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Serwadda, Muhsin. "An Assessment of the application of the Sanitary and phytosanitary agreement of the WTO and its impact on International Trade: A Sub-Saharan perspective." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5280_1255011225.
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A lot of work has been done regart=ding the SPS agreement and its impact on iternational trade, though not so connclusive. The study, however, is going to deal specifically with an impact of the SPS agreement to the SSA countries, by analysing the balance beween protection of human, animal and plant life or health on the one hand and promotion of international trade in this region.
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Riley, Sophie Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Invasive alien species and the protection of biodiversity: the role of quarantine laws in resolving inadequacies in the international legal regime." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Law, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41301.
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The problem of invasive alien species (IAS) is recognized as the second most serious threat to loss of biodiversity after habitat destruction. It is a problem largely created by humans as they transport and introduce species, deliberately and accidentally, from one part of the globe to another. The pressures exerted on biodiversity by international trade are one of the most serious aspects of the IAS problem. Although states are under obligations in international environmental law to prevent the entry of, and control, those alien species that threaten biodiversity, to date state practice has often been found wanting. In particular, quarantine regulation, which can be a state??s first line of defence against IAS, is mainly used by states to protect their farming and agricultural product sectors rather than biodiversity at large. The reasons for this include lack of domestic resources and lack of guidance at the international level. However, even if states were to expand the purview of quarantine, the question arises whether they would be able to use quarantine regulation to protect biodiversity from IAS while simultaneously fulfilling their international trade law obligations. This study seeks to answer this question by examining international environmental law and international trade law in their application to quarantine regulation. In doing so, the study identifies many areas of conflict. The different policies that underpin environmental and trade regimes mean that environmental concepts, such as the precautionary principle and the ecosystem approach, are difficult to apply within the international trade law regime. A way of achieving a more harmonized international response to the problem of IAS is suggested by incorporating environmental considerations into the international standards used by states to design and implement domestic quarantine measures. To facilitate the practical implementation of international standards the study further recommends appropriate financial and institutional capacity building mechanisms.
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Macfarlane, Abbey-Jean. "The Harmonisation and Regionalisation Obligations of The SPS Agreement and The Issues Facing These Obligations." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31615.
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This dissertation examines the obligations created by Article 3 and Article 6 of the SPS Agreement. It uses Reports accepted by down by the Dispute Settlement Body to find and unpack the interpretation of both Article 3 and 6. These interpretations will be unpacked and examined in detail It further identifies issues and challenges facing these Articles and the obligations which they create. This discussion is held primarily within the context of Developing Country Members. In relation to this discussion policy suggestions will be given forward as possible solutions to certain of the issues and challenges identified. In the course of this discussion the current dispute, which is still in the consultations phase, between Indonesia and Brazil regarding the Importation of Bovine Meat is examined. This paper attempts to provide a probable outcome should this dispute appear before a panel. This outcome relates exclusively to the Article 3 and Article 6 sections of this dispute.
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Yi, Yun-Jung. "Standards and science in trade regulation in the global age : a critique of the WTO SPS agreement in relation to public health and safety concerns." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422035.
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Bondarczuk, Eduardo Henrique. "Funções do Comitê Sanitário e Fitossanitário da Organização Mundial do Comércio : o comitê como foro harmonizador e solucionador de conflitos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134405.
