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1
Tombesi, Sergio, Bruce D. Lampinen, Samuel Metcalf, and Theodore M. DeJong. "Spur Fruit Set Is Negatively Related with Current-year Spur Leaf Area in Almond." HortScience 50, no. 2 (February 2015): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.2.322.
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Almond spurs are known to be the primary bearing unit in almond tree and are subject to alternate bearing. Fruits are a strong sink in bearing spurs and can influence spur leaf growth. At the same time the percent of flowers that set fruit on a spur (spur relative fruit set) could be influenced by the competition among multiple flowers/fruits borne on the same spur as well as by limited leaf area on the same spur. The aim of the present work was to investigate the relationship between current-year spur leaf area and spur absolute and relative fruit set. Approximately 2400 spurs were tagged and followed over 6 years and data concerning spur leaf area, number of flowers per spur, and number of fruits per spur were collected. Spur leaf area was reduced in fruiting spurs in comparison with non-fruiting spurs according to the number of fruits borne by each spur. This phenomenon contributes to spur alternate bearing because spur flowering and survival in the next year are a function of the leaf area in the current year. Relative fruit set in almond appears to be negatively associated with current-year spur leaf area. Competition among fruits on the same spur did not appear to influence spur relative fruit set.
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Heerema*, Richard J., Ted M. De Jong, and Steven A. Weinbaum. "Almond Spur Autonomy: Leaf Growth, Floral Initiation and Spur Survival." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 851B—851. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.851b.
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Spurs are the primary bearing unit in mature `Nonpareil' almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) trees. Our objective was to determine whether almond spurs behave autonomously with respect to various biological activities throughout the season. If autonomous, a spur's carbohydrate demands are met primarily by its own leaves and, therefore, the sink to source ratio of the spur itself is expected to be closely linked to its growth and development. In these experiments almond spurs differing in leaf area and/or fruit number were monitored for leaf development, fruit set, floral initiation, spur survival and carbohydrate storage. Previous-season spur leaf area had no relation to the number of leaves preformed within the dormant vegetative bud or final spur leaf area in the current season, but spurs which fruited in the previous season began spring leaf expansion later and current-season spur fruiting was associated with lower spur leaf area. There was little or no relationship between final percentage fruit set at the spur level and spur leaf area in either the current or previous seasons. Current-season spur leaf area was positively related to both spur flower bud number and spur winter survival. Carbohydrate storage in dormant spurs increased with increasing previous-season spur leaf area. These data are consistent with the concept of spur autonomy especially with regards to spur activities late in the season. The relationships of some of these same spur parameters to spur light exposure are currently being investigated.
3
Rom, Curt R., and Bruce Barritt. "Spur Development of `Delicious' Apple as Influenced by Position, Wood Age, Strain, and Pruning." HortScience 25, no. 12 (December 1990): 1578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.12.1578.
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The role of spur leaves in bud and fruit development on two spur-type `Delicious' apple strains (Malus domestica Borkh.) and factors affecting spur development were studied. Reducing spur leaf area on vegetative spurs in August reduced the number of spurs that flowered the following year but did not affect flower size. On spurs that did flower, leaf area reduction the previous year did not influence leaf number or area, but the bourse shoot leaf area was reduced. Spur bud diameter, leaf area, size, specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf dry weight were larger on 2-year-old vegetative spurs than on 1- or 3-year-old spurs. Within each age section of a limb, spur leaf number, area, size, SLW, and bud diameter decreased from the apical to basal positions on the limb. Flower number did not vary within a limb section, but fruit set was lower on the most apical and basal spurs compared to midshoot spurs. Fruit size was largest at the apical end of each limb section and was smallest at basal positions. These relationships were not affected by strain, tree age, or orchard location. Summer pruning at 30 days after bloom tended to increase leaf number, area, size, and spur length compared to unpruned trees or pruning later in the season but did not influence spur bud diameter.
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Barritt, Bruce H., Curt R. Rom, Kurt R. Guelich, S. R. Drake, and Marc A. Dilley. "Canopy Position and Light Effects on Spur, Leaf, and Fruit Characteristics of ‘Delicious’ Apple." HortScience 22, no. 3 (June 1987): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.3.402.
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Abstract Spur leaf and fruit characteristics at harvest were measured near the central leader at 1, 2, and 3 m above ground on 17-year-old trees of ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Percentages of full sunlight at 1 (bottom), 2 (middle), and 3 m (top) positions were 9, 23, and 48, respectively. Vegetative spurs at the top had greater average leaf dry weight, total leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight per spur, specific leaf weight (SLW), and bud diameter than spurs at the bottom. Fruiting spurs at the top had greater leaf dry weight, leaf dry weight per spur, SLW, bud diameter, and spur length than spurs at the bottom. Vegetative spurs had greater values than fruiting spurs for all spur traits except leaf number per spur. Fruit weight, size, and soluble solids were greater at the top than at the bottom. Fruit at the bottom had higher firmness and levels of starch, N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Fe, B, and Mg. SLW, leaf dry weight per spur, and average leaf dry weight of vegetative and fruiting spurs were correlated with percentage of full sunlight. Fruit size, weight, soluble solids, starch, and N content also were correlated with percentage of full sunlight. SLW was correlated with fruit size, weight, soluble solids, and starch, and N, P, Mg, Ca, and Fe content.
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Vaishnav, Dr Devanshi, Dr Dipali Trivedi, and Dr Jyoti Bhardwaj. "Study of calcaneal spur and its correlation with the talar articular facets of calcanei." December 2022 14, no. 2 (December 10, 2022): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56018/bjkines20221220.
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Background & aims: A spur is bony outgrowth at the site of attachment of a ligament or tendon into bone. The aim of this study is to analyse the incidence of calcaneal spur in relation to morphological variations of talar articular facets of calcaneus. Material & Method: Study comprised of 350 dry adult calcanei of unknown age and sex from Department of Anatomy, B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad. Calcanei were classified according to its talar articular facets and compare its relation with the calcaneal spur. Result: Out of the 350 calcanei 128 presented with spurs among them planter spur in 21.4%; dorsal spur in 10.2% and both spurs in 4.8%. Maximum incidence of calcaneal spurs were found in Type 1 calcanei 75% followed by 17.96% in Type 2, 7% in Type 3 and 0.7% in type 4. Conclusion: Calcaneal spurs are related to type of calcanei with the highest frequency in Type 1 and least in Type 4. Anatomical knowledge of the correlation between calcaneal spur and type of calcaneus may be of significant clinical interest to foot and ankle surgeons in clinical practice. Keywords: Dorsal spur, plantar spur, talar articular facets.
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Rom, Curt R., and David C. Ferree. "The Influence of Fruiting and Shading of Spurs and Shoots on Spur Performance." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 3 (May 1986): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.3.352.
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Abstract Leaves of spurs and/or shoots of small fruiting ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ apple trees were exposed to light or shade treatments from 60 days after petal fall until fruit maturity. Shading spurs reduced spur leaf photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr), but shading shoots had no effect on spur leaf Pn. There was no difference between fruiting and nonfruiting spur Pn and Tr. Shading shoots reduced fruit growth and delayed maturity, but shading spurs had no effect on either. Fruiting reduced—but did not eliminate—spur flowering the following year. Light conditions late in the season had no effect on flowering or spur leaf development the following spring.
