Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spt3

Academic literature on the topic 'Spt3'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Spt3"

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Winston, Fred, Catherine Dollard, Elizabeth A. Malone, Jeffrey Clare, James G. Kapakos, Philip Farabaugh, and Patricia L. Minehart. "Three Genes Are Required for trans-Activation of Ty Transcription in Yeast." Genetics 115, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/115.4.649.

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ABSTRACT Mutations in the SPT3 gene were isolated as one class of suppressors of Ty and solo δ insertion mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous work has shown that null mutations in SPT3 abolish the normal Ty δ-δ transcript; instead, a transcript that initiates 800 bases farther downstream is made, suggesting that SPT3 is required for transcription initiation in δ sequences. We have selected for new spt mutations and have screened for those with the unique suppression pattern of spt3 mutations with respect to two insertion mutations. Our selection and screen has identified two additional genes, SPT7 and SPT8, that are also required for transcription initiation in δ sequences. We show that mutations in SPT7 or SPT8 result in the same alteration of Ty transcription as do mutations in SPT3. In addition, mutations in all three genes cause a sporulation defect. By assay of a Ty-lacZ fusion we have shown that spt3, spt7 and spt8 mutations reduce transcription from a δ sequence by 10-25-fold. Finally, we show that SPT3 mRNA levels are unaffected in either spt7 or spt8 mutants, suggesting that these two genes do not regulate transcription of SPT3.
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Happel, A. M., M. S. Swanson, and F. Winston. "The SNF2, SNF5 and SNF6 genes are required for Ty transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 128, no. 1 (May 1, 1991): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/128.1.69.

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Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF2, SNF5 and SNF6 genes were initially identified as genes required for expression of SUC2 and other glucose repressible genes. The Suc- defect in all three of these classes of mutants is suppressed by mutations in the SPT6 gene. Since mutations in SPT6 had also been identified as suppressors of Ty and solo delta insertion mutations at the HIS4 and LYS2 loci, we have examined Ty transcription in snf2, snf5 and snf6 mutants and have found that Ty transcription is abolished or greatly reduced. The snf2, snf5 and snf6 defect for Ty transcription, like the defect for SUC2 transcription, is suppressed by spt6 mutations. In contrast to other mutations that abolish or greatly reduce Ty transcription (in the SPT3, SPT7 and SPT8 genes), mutations in these SNF genes do not cause suppression of insertion mutations. This result suggests that the SNF2, SNF5 and SNF6 gene products act by a distinct mechanism from the SPT3, SPT7 and SPT8 gene products to promote transcription of Ty elements. This result also suggests that a reduction of Ty transcription is not always sufficient for activation of adjacent gene expression.
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Laprade, Lisa, Victor L. Boyartchuk, William F. Dietrich, and Fred Winston. "Spt3 Plays Opposite Roles in Filamentous Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans and Is Required for C. albicans Virulence." Genetics 161, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.2.509.

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Abstract Spt3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the normal transcription of many genes in vivo. Past studies have shown that Spt3 is required for both mating and sporulation, two events that initiate when cells are at G1/START. We now show that Spt3 is needed for two other events that begin at G1/START, diploid filamentous growth and haploid invasive growth. In addition, Spt3 is required for normal expression of FLO11, a gene required for filamentous growth, although this defect is not the sole cause of the spt3Δ/spt3Δ filamentous growth defect. To extend our studies of Spt3's role in filamentous growth to the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, we have identified the C. albicans SPT3 gene and have studied its role in C. albicans filamentous growth and virulence. Surprisingly, C. albicans spt3Δ/spt3Δ mutants are hyperfilamentous, the opposite phenotype observed for S. cerevisiae spt3Δ/spt3Δ mutants. Furthermore, C. albicans spt3Δ/spt3Δ mutants are avirulent in mice. These experiments demonstrate that Spt3 plays important but opposite roles in filamentous growth in S. cerevisiae and C. albicans.
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Happel, A. M., and F. Winston. "A mutant tRNA affects delta-mediated transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 132, no. 2 (October 1, 1992): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/132.2.361.

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Abstract Mutations in the SPT3, SPT7, SPT8 and SPT15 genes define one class of trans-acting mutations that are strong suppressors of insertion mutations caused by Ty elements or by the Ty long terminal repeat sequence, delta. These SPT genes are required for normal transcription of Ty elements, and their gene products are believed to be involved in initiation of Ty transcription from delta sequences. We have isolated and analyzed extragenic suppressors of spt3 mutations. These new mutations, named rsp, partially suppress the requirement for SPT3, SPT7, SPT8 and SPT15 functions. In addition, rsp mutations cause changes in transcription of some delta insertions in an SPT+ genetic background. Interactions between mutations in the four identified RSP genes show a number of interesting genetic properties, including the failure of unlinked rsp mutations to complement for recessive phenotypes. Cloning and sequencing of one rsp mutant gene, rsp4-27, showed that it encodes a frameshift suppressor glycine tRNA. Our results indicate that the other three RSP genes also encode frameshift suppressor glycine tRNAs. In addition, other types of frameshift suppressor glycine tRNAs can confer some Rsp- phenotypes.
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Roberts, S. M., and F. Winston. "SPT20/ADA5 encodes a novel protein functionally related to the TATA-binding protein and important for transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 16, no. 6 (June 1996): 3206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.6.3206.