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Após a criação do Acordo Geral Sobre Pautas Aduaneiras e Comércio (GATT) em 1947, as barreiras não tarifárias passaram a ser o principal instrumento utilizado pelos países para a proteção do mercado nacional. Os países que buscavam a liberalização do comércio internacional passaram, então, a buscar soluções a fim de conter tais barreiras. Havia uma dificuldade em identificar quando uma medida que restringia o comércio internacional era uma proteção disfarçada ao comércio de quando ela perseguia fins legítimos como a proteção da saúde humana e animal. Com o advento da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), alguns acordos anexos foram assinados que visavam diferenciar essas medidas e proteger a liberdade comercial alcançada nas rodadas do GATT. Entre esses acordos, entrou em vigor o Acordo sobre Barreiras Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias (SPS) que trata de medidas que visam proteger a vida e a saúde humana, animal e vegetal. Esse acordo, apesar de essencial para um país exportador de commodities como o Brasil, recebeu pouca atenção da academia jurídica brasileira. Buscando amenizar essa lacuna, o presente trabalho se propôs a aprofundar o estudo do acordo sob uma perspectiva jurídica. Assim, sua origem, seu escopo de aplicação, seus princípios e características, e sua aplicação no Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias (SSC) da OMC são explanados no primeiro capítulo dessa dissertação O Acordo SPS também estabeleceu a criação do Comitê sobre Barreiras Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias (Comitê SPS) que administra a aplicação e o debate dos temas relacionados ao acordo. E é sobre esse comitê que o segundo capítulo dessa pesquisa se debruça. O objetivo da dissertação é demonstrar e melhor compreender que, apesar do comitê possuir diversas funções, duas são de extrema relevância, a saber, seu papel como harmonizador internacional e como solucionador de conflitos. Na persecução desses objetivos, o comitê conta com diversos instrumentos como as notificações e as preocupações comerciais específicas (PCEs) que são estudadas e detalhadas no presente trabalho. Para desenvolver essa pesquisa, foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos, documentais e jurisprudenciais junto à OMC e a outras instituições e, a partir dos dados coletados, foi aplicado o método hipotético-dedutivo. Os resultados vieram a comprovar e a limitar o escopo da natureza harmonizadora e solucionadora de conflitos do Comitê SPS, esclarecendo os meandros do trabalho diplomático no seio do comitê. Resta claro que o comitê é um ator essencial e ativo no comércio internacional.After the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, the non-tariff barriers have become the main instrument used by countries to protect their national markets. Countries seeking liberalization of international trade began, then, to seek solutions in order to restrain such barriers. There was a difficulty in identifying when a measure that restricting the international trade was a disguised trade protection from when it pursued legitimate purposes such as the protection of the human and animal health and lives. With the advent of the World Trade Organization (WTO), some attachments agreements were signed in order to differentiate between these measures and to protect the free trade achieved in the GATT rounds. Among these agreements, entered into force the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Barriers (SPS) that deals with measures to protect human, animal and plant health and lives. This agreement, although essential to a commodities exporter such as Brazil, received little attention from the Brazilian legal academia. Seeking to mitigate this gap, this study aimed to further study the agreement in a legal perspective. Thus, its origin, its scope of application, its principles and features, and its application in the WTO Dispute Settlement System (SSC) are explained in the first chapter of this dissertation. The SPS Agreement also established the creation of the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Barriers (SPS Committee) that manages the application and discussion of issues related to the agreement. Moreover, it is on this committee that the second chapter of this research focuses The purpose of this research is to demonstrate and to understand that, although the committee has several functions, two are of utmost importance, namely its role as international harmonizer and as conflict solver. In pursuing these objectives, the committee uses several instruments such as the notifications and the specific trade concerns (STCs) that are studied and detailed in this paper. To develop this research, bibliographical, documentary and jurisprudential surveys within the data of WTO and other institutions were conducted, and based on the data collected, it was applied the hypothetical-deductive method. The results came to prove and to define the scope of the SPS Committee as an international harmonizer and as a conflict solver, explaining the intricacies of diplomatic work within the committee. Therefore, it is clear that the committee is an essential and active player in international trade.
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Qin, Quan. "La sécurité alimentaire en droit international du commerce." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020049/document.