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Arshad, Z., A. Ammar, M. Arshad, T. M. Mirza, T. Arshad, D. Arshad, and M. Amjad. "Association between Achilles and Plantar Calcaneal Spur in Pakistani Population Presenting with Pain." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561259.
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Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and associationbetween Achilles and plantar calcaneal spurs in Pakistani population. Study design: Cross sectional study. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in the radiology department Combined Military Hospital Lahore from October 2020 to December 2020. Methodology: Three hundred and thirty five patients were enrolled. The age and sex of the patients were recorded. Lateral foot and/ or ankle radiographs were evaluated for presence of calcaneal spurs. Results:Mean age 38 years.There were 268 (80%) males and 67 (20%) females. 30.7% patients had a calcaneal spur in our population irrespective of age and gender. 13% patients had both posterior and inferior calcaneal spurs. There was higher prevalence of inferior calcaneal spur irrespective of age and gender.Posterior calcaneal spur was seen in 20% of males and in 15% of females. A total of 44 (68%) patients with posterior plantar spur were found to have a concomitant inferior calcaneal spur.Inferior calcaneal spur was seen in 25% of males and in 28% of females and positive correlation between posterior and inferior calcaneal spurs. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of calcaneal spurs, which increases with advances of age. Inferior calcaneal spurs tend to be more prevalent in females. Furthermore, there is a significant association between the presence of posterior calcaneal spurs and the concomitant inferior calcaneal spurs. Key words: Achilles, Plantar, Calcaneal, Spur
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Robinson, Terence L., and Zhongbo Ren. "EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SHADE AND FOLIAR NUTRIENT SPRAYS ON APPLE SPUR VIGOR AND PERFORMANCE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1113c—1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1113c.
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Eleven year-old Empire/M.7 apple trees were shaded continously for 4 years with half-tree shading cages. Shading reduced primary spur leaf duration, bourse shoot leaf area, specific leaf weight, spur diameter and bud diameter. Over the four years, shaded spurs continued to increase in length but spur diameter increased very little resulting in long and brittle spurs. However, shaded spurs continued to flower and set fruit. Leaf area development was similar inside and outside the cages at one week after bloom but by 2 weeks after bloom, spurs inside the cages had significantly lower leaf area. Shading reduced fruit set, fruit size, fruit color, fruit soluble solids and fruit dry matter. Fruit growth rate was reduced by shading early in the season but was no different than the unshaded controls by 4 weeks after full bloom.In an attempt to reverse the negative effects of shading on spur vigor, foliar urea, zinc-EDTA and solubor were sprayed 3 times during the early growing season each year. Rather than increasing spur leaf area, foliar nutrient sprays significantly reduced bourse shoot leaf area and did not increase the duration of primary spur leaves. Although foliar nutrients reduced total spur leaf area, they improved fruit size, color and soluble solids slightly.
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Travers, Steven E., Ethan J. Temeles, and Irvin Pan. "The relationship between nectar spur curvature in jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) and pollen removal by hummingbird pollinators." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-014.
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Floral nectar spurs are hypothesized to have had a major role in the evolution of floral diversity and plant-pollinator coadaptation. We examined variation in the degree of nectar spur curvature in two species of jewelweed (Impatiens capensis and Impatiens pallida) pollinated by different sets of pollinators. To distinguish between adaptive and nonadaptive explanations for between-species differences in curvature, we determined the relationship between spur curvature and pollen removal, which is one estimate of male reproductive success. Spur curvature exhibited considerable variation both within and among three populations, with spur angles ranging from 0° to 297°. A greenhouse experiment determined that spur curvature of I. capensis flowers has a broad-sense heritability of 0.636. Laboratory experiments indicated that flowers having recurved spurs deposit significantly more pollen grains on hummingbird visitors than flowers having perpendicular spurs, apparently as a result of greater contact between the androecium of curve-spurred flowers and the upper bill of hummingbirds. We also found a significant relationship between spur curvature and flower length, suggesting a developmental link between the two traits. We discuss the degree of spur curvature in bird-pollinated I. capensis as a function of both adaptive evolution and developmental constraint.Key words: pollination, nectar spurs, hummingbirds, Impatiens capensis, Impatiens pallida, pollen export, floral morphology, floral polymorphisms.
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Roper, Teryl R., Wayne H. Loescher, John Keller, and Curt R. Rom. "Sources of Photosynthate for Fruit Growth in ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 5 (September 1987): 808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.5.808.
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Abstract Source–sink relationships in sweet cherry were altered by girdling limbs both above and below fruiting spurs. Spurs isolated by girdling both above and below had lower total fruit weight per spur and lower weight per fruit then those above or below girdles. Fruit number per spur was not altered, but soluble solids and fruit color were lower in fruits from isolated spurs than fruit from spurs either above or below girdles. Fruit on spurs above girdles were generally highest in soluble solids and fruit color. These factors indicate fruit on isolated spurs also were delayed in maturity. Spurs below girdles were unaffected by girdling. Girdling had no effect on spur leaf net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, or fruit water loss rate. The results indicate that spur leaves alone do not have the capacity to support fruit growth in sweet cherry and must, therefore, be supplemented by photosynthates from other sources.
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Warrington, Ian J., David C. Ferree, James R. Schupp, Frank G. Dennis, and Tara A. Baugher. "Strain and Rootstock Effects on Spur Characteristics and Yield of `Delicious' Apple Strains." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 3 (May 1990): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.3.348.
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The characteristics of 1-year-old vegetative spurs growing on 2-year-old branches were measured on 28 `Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) strains growing on M.7 rootstocks at Clarksville, Mich., and on 23 strains of `Delicious' on M.7a rootstocks at Kearneysville, W.Va. Spur-type strains typically had densities >20 to 21 spurs/m, and high spur leaf numbers, leaf areas per spur, leaf areas per leaf, and terminal bud diameters, whereas values for standard strains were generally lower. However, for most spur quality characteristics, there was a continuous range of values between the extremes rather than any distinct grouping into either spur or standard type. At both sites, spur density was significantly and positively correlated with yield efficiency. In a related study, the spur characteristics of `Starkspur Supreme' were measured on nine rootstocks: M.7 EMLA, M.9 EMLA, M.26 EMLA, M.27 EMLA, M.9, MAC 9, MAC 24, OAR 1, and Ottawa 3. Spur leaf number and spur leaf area were both high with vigorous rootstocks, whereas spur density was low. The rootstocks MAC 9, M.9, and M.9 EMLA had the highest yield efficiencies.
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Elderfield, Harry, Adam Schultz, Rachael James, Penny Dickson, Mervyn Greaves, Rachel Mills, Don Cowan, and Bob Nesbitt. "Brent Spar or Broken Spur?" Nature 376, no. 6537 (July 1995): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376208a0.
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Wallace, Helen, and Paul Johnston. "Brent Spar or Broken Spur?" Nature 376, no. 6537 (July 1995): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376208b0.
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Colles, W. M. "Brent Spar or Broken Spur?" Nature 376, no. 6537 (July 1995): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376208c0.
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Noda, M., and K. Mizuno. "ANATOMICAL STUDY FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF ACROMIAL SPUR UTILIZING MACERATED SKELETONS." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 03, no. 04 (December 1999): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957799000282.
