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Björk, Oscar. "Post-activation Potentiation in Moderately Heavy Squats following a Heavy Pre-load Squat." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Biomekanik och biomedicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-26290.
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Abstract Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon where force output is acutely enhanced following muscular contraction. Previous research has documented enhanced performance in power-type light exercise following a heavy pre-load, such as vertical jumps following heavy squats. To date, the effect of PAP on moderately heavy exercise following a heavy pre-load has not been investigated. Purpose: The purpose was to examine whether PAP could be elicited in moderately heavy squats following a heavy squat pre-load, and if so, what intensity (as percentage of one repetition-maximum [1RM]) of pre-load elicited the highest PAP effect (measured as mean power, mean force and number of repetitions performed). Subjects: Seventeen resistance-trained males (age 24±2 years, length 182±8 cm, body mass 84.7±13.1 kg, squat 1RM 147.6±29.6 kg) with at least 2 years of experience of the squat exercise. Methods: After testing parallel squat 1RM at a separate session, subjects performed three testing sessions in a randomized order in a cross-over design; performance test at 80% of parallel squat 1RM (control), one repetition at 85% of 1RM followed 8 minutes later by the same performance test (PAP85), and one repetition at 93% of 1RM followed 8 minutes later by the same performance test (PAP93). Sessions were separated by six days. Force and power output was recorded using a linear encoder. Friedman’s test was used to reveal differences between conditions, and a Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to identify these differences. Results: There was an increase in number of repetitions performed for PAP85 (p=0.009) and PAP93 (p=0.001) compared to control, but not for mean power or mean force. There was no significant difference between PAP85 and PAP93 for number of repetitions (p=0.091). Conclusion: PAP can be elicited to improve performance in moderately heavy squats following a heavy squat pre-load in trained subjects, but only measured as number of repetitions performed, not force or power. PAP could therefore be useful not only for designing power training, but also for strength and hypertrophy training. KEYWORDS: squat, post-activation potentiation, PAP, strength, power, hypertrophy.
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Suchomel, Timothy J. "The Acute Effects of Ballistic and Non-Ballistic Concentric-Only Half-Squats on Squat Jump Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2533.
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The purposes of this dissertation were to examine bilateral asymmetry as a factor of postactivation potentiation, examine and compare the acute effects of ballistic and non-ballistic concentric-only half-squats on squat jump performance, and compare the potentiation and temporal profiles of strong and weak subjects following potentiation protocols that included ballistic and non-ballistic concentric-only half-squats. The following are major findings of the dissertation. Squat jump performance may be acutely enhanced following ballistic concentriconly half-squats; however the changes in performance do not appear to be related to bilateral symmetry. Ballistic concentric-only half-squats acutely improve various squat jump performance variables at various time intervals; however the changes in performance are not related to the bilateral symmetry of the subject. Ballistic concentric-only half-squats produced superior acute potentiation effects with regard to jump height, peak power, and allometricallyscaled peak power as compared to non-ballistic concentric-only half-squats and a control protocol. Stronger subjects potentiated earlier and to a greater extent as compared to their weaker counterparts. This dissertation indicates that bilateral symmetry may not be considered as an underlying factor affecting postactivation potentiation. However, it is suggested that future research should continue to investigate the factors that are associated with postactivation potentiation. The findings of this dissertation also demonstrate the importance of how an individual performs a concentric-only squatting motion. By training with ballistic movements, a greater training stimulus may be achieved as compared to training with non-ballistic movements. While this dissertation discussed the acute potentiation differences between ballistic and nonballistic concentric-only half-squats, longitudinal research is needed to determine if different training effects result from each training method. This dissertation also supports that notion that stronger individuals may benefit more with regard to potentiation effects. In order to optimize performance and realize the greatest potentiation effects, it is recommended that greater levels of relative strength should be sought. It is suggested that further research is needed on the longitudinal differences in the potentiation effects an individual can realize based on their strength levels.
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McCormick, Ray William. "Guidebook to teaching the parallel squat." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2598.
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The information covered in this project is intended to give the physical educator and coach an easy-to-follow manual with illustrations to guide them through basic instructions on the parallel squat. This project will include biomechanical principles of the squat exercise.
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Josefsson, Anthony. "The Kinematic Differences Between a Barbell Back Squat Wearing Weightlifting Shoes and Barefoot." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31201.
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Abstract Background: The squat is one of the most used exercises in the field of strength and conditioning. It is included as a core exercise in many sports training programmes to enhance athletic performance due to its biomechanical and neuromuscular similarities of a wide range of athletic movements. The barbell squat commonly used by athletes participating in resistance training and it is generally performed using regular athletic shoes or specially designed weightlifting shoes. However it is now getting more common to perform the barbell back squat in barefoot or in barefoot-inspired foot wear. Weightlifting shoes may be well known to weightlifters but to the noncompetitive lifters and professional athletes they are in general unfamiliar. It is believed that the structure of the weightlifting shoe supports proper squat mechanism. There is however limited scientific data reporting on the use of weightlifting shoes and therefore, it may be needed to investigate how weightlifting shoes affects the lower body lifting kinematics in the back squat compared to other conditions. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the kinematic differences that appears in the sagittal plane when performing a barbell back squat wearing weightlifting shoes and barefoot. Method: Fifteen healthy participants (n=15) completed the study. The study included the barbell back squat in three sets of three repetitions on 50, 60 and 70% of the participant’s 1RM. The participants performed the movement in both weightlifting shoes and barefoot in an order randomly chosen and all movements was recorded with a digital camera from the sagittal plane. Results: The results showed that the angles were greater in the weightlifting shoe condition on all percentage. The results showed that there was no statistical significance in the hip angle at 50% of 1RM (p= 0,370) or at 70% (p = 0,053) but a statistical significance in the hip angle at 60 % (p = 0,028). The results showed no statistical significance in the ankle angle at 50% of 1RM (p = 0,997), 60% (p = 0,182) or 70 % (p = 0,332). Conclusion: Findings from this study did not demonstrate that there was a significant difference between performing a barbell back squat in weightlifting shoes and barefoot. More research is needed to investigate and compare more variables in the difference between performing a barbell back squat wearing weightlifting shoes and barefoot.
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Pilette, Claude F. "Behavior of earthquake resistant squat shear walls." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5358.
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Duda, Kevin R. 1979. "Squat exercise biomechanics during short-radius centrifugation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38525.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-187).