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Garantir la sécurité alimentaire demeure une responsabilité primordiale des gouvernements et de la communauté internationale. Le droit international, moyen principal d’encadrer les comportements des Etats et de rendre exécutoires les stratégies internationales, n’a toutefois pas pu faciliter effectivement la lutte contre la faim dans le monde. C’est particulièrement le cas des normes juridiques élaborées dans le cadre de l’OMC. En définissant les termes et conditions du commerce international des produits agricoles, ces normes exercent une influence majeure sur la sécurité alimentaire tant au niveau international qu’au niveau national. Si les accords de l’OMC offrent à ses Membres certains moyens pour faire face au problème alimentaire, ces moyens ne sont ni suffisants ni efficaces pour atteindre cet objectif. Ayant privilégié constamment les considérations commerciales par rapport aux impératifs alimentaires, les règles de l’OMC relatives au commerce agricole contribuent à restreindre sérieusement l’autonomie des Membres qui souhaitent améliorer leur situation de sécurité alimentaire. Ainsi, les politiques internationales régissant le commerce agricole devraient être reformulées, de sorte que les Membres de l’OMC puissent répondre aux besoins vivriers des peuples. Si une telle réforme ne parvient pas, pour l’instant, à établir des règles permettant aux Membres de l’OMC en déficit alimentaire de générer effectivement des ressources pour se procurer des aliments, elle doit viser au minimum à neutraliser les impacts négatifs des politiques commerciales en vigueur. Faute de cela, le système actuel d’échanges multilatéraux risque de perdre sa légitimité et sa crédibilitéToday’s world food situation is particularly disturbing. To guarantee food security for all remains the primary responsibility of governments and international society. As one of the major instruments to implement international strategy for food security, international law has failed to provide effective solution to mitigate the factors that contribute to food insecurity. This is particularly what happened when food problem was treated within WTO. Having established the terms and conditions of international trade in food and agricultural products, WTO trade regulations have major influence on food security both at international level and at national level. Even if the relevant WTO agreements did offer certain policy approaches to its Members to tackle their food problem, these policy approaches are neither sufficient nor efficient to achieve this goal. By constantly prioritizing commercial considerations over food concerns, WTO rules related to trade in agriculture seriously restrict the exercise of discretionary power of those Members who wish to improve their food situation. Therefore, international trade policies must be reformed, so that WTO Members can take creative measures to meet their people’s basic needs. Even it appears still difficult at present to create new rules that may allow food-deficit Members to generate sufficient income to guarantee their access to food; this reform must at least search for effective solutions to offset the negative impacts of trade policies on food security. Otherwise, the legitimacy and credibility of current global trading system will be at risk
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Fredebeil, Uta. "Aktienemissionen : das underwriting agreement (der Übernahmevertrag) und seine spezifischen Klauseln /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/337451842.pdf.
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Bartels, Lorand. "Human rights conditionality in the EU's international agreements /." Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/490848184.pdf.
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Ziemer, Jonna. "Das gemeinsame Interesse an einer Regelung der Hochseefischerei : dargestellt am Beispiel des Fish Stocks Agreement /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/314046569.pdf.
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Eckert, Martin Georges. "Die Liberalisierung internationaler Finanzdienstleistungen durch das General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) : unter besonderer Berücksichtigung internationaler Bankdienstleistungen /." Hamburg : Lit, 1997. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/278824676.pdf.
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Ouaissi, Haïba. "Les incidences des restructurations d'entreprise sur la situation collective des salariés /." Paris : L.G.D.J, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/51521664X.pdf.
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Ahlström, Christer. "The status of multilateral export control regimes : an examination of legal and non-legal agreements in international co-operation /." Uppsala : Iustus Förl, 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/323170838.pdf.
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Páez, Laura. "Liberalizing financial services and foreign direct investment in the WTO, assessing the effect of the General agreement on trade in services (GATS) on foreign bank presence in the OECD region /." Zürich, 2007. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000259592.
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CORTINOVIS, ROBERTO. "L’origine ed evoluzione della dimensione esterna della politica migratoria dell’Unione Europea: modi di governance, attori, istituzioni." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2464.