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In clarifying the pathogenesis of an acromial spur formation, sixty macerated whole body skeletons were studied by utilizing visual measurement. The criterion for judging the presence of spurs was determined as spurs: >3 mm. Spur formation at eight different extra-spinal skeletal bones was measured bilaterally. Additionally, the morphological features of acromial spurs were classified. Comparative study on the paired acromial spur, both in the length and the morphology, was demonstrated to be significantly symmetric. Moreover, in the case of bilateral giant acromial spur presence: >4 mm, three out of six were associated with skeletal hyperostosis. Impingement and overuse have been considered to be the common preceding factors in acromial spurs. Based on our study, two additional factors might be proposed. It may either be due to a local finding of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or to intrinsic factors.
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Puzey, Joshua R., Sharon J. Gerbode, Scott A. Hodges, Elena M. Kramer, and L. Mahadevan. "Evolution of spur-length diversity in Aquilegia petals is achieved solely through cell-shape anisotropy." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1733 (November 16, 2011): 1640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1873.
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The role of petal spurs and specialized pollinator interactions has been studied since Darwin. Aquilegia petal spurs exhibit striking size and shape diversity, correlated with specialized pollinators ranging from bees to hawkmoths in a textbook example of adaptive radiation. Despite the evolutionary significance of spur length, remarkably little is known about Aquilegia spur morphogenesis and its evolution. Using experimental measurements, both at tissue and cellular levels, combined with numerical modelling, we have investigated the relative roles of cell divisions and cell shape in determining the morphology of the Aquilegia petal spur. Contrary to decades-old hypotheses implicating a discrete meristematic zone as the driver of spur growth, we find that Aquilegia petal spurs develop via anisotropic cell expansion. Furthermore, changes in cell anisotropy account for 99 per cent of the spur-length variation in the genus, suggesting that the true evolutionary innovation underlying the rapid radiation of Aquilegia was the mechanism of tuning cell shape.
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Ujjainkar, Bhawna, Diksha Nagrale, and Tushar Ubare. "Role of Physiotherapy in Middle-Aged Patient with Calcaneal Spur - A Case Report." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220323.
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Introduction: A calcaneal spur is a bony protrusion that occurs in the bottom section of the calcaneus, the most typical area for calcaneal spurs to grow, it is also known as a heel spur. Calcaneal spurs are frequently connected with plantar fasciitis-related heel pain. The calcaneus is an afoot skeleton component that provides posterior support for the foot's bony arches. The heel prominence is produced by the calcaneum, the largest, strongest, and longest of the seven tarsal bones. An osteophytic protrusion (calcaneal or heel spur or enthesophytes) extends throughout the whole breadth of the calcaneal tuberosity, for around 2-2.5 cm. The spur's peak is trapped by the plantar fascia, which is directly anterior to the spur's origin. Calcaneal spurs are asymptomatic unless they are manually activated and inflamed when they cause localized acute discomfort. A case of a heel spur in a 35-year-old woman is identified in this case study. The calcaneal spur was painful, which was associated with plantar fasciitis and impaired her foot function and the patient was treated conservatively. Discussion: The woman was diagnosed with a unilateral calcaneal spur in this situation, was middle-aged and had no chronic condition, so she was treated conservatively. This case contradicts the correlation between the duration of the calcaneal spur and the symptoms of plantar fasciitis. The causes that lead to this disorder are being overweight, training sports, straining feet. Conclusion: Physiotherapy aided by medical aids is the most sustainable process. Not every event, however, gives the expected results. Surgical therapy should be used if non-sustainable techniques are not possible. Key words: Heel pain, Plantar fasciitis, Physiotherapy, Calcaneal Spur, Middle-aged Patient.
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Smith, William K., James A. Noriega, and William K. Smith. "Resection of a Plantar Calcaneal Spur Using the Holmium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Ho:YAG) Laser." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 91, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-91-3-142.
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Many procedures have been described for the resection of plantar calcaneal spurs as treatment of heel spur syndrome and chronic plantar fasciitis. Most of these techniques involve a medial incision of between 2 and 6 cm for adequate exposure of the calcaneal spur. This article describes a new technique for resecting a calcaneal spur with a smaller medial incision using the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser. This laser permits adequate resection of a plantar calcaneal spur as well as coagulation of the bone and surrounding tissues. This minimally invasive procedure has been used with good results over the past year by the senior author (W.K.S.) for the resection of calcaneal spurs. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(3): 142-146, 2001)
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Elsysy, Mokhles A., Michael V. Mickelbart, and Peter M. Hirst. "Effect of Fruiting and Biennial Bearing Potential on Spur Quality and Leaf Gas Exchange in Apple." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 144, no. 1 (January 2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04524-18.
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Uniform annual apple (Malus ×domestica) fruit production is highly dependent on consistent flower formation from year to year, as inconsistent flowering can lead to the biennial bearing observed in some high-value cultivars. The presence of fruit on a spur has been considered the main cause of the expression of biennial bearing and the inhibition of flower initiation, with a number of theories being introduced to explain the phenomenon. In the current experiment, individual spurs of annual bearing cultivars (Gala, Ruby Jon, and Pink Lady) and biennial bearing cultivars (Honeycrisp, Fuji, and Golden Delicious) were thinned to a single fruit or completely defruited at petal fall. Spurs were sampled at the end of the growing season. Effects of fruiting on spur characteristics such as spur and bourse leaf area, stomatal density, leaf gas exchange, and flower formation were determined. Across all cultivars, the presence of fruit on a spur did not affect spur characteristics or flower formation compared with nonfruiting spurs. Similarly, flowering was unaffected by those factors associated with greater spur carbohydrate status, such as bourse leaf area and assimilation rate. Cultivars with greater transpiration and stomatal conductance (gs) rates had lower rates of flower formation. Future studies should focus on xylem flow and expression of genes regulating flowering and plant growth regulators in annual and biennial bearing cultivars.
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Shampa, Yuji Hasegawa, Hajime Nakagawa, Hiroshi Takebayashi, and Kenji Kawaike. "Three-Dimensional Flow Characteristics in Slit-Type Permeable Spur Dike Fields: Efficacy in Riverbank Protection." Water 12, no. 4 (March 28, 2020): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040964.
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This paper focuses on finding efficient solutions for the design of a highly permeable pile spur (or slit type) dike field used in morphologically dynamic alluvial rivers. To test the suitability of different arrangements of this type of permeable pile spur dike field, laboratory experiments were conducted, and a three-dimensional multiphase numerical model was developed and applied, based on the experimental conditions. Three different angles to the approach flow and two types of individual pile position arrangements were tested. The results show that by using a series of slit-type spurs, the approach velocity of the flow can be considerably reduced within the spur dike zone. Using different sets of angles and installation positions, this type of permeable spur dike can be used more efficiently than traditional dikes. Notably, this type of spur dike can reduce the longitudinal velocity, turbulence intensity, and bed shear stress in the near-bank area. Additionally, the deflection of the permeable spur produces more transverse flow to the opposite bank. Arranging the piles in staggered grid positions among different spurs in a spur dike field improves functionality in terms of creating a quasi-uniform turbulence zone while simultaneously reducing the bed shear stress. Finally, the efficacy of the slit-type permeable spur dike field as a solution to the riverbank erosion problem is numerically tested in a reach of a braided river, the Brahmaputra–Jamuna River, and a comparison is made with a conventional spur dike field. The results indicate that the proposed structure ensures the smooth passing of flow compared with that for the conventional impermeable spur structure by producing a lower level of scouring (low bed shear stress) and flow intensification.