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Mutations selected as suppressors of Ty and solo delta insertion mutations is Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified a number of genes important for transcription initiation. One of these gens, SPT15, encodes the TATA-binding protein, and three others, SPT3, SPT7, and SPT8, encode proteins functionally related to the TATA-binding protein. To identify additional related functions, we have selected for new spt mutations. This work has identified one new gene, SPT20. Null mutations in SPT20 cause poor growth and a set of severe transcriptional defects very similar to those caused by null mutations in SPT3, SPT7, and SPT8 and also very similar to those caused by certain missense mutations in SPT15. Consistent with its having an important function in transcription in vivo, SPT20 was also recently identified as ADA5 and has been shown to be important for transcriptional activation (G.A. Marcus, J. Horiuchi, N. Silverman, and L. Guarente, Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:3197-3205, 1996.
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Eisenmann, D. M., C. Chapon, S. M. Roberts, C. Dollard, and F. Winston. "The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT8 gene encodes a very acidic protein that is functionally related to SPT3 and TATA-binding protein." Genetics 137, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/137.3.647.

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Abstract Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT8 gene were previously isolated as suppressors of retrotransposon insertion mutations in the 5' regions of the HIS4 and LYS2 genes. Mutations in SPT8 confer phenotypes similar to those caused by particular mutations in SPT15, which encodes the TATA-binding protein (TBP). These phenotypes are also similar to those caused by mutations in the SPT3 gene, which encodes a protein that directly interacts with TBP. We have now cloned and sequenced the SPT8 gene and have shown that it encodes a predicted protein of 602 amino acids with an extremely acidic amino terminus. In addition, the predicted SPT8 amino acid sequence contains one copy of a sequence motif found in multiple copies in a number of other eukaryotic proteins, including the beta subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. To investigate further the relationship between SPT8, SPT3 and TBP, we have analyzed the effect of an spt8 null mutation in combination with different spt3 and spt15 mutations. This genetic analysis has shown that an spt8 deletion mutation is suppressed by particular spt3 alleles. Taken together with previous results, these data suggest that the SPT8 protein is required, directly or indirectly, for TBP function at particular promoters and that the role of SPT8 may be to promote a functional interaction between SPT3 and TBP.
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Belotserkovskaya, Rimma, David E. Sterner, Min Deng, Michael H. Sayre, Paul M. Lieberman, and Shelley L. Berger. "Inhibition of TATA-Binding Protein Function by SAGA Subunits Spt3 and Spt8 at Gcn4-Activated Promoters." Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 634–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.2.634-647.2000.

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ABSTRACT SAGA is a 1.8-MDa yeast protein complex that is composed of several distinct classes of transcription-related factors, including the adaptor/acetyltransferase Gcn5, Spt proteins, and a subset of TBP-associated factors. Our results indicate that mutations that completely disrupt SAGA (deletions of SPT7 orSPT20) strongly reduce transcriptional activation at theHIS3 and TRP3 genes and that Gcn5 is required for normal HIS3 transcriptional start site selection. Surprisingly, mutations in Spt proteins involved in the SAGA-TBP interaction (Spt3 and Spt8) cause derepression of HIS3 andTRP3 transcription in the uninduced state. Consistent with this finding, wild-type SAGA inhibits TBP binding to theHIS3 promoter in vitro, while SAGA lacking Spt3 or Spt8 is not inhibitory. We detected two distinct forms of SAGA in cell extracts and, strikingly, one lacks Spt8. Conditions that induceHIS3 and TRP3 transcription result in an altered balance between these complexes strongly in favor of the form without Spt8. These results suggest that the composition of SAGA may be dynamic in vivo and may be regulated through dissociable inhibitory subunits.
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Dudley, Aimée M., Lisa J. Gansheroff, and Fred Winston. "Specific Components of the SAGA Complex Are Required for Gcn4- and Gcr1-Mediated Activation of the his4-912δ Promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 151, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/151.4.1365.

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Abstract Mutations selected as suppressors of Ty or solo δ insertion mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified several genes, SPT3, SPT7, SPT8, and SPT20, that encode components of the SAGA complex. However, the mechanism by which SAGA activates transcription of specific RNA polymerase II-dependent genes is unknown. We have conducted a fine-structure mutagenesis of one widely used SAGA-dependent promoter, the δ element of his4-912δ, to identify sequence elements important for its promoter activity. Our analysis has characterized three δ regions necessary for full promoter activity and accurate start site selection: an upstream activating sequence, a TATA region, and an initiator region. In addition, we have shown that factors present at the adjacent UASHIS4 (Gcn4, Bas1, and Pho2) also activate the δ promoter in his4-912δ. Our results suggest a model in which the δ promoter in his4-912δ is primarily activated by two factors: Gcr1 acting at the UASδ and Gcn4 acting at the UASHIS4. Finally, we tested whether activation by either of these factors is dependent on components of the SAGA complex. Our results demonstrate that Spt3 and Spt20 are required for full δ promoter activity, but that Gcn5, another member of SAGA, is not required. Spt3 appears to be partially required for activation of his4-912δ by both Gcr1 and Gcn4. Thus, our work suggests that SAGA exerts a large effect on δ promoter activity through a combination of smaller effects on multiple factors.
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Boeke, J. D., C. A. Styles, and G. R. Fink. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT3 gene is required for transposition and transpositional recombination of chromosomal Ty elements." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 11 (November 1986): 3575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.11.3575-3581.1986.