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L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è di analizzare l’origine ed evoluzione della dimensione esterna della politica migratoria dell’Unione Europea. Attraverso un framework teorico che coniuga la letteratura sui ‘new modes of governance’ con quella riguardante il ‘rational-choice institutionalism’, questa tesi si propone di analizzare il sistema di governance in tre settori politici che rientrano nell’ambito della dimensione esterna: politica di riammissione, controlli esterni alle frontiere, e cooperazione con Paesi terzi concernente la gestione della migrazione legale. Sulla base delle premesse teoriche sopra indicate, questa tesi avanza due conclusioni principali. In primo luogo, si sostiene che l’evoluzione del sistema di governance nei tre casi presi in considerazione, lungi dal seguire un percorso lineare verso una sempre maggiore comunitarizzazione, ha al contrario dato luogo a sistemi di governance ‘ibridi’, che combinano cioè elementi vincolanti tipici del metodo comunitario con elementi caratteristici dei “new modes of governance”, incentrati sull’uso di soft law. In secondo luogo, si evidenzia il ruolo centrale rivestito dagli Stati Membri nello sviluppare tali sistemi di governance in accordo con due obiettivi prioritari: limitare l’autonomia delle istituzioni sovranazionali all’interno del processo decisionale e plasmare i risultati di tali politiche in accordo con le preferenze degli stessi Stati Membri.The central aim of this thesis is to provide an account of the origin and evolution of the external dimension of EU migration policy. By means of a theoretical framework that combines new modes of governance and rational-choice institutionalism, this thesis analyses the systems of governance of three policy areas falling within the external dimension: readmission policy, external border controls and cooperation with third countries in the field of legal migration. On the basis of such theoretical premises, two central arguments are advanced. First of all, it is argued that the evolution of the system of governance in the three cases, far from following a linear path towards communitarization, has resulted in the adoption of mixed systems featuring both 'old' modes of governance in line with the traditional Community Method and 'new’ modes based on soft-law and non-binding commitments. Secondly, this thesis underlines the central role played by the Member States in devising those governance mechanisms in order to fulfil two main objectives: limiting the discretion of EU supranational institutions in the decision-making process and shaping policy outcomes according to their preferred policy options.
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Härnälv, Julia, and Lisa Lingsarve. "”Din anledning att resa är vår anledning att flyga mer hållbart” : Ett konsumentperspektiv på SAS hållbarhetsarbete i en miljömässigt ohållbar bransch." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för handel och företagande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18616.
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Bakgrund: Flygindustrin står för en stor del av världens totala koldioxidutsläpp som påverkar vårt klimat negativt. Forskning visar att antalet flygresor kommer att öka och bidra till 22% ökat koldioxidutsläpp till år 2050. När 194 länder signerade Parisavtalet åtog de sig att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser samt arbeta med att stötta de utsatta av klimatförändringarna. Parisavtalet trädde i kraft hösten 2016 och är en global överenskommelse som handlar om att minska och förhindra klimatförändringarna. Den viktigaste punkten är att hålla den globala uppvärmningen under två grader och Parisavtalet ligger till grund för klimatstrategier som ska bidra till långsiktig hållbarhet. Flygindustrin och hållbarhet kan ses som en oxymoron, men i och med Parisavtalet blir hållbarhet ett viktigt och centralt begrepp inom flygindustrin. För att minska mängden koldioxidutsläpp och förhindra klimatförändringarna krävsbeteende förändring och ansträngning från involverade parter. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att få en förståelse för hur SAS arbetar med hållbarhet, dess arbete mot ett mer hållbart flygande samt belysa SAS hållbarhetsarbete ur en konsuments perspektiv. Genomförande: Den teoretiska referensramen bygger på en litteraturstudie där begrepp och teorier förklaras för att sedan användas i en analys av det empiriska materialet. Undersökningen bygger på en fallstudie där en kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod tillämpas. I empirin sammanställs utvalda hållbarhetsrapporter från SAS samt en kompletterande intervju i syfte att få fördjupad kunskap om hållbart flygande. En enkätundersökning genomförs för att få kunskap om konsumenters syn på SAS hållbarhetsarbete. Slutsats: Den hållbara utvecklingen för flygindustrin går långsamt framåt där begränsade resurser gör utbudet av biobränsle litet och dyrt. För att påskynda utvecklingen krävs förändring i teknologi, konsumenters beteende men också i samhällsstrukturen som idag möjliggör för flygbolag att ta ett mindre miljömässigt ansvar än vad som krävs för att nå uppsatta klimatmål. SAS hållbarhetsrapportering beskriver vad flygbolaget gör för att arbeta hållbart. Att agera individuellt är inte tillräckligt, det krävs globalt samarbete där flygindustrin kan behöva komma regleras.Background: The aviation industry cause a large part of the world’s total carbon dioxide emissions and affect our climate negative. Research shows that the amount of flights will increase and contribute to 22% more carbon dioxide emissions by the year of 2050. When 194 countries signed the Paris Agreement they undertook to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and support those who got affected by the climate changes. The Paris Agreement came into force in the fall of 2016 and it’s a global agreement aiming to reduce and prevent climate changes. The most important goal is to keep the global warming below two degrees Celsius, and the Paris Agreement is the foundation for climate strategies that will contribute to longterm sustainability. The aviation industry and sustainability can be seen as a oxymoron, but with the Paris Agreement, sustainability becomes an important and a central concept in the industry. To reduce the carbon dioxide emissions and prevent the climate changes, all involved parties must change habits and put in a lot of effort. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand how SAS works with sustainability, their work towards more sustainable flying. The study also highlights SAS sustainability work from a consumer perspective. Implementation: The theoretical framework draws on a literature study where concepts and theories are explained to be used in an analysis of the empirical material. The study is based ona case study where a combination of qualitative and quantitative study is applied. In the empirical study the selected sustainability reports from SAS are compiled and an additional interview was made to get more knowledge about sustainable flying. A survey was also made to gain an understanding of the customer's view of SAS's sustainability work. Conclusion: The sustainable development in the aviation industry is progressing slowly with limited resources making the supply of biofuels small and expensive. In order to accelerate the development it requires changes in technology, consumers flight behavior but also of the structure that today enables airlines to take less environmental responsibility than is required to reach the climate goals. SAS sustainability reports describe what the airline does to workwith sustainability. However, acting individually is not enough, it requires cooperation globally where the aviation industry may need to be regulated.