Artificial gravity (AG) created by short-radius centrifugation is a promising countermeasure to the physiological de-conditioning that results from long-duration spaceflight. However, as on Earth, gravity alone does not ensure fitness. We will need to supplement passive exposure to AG with physical exercise to achieve a comprehensive countermeasure. Before AG exercise can be deemed safe and effective, we must understand how Coriolis accelerations and a gravity gradient affect our biomechanics and how centrifuge-based exercises differ from Earth-upright ones. Two experiments were designed to investigate the squat biomechanics while upright in the laboratory and while lying supine on a horizontal, clockwise-rotating short-radius centrifuge at speeds up to 30 revolutions per minute. Constant force springs provided additional resistive force up to 25% of body weight. Dependent measure included the three-dimensional position of the left and right knee, left and right foot reaction forces, and muscle activity. We investigated the Coriolis-induced mediolateral knee perturbations and the sensory-motor after-effects from a multiple repetition protocol. The upright and centrifuge biomechanics were compared for similarities and differences between them. In addition, a two-dimensional kinematic model was developed to predict foot reaction forces, Coriolis accelerations, and joint torques.
(cont.) Our results show that mediolateral knee travel during the AG squats was 1.0 to 2.0 centimeters greater than Earth-upright squats. Increasing the rotation rate or adding resistive force did not affect the results. The peak foot forces increased with rotation rate, but rarely exceeded 200% body weight. The ratio of left-to-right foot force during centrifugation was non-constant and approximately sinusoidal, suggesting a postural correction for the Coriolis accelerations. There was a qualitative difference in the foot force vs. knee angle profile between upright and centrifuge-supine because of the centripetal acceleration. Muscle activity, however, was qualitatively similar between the conditions. The kinematic model was used to evaluate the exercise safety and extend the results to larger-radius centrifuges. We conclude that centrifugation provides a unique and challenging environment for exercise and that a brief artificial gravity squat can be carried out safely. The results are extended to cycle ergometry, when possible, and recommendations are made for future AG squat protocols. Supported by NASA Grant NNJ04HD64G and the MIT-Italy Program Progetto Roberto Rocca.
by Kevin Ronald Duda.
Ph.D.
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Bouillon, Florence. "Les mondes du squat : anthropologie d'un habitat précaire /." Paris : Presses universitaires de France : ["Le Monde"], 2009. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41444849n.
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Brown, Sarah E. "Electromyographical Analysis of Barefoot Squat: A Clinical Perspective." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/58.
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The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activation in eight superficial lower limb muscles during execution of barbell back squats while in barefoot and athletic shoe conditions. It was hypothesized that greater muscle activity would be seen when squats were performed in barefoot conditions. Six participants were included in the study (means: 21.33±1.53 years, 170.45±11.33cm height, 69.85±12.46kg mass, 3.4±1.40 years training). Each met specific inclusion criteria. Participants came in three separate days for data collection (Day 1 – 1 repetition maximum [1RM] was determined, Day 2 – maximum voluntary contraction tests were held, Day 3 – squat tests performed with two footwear conditions). Squat tests were performed at 60, 70, and 80% of participants’ 1RM for each footwear condition and EMG data was recorded for these tests. Paired-sample T-tests were used to see if any differences were present between footwear conditions during eccentric and concentric phases of the squat, regardless of intensity. To test for differences between eccentric and concentric phases of the squat by intensity, 2x3 repeated measure ANOVAs were performed. Results showed some statistical difference between footwear conditions for two muscles in eccentric phase and no statistical significance for difference in concentric phase when compared without regard to intensity. When comparing footwear conditions at each intensity, main effects, as well as statistical significance, were found between footwear conditions in the eccentric phase. Main effects, but no statistical significance, were found in the concentric phase. The results indicate that EMG activity is greater for certain lower extremity muscles during the eccentric portion of a squat when under barefoot conditions.
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Sato, Kimitake, Kevin M. Carroll, and Michael H. Stone. "Examination of Bar Velocity in Barbell Back Squat." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4568.
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The aim of the study was to examine repetition to repetition changes of bar velocity and its variations from barbell back squat. Participants (N=19) performed back squat with a relative intensity of 78-80% of 1 RM. Bar velocity was captured using wireless device (PUSHtm) placed on their forearm. Data were collected from 3 sets of 10 repetitions. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to identify the velocity changes over 10 repetitions. Statistical significance was found (F(1,17)=45.06.~ 0 . 0 0 0 1 )T.h is indicates that the bar velocity decreased significantly over the 10 repetitions. At the same time, coefficient of variance also increased as the repetitions went higher, indicating that there were differences in individual responses of bar velocity changes. Further examination will be aimed to investigate the bar velocity changes from various strength level of individuals.
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Kruger, Sarah E. "A dynamical systems investigation of loaded jump squat kinematics." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1314334.
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The purpose of this project was to assess the coordination and performance of the jump squat movement for multiple loading conditions. Seventeen male subjects between 18 and 30 years of age, performed two jump squats for each loading condition, 0-60% of their one repetition maximum (1 RM) incremented by 10% for each trial. Video capture was used to assess kinematics and a force platform in combination with a linear position transducer was used to determine power. All of the peak power values occurred between 0% and 30% of 1 RM and there was an overall linear decrease in power output from 0-60% (p = 0.000). The shank-thigh and thigh-trunk mean absolute relative phase (MARP) values were shown to have linear increases from 0-60%, with p-values of 0.003 and 0.014 respectively. The MARP values calculated from 0-30% were significantly different than those at 60% for both segmental relationships. These results indicate that optimal jump squat performance occurs from 0-30% of 1 RM.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Bazyler, Caleb. "Efficacy of Partial ROM Squat in Maximal Strength Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1185.
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Eighteen well trained males (1RM Squat: 150.57 ± 26.79 kg) were assigned to two groups: full ROM training (control) and full ROM with partial ROM training (CP) for the seven-week training intervention. There was a significant time effect (p
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Peeni, Manu H. "The effects of the front squat and back squat on vertical jump and lower body power index of Division 1 male volleyball players /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1892.pdf.
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Peeni, Manu Hoani. "The Effects of the Front Squat and Back Squat on Vertical Jump and Lower Body Power Index of Division 1 Male Volleyball Players." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/930.
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The purpose of this study was to compare effects of the front squat and back squat on vertical jump and lower body power index of division 1 male volleyball players. Eighteen NCAA Division 1 male volleyball players volunteered for this study and were assigned either to a back squat or a front squat training program group. Subjects followed the training program for 8 weeks. Counter-movement vertical jump (CMVJ) height and lower body power index were measured at 0, 4 and 8 weeks of the study. A 2x3 factorial ANOVA revealed no significant difference in CMVJ height and power index between the training groups (p = 0.921). In addition, changes in power index over 8 weeks were not significant (p = 0.931). There was significant improvement for both groups in CMVJ height from 0 to 4 weeks (p = .001) and from 0 to 8 weeks (p = .000), but not from 4 to 8 weeks (p =.080). Both front squat and back squat strength training programs were both equally effective at enhancing CMVJ performance.
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Antunes, Mário. "Efeitos agudos da aplicação de Kinesio Tape na performance do salto vertical." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4322.