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Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT3 gene have dramatic effects on the expression of Ty elements and genes adjacent to the element. The SPT3 gene is essential for Ty transposition, because transposition of chromosomal Ty elements ceased when the SPT3 gene was replaced with the frameshift mutation spt3-101. Presumably, the elimination of transposition was due to the effect of the SPT3 gene product on Ty transcription; the transcripts of chromosomal Ty elements were largely abolished in the spt3-101 strain (F. Winston, K. J. Durbin, and G. R. Fink, Cell 39:675-682, 1984). Ty transcription in an spt3-101 strain could be reestablished by introduction of the pGTyH3 plasmid, in which transcription of the Ty element TyH3 is under the control of the GAL1 promoter; these plasmid-derived Ty transcripts were SPT3-independent. Ty transposition resumed after galactose induction in spt3-101 strains containing the pGTyH3 plasmid. In spt3 mutants nearly all of the resulting transposition events derived from pGTyH3 plasmids and not from chromosomal elements.
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Boeke, J. D., C. A. Styles, and G. R. Fink. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT3 gene is required for transposition and transpositional recombination of chromosomal Ty elements." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 11 (November 1986): 3575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.11.3575.

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Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT3 gene have dramatic effects on the expression of Ty elements and genes adjacent to the element. The SPT3 gene is essential for Ty transposition, because transposition of chromosomal Ty elements ceased when the SPT3 gene was replaced with the frameshift mutation spt3-101. Presumably, the elimination of transposition was due to the effect of the SPT3 gene product on Ty transcription; the transcripts of chromosomal Ty elements were largely abolished in the spt3-101 strain (F. Winston, K. J. Durbin, and G. R. Fink, Cell 39:675-682, 1984). Ty transcription in an spt3-101 strain could be reestablished by introduction of the pGTyH3 plasmid, in which transcription of the Ty element TyH3 is under the control of the GAL1 promoter; these plasmid-derived Ty transcripts were SPT3-independent. Ty transposition resumed after galactose induction in spt3-101 strains containing the pGTyH3 plasmid. In spt3 mutants nearly all of the resulting transposition events derived from pGTyH3 plasmids and not from chromosomal elements.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spt3"

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Bhat, Abdul Wajid. "Regulation of transcription elongation factors SPT2 and SPT6 by casein kinase II." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29184/29184.pdf.

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Comme pour tous les autres processus en lien avec l’ADN, la structure de la chromatine lors de la transcription est dans un état de perpétuel changement. Ainsi, elle est ouverte pour permettre l’accès à l’ADN, pour ensuite se replier correctement. La dynamique de la structure chromatinienne est régulée finement par de multiples mécanismes qui agissent ensemble afin de rendre le processus hautement efficace. Ces mécanismes comprennent les modifications post-traductionelles des histones, le remodelage de la chromatine par les remodeleurs ATP-dépendants, l’incorporation des variants d’histones et l’assemblage/désassemblage des nucléosomes par les chaperons d’histones. En plus de ces activités, il y a un certain nombre de composantes non-reliées aux histones qui sont directement impliquées dans les modulations de la conformation de la chromatine associées à la transcription. Chez la levure, un de ces facteurs est la protéine HMG-like Spt2p, démontrée précédemment comme étant directement impliquée dans le réassemblage des nucléosomes dans le sillon de l’ARN polymérase II en déplacement le long du segment d’ADN transcrit. Dans la présente étude, nous démontrons que Spt2p est phosphorylée directement par la caséine kinase II (CKII) et que cette modification inhibe sa liaison à la chromatine. Nos résultats indiquent que la CKII altère l’interaction de Spt2p avec le chaperon d’histone Spt6p. Nous avons aussi trouvé que la phosphorylation directe de Spt6p par la CKII stimule l’association de ce facteur avec un autre partenaire, Iws1p. Cette association est absolument nécessaire pour le repliement correct des nucléosomes durant l’élongation. De plus, cette régulation positive du complexe Spt6p/Iws1p par la CKII module directement l’association de ce complexe avec la méthyltransférase de H3K36, Set2p. Finalement, nous avons montré que la phosphorylation de Spt6p par la CKII est essentielle à l’inhibition des promoteurs cryptiques et des erreurs de transcription. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent un nouveau mécanisme par lequel la CKII contrôle le repliement correct de la structure de la chromatine dans les régions codantes en modulant les interactions du chaperon d’histone essentiel Spt6p avec ses partenaires Spt2p, Iws1p et Set2p.
Like any other DNA-related process, chromatin structure is in a state of constant flux during transcription, unfolded to get access to DNA and refolded back properly. The dynamics of chromatin structure are tightly regulated and multiple mechanisms act together to make the process highly efficient. These include modifications of histones, chromatin remodeling by ATP-dependent remodeling factors, incorporation of histone variants and nucleosome disassembly and reassembly by histone chaperones. In addition to these activities, there are a number of non-histone chromatin components that are directly involved in the modulation of chromatin associated with transcription. In yeast, one of these factors is the HMG-like protein Spt2p previously shown to participate directly in the process of nucleosome reassembly in the wake of RNA polymerase II movement along transcribed DNA. In this work, we show that Spt2p is directly phosphorylated by the casein kinase II (CKII) and we demonstrate that this modification inhibits its association with chromatin. Our findings indicate that CKII disrupts the interaction of Spt2p with the histone chaperone Spt6p. Interestingly, we also found that direct phosphorylation of Spt6p by CKII stimulates the association of this factor with another partner, Iws1p. This association is absolutely required for the refolding of nucleosomes during elongation. Furthermore, this positive regulation of the Spt6p/Iws1p complex by CKII modulates directly the association of this complex with the H3K36 methyltransferase Set2p. Finally, we show that phosphorylation of Spt6p by CKII is essential to the inhibition of cryptic promoters and spurious transcription. Taken together, our results suggest a new mechanism whereby CKII directs chromatin structure refolding in coding regions by modulating the interaction of the essential histone chaperone Spt6p with its partners Spt2p, Iws1p and Set2p.
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Dürr, Julius [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Grasser. "The role of the transcription elongation factor SPT4-SPT5 in plant growth and development / Julius Dürr. Betreuer: Klaus Grasser." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1065445318/34.