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Brinkhof, Johannes J. Grosheide Frederik Willem. "Contracteren internationaal : opstellen aangeboden door collegae, oud-collegae, medewerkers, oud-medewerkers, promoti en promovendi aan prof. mr. F. Willem Grosheide ter gelegenheid van zijn afscheid als leerstoelhouder in het burgerlijk recht /." Den Haag : Boom, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/524515891.pdf.
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Souhami, Julie. "Le conjoint du contractant /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/514087544.pdf.
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Kreiling, Simone. "Die Erstreckung betrieblicher und betriebsverfassungsrechtlicher Tarifnormen auf Außenseiter /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/373363087.pdf.
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Vogel, Markus G. "Die Liberalisierung des Handels mit audiovisuellen Dienstleistungen : im Recht der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) - unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Millenniumrunde /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/385127952.pdf.
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Gerken, Anika. "Rechtsschutzmöglichkeiten europäischer Wirtschaftsteilnehmer gegen GATT-widrige Wirtschaftshemmnisse /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/380098806.pdf.
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Teixeira, Joana Nunes. "A economia social como solução para o pós-alta hospitalar da pessoa que recorre ao SNS ao abrigo do acordo de cooperação bilateral para a saúde com os PALOP: proposta de trajectória." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5952.
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Trabalho de Projecto para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Administração PúblicaA evacuação de doentes ao abrigo dos acordos bilaterais para saúde, entre Portugal e os PALOP, conduz, em grande parte dos casos, a situações de carência após a alta hospitalar. Este estudo pretende alertar para a disparidade do que é acordado entre as partes e a realidade vivida pelos sujeitos. Propõe-se a sua inclusão num projecto de economia social, que surja na base na potenciação dos recursos locais e fomente, acima de tudo, a redefinição do projecto de vida dos indivíduos, permitindo-lhes a saída da situação de carência, que aqui se apresenta com a dicotomia económica/relacional. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi a história de vida, permitindo enquadrar os testemunhos do sujeito individual no sujeito social. As entrevistas mostraram as dificuldades sentidas por estas pessoas, e pela sua família, ao nível económico e o isolamento social de que padecem em Portugal. Apesar das situações de carência vividas, muitas não pensam regressar ao país de origem, e é nas redes de apoio informal que encontram o suporte económico, cultural e anímico necessário ao dia-a-dia.
The patients evacuation under the bilateral agreements, between Portugal and the PALOP countries, often drives to impoverishment situations after hospital discharge. This work aims to aware for the disparity of the deal between intervenient and the day life experienced by the individuals. A social economy project is suggested, where the subjects can participate, based on the potentiation of the local resources and, above all, gives a new perspective of the life project, allowing to exit from the in needing situation, presented here as the dichotomy economic/relational. The research method is the life history, allowing the self-testimonials to be framed in the social-self. The conducted interviews revealed the difficulty situations experienced by subjects and their families, in terms of, among others, finances and isolation, while leaving in Portugal. Despite those situations, many of them don´t consider the return to their native country, even being the informal social help networks where they found the support, of economic and cultural nature, needed for day life.
