their stories actively transform plantation development discourses in Sri Lanka and resituate their practices within the more enabling frame of transnational feminism and solidarity. Addressing lacunas in South Asian, social science, and humanities literature on Malaiyaha Tamil women, this dissertation contributes lived content on previously unrecorded women's experiences and complicates former accounts of the woman worker in Sri Lanka. Informing this project is the relationship among community, vulnerability, and reproduction. How are forms of Malaiyaha Tamil development and membership, when increasingly opened up to the realm of the political, made at once vulnerable and generative in their attempts to gain a sense of security and belonging in Sri Lanka? What do practices of cultural reconfiguration and solidarity-building reveal about the persistence of community as an affective term and the woman worker's position in global movements of transnational feminism and migrant labor? Each chapter focuses on this relationship in the context of the final months and aftermath of civil war in Sri Lanka, and I engage the work of political theorists, Sri Lankan historians, and development scholars to argue for a more productive way of thinking about communities in crisis. I argue that community is the continual mental exercise of self-refinement and a mode in which Malaiyaha Tamils address insecurities of a closed past with intentional practices of fixing belief in an open present. This enabling perspective allows us to account for the realities of social investment, movement, and network-building that Malaiyaha Tamils experience in Sri Lanka. By analyzing the contradictions and legacy of seizing Malaiyaha Tamil plantation experience in Sri Lankan history and scholarship, this dissertation seeks to envision the Sri Lankan woman worker as a global subject with transformative possibilities for her community and nation and contribute to the anthropologies of development, labor, and gender in South Asia.
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Kuganathan, Prashanth David. "Remaking Lives in Northern Sri Lanka: Migration, Schooling, and Language in Postwar Jaffna." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-9tnr-0131.
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This dissertation contemplates the radical shifts and changes in language and education due to and during the Sri Lankan civil war (1983-2009), utilizing the detailed method of classroom ethnography in postwar Jaffna to comprehend macro-perspective problems about language and nationalism in postwar Sri Lanka. It attempts to answer some of the following questions: In a country trying to heal and recover from the trauma of war and violence based on ethnolinguistic difference, what does postwar education and schooling look like? In a region of the country that has a proud history and heritage of Tamil language and culture, yet a simultaneous colonial and postcolonial tradition of English language education and schooling, and now, a continued postwar Sinhalese military and police presence, how do people negotiate and navigate these three distinct linguistic spheres of practice? From the perspectives of research informants and interlocutors, what does life look like in contemporary postwar Jaffna?
I find that almost three decades of war and outmigration have resulted in an ongoing transformation concerning learning, language, and life in the Jaffna peninsula. The decline in English language education combined with the predominantly monolingual Tamil-speaking environment that Jaffna provides for school children solidifies their ethnoreligious identities while limiting opportunity. However, we see a transformation in local economies due to war and emigration and the influx of remittance income, which has created new patterns and habits in consumption and even a shift in priority and work ethic. Therefore, we see the emergence of a new generation in northern Sri Lanka navigating this postwar space, embracing cultural changes that have been brought about by these processes of war, migration, and increased interconnectedness in what is still the most conservative and traditional region of the country.
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Samarasinghe, Ruwan P., University of Western Sydney, College of Law and Business, and School of Law. "Tamil minority problem in Sri Lanka in the light of self-determination and sovereignty of states." 2005. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/30155.
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This thesis analyses the Tamil minority problem in Sri Lanka in the light of self-determination and state sovereignty. State practice with respect to self-determination is discussed, in particular cases of Aaland Island, Katanga, Biafra and Bangladesh. Historical background, location and composition, as it relates to the Tamil minority problem in the country, are described, and the specific issue of self-determination in the Sri Lankan context of secession is dealt with. The research attempts to ascertain the legal conditions which would warrant secession.Master of Laws (Hons.)
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Bai, Han-Tang, and 白漢唐. "The Study of Sri Lanka''s Foreign Policy Between the Competition of China and India in Indian Ocean Region." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cmn85b.