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Vojnić, Erika. "NMR solution structure of the Set2 SRI domain and preparation of RNA polymerase II complexes with the elongation factor Spt4-Spt5." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00006976.

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Vojnic, Erika. "NMR solution structure of the Set2 SRI domain and preparation of RNA polymerase II complexes with the elongation factor Spt4-Spt5." Diss., lmu, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-69769.

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Burckin, Todd A. "Probing the integration of steps in the gene expression pathway through analysis of the SPT4-SPT5 transcription elongation complex in Saccharomyces cervisiae /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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MASELLA, MICHEL. "Nouveaux modeles pour traiter les liaisons hydrogene du type o(sp3)---h-o(sp3)." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996EPXX0020.

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Deux nouveaux modeles pour traiter les liaisons hydrogene o(sp3)---h-o(sp3) ont ete developpes. Ils reposent sur une decomposition de l'energie d'interaction en quatre termes: un terme d'echange, un terme electrostatique, un terme de deformation intramoleculaire et une terme de transfert de charge. Ces modeles ont ete parametres a partir de calculs ab initio au niveau mp2/6-311++g(2df,2p). Les deux modeles se distinguent au niveau de l'energie calculee. Le premier modele (appele mitra) evalue une enthalpie de formation a 298 k, le second (appele varuna), une energie d'interaction absolue. Ce dernier modele donnant une bonne evaluation des frequences de vibration des systemes etudies, il permet egalement d'acceder aux enthalpies de complexation a l'aide de relations classiques de la thermodynamiques. Pour appliquer ces modeles, un programme en fortran (sleipnir) a ete ecrit. Ce programme permet de faire des calculs de modelisation moleculaire (bases sur le champ de force mm2 d'allinger), des calculs de frequences de vibration et des calculs de thermodynamique statistique. Ces modeles ont ete appliques aux clusters de l'eau, de l'eau lourde, du methanol ainsi qu'a l'etude des premieres couches de solvatation de petits cationsd monoatomiques (lithium et sodium), et de l'ethane-1,2 diol
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Holstein, Philipp. "Enantioselective C(sp3)-H Arylation and Development of a Modular C(sp3)-H Alkenylation." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10286.

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Récemment, l'activation C-H catalysée par des métaux de transition est devenue un outil performant pour construire des liaisons carbone-carbone et carbone hétéroatome à partir de liaisons C-H omniprésentes dans les molécules organiques. Bien que l'activation des liaisons C-H aromatiques ait été largement étudiée ces dernières années, celle des liaisons C-H aliphatiques représente encore un domaine faiblement exploré. Notre équipe s'est depuis plusieurs années intéressée au développement méthodologique de l'activation C(sp3)-H et à son application en synthèse de produits naturels et molécules bioactives. Dans la continuité des récents travaux sur la version asymétrique de cette réaction, cette thèse décrit le développement et la synthèse de nouveaux ligands du type Binepine. Ces ligands chiraux et monodentates nous ont permis de réaliser la synthèse d'indanes chiraux possédant un centre asymétrique quaternaire, de manière hautement énantio- et diastéréosélective. Cette réaction présente comme avantages l'utilisation d'une faible charge catalytique et d'une température de réaction inférieure à 100 °C, sans aucun additif. Le champ d'application de la réaction inclut notamment l'activation des liaisons C-H d'un groupement méthylène, donnant ainsi accès à des systèmes fusionnés, tricycliques. La construction de molécules non-aromatiques via une alcénylation C-H intramoléculaire a été récemment décrite et s'avère très prometteuse pour la synthèse de produits naturels saturés. Dans la continuité de ces travaux innovants, nous avons développé la synthèse de γ-lactames à partir de bromoalcènes acycliques. Cette nouvelle réaction permet de construire de manière simple et efficace des hétérocycles a cinq chainons de façon modulaire, donnant ainsi la possibilité d'envisager des nouvelles déconnections rétrosynthétiques, complémentaires des méthodes déjà établies. Cette nouvelle méthode a pu être appliquée à la synthèse totale de l'alcaloïde marin Plakoridine A, dont la structure centrale cyclique a été synthétisée en quatre étapes avec un rendement global de 37%
Recently, transition-metal-catalyzed C-H activation has emerged as a powerful tool to transform stable C-H bonds into carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds. While the activation of aromatic C-H bonds has seen a tremendous development, less effort has been devoted to the more challenging activation of aliphatic C-H bonds. Our group has a long-standing interest in the development of C(sp3)-H activation reactions and their application in the synthesis of natural products and bioactive compounds. In line with previous efforts to develop an asymmetric C(sp3)-H activation, the herein presented work details the synthesis of new Binepine ligands. These monodentate, chiral ligands enabled us to realize a highly dia- and enantioselective C(sp3)-H activation reaction allowing the construction of chiral quaternary carbon centers. Strong points of this robust method are the low catalyst loading, the low reaction temperature and the absence of additives. The substrate scope includes the rare activation of methylene C-H bonds leading to fused tricyclic carbocycles and heterocycles. The construction of non-aromatic molecules through intramolecular C-H alkenylation was recently disclosed and has great potential for the construction of saturated natural products. Based on seminal work, we have developed the synthesis of valuable γ- lactams from acyclic bromoalkenes. This new methodology offers a powerful way to build simple, five-membered N heterocycles in a modular fashion. Notably, it enables a new retrosynthetic disconnection which is complementary to conventional approaches. Finally, we set out to showcase its utility as key step in the total synthesis of the pyrrolidine alkaloid Plakoridine A. The cyclic core structure was accessed in four steps and 37% overall yield
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Tapias, Soler Alicia. "Regulació del promotor de "Sp3"." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1059.