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Shoaib, Saleh M. S. "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia small and medium sized enterprises : development strategies in the context of the World Trade Organisation : (a socio-legal study on KSA exporting SMEs and their implications to relevant WTO trade agreements and negotations, and a legal analysis of SPS and TBT related cases)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165811.
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This work represents a socio-legal inquiry into the development of KSA SMEs and their interconnections with the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreements, examining on one level, KSA SMEs within the Saudi economy in relation to relevant KSA legislative, administrative and organisational affairs. The study found the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a positive attitude towards supporting and developing SMEs through public and private initiatives. However, shortcomings, mainly in the form of burdensome financial technicalities, were identified in the country’s efforts to promote SMEs. On another level, 93 KSA exporting SMEs were surveyed, by quantitatively evaluating the effects on the sector caused by the Kingdom’s accession to the WTO and qualitatively examining the actual effects of WTO rules on such firms. It was found that although the SMEs that were surveyed with regard to the Kingdom’s accession to the WTO have generally agreed that such accession was beneficial, a majority recognised that certain WTO related obstacles exist, while another high percentage of surveyed SMEs raised concerns about standards and specification issues within international trade. Moreover, the thesis attempted a classification and hypothetical analysis of identified standards issues discovered while the survey was conducted in relation to the WTO standards Agreements and relevant dispute resolution cases. The work concludes by providing possible suggestions in the form of legal remedies to help KSA exporting SMEs to overcome their difficulties. This consists mainly in the harmonisation of standards and technical regulations and their mutual recognition through the application of the equivalence principle in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) and in particular within the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) Agreement.
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Wiesner, León Hector. "La justice transitionnelle en Colombie : une étude de ses particularités et sa mise en marche." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020089.
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La justice transitionnelle est l’instrument juridique qu’a permis á la Colombie comme État, de sortir d’un long période de conflit armé et d’instaurer la paix dans son territoire. Cet outil utilisé par le gouvernement colombien et qui développe mécanismes juridiques et politiques appliqués dans ses processus de paix, doit être analysé sous différents angles. La première partie fait une étude des fondements théoriques des droits qui composent la justice transitionnelle comme la vérité, la justice et la réparation selon les instruments internationaux et la jurisprudence constitutionnelle colombienne et internationale. Dans cette partie les mécanismes qui rendent ces droits effectifs sont également analysés. L’étude de la deuxième partie propose un regard sur les deux étapes de la mise en œuvre du modèle colombien de justice transitionnelle. Ces étapes ont été appliquées par différents gouvernements du pays et dans de circonstances différentes. Cette analyse part tout d’abord, sur le développement de la nommé Loi de Justice et Paix de l’année 2005, ses caractéristiques et difficultés dans le processus avec les paramilitaires, pour ensuite se consacrer à la seconde étape du modèle qui á été mise en place pour donner suite à l’accord de paix signé entre le gouvernement colombien et la guérilla des FARC en 2016The transitional justice is the legal system that allowed Colombia as a State to overcome a long period of armed conflict and to find peace. This system, used by the Colombian government to develop political and legal mechanisms applied to peace processes, must be analyzed from different angles. The first section studies the theoretical foundations of the rights that compose transitional justice, such as the truth, the justice and the reparation, according to international instruments and both the Colombian and international constitutional rulings. In this section the mechanisms that make effective the rights are analyzed equally. The study of the second section is a look at the two stages of the Colombian transitional justice model implementation. These stages were applied by different governments of the country and with different circumstances. This analysis is, on the one hand the development of the so-called Justice and Peace Law of 2005, its characteristics and difficulties within the process with the paramilitaries. On the other hand, the second stage of the model was consecrated to enable the development of the peace agreement signed by the Colombian government and the FARC guerrilla in 2016
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Wongkaew, Thitirat. "Les interrelations entre les "trois organisations soeurs" et les mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires de l'ASEAN : quel avenir pour la dignité humaine ? Réflexions dans la perspective de la "New Haven School of International Law"." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020094.