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Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em FisioterapiaIntrodução: A aplicação de Kinesio Tape tem sido utilizada para melhorar o desempenho desportivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos agudos da aplicação de Kinesio Tape na performance do salto vertical. Metodologia: A amostra foi constituída por 12 participantes (7 mulheres e 5 homens), com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 35 anos. Todos os participantes foram avaliados em duas sessões onde foi aplicado o procedimento experimental ou de controlo, de forma randomizada. Para avaliar o desempenho do salto vertical recorreu-se à utilização do Ergojump®. Resultados: Verificou-se uma diminuição significativa da performance após o procedimento de controlo que não se verificou após a aplicação da ligadura. Conclusão: A aplicação da ligadura não melhorou a performance do salto vertical, mas parece indiciar efeitos protetores de diminuição da performance de salto. Introduction: The application of Kinesio Tape has been used to improve athletic performance. The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of Kinesio Tape on the vertical jump performance. Methodology: The sample consisted in 12 participants (7 women and 5 men), with ages between 18 and 35 years. All the participants were assessed in two sessions for the application of the control and experimental procedures in a random order. The Ergojump®was used for the evaluation of the jump performance. Results: A significant decrease of the performance was found after the control procedure but not after the Kinesio Tape application. Conclusion: The Kinesio Tape did not improve the vertical jump performance, but seems to indicate protective effects in the decrease of the jump performance.
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Zajdman, Olivia. "An Investigation into the Sex Differences Between Older Adults with Osteoarthritis in Kinetics, Kinematics, and Muscle Activation Patterns During Squatting." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35654.
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INTRODUCTION: Altered neuromuscular control and knee joint instability are commonly observed in populations with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Since knee OA is more prevalent in females, sex-related differences in muscle activation and movement strategies during activities of daily living (ADL) are theorized to be a contributing factor to the increased prevalence in females. PURPOSE: The aims of this thesis were: 1) identify sex differences in joint dynamics and muscle activation patterns in older adults with knee OA and healthy older adults; and 2) investigate whether differences in co-activation and dynamic knee joint stiffness exist between sexes in an OA and healthy populations. For both aims, squatting tasks were evaluated because it is a common and critical component in ADLs. METHODS: Thirty healthy individuals (15 females) and thirty individuals with knee OA (15 female) performed three two-legged squats at a self-selected pace on two force platforms. Hip, knee, and ankle sagittal and frontal plane joint angles, moments and powers were calculated and electromyography (EMG) of eight muscles crossing the knee joint was recorded for the test (OA affected or dominant) limb. Maximum voluntary isometric contractions were used to normalize the EMG data. Co-activation indices for six antagonist muscle pairings and dynamic knee joint stiffness (DKJS) were calculated for the acceleration and deceleration phases of squat descent and ascent. Two-way ANOVAs (Sex X OA status) were used to characterize differences in muscle activation patterns and movement strategies. RESULTS: For aim 1, decreased hip, knee and ankle sagittal plane range of motion was identified in the OA participants, with females showing the greater deficits compared to the males. Males with OA implemented a hip dominant strategy by increasing hip joint moments and decreasing knee joint moments compared to the females. Indifferent of joint status, females performed the squat with more hip adduction compared to males. Females with OA demonstrated greater hip adduction and knee valgus angles throughout the squat, contributing to the decrease in the frontal plane range of motion. Additionally, hip joint power was lower in all female participants compared to males while knee joint power was lower in the OA participants. For aim 2, females with OA, and to lesser extent males with OA had greater DKJS around peak knee flexion compared to the healthy participants. Co-activation indices revealed sex differences in neuromuscular control: Females with knee osteoarthritis had higher muscle activation magnitude and co-activation of antagonistic muscles, whereas the males used a more selective increase in hamstring co-activation and more balanced quadriceps-hamstring recruitment. CONCLUSION: Two-legged squats were able to detect sex and OA related functional deficits at the knee and adjacent hip and ankle joints. OA had a greater effect on the movement and neuromuscular control in females than males and the squat identified specific deficiencies that can be targeted for rehabilitation.
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Bailey, Chris A., T. McInnis, K. Sato, B. Johnston, Z. Sha, and Michael H. Stone. "Is a 20 Kg Load Sufficient to Simulate Fatigue in Squat Jumps?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4564.
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Bucchi, Anna. "Valutazione strumentale tramite sensori inerziali della validità dello squat nel Powerlifting." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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Il Powerlifting è una disciplina internazionale in cui gli atleti si impegnano a sollevare un ammontare massimale di peso in tre diversi esercizi: lo squat, la distensione su panca e lo stacco da terra. Nonostante, in Italia, siano molte le persone che vorrebbero dedicarsi a questa disciplina non è sempre facile trovare un istruttore qualificato nella propria zona. Molti atleti, quindi, eseguono studi sull’argomento tramite libri o corsi online per poi svolgere gli allenamenti in autonomia, rendendo così complesso capire se gli esercizi che si stanno praticando sono eseguiti in maniera corretta. Attorno a queste problematiche si inserisce il presente lavoro di tesi, volto a fornire un’analisi della validità dello squat nel Powerlifting, tramite l’utilizzo di sensori inerziali. In particolare, è stato acquisito un soggetto (47kg, 158cm) con sensori inerziali e stereofotogrammetria, considerata strumento Gold Standard. Successivamente, i dati raccolti sono stati elaborati con diversi metodi e confrontati con l’approccio stereofotogrammetrico che considera per l’articolazione dell’anca il Grande Trocantere e per quella di ginocchio la porzione più prossimale della rotula (Protocollo PG-GT). Questo, allo scopo di valutare se i sensori inerziali sono in grado di stimare la validità dello squat commettendo un errore di al massimo 3°. Il metodo che considera la porzione più prossimale della rotula (PG) e la spina iliaca anteriore superiore (SIAS), consiste in un approccio che tende maggiormente a sovrastimare l’angolo della coscia rispetto alla verticale rispetto al metodo Gold Standard, utilizzare questo metodo nella pratica, in sostituzione all’approccio PG-GT, significa quindi valutare come valide un numero maggiore di prove. Gli algoritmi implementati che utilizzano i sensori inerziali non permettono di valutare la validità dello squat nel Powerlifting entro un errore massimo di 3°.
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Hasson, Christopher J. "Neural and mechanical influences on the initation of the squat jump." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1260619.
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The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of a premovement silent period (PSP), and an involuntary small amplitude countermovement (CM) on the maximal height of the squat jump (SJ). Fifteen elite male volleyball players (20.6 ± 1.6 yrs) and thirteen untrained males (20.2 ± 1.7 yrs) performed ten maximal effort SJs from identical starting positions. The electromyographic activity of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris was measured in conjunction with the vertical ground reaction force, and the vertical displacement measured by a cable-extension transducer. The presence of a PSP or small amplitude CM did not increase maximal SJ height significantly (p > 0.05). These findings indicate that in the SJ, facilitation effects of the PSP and small amplitude CM are minimal. This is important to past and future studies utilizing the SJ, as it is often difficult for individuals to perform SJs with no detectable CM.School of Physical Education
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Sanusi, Shahmir H. "The role of thermal input on squat type defects in rails." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17069/.