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碩士國立中興大學
國際政治研究所
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Studies of the mainstream of international relations tend to ignore the value of small countries and interactive relationship between big countryies and small countries. But the rising of regional great power who is pursuiting the leadership in the region, often deliberately draw or oppression small countries integrating into its sub-system. Sri Lanka is located in the middle of Indian Ocean Region(IOR） which is close to India for dozens kilometers.If some competiting regional great power control Sri Lanka will cause severe influence in national security to India. Sri Lanka got the autonomy from the British in 1948,it tended to maintain good relationship with India with supporting Non-Aligned Policy,mediating the boder dispute of China and India in 1962.South Asian tsunami damaged Sri Lanka''s ecnomy and took many lifies in 2004,China''s aid recovery Sri Lanka''s economy with rising great economic power,even solved the 26-year civil war between SL Army and LTTE with selling offensive weapons.The situition of China''s affect getting strong in IOR deepen the suspicion of India.This study main discussion is what foreign policy Sri Lanka will take between the competition of China and India in IOR. On discussion of a small country''s foreign policy, scholars develop "alliances or non-aligned" or "balancing or bandwagoning", as well as "engagement and hedging" strategies. I hypothesized that a small country (Sri Lanka) in the absence of foreign aid for its powerful neighbor circumstances, plus fruit strength disparity, usually only take bandwagoning strategy confronting its powerful neighbor (China and India). Small countries take an alliance and non-aligned, or balancing and bandwagoning policies contend primarily by "external structure" (ie, the level of competition level). When in high level competition of structures tend to engage alliance and tend to take non-aligned in low level competition. This studies indicate that in the non-aligned policy, a small country against its powerful neighbor to draw foreign aid for balancing, and subject to what the strategic interests of small countries in political, economic or military can provide, if small countries lose the incentive for foreign aid, bandwagoning strategy will become main forgign policy to powerful neighbor.
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Samarawickrema, Nethra. "Remaking the Fort: Familiarization, Heritage and Gentrification in Sri Lanka's Galle Fort." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/15322.
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Seeking to widen the existing literature on postcolonial cities, this thesis conducts an inquiry into the multilocality of postcolonial space. Through ethnographic research in Sri Lanka’s Galle Fort, it investigates how different social groups differently use and interpret the city’s former colonial built environment. Specifically, it examines how the postcolonial city is socially produced and constructed as a place of home for local communities, a World Heritage Site, and a gentrifying neighborhood. Using interviews, observations, and spatial analyses, it teases out the local, national, and transnational socio-economic forces that drive these processes, as well as the power-dynamics and resistances that come into play. It finds that postcolonial uses of space often relate to, and sometimes recall, social struggles that characterized urban space under colonialism. Drawing on these findings, it highlights the importance of studying social relations, heritage management, and gentrification in postcolonial cities in conversation with literatures on colonial urbanisms.
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Parahara, Withanalage Niroshani Anuruddika Kumari. "Analysis of motives and the impact of foreign remittance on financial development, poverty and income inequality: empirical evidence from Sri Lanka." Thesis, 2019. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/40469/.
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Foreign remittance is the main external source of finance for Sri Lanka. It contributes immensely towards the country’s economy and makes up around 8 per cent of the GDP. However, there is a lack of study on foreign remittance in the Sri Lankan context, which hinders the potential of creating a comprehensive policy on remittance. Hence, this thesis has analysed the motives for foreign remittance and its determinants, the impact of foreign remittance on financial development, alongside its influence on poverty and income inequality in Sri Lanka.
The objective of this research was to provide relevant information to the policy makers to guide them in enhancing the benefits to Sri Lanka from foreign remittance. The study used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and autoregressive (AR) models, Granger causality, impulse response analysis, variance decomposition and recursive estimation for analysing research data.
At first, the motive for foreign remittance and its nature (static or dynamic) was examined to investigate the relevance of the prevalent notion that remittance motive is static in nature. Based on recursive estimation, the study found that remittance to Sri Lanka was dominated by altruistic motive until 1992 and by self-interest motive thereafter. Therefore, the findings disproved that the motive for remittance is static and confirmed its dynamic nature. This highlighted the need to assess the motive for foreign remittance at an individual country level and adjust migration and remittance policies accordingly since the motives keep changing over time and require continuous monitoring.