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Hirst, Peter M., and David C. Ferree. "Rootstock Effects on the Flowering of `Delicious' Apple. II. Nutritional Effects with Specific Reference to Phosphorus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (November 1995): 1018–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.1018.
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In each of 3 years, vegetative spurs were sampled from l-year-old wood of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) growing on B.9, M.26 EMLA, M.7 EMLA, P.18, and seedling rootstocks. Mineral concentrations of spur leaves and bud apical meristems were determined, and related to spur bud development. The spur leaf P concentration decreased during the growing season each year, hut was unaffected by rootstock. Spur leaves of trees on B.9 rootstock had 30% higher Ca concentrations than trees on M.26 EMLA or seedling rootstocks. In each year, trees growing on M.26 EMLA rootstocks had the highest leaf Mg concentrations. Mineral concentrations were generally unrelated to spur leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, or specific leaf weight. Phosphorus concentrations in spur bud apical meristems declined during two of the three growing seasons of the study and were unaffected by rootstock. Bud P concentration was weakly negatively related to bud diameter and bud appendage number in one year of the study. More vigorous spurs (as indicated by higher spur leaf number, leaf area, and leaf dry weight) had higher bud K levels during each year. No relationships between bud development and either spur leaf mineral concentration or bud apical meristem mineral levels were evident, suggesting that a direct role of mineral nutrition influenced by rootstock at the site of flower formation was unlikely.
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Hirst, Peter M., and David C. Ferree. "Rootstock Effects on Shoot Morphology and Spur Quality of `Delicious' Apple and Relationships with Precocity and Productivity." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 4 (July 1995): 622–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.4.622.
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Two-year-old branch sections of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees growing on 17 rootstock were studied over 6 years to determine the effects of rootstock on shoot morphology and spur quality and describe how these factors may be related to precocity and productivity. Shoot length was affected by rootstock and was positively related to trunk cross-sectional area within each year, but the slope of the regression line decreased as trees matured. The number of spurs on a shoot was largely a product of shoot length. Spur density was inversely related to shoot length, where rootstock with longer shoots had lower spur densities. Flower density was not related to spur density, and shoot length only accounted for a minor part of the variation in flower density. The proportion of spurs that produced flowers was closely related to flower density, indicating that rootstock influence flower density by affecting the development of individual buds rather than by the production of more buds. More vigorous rootstock generally had spurs with larger individual leaves and higher total leaf area per spur, but fewer spur leaves with lower specific leaf weights. More precocious rootstock were also more productive over a 10-year period when yields were standardized for tree size. Tree size was the best indicator of precocity and productivity, which could be predicted with a high degree of certainty as early as the 4th year.
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Lanza, Donald C., Deborah Farb Rosin, and David W. Kennedy. "Endoscopic Septal Spur Resection." American Journal of Rhinology 7, no. 5 (September 1993): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065893781976339.
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A variety of surgical approaches exists for the management of nasal septal spurs in patients who undergo endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Treatment of septal spurs in the past has been frequently addressed by septoplasty which can result in increased bleeding and length of surgical procedure as well as mandate postoperative nasal packing. Individually each of these problems can jeopardize the success of endoscopic sinus surgery. An endoscopic approach, which targets the septal spur alone, can minimize perioperative morbidity. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of endoscopic septal spur resection (ESSR) for the management of significant septal spurs in 8 patients who underwent concurrent ESSR during ESS for chronic sinusitis. Surgical technique and postoperative results are discussed and suggest that ESSR is a valuable alternative to more traditional techniques.
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Zimmerman, Richard H. "Orchard Variation in Micropropagated Trees of `Redspur Delicious' Apple." HortScience 32, no. 5 (August 1997): 935–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.5.935.
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Micropropagated trees of `Redspur Delicious' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.), planted as small, actively growing trees in May 1982, lacked uniformity in tree size, appearance, and flowering by the spring of 1986. Only four of the 18 trees had a typical spur-type growth habit; these four trees had 80% more spurs per meter of shoot, 8 to 10 times as many flowers the first year of flowering and 9.5-fold higher early fruit yields, but were 40% smaller after 14 years in the orchard and had 25% less cumulative fruit yield than the nonspur types. Shoots from the spur-type trees were recultured in 1988 and the resulting trees planted in an orchard in 1990. These latter trees were uniform in appearance and all had typical spur-type growth, with about 30% more spurs per meter of shoot growth than the spur-type trees from which they were propagated. Micropropagating spur-type apples from previously micropropagated trees that have maintained clonal fidelity may overcome the potential problem of clonal variation in orchard planted micropropagated trees.
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Erb, W. Alan, David C. Ferree, Frank D. Morrison, Mark Pyeatt, and Richard Ryer. "Morphology of Two-year-old Limb Sections and Mid-season Spur Quality of Four Apple Cultivars on Five Dwarfing Rootstocks." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 506D—506. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.506d.
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This study was conducted at three locations (Manhattan, Kan.; Wichita, Kan.; Wooster, Ohio) for 3 years (1994–1996). At bloom, 2-year-old limb sections from `Smoothee', `Jonagold', `Empire', and `Rome' on M.9EMLA, Bud 9, Mark, Ottawa 3, or M.26EMLA were evaluated for flowering and vegetative, spurs (5 cm or less), short shoots (5–15 cm) and long shoots (>15 cm). In mid-August, spur quality was estimated by randomly selecting five spurs per cultivar rootstock combination. There were significant location and year differences for all the morphological and spur quality characters measured. Across locations and years, the following characteristics were consistently high for the cultivars listed: stem density of flowering spurs for `Empire'; and leaf area, bud-diameter and average leaf size per spur for `Jonagold'. The most consistently high characteristics across locations and years for the rootstocks were for stem density of flowering spurs for Mark and leaf number, leaf area, bud-diameter, and average leaf size per spur for M.26EMLA. Stem density for flowering short shoots was highest for `Smoothee' and M.9EMLA in Wooster, `Jonagold' and Bud 9 in Wichita and `Rome', `Jonagold', and Bud 9 in Manhattan. Flowering long shoot stem density was highest for `Smoothee', `Jonagold', and M.26EMLA in Wooster, `Smoothee' in Wichita, and `Jonagold' and Ottawa 3 in Manhattan. There were some significant cultivar by rootstock interactions. The most-consistent interactions across locations and years were for stem cross-sectional area, stem length, stem density of flowering spurs, and flowering short shoots and bud-diameter per spur.
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Kim, Hyungsuk, Syungkyun Choi, Soo Bin Park, and Hyun Seok Song. "Evaluation of acromial spur using ultrasonography." Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5397/cise.2020.00332.