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The recently discovered squat type defect which is understood as a thermal defect has renewed interest in rolling contact fatigue damage in railway studies. These defects were reported to appear in several locations across the globe where the cost incurred for their removal leads to a major increase of track maintenance cost. While the growth mechanism for classical rolling contact fatigue squat is well understood, limited research has so far been undertaken for squat type defects leaving them poorly understood, especially in their initiation and propagation mechanism. The presence of white etching layer in all locations where these defects have been found strongly suggests that thermal input is responsible for their development rather than fluid assisted growth that is responsible for the development of classical rolling contact fatigue squats. In this thesis, research is reported that combines morphological analysis data with a boundary element model to understand the direct influence of these thermally transformed layers on the initiation and propagation of squat type defects in rail. Furthermore, the work has been extended to explore the possibilities for defect detection in rails reaching a positive proof of concept outcome. It is expected that this approach could serve as a basis for maintenance schedules in order to avoid rail failure due to inadequate understanding of this type of defect.
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Wagle, John P., Aaron J. Cunanan, Kevin M. Carroll, Matt L. Sams, Alex Wetmore, Garett E. Bingham, Christopher B. Taber, et al. "Cluster Set Loading in the Back Squat: Kinetic and Kinematic Implications." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6284.
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This study examined the kinetic and kinematic differences between accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) and cluster sets in trained male subjects (age = 26.1 ± 4.1 years, height = 183.5 ± 4.3 cm, body mass = 92.5 ± 10.5 kg, and back squat to body mass ratio = 1.8 ± 0.3). Four load condition sessions consisted of traditionally loaded (TL) “straight sets,” TL cluster (TLC) sets, AEL cluster (AEC) sets, and AEL “straight sets” where only the first repetition had eccentric overload (AEL1). An interrepetition rest interval of 30 seconds was prescribed for both TLC and AEC. Concentric intensity for all load conditions was 80% 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Accentuated eccentric loading was applied to repetitions using weight releasers with total eccentric load equivalent to 105% of concentric 1RM. Traditionally loaded cluster had statistically greater concentric outputs than TL. Furthermore, statistically greater eccentric and concentric outputs were observed during AEC compared with TL with the exception of peak power. Statistically greater concentric characteristics were observed in TLC compared with AEL1, but statistically greater eccentric outputs were observed in AEL1. In the 2 cluster set conditions, statistically greater concentric rate of force development (RFDCON) (d = 0.470, p < 0.001) and average velocity (vavg) (d = 0.560, p < 0.001) in TLC compared with AEC were observed. However, statistically greater eccentric work (WECC) (d = 2.096, p < 0.001) and eccentric RFD (RFDECC) (d = 0.424, p < 0.001) were observed in AEC compared with TLC. Overall, eccentric overload demonstrated efficacy as a means of increasing eccentric work and RFD, but not as a means of potentiating concentric output. Finally, interrepetition rest seems to have the largest influence on concentric power output and RFD.
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Cotter, Joshua Allan. "The Effect of Squat Load and Depth on Patellofemoral Joint Kinetics." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243606700.
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Liu, Junshi, Caleb D. Bazyler, Christopher B. Taber, Tony Pustina, and Satoshi Mizuguchi. "Application of Principal Components Analysis in Kinetics Study for Isometric Squat." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3839.
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Wetmore, Alexander. "Cluster Set Loading in The Back Squat: Kinetic and Kinematic Implications." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3437.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinetic and kinematic implications of cluster loading as a resistance training programming tactic. Cluster loading involves introducing rest during a set which may allow athletes to train at higher absolute intensities. Eleven trained males were recruited for this study. Subjects completed two testing sessions consisting of three sets of five back squats at 80% of their one repetition maximum. Cluster loading included 30s of inter-repetition rest. All testing was done on dualforce plates with four linear position transducers. Paired sample t-tests were used to determine differences between conditions with Cohen’s d effect sizes describing the magnitude of change between conditions. Both conditions had similar values for peak force and average force. Cluster loading had significantly higher power and velocity outputs, shorter times to peak power and velocity as well as greater maintenance of time to peak power. These results suggest cluster loading may be superior to traditional loading when maintaining power output and timepoint variables is the desired outcome of training.
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Rondini, Diego <1981>. "Lo squat test per la valutazione funzionale dello sportivo: analisi quantitativa." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1937/1/Rondini_Diego_Lo_squat_test_per_la_valutazione_funzionale_dello_sportivo_analisi_quantitativa.pdf.
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Rondini, Diego <1981>. "Lo squat test per la valutazione funzionale dello sportivo: analisi quantitativa." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1937/.
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McMaster, D. Travis. "Effect of resistance mode on squat and jump kinematics and kinetics." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2009. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1892.
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This thesis provides an in depth investigation of the following four resistance modes: constant resistance (CR), rubber based resistance (RBR), pneumatic resistance (PnR) and standard link steel chain (SLSC) resistance; where the following issues were assessed: i) a review of literature discussing the kinematics, kinetics, practical applications and limitations of constant, accommodating and vaiiable resistance modes; ii) a descriptive analysis of the resistive properties of RBR, SLSC and PnR; and iii) an experimental study researching the kinematic and kinetic effects of performing squat and jump type movements with CR, PnR, RBR and SLSC.
The review provides valuable biomechanical information with regards to human strength curves ( def. which approximate the torque production capabilities of single and multi-joint movements), cam and lever systems, RBR and SLSC resistance. The descriptive analysis of RBR, SLSC and PnR provides the strength and conditioning coach and clinician with a methodology to quantify variable resistance, which may be useful in the presc1iption of specific loading intensities. The RBR bands exhibited curvilinear tension-defonnation relationships and were best represented by quadratic function equations (R2 2: 0.99); while the SLS chains exhibited linear mass-displacement relationships and were best represented by linear function equations (R2 = 1). When purchasing bands the buyer needs to be aware of inter-band resting length differences (0.5 to 5.3%), as this results in mean tension imbalances (1.6 to 17.5%) in the same colour band. The development of adjustment equations were required for the PnR system to correct for the inaccuracies of the displayed values. The displayed and measured (i.e. force plate) loads increased in a linear fashion allowing the regression equations to accurately predict (r2 = 1) true loads from displayed load values. The mean displayed load was 28% greater than the mean measured load, which would pose a major problem for prescribing specific pneumatic loads if adjustment equations were unavailable. All pneumatic resistive devices should be tested by the manufacturer, practitioner and scientist in a similar manner if utilized in institutes of sport and research, as well as fitness centres.