The next stage in this study involved determining the key factors of foreign remittance to Sri Lanka by using factor analysis and ARDL model. Through the analysis, it was found that the per capita GDP and government stability are long-run determinants of remittance and have a positive impact on it. In addition, accountability and socio-economic status were identified as short-run determinants. The findings showed the importance and implications of push factors over pull factors to determine the inflow of remittance. It demonstrated that the Sri Lankan migrants, unlike altruistically driven migrants, are highly attentive to economic and political stability, and send more money when the economic and political conditions of the home country are favourable for investment.
The undertaken research also examined the impact of foreign remittance on financial development in Sri Lanka using ARDL model. It used four proxies to represent financial development: money, deposits, credit and assets. The analysis revealed a significant impact of remittance on money and credit in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, it showed that the nexus between remittance and financial development supports a complementary hypothesis. This highlighted the likelihood of remittance to enhance the credit availability, promote investment and thereby enhance the economic growth of the country.
Finally, the study examined the causal relationships between foreign remittance and poverty, and foreign remittance and income inequality in Sri Lanka with autoregressive model. The analysis showed that foreign remittance has a significant impact on moderate poverty reduction. Apart from the AR model, the Granger causality analysis verified the above-mentioned relationships between foreign remittance and poverty in Sri Lanka. However, the results of the study found no evidence to prove a significant impact or a causal relationship between foreign remittance and income inequality in Sri Lanka, unlike in some developing countries.
All the findings from this research contribute to both the theoretical and the empirical literature. They provide relevant information that are invaluable for migration and remittance policy development, which can enable Sri Lanka to create an investment- friendly environment to attract more remittance by reducing the country’s financial risk and by enhancing its economic stability. In addition, since Sri Lankan employment migrants are motivated by self-interest the findings would help the financial institutions to customise their services to migrants, to further enhance their investment motive.
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Jilani, Andrew Akbar. "Tani prachanaigal (water problems). Interpersonal conflict resolution practices of a plantation Tamil labor community in Sri Lanka: A qualitative case study." 1998. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9841881.
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Due to a worldwide increase in migration, refugees, and migrant laborers, interpersonal conflicts today are more frequent and complex. The young field of interpersonal conflict resolution is therefore being looked to for answers. Practitioners all over the globe are limited by the conflict resolution literature which is mostly written from a western perspective. There is a need to explore interpersonal conflict resolution practices of different cultural groups and societies with different histories of oppression. In a 15-month qualitative research study, I explored interpersonal conflict resolution practices of a Tamil labor community on a tea plantation in Sri Lanka called Sooryan. The first part of the study traces the establishment of plantations in Sri Lanka by the British. It differentiates between plantation and non-plantation societies. The works of Jayaraman (1975), Beckford (1983), Wesumperuma (1986), Daniel (1993), and Hollup (1994) help trace the cultural, economic, and political factors which cause conflicts on plantations. This part also explores interpersonal conflict resolution practices in different societies, and presents four third-party conflict resolution models practiced in non-plantation societies. The second part describes the labor community at Sooryan plantation. It explains the living and working conditions of the laborers, and the role of Talaivars (leaders) and trade union representatives. It examines discrimination faced by the laborers from the outside non-plantation community. It highlights the machine bureaucracy and the management style at Sooryan. The third part explores four categories of interpersonal conflicts, which manifest within-family, between laborers, between laborers and their supervisors, and between the labor plantation community and the outside non-plantation community. It describes processes which the labor community uses in resolving their conflicts. Challenges are posed to practitioners and educators by contrasting the conflict resolution practices of the Sooryan labor community with the mainstream mediation model of the United States. Finally, the study examines the unique problems of the labor community and how its social, economic, and political isolation makes its conflicts permanent. With this understanding, further research and effective educational programs can be developed for plantation societies, migrant laborers, and refugees. To this end, the daily water problems of the Sooryan labor community in Sri Lanka serve as a timely reminder.
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Roy, Catherine. "Le recrutement des employés-cadres par les médias sociaux et son effet sur l’efficacité du recrutement international des talents : le cas de la multinationale Camso." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19394.
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