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Background: The presence of an acromial spur implies a rotator cuff disorder due to impingement between the acromial spur and the rotator cuff. The purpose of the study was to observe acromial spurs using ultrasonography and to compare measurements between plain radiographs and sonograms.Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 51 consecutive patients with acromial spurs, which were interpreted on preoperative plain radiographs (supraspinatus outlet view and 30° caudal tilt) and preoperative sonograms. The ultrasonography transducer was held vertically and continuously moved laterally, which corresponded to the long axis of the long head of the biceps. The distance from the most distal margin of the original acromion to the most projected point of the acromial spur was measured.Results: No significant difference was found between the plain radiograph and ultrasonography measurements (p=0.186). A moderate to strong correlation was detected between the ultrasonography and supraspinatus outlet-view measurements (r=0.776, p=0.000).Conclusions: Anteriorly projected acromial spurs were well-visualized by ultrasonography. No discrepancy in acromial spur length was detected between the use of plain radiography (supraspinatus outlet view and 30° caudal-tilt view) and ultrasonography. The correlation coefficients between the plain radiography and ultrasonography measurements exceeded 0.7.
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Riedl, H., and P. W. Shearer. "Prebloom Control of Pear Psylla with Pyrethroid Insecticides, 1989." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/15.1.47.
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Abstract Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 28-yr-old pear trees. Trees were sprayed to the drip point. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates (2 of each variety) arranged in a randomized complete block design. All sprays were applied on 6 Apr at the white bud stage. Treatments were evaluated by beating tray counts of PP adults (2 trays/tree) and counts of PP eggs and nymphs on 5 spurs/tree. After trees leafed out, spur leaves were sampled (2 leaves/spur; 20 spur leaves/tree). Spurs and leaves were scanned under a stereo microscope. Samples were taken before and after treatment at about 1 to 2 wk intervals.
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Özyaman, Cansu, Cahit Yerdelen, Ebru Eris, and Rasoul Daneshfaraz. "Experimental investigation of scouring around a single spur under clear water conditions." Water Supply 22, no. 3 (November 16, 2021): 3484–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.389.
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Abstract This study presents the effect of different parameters on the scouring process around spur dikes. Our research group's stated objective was to evaluate the effects of sediment gradation, flow depth, spur angle and spur length on the scouring process. Since most existing studies generally employed uniform sediment, in this study uniform and non-uniform sediment were selected. Experiments were made in a rectangular open channel in uniform flow conditions. Results showed that the effect of the spur dike length and the orientation angle on sediment scour varies with the type of sediment used. Scour volumes were 40% greater in uniform sediments than in non-uniform sediments. Measured scour depth was maximum at spurs perpendicular to the flow, whereas the scour volume was maximum at spurs directed upstream. The scour depth increased with an increase in the spur length; however, the effect of spur length on scouring varied at a contraction rate of 0.29 for uniform sediments and 0.36 for non-uniform sediments. A multiple regression analysis was also performed, and four equations were suggested to predict the scour depth and scour volume. Comparisons were made with the literature equations applicable for clear-water scouring to check the suggested equation. Because of the wide range of contraction ratios considered in this study, the equations which considered the contraction effect yielded better estimates.
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Ferree, David C., and C. G. Forshey. "Influence of Pruning and Urea Sprays on Growth and Fruiting of Spur-bound ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 5 (September 1988): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.5.699.
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Abstract Spur quality and leaf nutritional levels were determined in various canopy sections of mature spur-bound ‘Delicious’-type apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees and then various pruning and foliar urea treatments were applied to alter growth and improve fruit size. Fruit size declined from the top to the bottom of the canopy of mature spur-bound ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ trees with a similar pattern in the following criteria: leaf area/spur, spur specific leaf weight, and spur bud diameter. Spur leaf area was higher in the top center and east sections than in the top south. Spur bud diameter in the bottom third of the canopy was highest in the north and east sections, lowest in the central section, and intermediate in the south and west sections. Concentrations of leaf Mn, Zn, B, Al, and Na tended to increase from the top to the bottom of the canopy. Four urea sprays (6 g urea/liter) during the cell division period of fruit growth had little influence on spur quality, but fruit weight was increased 3 successive years. Spur pruning of 25-year-old ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ trees was not sufficient to increase shoot growth or improve spur quality, but heading back into 2-year-old wood plus spur pruning increased shoot number by 38%. Spur and heading-back pruning increased the number of shoots and total shoot leaf area of 13-year-old ‘Red Chief Delicious’ trees, and the combination of both pruning types led to the greatest increase. Heading-back of the younger trees increased leaf area of both shoots and spurs and spur pruning also increased leaf area/spur. Heading-back pruning increased average fruit weight, and the increase was positively correlated with total leaf area, shoot leaf area, and number of shoot leaves/mm of branch circumference.
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Schechter, Ido, D. C. Elfving, and J. T. A. Proctor. "APPLE TREE LIGHT INTERCEPTION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, GROWTH, AND YIELD AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1128c—1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1128c.
Full textAbstract:
Mature apple (Malus domestic a Borkh.) trees with “Starkspur Supreme Delicious” as the scion grafted on nine different rootstocks were studied in 1987 and 1988. Canopy seasonal development and its light interception were examined using fisheye (hemispherical) photographs Rootstock affected the amount of structural wood, the rate of canopy development and the final leaf area. However, rootstock did not affect the sigmoidal pattern of canopy development. Photosynthesis (Pn) was measured under field conditions. Shoot leaves, spur leaves on spurs without fruits (S-F), and spur leaves on spurs with fruit (S+F) from trees on M.26 EMLA and OAR 1 showed no differences in Pn rates. However, for both rootstock, shoot leaves had the highest Pn rate, S+F the lowest, and S-F leaves had intermediate values Growth and yield components were assessed by leaf separation into shoot and spur leaves while harvesting them. Rootstock strongly affected the canopy leaf distribution as well as leaf number, dry weight, area, number of spurs and yield PCLC. Yield efficiency was mainly dependent upon spur leaf dry weight. OAR 1 performed uniquely in this study
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He, Peng, Lian Peng Wang, Na Wang, and Gang Xu. "Design and Implementation of Spurs Detection System Based on OpenCV." Advanced Materials Research 345 (September 2011): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.345.217.
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In order to better solve the problem of detection of small bone spurs with convenient and accurate way, a portable spur detection system is designed. This system, in view of spur reproducibility characteristic, is characterized by the application for a kind of the improved algorithm based on the OpenCV. And it was successfully transplanted into the embedded system. The experimental results indicated that this system might precisely examine the small spur with difficulty discovery by naked eyes used fully by two images of computed tomography which done in different periods. The spur detection system needs to be further improved function to realize more applications. In fact, function expansion based on the system is easy to realize.
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Williams, G. A., M. Serena, and T. R. Grant. "Age-related change in spurs and spur sheaths of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 1 (2013): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am12011.
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Non-invasive techniques for age assessment of wild mammals are needed for effective species management as well as research. In the case of the platypus, we investigated how morphology of calcaneal spurs and associated features in males and vestigial spur sheaths in females varies with age. Total spur length in males (spur tip to base of subtending epidermal collar) is greatest at 19–24 months and falls thereafter, with significant linear relationships evident between spur length and age of subadults (13–24 months old) and adults (≥25 months old). However, collar length/total spur length discriminates better between subadults and older animals than either collar length or total spur length alone. Juveniles can be reliably identified up to the age of 12 months (males) and 9 months (females) by the presence, respectively, of a sheath encasing the spur or a rudimentary spur sheath. A small proportion of young subadults (males, 4%; females, ≤2%) will be misclassified as juveniles due to sheaths being retained for longer than normal. Studies that need to identify juveniles very accurately as an age class should avoid sampling populations from August–October on the south-eastern Australian mainland (or May–October if subadult males also need to be identified correctly).