The experimental study was undertaken to determine the mechanical effects of CR, RBR, SLSC and PnR on peak velocity (PV), mean force (MF), peak force (PF), work, mean power (MP), peak power (PP), rate of force development (RFD) and rate of power development (RPD) while performing h·aditional squats (TS), shallow counte1movement jumps (SCMJ) and deep countennovement jumps (DCMJ). Nine resistance-trained male participants (age 25.8 ± 4.7 years; height 178.9 ± 7.3 cm; mass 81.4 ± 8.4 kg) completed a total of eight sessions, which were comprised of four familiarization and four testing sessions. The significant differences found between the resistance modes suggest that strength and conditioning professionals should use RBR bands and PnR in training programs to increase speed and power in their athletes; and utilize CR and PnR to maximize force and power development. Based on current findings the use of SLS chains for training ballistic movements is not recommended.
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Timms, Stephen Allan. "The 3D kinematics of the single leg flat and decline squat." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/53119/1/Stephen_Timms_Thesis.pdf.
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Background: Pre-participation screening is commonly used to measure and assess potential intrinsic injury risk. The single leg squat is one such clinical screening measure used to assess lumbopelvic stability and associated intrinsic injury risk. With the addition of a decline board, the single leg decline squat (SLDS) has been shown to reduce ankle dorsiflexion restrictions and allowed greater sagittal plane movement of the hip and knee. On this basis, the SLDS has been employed in the Cricket Australia physiotherapy screening protocols as a measure of lumbopelvic control in the place of the more traditional single leg flat squat (SLFS). Previous research has failed to demonstrate which squatting technique allows for a more comprehensive assessment of lumbopelvic stability. Tenuous links are drawn between kinematics and hip strength measures within the literature for the SLS. Formal evaluation of subjective screening methods has also been suggested within the literature.
Purpose: This study had several focal points namely 1) to compare the kinematic differences between the two single leg squatting conditions, primarily the five key kinematic variables fundamental to subjectively assess lumbopelvic stability; 2) determine the effect of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion has on squat kinematics in the two squat techniques; 3) examine the association between key kinematics and subjective physiotherapists’ assessment; and finally 4) explore the association between key kinematics and hip strength.
Methods: Nineteen (n=19) subjects performed five SLDS and five SLFS on each leg while being filmed by an 8 camera motion analysis system. Four hip strength measures (internal/external rotation and abd/adduction) and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion were measured using a hand held dynamometer and a goniometer respectively on 16 of these subjects. The same 16 participants were subjectively assessed by an experienced physiotherapist for lumbopelvic stability. Paired samples t-tests were performed on the five predetermined kinematic variables to assess the differences between squat conditions. A Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used which adjusted the significance value to p = 0.005 for the paired t-tests. Linear regressions were used to assess the relationship between kinematics, ankle range of motion and hip strength measures. Bivariate correlations between hip strength measures and kinematics and pelvic obliquity were employed to investigate any possible relationships.
Results: 1) Significant kinematic differences between squats were observed in dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) end of range hip external rotation (ND p = <0.001; D p = 0.004) and hip adduction kinematics (ND p = <0.001; D p = <0.001). With the mean angle, only the non-dominant leg observed significant differences in hip adduction (p = 0.001) and hip external rotation (p = <0.001); 2) Significant linear relationships were observed between clinical measures of ankle dorsiflexion and sagittal plane kinematic namely SLFS dominant ankle (p = 0.006; R2 = .429), SLFS non-dominant knee (p = 0.015; R2 = .352) and SLFS non-dominant ankle (p = 0.027; R2 = .305) kinematics. Only the dominant ankle (p = 0.020; R2 = .331) was found to have a relationship with the decline squat. 3) Strength measures had tenuous associations with the subjective assessments of lumbopelvic stability with no significant relationships being observed. 4) For the non-dominant leg, external rotation strength and abduction strength were found to be significantly correlated with hip rotation kinematics (Newtons r = 0.458 p = 0.049; Normalised for bodyweight: r = 0.469; p = 0.043) and pelvic obliquity (normalised for bodyweight: r = 0.498 p = 0.030) respectively for the SLFS only. No significant relationships were observed in the dominant leg for either squat condition. Some elements of the hip strength screening protocols had linear relationships with kinematics of the lower limb, particularly the sagittal plane movements of the knee and ankle. Strength measures had tenuous associations with the subjective assessments of lumbopelvic stability with no significant relationships being observed; Discussion: The key finding of this study illustrated that kinematic differences can occur at the hip without significant kinematic differences at the knee as a result of the introduction of a decline board. Further observations reinforce the role of limited ankle dorsiflexion range of motion on sagittal plane movement of the hip and knee and in turn multiplanar kinematics of the lower limb. The kinematic differences between conditions have clinical implications for screening protocols that employ frontal plane movement of the knee as a guide for femoral adduction and rotation. Subjects who returned stronger hip strength measurements also appeared to squat deeper as characterised by differences in sagittal plane kinematics of the knee and ankle. Despite the aforementioned findings, the relationship between hip strength and lower limb kinematics remains largely tenuous in the assessment of the lumbopelvic stability using the SLS. The association between kinematics and the subjective measures of lumbopelvic stability also remain tenuous between and within SLS screening protocols. More functional measures of hip strength are needed to further investigate these relationships.
Conclusion: The type of SLS (flat or decline) should be taken into account when screening for lumbopelvic stability. Changes to lower limb kinematics, especially around the hip and pelvis, were observed with the introduction of a decline board despite no difference in frontal plane knee movements. Differences in passive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion yielded variations in knee and ankle kinematics during a self-selected single leg squatting task. Clinical implications of removing posterior ankle restraints and using the knee as a guide to illustrate changes at the hip may result in inaccurate screening of lumbopelvic stability. The relationship between sagittal plane lower limb kinematics and hip strength may illustrate that self-selected squat depth may presumably be a useful predictor of the lumbopelvic stability. Further research in this area is required.
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Suchomel, Timothy J., and Michael H. Stone. "The Relationships between Hip and Knee Extensor Cross-Sectional Area, Strength, Power, and Potentiation Characteristics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4653.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), maximal strength, power output, and maximum potentiation characteristics. The vastus lateralis and biceps femoris CSA, one repetition maximum (1RM) back squat, 1RM concentric-only half-squat (COHS) strength, static jump power output, and maximum potentiation characteristics of 17 resistance-trained men was assessed during several testing sessions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationships between CSA, strength, power output, and maximum potentiation measures. Moderate-to-strong relationships existed between CSA and strength measures (r = 0.462–0.643) as well as power output (r = 0.396–0.683). In addition, moderate-to-strong relationships existed between strength and power output (r = 0.407–0.548), while trivial relationships existed between strength and maximum potentiation (r = −0.013–0.149). Finally, small negative relationships existed between CSA and maximum potentiation measures (r = −0.229–−0.239). The results of the current study provide evidence of the interplay between muscle CSA, strength, power, and potentiation. Vastus lateralis and biceps femoris CSA may positively influence an individual’s back squat and COHS maximal strength and squat jump peak power; however, muscle CSA and absolute strength measures may not contribute to an individual’s potentiation capacity. Practitioners may consider implementing resistance training strategies that improve vastus lateralis and biceps femoris size in order to benefit back squat and COHS strength. Furthermore, implementing squatting variations—both full and partial—may benefit jumping performance.