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Les « trois organisations soeurs », à savoir la Commission du Codex Alimentarius (CCA), l’Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) et la Convention internationale pour la protection des végétaux (CIPV), et les mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires de l’ASEAN maintiennent une relation mutuellement étroite et des rapports d’interactions complexes et multidimensionnelles, rapports qui peuvent affecter des flux d’activités d’importation et d’exportation de produits agro-alimentaires réglementées surtout par le droit international économique. En envisageant le droit comme processus de décisions, particulièrement le droit international comme processus de communication entre les différents participants de la « communauté mondiale », ces rapports peuvent être mieux identifiés et compris à tous les niveaux : multilatéral, régional, bilatéral et national. Compte tenu de l’intensité et de la fréquence des échanges et du caractère fortement interdépendant du monde d’aujourd’hui, les « trois organisations soeurs » et leurs normes, directives et recommandations sont susceptibles de jouer divers rôles dans la promotion d’une plus grande production et d’un plus large partage des valeurs fondamentales recherchées par l’humanité entière, soutenues par la « New Haven School of International Law ». Non seulement s’agit-il des rôles liés à l’augmentation de l’efficacité du processus de réduction de barrières commerciales résultant des mesures SPS protectionnistes, mais aussi de ceux qui sont peu soulignées et qui se précisent suite aux pratiques répétées des décisionnistes de l’ASEAN. Ce sont notamment les rôles en tant qu’inducteurs de performance pour les mécanismes d’encadrement de mesures SPS, afin de s’assurer que celles-ci sont raisonnables par rapport à chaque contexte spécifique et respectueuses de la dignité humaine ; en tant que catalyseurs du régionalisme ouvert ; et en tant que promoteurs de la dimension du développement dans les accords commerciaux régionaux de l’ASEANThe « three sisters », namely the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), and SPS measures of ASEAN maintain a mutually close relationship and can interact with one another in complex and multidimensional ways, which can affect flows of import and export activities of agro-food products regulated especially by international economic law. By perceiving law as a process of decisions, and particularly international law as a process of communication among different participants of the « world community », these interactions can be better identified and comprehended at all levels : multilateral, regional, bilateral and national. Considering the intensity and frequency of exchanges and the strong interdependency of today’s world, the « three sisters » and their standards, guidelines and recommendations are likely to play numerous roles in promoting a greater production and wider distribution of fundamental values that all human beings desire to maximize and achieve, as defended by the « New Haven School of International Law ». Not only are these roles related to the promotion of a more efficient process of eliminating trade barriers deriving from SPS protectionist measures, but also those which are insufficiently highlighted, yet becoming more obvious through repeated practices of ASEAN decision-makers. These are notably the roles of the « three sisters » as performance drivers for monitoring mechanisms of SPS measures with a view to ensuring that they are reasonable in each specific context and respectful towards human dignity; as catalysts of open regionalism ; as promoters of the development dimension in regional trade agreements concluded by ASEAN
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Gaillard, Fabien. "Le droit des sociétés à l’épreuve de la société privée européenne." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40013/document.
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« L’Europe ne se fera pas en un jour, ni sans heurts.», dixit Monsieur Robert Schuman. Tel est le constat qui peut encore être fait à l’heure actuelle avec l’adoption, après trente ans d’intenses débats au niveau européen, de la Societas Europaea, introduite en droit français avec la loi du 26 juillet 2005 pour la confiance et la modernisation de l’économie, complétée par les décrets du 14 avril 2006 et du 9 novembre 2006. La même analyse peut s’appliquer à la proposition du règlement de la commission européenne relatif au statut de la société privée européenne faite le 25 juin 2008, en cours d’examen devant le Parlement Européen. Il s’agit de démontrer l’existence de normes communautaires flexibles propices au développement des normes statutaires, à l'image de celles applicables à la société privée européenne (SPE) d'origine communautaire et d'essence contractuelle. La SPE doit être analysée comme structure sociétaire, symbole de l’émancipation du droit communautaire et vecteur du principe de libre établissement des sociétés, à la fois par rapport à sa « grande cousine », la société européenne, et à travers l’étude des normes communautaires comme éléments nécessaires au bon fonctionnement des structures européennes.La question est enfin de savoir si le recours à la SPE constitue un instrument pertinent dans les opérations de restructuration intra-communautaire. Deux axes de réflexion semblent s’imposer : l’aménagement