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Moroney, Paul J., Barry J. O’Neill, Khalid Khan-Bhambro, Shay J. O’Flanagan, Peter Keogh, and Paddy J. Kenny. "The Conundrum of Calcaneal Spurs." Foot & Ankle Specialist 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2013): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938640013516792.
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Background: Chronic plantar heel pain is a common and potentially debilitating condition, often caused by plantar fasciitis. Plantar calcaneal spurs were originally considered the cause of plantar fasciitis but are now regarded as an incidental finding by most authors. We aimed to test this hypothesis and to investigate predisposing factors for the development of spurs. Methods: We reviewed all lateral ankle X rays taken in our institution over a 6-month period and identified all X rays demonstrating calcaneal spurs. Then, we identified a similar number of age- and sex-matched controls without spurs. We contacted both groups by telephone and compared symptoms of heel pain, plantar fasciitis, associated comorbidities, and foot and ankle outcome scores (FAOSs). Results: We reviewed the X rays of 1103 consecutive patients and found a spur prevalence of 12.4%, more common in women and older patients. Questioning of the spur group and control group found a higher body mass index in the spur group. Patients with spurs were 4 times more likely to have diabetes mellitus and 10 times more likely to have lower-limb osteoarthritis. Patients with spurs had more foot pain and poorer FAOS than the control group, even when patients with plantar fasciitis were excluded. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the presence of a plantar calcaneal spur may be an indicator of foot pain independent of plantar fasciitis. Although spurs may not cause foot pain themselves, they may be an indication of other associated conditions. Clinical relevance: We have demonstrated the relevance of a radiographic finding once considered irrelevant. Level of Evidence: Prognostic, Level III: Case-control study
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Tandiyo, Desy Kurniawati, Ratna Darjanti Haryadi, Ari Probandari, and Didik Gunawan Tamtomo. "Radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy on calcaneal spurs: a randomized controlled trial." Medical Journal of Indonesia 28, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v28i4.3039.
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BACKGROUND The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in handling pain and calcaneal spurs is still controversial, whereas research on the effectiveness of ESWT in the reactive ossification process of calcaneal spurs, involving osteoprotegerin (OPG) and the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), does not exist. This study was aimed to assess the effect of ESWT on pain, the length of the spur, plasma OPG and RANK level on the calcaneal spur.
METHODS This study was a randomized controlled trial in patients with calcaneal spurs. ESWT was administered at the pain point by applying 2,000 shocks, at an intensity of 2 bars, given six times with a 7–10-day interval. The visual analog scale (VAS) data, plasma OPG and RANK level were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test, whereas spur size was analyzed using chi-square test.
RESULTS One month after therapy at rest (p < 0.001) and when walking after getting up (p = 0.020), the VAS was lower than that in the control group. The plasma OPG level was lower than control group shortly after therapy (p < 0.001). The plasma RANK level was higher than control group shortly after therapy (p < 0.001). ESWT did not affect the reduction of spur measurement (p = 0.382).
CONCLUSIONS ESWT reduced pain, decreased plasma OPG level, and increased plasma RANK level. Although ESWT did not have any effect on spur reduction, it affected plasma OPG and RANK level that play a role in the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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Klein, I., S. A. Weinbaum, T. M. DeJong, and T. T. Muraoka. "Relationship between Fruiting, Specific Leaf Weight, and Subsequent Spur Productivity in Walnut." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 3 (May 1991): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.3.426.
Full textAbstract:
Localized and carry-over effects of light exposure [as inferred from specific leaf weight (SLW)] on spur viability, flowering, and fruit set were monitored in selected spurs throughout walnut (Juglans regia, cvs. Serr and Hartley) tree canopies. Shaded spurs (i.e., average SLW <4 mg·cm-2) were predisposed to die during the winter, and spur mortality was accentuated among spurs that had borne fruit that season. More catkins and distillate flowers per spur were characteristic of the more exposed positions within the canopy (as indicated by SLW) during the previous summer and following an “off” year. In exposed `Serr' canopy positions (SLW >5 mg·cm-2), catkin and Pistillate flower maturation was reduced in fruiting spurs by 60% and 30%, respectively, in the subsequent year relative to vegetative spurs. In `Hartley', the number of distillate flowers was also reduced by 35% on spurs that fruited the previous year relative to spurs that had been vegetative. Maximum rates of return bloom and fruit set were evident in spurs exhibiting the highest SLW and N per unit leaf area (NA), specific to each cultivar. Among spurs of both cultivars, distillate flower development was more sensitive to shading in the previous season than was catkin development. Shell weight of `Serr' varied positively with SLW, but kernel weight, fruit N, and oil concentration did not vary “with SLW in either cultivar.
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Ballerini, Evangeline S., Ya Min, Molly B. Edwards, Elena M. Kramer, and Scott A. Hodges. "POPOVICH, encoding a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor, plays a central role in the development of a key innovation, floral nectar spurs, inAquilegia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 36 (August 26, 2020): 22552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006912117.
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The evolution of novel features, such as eyes or wings, that allow organisms to exploit their environment in new ways can lead to increased diversification rates. Therefore, understanding the genetic and developmental mechanisms involved in the origin of these key innovations has long been of interest to evolutionary biologists. In flowering plants, floral nectar spurs are a prime example of a key innovation, with the independent evolution of spurs associated with increased diversification rates in multiple angiosperm lineages due to their ability to promote reproductive isolation via pollinator specialization. As none of the traditional plant model taxa have nectar spurs, little is known about the genetic and developmental basis of this trait. Nectar spurs are a defining feature of the columbine genusAquilegia(Ranunculaceae), a lineage that has experienced a relatively recent and rapid radiation. We use a combination of genetic mapping, gene expression analyses, and functional assays to identify a gene crucial for nectar spur development,POPOVICH(POP), which encodes a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor.POPplays a central role in regulating cell proliferation in theAquilegiapetal during the early phase (phase I) of spur development and also appears to be necessary for the subsequent development of nectaries. The identification ofPOPopens up numerous avenues for continued scientific exploration, including further elucidating of the genetic pathway of which it is a part, determining its role in the initial evolution of theAquilegianectar spur, and examining its potential role in the subsequent evolution of diverse spur morphologies across the genus.
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Schechter, I., J. T. A. Proctor, and D. C. Elfving. "Morphological Differences among Apple Leaf Types." HortScience 27, no. 2 (February 1992): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.2.101.
Full textAbstract:
Leaf characteristics of mature `Sturdeespur Delicious'/MM.106 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were studied in two experiments. In 1989 canopy foliage on fruiting trees was divided into shoot leaves, leaves on nonfruiting spurs, and leaves on fruiting spurs. Shoot leaves were the heaviest, the largest, and contained the highest internal gas volume and chlorophyll content. The two spur-leaf types differed in their leaf characteristics except for stomate density. In 1990 shoot and spur leaves on nonfruiting spurs on fruiting trees had lower leaf water content than those leaves on nonfruiting trees. All other shoot-leaf characteristics were similar. Leaves on nonfruiting spurs on nonfruiting trees were larger than those on fruiting trees.