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Cortés, Puentes Wilmar Leonardo. "Seismic Retrofit of Squat Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls Using Shape Memory Alloys." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36167.
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Squat reinforced concrete shear walls are stiff structural elements incorporated in buildings and other structures and are capable of resisting large seismic demands. However, when not properly designed, they are prone to shear-related brittle failure. To improve the seismic behaviour of these structural elements, a retrofitting bracing system incorporating superelastic Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) was developed. Superelastic Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are smart materials with the ability to sustain and recover large pseudo-plastic deformations while dissipating energy. The SMA bracing system consists of tension-only SMA links coupled with rigid steel elements. The SMA links were designed to sustain and recover the elongation experienced by the bracing system, while the steel elements were designed to sustain negligible elastic elongations.
The SMA bracing system was installed on third-scale, 2000 mm × 2000 mm, shear walls, which were tested to failure under incremental reverse cyclic loading. The experimental results demonstrated that the tension-only SMA braces improve the seismic response of squat reinforced concrete walls. The retrofitted walls experienced higher strength, greater energy dissipation, and less permanent deformation. The re-centering properties of the SMA contributed to the reduction of pinching in the hysteretic response due mainly to the clamping action of the SMA bracings while recovering their original length. The walls were numerically simulated with the nonlinear finite element program VecTor2. The numerical simulations accurately captured the hysteretic response of both the original and the retrofitted walls. A parametric study was conducted to assess the effect of axial loading and size of the SMA braces.
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Zainal, Khadija Abdulla Yousuf. "Aspects of the biology of the squat lobster, Munida rugosa (Fabricius, 1775)." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362960.
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Light, Thaddeus. "The Influence of Strength in Load-Velocity Relationships in the Back Squat." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3611.
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Load-velocity relationships may vary between people of different strength levels and across different loads. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate how external loads influence the velocity characteristics of the back squat exercise, and the influence of strength on these variables. Healthy male students with a history of resistance training completed repetitions at specified intensities of their estimated one-repetition maximum (1RM) until they reached 1RM. Back squat 3D motion analysis was captured using four Vicon T010 cameras (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd.; Oxford, UK) and Vicon Nexus 1.8.5 software. Data were transported into R custom coding statistical analysis software (version 3.5.2; The R Foundation) to calculate velocity analyses which determined mean and peak concentric (MCV, PCV) and eccentric (MEV, PEV) values. Participants were grouped by their relative strength (body mass/1RM) in the back squat, as well as their ability to move often prescribed loads with greater speed (63-70%1RM, 83-87%1RM). Between-groups comparisons were made for MCV at all loading conditions, and correlational relationships between all velocity measures (MEV, PEV, MCV, PCV) were examined for each group. For all subjects, there was a significant effect for relative intensity (%1RM) on MCV, but only for the groups organized by MCV at 63-70%1RM and 83-87%1RM was there a between-subjects effect for group. Correlational analyses between velocity measurements during concentric and eccentric phase of the back squat showed a tendency for high relationships (r = 0.5-0.69) between all phases that weakened as the relative intensity increased. These differences were illustrated uniquely between subject grouping conditions. These results indicate that load-velocity characteristics of the back squat cannot necessarily be positively related to strength level in the movement, and that profiling athletes by their velocities at specific relative intensities could be an effective means of organization.
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Forde, Francis Arlington. "Analysis of knee mechanics during the squat exercise differences between females and males /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010563.
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Robineau, Colin. "La politisation en terrain militant « radical » : ethnographie d’un squat d’activités de l’Est Parisien." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020055.
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Basée sur une observation participante de deux ans au sein de La Kuizine, un squat d’activités de l’est parisien ouvert par des militants marxistes et/ou anarchistes, la thèse se présente comme une contribution à l’étude du renouveau des entreprises critiques et des pratiques contestataires et apporte une pierre empirique de plus à la connaissance des espaces publics d’aujourd’hui. Accordant une large place au matériau ethnographique, la recherche s’inscrit dans une perspective empruntant à la fois à la tradition interactionniste de la troisième Ecole de Chicago et à la sociologie bourdieusienne afin d’éclairer les mécanismes de domination (re)produits au sein de La Kuizine et les « possibles latéraux » qui y sont expérimentés. En effet, le collectif militant à l’origine de l’initiative avait pour objectif d’en faire un lieu de « solidarité de classe » en y organisant divers ateliers (en particulier des repas à prix libre) à destination des travailleurs et habitants du quartier et en privilégiant l’autogestion comme modus operandi de la décision collective. L’analyse de cet espace – indissociablement physique, social et communicationnel – se situe donc au carrefour de plusieurs disciplines : la science politique, la sociologie, l’anthropologie et les sciences de l’information et de la communication. Ce faisant, la thèse interroge de manière transversale des objets variés : la fabrique sociale de l’engagement radical, le rapport aux champs politique et médiatique d’un micro-espace contestataire, les processus de socialisation politique ainsi que les conditions de possibilité de la critique ordinaire de l’ordre socialThis doctorate thesis is based on a two-year-long participant observation within “La Kuizine”, a social center squat in East Paris that was opened by Marxist and/or Anarchist activists. This piece presents itself as a contribution to the study of the renewal of critical enterprises and protest practices and offers empirical work that can aid in the understanding of public spaces today. A large portion is dedicated to ethnographic material in this thesis – the work here adopts a perspective that borrows both from the interactionist tradition of the third school of Chicago and from the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu in order to reveal the mechanisms of domination (re)produced within “La Kuizine” and the forms of “lateral possible” that are experimented within this space. Indeed, the activist group responsible for founding this squat had as its main goal to make it a space of “class solidarity” by organizing various workshops (including a sliding scale donation daily meal) for workers and inhabitant of the neighborhood. The modus operandi of the space is self-management and collective decision making. The social and communicational analysis of this space is at the crossroads between several fields of research: political science, sociology, anthropology and communication studies. Thus, this doctorate thesis studies various objects in a cross-disciplinary manner: the social construction of radical commitment, the relations to the political and media fields of a micro-protest-space, the processes of political socialization as well as the conditions for the possibility of a critique of the social order
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Hellström, Johannes. "Changes in Loaded Squat Jump performance following a series of isometric conditioning contraction." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2932.