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Sp1 i Sp3 pertanyen a la família de factors de transcripció Sp que controla la transcripció de gens implicats en gairebé tots els processos cel.lulars. Estudis previs al nostre grup van estudiar la regulació del promotor del gen Sp1 i van demostrar que la transcripció de Sp1 estava regulada principalment de forma positiva per Sp1 i NF-Y, i que Sp3 era capaç de contrarrestar l'activació produïda per Sp1 sobre el seu propi promotor. Donat que la relació Sp1/Sp3 a la cèl·lula és important per a la regulació dels gens diana, en aquest treball ens vam proposar estudiar la regulació del promotor de Sp3.
Vam clonar una regió de 546 bp que corresponia al promotor de Sp3 i vam procedir a la seva caracterització. Sp3 presenta múltiples inicis de transcripció localitzats entre les posicions -132 i -70 respecte de l'inici de traducció i la seva màxima activitat promotora es localitza a la regió fins a -281bp respecte de l'inici de traducció. Mitjançant les tècniques de retardament de la movilitat electroforètica (EMSA) i Immunoprecipitació de la Cromatina (ChIP) hem demostrat la unió dels factors Sp1, Sp3, NF-Y, NF-1, c-Myb, B-Myb i c-Jun al promotor de Sp3. D'altra banda hem estudiat l'efecte de la sobreexpressió i la inhibició d'aquestes proteïnes sobre l'activitat d'aquest promotor utilitzant assajos d'activitat luciferasa, i sobre els nivells endògens de mRNA utilitzant RT-Real Time-PCR. Sp3 activa la transcripció del seu propi promotor. El promotor de Sp3 també és activat de forma més potent per Sp1, Sp3 i NF-Y; tot i que NF-1, c-Myb, B-Myb, c-Jun i c-Fos també poden activar aquest promotor. Un altre fet remarcable és que E2F1 es comporta com a repressor del promotor de Sp3. Tots els resultats observats a nivell de l'activitat del promotor es van confirmar amb la mesura dels nivells endogens de mRNA per Sp3.
Addicionalment, s'ha estudiat la interacció de Sp1 amb diferents proteïnes implicades en la regulació del cicle cel·lular i s'ha caracteritzat l'efecte de la seva sobreexpressió sobre l'activitat del promotor de Sp1, ja que està regulat per Sp1. Utilitzant un array d'anticossos, es va fer un cribatge de proteïnes que poguessin interaccionar amb Sp1, i algunes d'elles es van confirmar per co-immunoprecipitació. Això ens va permetre demostrar que Sp1 és capaç d'interaccionar amb CDK4, p21, SKP2 i BRCA2. Posteriorment, vam analitzar l'efecte d'aquestes i altres proteïnes que interaccionen amb Sp1 sobre el promotor de Sp1, i vam observar que el promotor de Sp1 és regulat de forma positiva per la sobreexpressió de CDK4, SKP2, BRCA2, Ciclina D1, E2F1/DP1 i Stat3; mentre que és reprimit per la sobreexpressió de p53 i NFB. Per tal d'analitzar si hi havia una correlació entre els efectes sobre el promotor de Sp1 i una alteració dels nivells endogens de Sp1, vam confirmar tots els efectes observats a nivell de l'activitat del promotor tot emprant la tècnica de RT-Real Time-PCR. A més, els efectes sobre el promotor de Sp1 es produeixen mentre aquestes proteïnes estan unides, directa o indirectament, al promotor tal com van demostrar els assajos de ChIP. També vam estudiar l'efecte de la sobreexpressió d'aquestes proteïnes sobre un promotor que només contenia caixes Sp1 i, en general, vam observar efectes equivalents als observats per al promotor de Sp1. La interacció entre Sp1-p21 va ser objecte d'estudi en més detall i vam determinar que l'expressió de p21 en cèl·lules de fibrosarcoma indueix el promotor de Sp1 així com els nivells de mRNA, però, al mateix temps, indueix la degradació de Sp1.