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Zimmerman, Richard H. "Variation in Micropropagated Trees of `Redspur Delicious' Apple." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 871F—871. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.871f.
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Small actively growing micropropagated trees of `Redspur Delicious' apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) were planted in an orchard at the end of May 1982. By Spring 1986, a lack of uniformity in tree size, appearance, and flowering was obvious. Only four of the 18 trees had a typical spur-type growth habit. These four trees had significantly more spurs per unit of shoot length, flowered sooner, had higher early fruit yields, and remained significantly smaller after 13 years in the orchard, but had significantly less cumulative yield than the nonspur types. Shoots from the spur-type trees were recultured in 1988 and the resulting trees planted in an orchard in 1990. These latter trees were uniform in appearance and all had typical spur-type growth with ≈30% more spurs per meter of shoot growth than the original trees from which they were propagated.
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Looney, Norman E., and John N. Knight. "Effects of Initial Set and Carbaryl Treatment on Final Fruit Set on ‘Greensleeves’ Apple." HortScience 20, no. 3 (June 1985): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.3.400.
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Abstract Fruit set on mature spurs and on 1-year-old wood (lateral bloom) was followed as a step in the development of a chemical thinning protocol for ‘Greensleeves’ apple trees. Initial set (fruit firmly attached 15 days after full bloom) was a reasonable predictor of final set on spurs but not on lateral clusters. High initial set values on lateral clusters reduced final set. Likewise, initial and final set values on either spur or lateral clusters were inversely related following a 1000 ppm carbaryl treatment, although lateral clusters were more readily thinned than spur clusters by carbaryl. Without the carbaryl treatment, final set per cluster was comparable on spur and lateral clusters, and final set on lateral clusters was improved by defruiting alternate clusters on these 1-year-old branch sections 15 days after full bloom.
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Proctor, J. T. A., and J. W. Palmer. "THE ROLE OF SPUR AND BOURSE LEAVES OF THREE APPLE CULTIVARS ON FRUIT SET AND GROWTH AND CALCIUM CONTENT." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 789F—789. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.789f.
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The development of a complete and healthy early season canopy of spur leaves, and later addition of bourse leaves, is essential for fruit set, fruit growth and quality in apple. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the temporal role of spur leaves and bourse shoots on fruit set, growth and return bloom in three apple cultivars and fruit Ca Level at harvest in two cultivars. Individual flowering spurs on mature wood of “Cox's Orange Pippin”, “Golden Delicious” and “Crispin” apple trees were modified by removing the spur leaves, the bourse shoot, or both, at full bloom and two, four and eight weeks afterwards. Leaf removal reduced fruit set, yield (as fruit number and not size), fruit calcium level at harvest, and return bloom. Defoliationhad its greatest effect on fruit calcium level when done early in the season and plots of this against treatment time suggested a curvilinear relationship. Return bloom was dependent on the presence of the bourse shoots on the spur but not on spur leaves. Return bloom of all three cultivars declined with the number of fruitlets per spur four weeks after full bloom.
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Bebenita, Michael, Florian Brandner, Manuel Fahndrich, Francesco Logozzo, Wolfram Schulte, Nikolai Tillmann, and Herman Venter. "SPUR." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 45, no. 10 (October 17, 2010): 708–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1932682.1869517.
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Vandenbroeck, S., and M. Jorissen. "Endoscopic septoplasty: literature review, surgical techniques and retrospective analysis at the University Hospitals Leuven." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 133, no. 4 (April 2019): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215119000665.
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AbstractBackgroundEndoscopic septoplasty is an alternative approach for a deviated nasal septum. Since its introduction, numerous techniques have been developed, each with its own advantages and limitations. A literature review is presented, along with our experience with endoscopic spur resection.MethodsThe Medline and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant literature, and the records of all patients undergoing endoscopic spur resection at the University Hospitals Leuven between 2001 and 2015 were reviewed.Results and conclusionEndoscopic septoplasty offers improved visualisation and the option of limited flap dissection, which are particularly helpful when dealing with isolated spurs, posterior deviations and revision septoplasty. It enhances teaching and improves surgical transition to endoscopic sinus surgery. Reported success and complication rates are comparable to those seen in traditional approaches. Endoscopic spur resection, as conducted at the University Hospitals Leuven, was shown to be a quick, safe and efficient technique when dealing with isolated septal spurs, especially when combined with endoscopic sinus surgery.
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Marini, Richard P., Emily K. Lavely, Tara Auxt Baugher, Robert Crassweller, and James R. Schupp. "Using Logistic Regression to Predict the Probability That Individual ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples Will Develop Bitter Pit." HortScience 57, no. 3 (March 2022): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16081-21.
Full textAbstract:
‘Honeycrisp’ is a popular apple cultivar, but it is prone to several disorders, especially bitter pit. Previously reported models for predicting bitter pit are biased, indicating that the models are missing one or more important predictor variables. To identify additional variables that may improve bitter pit prediction, a study was undertaken to investigate the influence of canopy position, spur characteristics, and individual fruit characteristics on bitter pit development. ‘Honeycrisp’ trees from two orchards over 2 years provided four combinations of orchards and years. Fruits were sampled from spurs at different canopy positions and with varying bourse shoot lengths and numbers of fruits and leaves. Following cold storage, bitter pit was assessed in three ways: 1) bitter pit severity was recorded as the number of pits per fruit, 2) bitter pit was recorded as a binomial response (yes, no) for each fruit, and 3) the incidence of bitter pit was recorded as the proportion of fruit developing bitter pit. As a result of the high fruit-to-fruit variation, bitter pit severity was associated with canopy position or spur characteristics to a lesser extent than bitter pit incidence. Bitter pit incidence was generally greater for fruits developing on spurs with only one fruit and spurs from the lower canopy. Binomial data were analyzed with a generalized linear mixed model. Fruit harvested from trees with heavy crop loads, and those developing on spurs with multiple fruit and spurs with long bourse shoots had the lowest probability of developing bitter pit. Regardless of how bitter pit was assessed, bitter pit related positively to fruit weight (FW), but the relationship usually depended on other variables such as canopy position, fruit per spur, and leaves per spur. The advantages of fitting binomial data with logistic regression models are discussed.
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Lei, Xin, Junan Zhang, Jun Deng, Peng Yin, Zhou Shu, and Fang Tang. "An Automatic Clock-Induced-Spurs Detector Based on Energy Detection for Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 3396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093396.
Full textAbstract:
A clock-induced-spurs detector, composed of a programmable low-pass filter (LPF), energy detector and spur detection algorithm, is presented and applied to a four-channel 1 gigabit-samples-per-second (GSPS) direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDS). The proposed detector realizes the detection of spurs based on energy-detection, and the spur detection algorithm is adopted to automatically extract the amplitude and phase of clock-induced spurs, generated by the intermodulation of harmonic spurs and multiple clocks. Finally, the extracted features are sent to auxiliary DDS to decrease the target spur, following which the detector can be turned off to save power. Additionally, the detected characteristics under different output conditions can be read out through the interface for rapid frequency switching. The proposed detector integrated into a DDS is fabricated with a 65 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process and has an area of 190 μm × 320 μm. The measured power consumption is roughly 38 mW, consuming 6% that of a single-channel DDS. The test results show that the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of this DDS can be successfully enhanced from −43.1 dBc to roughly −59.9 dBc without any off-chip instruments. This effectively proves that the detection accuracy of this detector can reach around −81 dBm.