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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of performing an isometric conditioning contraction (CC) consisting of two sets of five seconds maximal voluntary contraction in physically active individuals prior to three sets of Loaded Squat Jumps (LSJ). Method: 5 males and 4 females (mean ± SD: age 25 ± 2 years, height 175 ± 10 cm, body mass 70 ± 15 kg) were assessed on their power output, force production, jump height and velocity on three sets of LSJ on two separate sessions. Each participant attended two sessions in randomized order: a control session (CON) and an experimental session (EXP) separated by at least two hours. The EXP session consisted of a 10 min warm-up followed by 2 x 5 seconds isometric CC, this was proceeded by another two minutes of rest before three sets of LSJ were performed, each set separated by a two-minute rest. During the CON session a two-minute rest, followed by three sets of LSJ, replaced the isometric CC sequence. Results: No significant improvement was found on any of the physical parameters assessed, comparing the CON and EXP session (p > 0.05). The results showed a variance on individual response were some subjects performed better after the CC and others did not . Conclusion: In conclusion, this study evaluated the effect of performing an isometric CC prior three sets of LSJ. The results indicate that an isometric CC consisting of two sets of five seconds maximal voluntary contraction is insufficient to enhance the performance in an LSJ.
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THOMSON, KEITH BRADLEY. "NAVICULAR DROP IN NONCONTACT ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURED ATHLETES DURING SINGLE LEG SQUAT." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1061217397.
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Mummidivarapu, Satya Sri. "A Method for Determining Body Weight Replacement Load during Squat Exercise in Weightlessness." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1447690685.
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Stetz, Eric J. "Simulation of Squat Exercise Effectiveness Utilizing a Passive Resistive Exoskeleton in Zero Gravity." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1460729748.
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Varieur, R., M. H. Haischer, D. M. Cooke, J. P. Carzoli, E. R. Helms, R. K. Byrnes, T. Johnson, et al. "Relationship between Absolute and Relative Strength with Velocity Decline during the Back Squat." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3821.
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Average concentric velocity (ACV) can be used to objectively measure fatigue and intensity during resistance training and to assist in attempt selection during one-repetition maximum (1RM) testing. However, ACV may be different across individuals at similar intensities of 1RM, making it difficult for investigators to make objective load increases during 1RM testing. Further, it is unknown how strength levels are related to velocity at particular percentages of 1RM. Purpose: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between absolute and relative strength in the back squat with ACV at various percentages of 1RM. Methods: Twenty-five college-aged, resistance trained men (Age: 23 ± 3 years, Body Mass: 87.70 ± 16.11 kg) performed a 1RM back squat followed by 2 single repetition sets at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of the established 1RM. Three to 5 minutes of rest were administered between each single repetition set and the best velocity of the 2 sets at each intensity was used for analysis. ACV was calculated on each set using the Open Barbell System Version 2 (Seattle, WA, USA) linear position transducer. Wilks coefficient, a valid measure of relative strength, was also calculated from the 1RM squat. The difference between ACV at 90% of 1RM and ACV at 30% of 1RM was calculated and used as ACV decline. Pearson's product moment correlations were used to assess relationships between absolute and relative strength and ACV decline. Results: Mean squat 1RM was 167.0 ± 42.5, mean Wilks Coefficient was 109.75 ± 21.55 and mean ACV decline from 30 to 90%1RM was 0.65 ± 0.11m·s−1. There was a significant moderate correlation between 1RM and ACV decline from 30 to 90% 1RM (r = 0.48, p = 0.01). Additionally, there was a significant moderate correlation between relative back squat strength and ACV decline from 30 to 90% 1RM (r = 0.56, p= < 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that lifters with greater absolute and relative strength will experience a larger decrease in ACV between 30 and 90% of their 1RM. These findings may be due to stronger lifters possessing greater neuromuscular efficiency, resulting in a slower ACV at high percentages of 1RM; thus, displaying greater velocity decline from low to high intensities. Practical Applications: Therefore, if utilizing velocity based training at high intensities a stronger lifter might be prescribed a slower ACV than a weaker lifter.
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Bazyler, Caleb D., George K. Beckham, and Kimitake Sato. "The Use of the Isometric Squat as a Measure of Strength and Explosiveness." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3783.
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The use of the isometric squat as a measure of strength and explosiveness. J Strength Cond Res 29(5): 1386–1392, 2015—The isometric squat has been used to detect changes in kinetic variables as a result of training; however, controversy exists in its application to dynamic multijoint tasks. Thus, the purpose of this study was to further examine the relationship between isometric squat kinetic variables and isoinertial strength measures. Subjects (17 men, 1-repetition maximum [1RM]: 148.2 ± 23.4 kg) performed squats 2 d·wk−1 for 12 weeks and were tested on 1RM squat, 1RM partial squat, and isometric squat at 90° and 120° of knee flexion. Test-retest reliability was very good for all isometric measures (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.90); however, rate of force development 250 milliseconds at 90° and 120° seemed to have a higher systematic error (relative technical error of measurement = 8.12%, 9.44%). Pearson product-moment correlations indicated strong relationships between isometric peak force at 90° (IPF 90°) and 1RM squat (r = 0.86), and IPF 120° and 1RM partial squat (r = 0.79). Impulse 250 milliseconds (IMP) at 90° and 120° exhibited moderate to strong correlations with 1RM squat (r = 0.70, 0.58) and partial squat (r = 0.73, 0.62), respectively. Rate of force development at 90° and 120° exhibited weak to moderate correlations with 1RM squat (r = 0.55, 0.43) and partial squat (r = 0.32, 0.42), respectively. These findings demonstrate a degree of joint angle specificity to dynamic tasks for rapid and peak isometric force production. In conclusion, an isometric squat performed at 90° and 120° is a reliable testing measure that can provide a strong indication of changes in strength and explosiveness during training.
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Sams, Matt L., Kimitake Sato, Brad H. DeWeese, Adam L. Sayers, and Michael H. Stone. "Quantifying Changes in Squat Jump Height Across a Season of Men's Collegiate Soccer." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4650.
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The purposes of this study were to examine the effectiveness of an athlete monitoring program in managing athlete neuromuscular fatigue across a men's collegiate soccer season as measured by changes in squat jump (SJ) height and to compare possible changes with the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) training load (TL). Eighteen outfield Division I men's college soccer players performed SJ testing before each game of the fall season in addition to a baseline measurement at the start of preseason. The athletes provided sRPE values after all training sessions, weight-training, and games. Linear mixed modeling was used to compare changes in SJ height across the season with the baseline, and a correlation coefficient and single-lag cross-correlation coefficient were calculated between TL and changes in SJ height. No statistically significant decreases in SJ height occurred across the season, although a moderate practical decline occurred after the preseason (−1.6 cm, effect size = −0.70). The correlation between TL and changes in SJ height was statistically nonsignificant, whereas the cross-correlation was significant (r = 0.18, p = 0.48 and r = 0.55, p = 0.02, respectively). The athlete monitoring program was successful in managing the athletes' neuromuscular fatigue across the season as evidenced by the maintenance of SJ height and positive relationship between TL and changes in SJ height. Thus, SJ monitoring may serve as a useful fatigue monitoring tool for collegiate soccer athletes. Future study is needed, relating changes in vertical jump performance to other markers of athlete preparedness and performance.