Com a conclusió final, hem vist que el procés de transcripció és un mecanisme molt complex que involucra un gran número de factors de transcripció, així com d'altres proteïnes que puguin interaccionar amb aquests factors.
Sp1 and Sp3 belong to the Sp family of transcription factors that controls transcription of genes involved in almost all processes in the cell. We performed a detailed analysis of the promoter region of the Sp3 transcription factor, including the identification of its transcriptional start sites and the putative binding sites for transcription factors. Multiple transcriptional starts sites were located at position sranging from -70 to -132 relative to the translational start of the gene. We defined the minimal promoter region cooresponding to 281 bp relative to the translational start. Along the promoter sequence we demonstrated the binding of Sp1, Sp3, NF-Y, NF-1, c-Myb, B-Myb and c-Jun. Moreover, we studied the effect of the overexpression or knocking down of these factors on the Sp3 promoter activity and the endogenous mRNA levels. Sp3 is positively autoregulated and it is also activated by Sp1, NF-Y, Myb, AP-1 and NF-1. On the contrary, Sp3 transcription is repressed by E2F/DP1 overexpression.
Additionally, we studied the interaction of Sp1 with other proteins involved in the cell cycle regulation and we characterized the effect the overexpression of these proteins on the Sp1promoter activity, given that this promoter is regulated by Sp1. Sp1 is able to interact with CDK4, p21, SKP2 and BRCA2. The Sp1 promoter is positively regulated by the overexpression of CDK4, SKP2, BRCA2, Ciclina D1, E2F1/DP1 and Stat3 whereas the overepression of p53 and NFB represses the promoter. The effects of all these proteins were also analyzed at the Sp1 mRNA level and by using an artificial promoter containing only Sp1 binding sites. The interaction between Sp1 and p21 was further analyzed and we demonstrated that, in fibrosarcoma cells, p21 induces the Sp1 promoter and its mRNA expression but, at the same time, it induces the degradation of Sp1 protein.
The process of transcription is a very complex mechanism that involves a great number of transcription factors and other proteins interacting with these factors.
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Howarth, Clayton. "Motorinformationens roll i SPT-effekten." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-940.

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Det har visat sig vara bättre att öva in listor med handlingsfraser genom att utföra dem (SPT, subject-performed tasks) än genom att bara läsa dem (VT, verbal tasks). Vid ett återerinringstest visar sig SPT-effekten då försöksdeltagare med SPTs har ett mycket bättre minne av materialet än försöksdeltagare med VTs. En förklaring till fenomenet är att utförandet av handlingsfraserna förser deltagarna med motorinformation. I den här undersökningen testas motorinformationens roll i SPT-effekten på ett sätt som skiljer sig från traditionell SPT-forskning. Försöksdeltagare fick antingen cykla eller använda en joystick för att navigera genom en virtuell värld där ord fanns utplacerade. Minnet för orden testades sedan i ett efterföljande minnestest. Det visade sig att joystickgruppen kunde återerinra sig fler ord än cykelgruppen. Effekten var oväntad och misstänks bero på bättre koncentrationsmöjligheter för joystickgruppen.

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Walton, Scarlett Maria. "Catalytic functionalisation of sp3 bonds." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2017. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34344/.

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Reported herein is an investigation into palladium-catalysed -allylation employing sulfonamide nucleophiles. Anions of benzylsulfonamides have been shown to react with a series of allyl acetates in the presence of Pd0 catalysts, phosphine ligands and base at room temperature, enabling the synthesis of sp3-functionalised sulfonamides. The developed methodology has allowed access to a library of novel allylated sulfonamides, varying both amine substituent and allylic functionality. In addition, we have applied our methodology to a series of known sulfonamide drug targets, to demonstrate our reaction as a useful late-stage functionalisation tool, whilst populating chemical space. The performed mechanistic study using a stereospecific electrophile confirms benzylsulfonamides behave as soft carbon nucleophiles in the Tsuji-Trost reaction, as a ‘net retention’ of stereochemistry is observed (confirmed by X-ray crystallography). Moreover, the asymmetric synthesis of allylated sulfonamides is probed, although obtaining enantioselectivity a- to SO bonds is naturally difficult, due to the conformational preferences of sulfonamide carbanions. Traditional methods for direct -alkylation of sulfonamides require strong bases, reactive electrophiles, low temperatures and use of stoichiometric amounts of additives. Therefore, in addition to a catalytic method, we report an alternative method reacting benzylsulfonamides with allyl bromide electrophiles via a nucleophilic substitution reaction, using mild conditions (LDA, THF at –20 °C).
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Books on the topic "Spt3"

1

Glazyrin, V. V. Uchashchiĭsi︠a︡ SPTU: Prava, obi︠a︡zannosti. Moskva: I︠U︡rid. lit-ra, 1987.

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Glazyrin, V. V. Uchashchiisya SPTU: prava, obyazannosti. Moskva: Yurid. lit-ra, 1987.

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Manzella, David. High voltage SPT performance. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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Xie, Jin, and Chengjian Zhu. Sustainable C(sp3)-H Bond Functionalization. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49496-7.

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Kınıklı, Nuriye Esra. Analiz yöntemlerine genel bakiş ve analizde SPT yöntemi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi yayınları, 2008.

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(Publisher), Graha Ilmu. SPT elektronik, PPh pekerja ditanggung pemerintah dan bebas fiskal. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2009.