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Hasan, Md Zahid, Md Mashrur Islam, Avijit Mallik, Md Abdullah Al Mamun, Foorkan Chowdhury, Sheikh Saeed Limon, and Anisul Islam. "DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A PAIR OF MESHED SPUR GEARS." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 3 (October 1, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v2i2.1557.
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Spur gears are the most well-known kind of gears used in hybrid vehicle’s power transmission. They have straight teeth, and are mounted on parallel shafts. In some cases, many spur gears are utilized without a moment's delay to make huge rigging decreases. In this paper how stress creates on a spur equip under various conditions and conditions and reenactments of a rigging system (two spur gears) is assessed by Ansys workbench. For this static structural and dynamic analysis modeling is utilized. A couple of spurs equip tooth in real life is by and large subjected to two sorts of cyclic stress: contact stress and twisting stress including bowing fatigue. The two stresses may not accomplish their greatest esteems at a similar purpose of contact fatigue. These sorts of failure can be limited by analysis of the issue amid the outline organize and making appropriate tooth surface profile with legitimate assembling strategies.
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Islam, Anisul, and Md Mashrur Islam. "STRESS ON SPUR GEAR AND SIMULATION FOR MICRO HYBRID SYSTEMS BY ANSYS WORKBENCH." Wahana Fisika 4, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/wafi.v4i1.15174.
Full textAbstract:
Spur gears are the most well-known kind of gears used in hybrid vehicle’s power transmission. They have straight teeth, and are mounted on parallel shafts. In some cases, many spur gears are utilized without a moment's delay to make huge rigging decreases. In this paper how stress creates on a spur equip under various conditions and conditions and reenactments of a rigging system (two spur gears) is assessed by Ansys workbench. For this static structural and dynamic analysis modeling is utilized. A couple of spurs equip tooth in real life is by and large subjected to two sorts of cyclic stress: contact stress and twisting stress including bowing fatigue. The two stresses may not accomplish their greatest esteems at a similar purpose of contact fatigue. These sorts of failure can be limited by analysis of the issue amid the outline organize and making appropriate tooth surface profile with legitimate assembling strategies.
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Hoover, Emily, S. McArtney, S. Tustin, M. White, and P. Hirst. "295 The Effect of Cultivar, GA4+7, and Number of Fruit per Spur on Flower Initiation in Apple." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 493C—493. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.493c.
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Experiments were initiated to document the effect of cultivar, GA4+7, and number of fruit/spur on appendage number and flower bud initiation in apple. `Pacific Rose' is strongly biennial, `Braeburn' and `Fuji' are moderately biennial, and `Royal Gala' is not biennial. In the cultivar study, buds were sampled every 18 days starting at 50 days after full bloom and continuing through until leaf fall to determine the rate of appendage formation and appendage number in relation to doming. Because of the tendency for `Pacific Rose' to exhibit biennial bearing, the rate of appendage formation and the timing of doming were compared on nonfruiting trees, trees carrying a commercial crop, and trees sprayed with 300 PPM GA4+7 applied 14 days after full bloom. Number of appendages for the treatments were similar up to 100 days after full bloom. Presence of fruit on a spur has been demonstrated to inhibit flowering of apple. Spurs of `Pacific Rose', `Splendor', and `Royal Gala' were labeled with zero, one, two, and three fruit per spur and sampled three times during the season. As buds were harvested to count appendage number, the number of fruit per spur and the number of total seeds per spur were recorded. Correlation between number of seeds per spur and rate of appendage formation were done.
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Ouzounis, Theoharis, and Gregory A. Lang. "Foliar Applications of Urea Affect Nitrogen Reserves and Cold Acclimation of Sweet Cherries (Prunus avium L.) on Dwarfing Rootstocks." HortScience 46, no. 7 (July 2011): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.7.1015.
Full textAbstract:
Seasonal uptake, storage, and remobilization of nitrogen (N) are of critical importance for plant growth. The use of N reserves for new growth in the spring is especially important for sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), for which new shoot and fruit growth is concomitant and fruit development occurs during a relatively short bloom-to-ripening period. Sweet cherries grafted on precocious, dwarfing rootstocks such as the interspecific (P. cerasus × P. canescens) hybrids Gisela® 5 and 6 tend to produce large crops but smaller fruit when crop load is not balanced with adequate leaf area. Study objectives were to: 1) characterize natural N remobilization during fall and winter to canopy reproductive and vegetative meristems; 2) determine the effect of fall foliar urea applications on storage N levels in flowering spurs; 3) determine whether differential storage N levels influence spur leaf formation in spring; and 4) determine whether fall foliar urea applications affect the development of cold-hardiness. During fall, total N in leaves decreased by up to 51% [dry weight (DW)] and increased in canopy organs such as flower spurs by up to 27% (DW). The N concentration in flower spurs increased further in spring by up to 150% (DW). Fall foliar applications of urea increased storage N levels in flowering spurs (up to 40%), shoot tips (up to 20%), and bark (up to 29%). Premature defoliation decreased storage N in these tissues by up to 30%. Spur leaf size in the spring was associated with storage N levels; fall foliar urea treatments increased spur leaf area by up to 24%. Foliar urea applications increased flower spur N levels most when applied in late summer to early fall. Such applications also affected the development of cold acclimation in cherry shoots positively during fall; those treated with urea were up to 4.25 °C more cold-hardy than those on untreated trees.
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Scranton, Pierce E., and John E. McDermott. "Anterior Tibiotalar Spurs: A Comparison of Open versus Arthroscopic Debridement." Foot & Ankle 13, no. 3 (January 1992): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079201300303.
Full textAbstract:
We compared the difference in operative time, hospitalization and recovery time in two groups of patients who underwent open or arthroscopic resection of anterior, tibiotalar, impinging spurs. The operative time was approximately the same, but the average length of hospitalization and time to recovery were shorter in the arthroscopic group. A classification system is proposed that grades the degree of spur formation and assists in predicting the length of recovery time and whether the patient is a candidate for open or arthroscopic spur resection. In this series, grade I spur patients recovered and resumed full activity at 5.0 weeks, grade II at 5.6 weeks, grade III at 6.4 weeks, and grade IV at 10.0 weeks postoperatively. Grade IV patients are not suitable candidates for an arthroscopic debridement.
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Verma, Saurabh, Madakasira Sridhar, and Manish Garg. "A Case of Split Cord Malformation with Triple Bony Spur in a Single Dural Sleeve—A Classification Dilemma." Indian Journal of Neurosurgery 07, no. 03 (August 30, 2018): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1670019.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSplit cord malformation-I (SCM-I) is characterized by the presence of double dural sacs, with rigid extradural bony/cartilaginous spur leading to symmetrical or asymmetrical division of the cord. In split cord malformation-II (SCM-II), there is a single dural sac with a nonrigid fibrous spur and symmetrical division of the cord. SCM-II are slightly more common than SCM-I, constituting around 50 to 60% of SCMs. The authors report a unique case of SCM with triple bony spurs lying both intra- and extradurally in a single dural sleeve. At the time of submission of this report, to the best of authors’ knowledge, no case of SCM with triple bony spurs in single dural sleeve has been reported anywhere in the world literature.