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Carroll, Kevin M. "Relationship Between Concentric Velocity at Varying Intensity in the Back Squat Using Wireless Inertia Sensor." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2535.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the Minimal Velocity Threshold (MVT) of 1RM and repetitions until failure testing conditions using the back squat exercise. Fourteen injury-free males with experience in the back squat volunteered to perform a 1RM and a submaximal (70% 1RM) repetitions until failure test, each during different testing sessions. Mean Concentric Velocity (MCV) was collected using a wireless inertia-measuring device. The last successful repetition in either condition was considered the MVT. A very small relationship between 1RM and repetitions until failure MVT was found (r=-0.135). There were no significant differences between testing sessions and the effect size was small (Cohen’s d=0.468) between each testing session. The small relationship and the non-significant p-value might suggest there is individual variance with MVT. In conclusion, the results of this study do not support a general MVT for the back squat comparing 1RM and submaximal repetitions until failure.
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Bechtel, Cale. "Back squat potentiates both vertical and horizontal jump performance in collegiate ice hockey players." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10638622.
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Back squats (BSQ) have been shown to effectively potentiate lower body power in a subsequent performance activity. There is a plurality of post activation potentiation (PAP) studies in which the BSQ and vertical jump (VJ) are used. To date, there is little information regarding BSQ and horizontal jump (HJ) performance. Nine collegiate ice hockey players from the California State University, Long Beach ice hockey team volunteered for the study. Participants performed five testing sessions separated by 96 hours. The first testing session was a one repetition maximum (1RM) BSQ to assign the athletes specific intensity. The intensity chosen was 87% of the athletes’ 1RM, which means they should complete five repetitions (87%) for the potentiated testing sessions. The four testing sessions were randomized consisting of a back squat followed by horizontal jump (BSQ-HJ), back squat followed by vertical jump (BSQ-VJ), horizontal jump only (CT-HJ) and vertical jump only (CT-VJ). During the potentiated conditions participants had a rest interval of 5 minutes between the BSQ and VJ or HJ. Alpha-level was set a priori at 0.05. The results indicate that both vertical (p = 0.017) and horizontal (p = 0.003) jump were significantly increased (VJ = +5.51cm, HJ = +11.55cm). The present study helps indicate that muscular power performance can be improved in VJ and HJ using the PAP training phenomenon in collegiate ice hockey players.
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Shankar, Aarthi S. Guess Trent M. "Optimization of quadriceps force distribution for minimization of patellofemoral contact pressure during a squat." Diss., UMK access, 2007.
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Thesis (M.S.)--School of Computing and Engineering. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007."A thesis in mechanical engineering." Typescript. Advisor: Trent M. Guess. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Feb. 7, 2008 Includes bibliographical references (leaf 49). Online version of the print edition.
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Claverie, Thomas. "Cheliped morphology, behaviour and selective pressures in the squat lobster Muninda rugosa (Fabricius, 1775)." Thesis, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520463.
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Popper, Eva Marie. "Reliability of a four second eccentric squat test and its relationship to SSC performance." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1244866.
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A four second eccentric squat test (EST) specific to the sport of alpine skiing was developed and standardized. Eighteen men aged 21-30 with one year resistance training experience participated in this study. The reliability of the EST and various jump tests was calculated and the relationship between EST and SSC performance was examined through the correlation of jump test variables and EST performance. The EST was observed to be highly reliable (ICC 0.99). The kinematic characteristics of the EST were closely related to those of alpine skiing. The reliability of the jump test performance variables ranged from low to high (ICC 0. 10-0.90). Investigators should be aware that the reliability of force and power measures can be confounded by changes in jump strategy between jump test trials. The relationship between slow eccentric strength and SSC performance was dependent on whether the jump was performed for maximal height or minimum contact time.School of Physical Education
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Wenning, Matthew R. "Kinematic and kinetic differences in the barbell squat wearing two different types of shoes." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1328122.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the squat kinematics and kinetics while wearing two different types of footwear. Ten men that compete at a collegiate level of powerlifting participated in the study. The participants performed the squat in both Chuck Taylor (flat soled) and Adidas (raised heel) shoes 3 times per shoe at 80% of 1 RM. During the testing sessions, sagittal plane kinematics of the shank were measured using 2-D video analysis. A force plate was used to measure the ground reaction forces of the right foot. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the medial lateral ground reaction forces (raised heel 63.58 N, flat soled 65.79 N), or the shank angles (raised heel 67.4 degrees, flat soled 65.7 degrees) of the participants. In conclusion, the participants were able to accommodate for a 1 inch raised heel in their shoe without altering shank position of medial-lateral ground reaction forces.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Lebron, Modesto A. "Validity and Reliability of HUMAC360 to Measure Velocity During Back Squat and Bench Press." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1617700990087886.
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Wong, Hanson. "The Effects of Different Set Configurations on Concentric Velocities in the Barbell Back Squat." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3788.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if concentric velocities of lighter loads of could be augmented if they are performed heavier working sets. Twelve trained males with experience in the barbell back squat performed a 5RM and completed two separate squat training session conditions that consisted of three sets of five repetitions with 85% of their 5RM. Both conditions differed in the placement of a reduced-load set that was either performed after the working sets or during the warm-up period. No significant differences were observed in the working set MCVs in both conditions. Additionally, no significant differences were observed amongst MCVs in the Down Set and equivalent warm-up set loads. The results of this study suggest that postactivation potentiation may not occur using a similar set-load scheme.
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Dumont, Isabelle. "Tapecul, squat, soleil : vivre la détresse sociale en centre-ville : essai de géographie sociale /." Mont-Saint-Aignan : Caen : Publications des Universités de Rouen et du Havre ; Presses universitaires de Caen : Pôle universitaire normand, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb411604949.
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Young, Douglas A. "Comparison Between the Trap Bar Dead Lift and Back Squat Exercises on Vertical Jump." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2818.
Full textAbstract:
The ability to produce power during competition is essential. Football requires explosive power in order to get off the ball faster, increase speed of the first step, and increase the height of the vertical jump. Most strength training professionals use the back squat to increase power of the lower extremities; however, as large forces are placed on the back, athletes are at greater risk for injury. The trap bar dead lift is similar to the back squat in movement and form, but the trap bar dead lift reduces the force on the lower back. After testing for maximum vertical jump,athletes at Timpview High School participated in a strength program using either back squats or trap bar dead lift for seven weeks. A pre-test, mid-test and post-test were performed to calculate the increase in maximum vertical jump, if any. It was found that neither lift was significantly different than the other when testing for maximum vertical jump. These results will allow strength training professionals to use the trap bar dead lift instead of the back squats in subjects similar to those participating in the study.