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obrazovanieto, Bulgaria Ministerstvo na naukata i. Sbornik uchebna dokumentat︠s︡ii︠a︡ za SPTU po selsko stopanstvo: Profesii︠a︡ N. 030306 - zemedelet︠s︡. Sofii︠a︡: Ministerstvo na naukata i obrazovabieto, 1994.

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McDonald, Stacey L. Copper-Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of sp2 and sp3 C−H Bonds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38878-6.

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Winter, Charles J. Investigation of standard penetration torque testing (SPT-T) to predict pile performance. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Highway Research Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2005.

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Nachev, Nachko. Izsledvanii͡a︡ za opredeli͡a︡ne tematikata po metodika na obuchenieto po tekhnicheskite dist͡s︡iplini v tekhnikumite, SPTU i ESPU. Gabrovo: [s.n.], 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spt3"

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Gara, Alan, José E. Moreira, Tejas S. Karkhanis, José E. Moreira, José E. Moreira, Michael Flynn, Yoichi Muraoka, et al. "IBM SP3." In Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing, 912. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09766-4_2282.

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Mnad, Mouna Tka, Christophe Deleuze, and Ioannis Parissis. "Synchronous Programs Testing Language (SPTL)." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2014, 683–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09144-0_47.

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Radzevich, Stephen P. "SPTS – Split Power Transmission Systems." In Theory of Gearing, 809–38. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003311744-33.

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Singh, Rishabh, and Armando Solar-Lezama. "SPT: Storyboard Programming Tool." In Computer Aided Verification, 738–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31424-7_58.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, and Margit Salzmann. "Exodeoxyribonuclease (Phage SP3-induced)." In Enzyme Handbook 3, 741–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76463-9_157.

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Lutenegger, Alan J. "Standard Penetration Test (SPT)." In In Situ Testing Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, 13–72. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003002017-2.

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Dorsch, Jörg, Anders Ek, and Reinhard Gotzhein. "SPT – The SDL Pattern Tool." In System Analysis and Modeling, 50–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31810-1_4.

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Winterfeldt, Ekkehard. "Allgemeine Prinzipien und sp2→sp3-Transformation." In Prinzipien und Methoden der Stereoselektiven Synthese, 1–11. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-01892-6_1.

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Morgano, C. M., and R. Liang. "Energy transfer in SPT – Rod length effect." In Application of Stress-Wave Theory to Piles, 121–27. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137544-18.

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Sermalai, Selvam, Manoj Mukundan, and Swathi Alagirisamy. "Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Pitfalls and Improvements." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 363–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3383-6_33.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spt3"

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Matloff, Gregory L. "The Holographic Solar Photon Thruster (SPT) : A Low-Earth Orbit Solar Sail." In ASME 2003 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2003-44059.

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Atmospheric drag limits most solar sails to altitudes>1000 km. A two-sail variant, the Solar-Photon Thruster (SPT) , could be used in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO). An SPT has a fixed-orientation collector sail that focuses light against a smaller, adjustable thruster sail. Maintaining the collector surface parallel to the Earth minimizes SPT drag in LEO. To minimize solar-radiation back pressure towards Earth, the upper collector surface is non-reflective. The reflective lower collector surface directs light reflected and reradiated from the Earth against the thruster. Thruster orientation is adjusted in LEO to increase the orbital energy by the net radiation-pressure. Experiments reveal that holograms are tolerant to solar-wind radiation. SPTs with white-light holographic thrusters are useful in LEO because small thruster rotations produce greatly altered reflectivity. It may be possible to holographically combine SPT collector and thruster.
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Bahat, Anat, and Rivka Dikstein. "I14 Development of drugs against SPT4/SPT5 for the treatment of Huntington’s disease." In EHDN 2022 Plenary Meeting, Bologna, Italy, Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-ehdn.240.

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Li, R., T. H. Hyde, W. Sun, and B. Dogan. "Modelling and Data Interpretation of Small Punch Creep Testing." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57204.

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The small punch testing (SPT) technique has been proposed for use in determining the creep properties of materials for which only a very small volume of material is available. A draft code of practice on SPT has been produced. However it is not, as yet, generally accepted that the data obtained from small punch tests can be directly related to those which would be obtained from conventional uniaxial creep tests. For this reason, the development of techniques suitable for the interpretation of SPT data has become very important. In this paper, a set of uniaxial creep test data has been characterised in such a way as to gain an improved understanding of the correlation between the data from small punch tests and corresponding uniaxial creep tests. Finite element (FE) analyses of small punch creep tests, using a damage mechanics based creep model, have been performed. The effect of large deformation on the determination of material properties for a creep damage model, has been investigated to take into account the large deformation nature of small punch tests. An equivalent stress, σeq, proposed by the draft code, was used to relate the SPT results to the corresponding uniaxial creep test results. A preliminary assessment of the use of small punch test results, in determining creep properties, has been presented, which includes comparisons of the failure life and equivalent minimum strain rate results obtained from SPTs with the corresponding uniaxial creep test data. Future work related to the interpretation of SPT is briefly addressed.
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Jia, Ning, Chun Yang, Yu He, and Xu Cheng. "SPTU." In International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2611354.2611368.

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Lumb, Christopher R., and Richard Golding. "D-SPTF." In the 11th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1024393.1024399.

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Qingquan, Pan, Lu Haoliang, Li Dongsheng, and Wang Kan. "The Rigorous SP3 Theory and Study on its Numerical Verification." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67309.

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On the premise of no mathematical approximation, the rigorous SP3 theory which is deduced from the theoretical basis of the 3rd-order spherical harmonic method and the simplified harmonic method has more definite physical meaning. Compared with the conventional SP3 theory, the interface and boundary conditions of the rigorous SP3 theory are obtained according to the continuity of angular flux, and the angular flux is also established a relationship with each order scalar flux, which provides the theoretical solution to the discontinuous factors applied to the SP3 equation. However, the interface and boundary conditions of the rigorous SP3 theory bring in the high-order partial derivative related to the transverse leakage, which makes the current nodal method difficult to solve the SP3 equation and easily leads to numerical instability. The rigorous SP3 theory is summarized and compared with the conventional SP3 theory. Combining the special modality of the rigorous SP3 equation and the current nodal method, three methods to verify the rigorous SP3 theory are proposed, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Developing codes and analyzing the calculation process and the results, comprehension and assumptions are concluded for the implementation of the rigorous SP3 theory.
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Niu, Changan, Chuanyi Li, Vincent Ng, Jidong Ge, Liguo Huang, and Bin Luo. "SPT-code." In ICSE '22: 44th International Conference on Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3510003.3510096.

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Dogan, Bilal, and Thomas Hyde. "Industrial Application of Small Punch Testing for In-Service Component Condition Assessment: An Overview." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78691.

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The Sampling and Small Punch testing (SPT) is a powerful technique based on tests using miniaturized specimens machined out small sampled material of components in service. At present, it is the only existing method capable of providing experimental characterization of service exposed materials of components and materials of new built plants. Small sampling is non-invasive and SPT provides direct measured material properties. It provides a significant technology capability that facilitates assessing power plant operating equipment for structural integrity and operational condition. The new method provides utility members an attractive option to interrogate equipment for making run/inspect/repair/replace decisions. The SPT technique supported by assessment software, NDE and Metallography, used to define guidelines for components life assessment cross the power generation and petro-chemical sectors, serving both utilities, and constructors. It addresses the industrial need for personalized material and welds data required for a) lifing of plant; consumed life and residual life of components, b) convenience of repairing, replacing, life of the new welds on old components, c) cost of component deterioration, cost of normal service, d) characterizations and qualifications of blade repairs, of coating materials-methods. The first international SPT workshop was organized in June 27–28, 2011 in Nottingham, UK in order to discuss the state-of-the art SPT Creep and Fracture, and the draft CEN Cope of Practice (COP). The International SPT Experts Group serves as international forum for discussion and collaboration of industrial application of SPT methodology for in-service component life assessment. It is noted the draft CEN COP needs to be revised. Presently, European, Japanese and Indian national SPT project groups are running SPT tests and working on analysis programs. The present paper reports on a) the use of SPT in materials and component characterization, and b) drafted technical program by the international experts group to harmonize international efforts on SPT testing and analysis for efficiency and cost effectiveness. The draft program to bring the SPT methodology to standardization and develop an engineering component condition assessment tool for industrial application.
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Stavropoulou, Evmorfia. "SP63 RF beyond the spine." In ESRA Abstracts, 39th Annual ESRA Congress, 22–25 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2022-esra.69.

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Peng, Dezhi, Xinyu Wang, Yuliang Liu, Jiaxin Zhang, Mingxin Huang, Songxuan Lai, Jing Li, et al. "SPTS: Single-Point Text Spotting." In MM '22: The 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3547942.

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Reports on the topic "Spt3"

1

Mellors, R., S. Myers, S. Ford, W. Walter, T. Hauk, S. Ruppert, and A. Pitarka. SPE3 Far-field Quicklook. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053657.

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Engelman, S. F., and John M. Fife. Hemispherical Measurements of the SPT - 140 Plume. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410330.

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Mclean, Thomas Donaldson. MCNP modelling of the Thermo SPA3 with Tungsten (Rees model) collimator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1603977.

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Stuckey, P., C. Clauss, M. Day, V. Murashko, and N. Maslennikov. SPT-140 High Performance Hall System (HPHS) Development. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410741.

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Prezzi, Monica, Seth Scheilz, Rodrigo Salgado, and Nayyar Zia Siddiki. Development of SPT-Torque Test Correlations for Glacial Till. Purdue University, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315499.

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Yokel, Felix Y. Effect of blow count on energy transfer in SPT. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.88-3765.

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Sheffield, Kimberly. Interplay of Transcription Factor E and Spt4/5 During Transcription Initiation in Pyrococcus furiosus. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6328.

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Hanford, J. W., and Y. J. Huang. Evaluation of solar gain through skylights for inclusion in the SP53 residential building loads data base. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10112426.

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Fife, J. M., W. A. Hargus Jr, D. A. Jaworske, C. Sarmiento, L. Mason, R. Jankovsky, J. S. Snyder, S. Malone, J. Haas, and A. Gallimore. Spacecraft Interaction Test Results of the High Performance Hall System SPT-140 (Postprint). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada471175.

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Hargus, W., Jankovsky Jr., Mason R., Snyder L., Malone J., and S. Status of US Testing of the High Performance Hall System SPT-140 Hall Thruster. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410594.

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