des relations contractuelles intragroupe via le modèle de la SPE et la SPE comme élément moteur dans le cadre des opérations de fusion intracommunautaire“Europe will not be made in a day, nor without any clashes,” according to Mr Robert Schuman. The statement proved to be true with the adoption, after thirty years of intense debates at the European level, of Societas Europaea, introduced into French law with the bill of July 26, 2005 for the confidence and modernization of the economy, supplemented by the decrees of April 14, 2006 and November 9, 2006. The same analysis can be made of the European Commission proposals for the regulations relating to the statute of the European private company made on June 25, 2008, and now under consideration before the European Parliament. The question is to show the existence of flexible Community standards favourable to the development of statutory standards, in the image of those applicable to the European Private Company of Community origin and which is contractual in essence. The European Private Company should be analysed as a member structure and a symbol of the emancipation of Community legislation as well as a vector of the principle of free establishment of companies both in relation to its “big cousin,” the European Company, and through the study of Community standards as necessary elements to the correct operation of European structures. The next step is to question if resorting to the European Private Company constitutes a relevant instrument in the operations of intracommunitarian reorganization following two main lines of investigation: the adjustment of contractual intragroup relations via the model of the European Private Company and the European Private Company as a mainspring within the framework of intracommunitarian fusion operations
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Pauleau, Christine. "Incidencia del derecho en la creación y funcionamiento de las Joint Ventures. Análisis de la organización jurídica de las Joint Ventures en la Unión Europea, con especial referencia a España." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7278.
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La trascendencia práctica del tema del régimen jurídico de las joint ventures es indudable. En los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, y más especialmente en España, las joint ventures remiten a una idea de mayor eficiencia económica, permitiendo a las empresas formar alianzas entre ellas, y así mejorar su competitividad, adaptando sus estructuras a las dimensiones crecientes de los mercados europeos y mundiales.Las joint ventures no están reguladas como tales en ninguna legislación nacional europea. El derecho comunitario se concentra por su parte en el análisis de los efectos de estas operaciones sobre la competencia. Las joint ventures adquieren en la práctica, únicamente, su contenido jurídico.
Este estudio tiene por objetivo presentar un análisis a la vez teórico y práctico del régimen jurídico de las joint ventures, intentando definir el "valor añadido" del trabajo del jurista profesional cuando interviene en la creación y el funcionamiento de las joint ventures. La adopción de esta óptica funcionalista permite integrar el análisis de los diversos aspectos jurídicos de las joint ventures, sus estructuras contractuales y societarias así como su tratamiento en derecho de la competencia, que se abordan tradicionalmente en estudios separados, e insistir en la interelación existente entre las diversas ramas del derecho afectadas. Este estudio se concentra esencialmente en las cuestiones planteadas por las joint ventures en el ámbito del derecho de las obligaciones y del derecho societario.
El jurista profesional desempeña, en primer lugar, una función de naturaleza organizativa, creando un conjunto de reglas obligatorias (reglas jurídicas) para todas las empresas participantes en la operación, de acuerdo con sus intereses estratégicos. El resultado puede ser, por ejemplo, la conclusión de un simple contrato, la constitución de una AEIE o la de una sociedad de capital. La complejidad de la organización jurídica de la joint venture impide estudiar de manera separada, como dos piezas aisladas, el llamado acuerdo de base de la joint venture por un lado, y la sociedad eventualmente constituida, la llamada filial común, por otro. El hecho de no entender la filial común como parte de un todo unitario y más complejo no permite describir correctamente las especialidades del régimen aplicable a dicha sociedad frente a sociedades constituidas en otros contextos económicos.
La organización compleja de las joint ventures se diferencia de otros negocios jurídicos complejos por razón de su finalidad económica específica, la de establecer una alianza entre empresas. Tal como indica el derecho comunitario de la competencia, la joint venture es una operación en la que: (i) participan dos o más empresas independientemente activas en el mercado; (ii) se agrupan recursos necesarios al desarrollo de una actividad económica común en el seno eventualmente, pero no obligatoriamente, de una entidad separada (la llamada empresa común"); (iii) las empresas participantes ejercen un control conjunto sobre dicha actividad económica común. Estos tres elementos forman el núcleo de la definición de la joint venture en derecho.
La cuestión de la validez y eficacia jurídica de los pactos presentes en el contrato complejo de joint venture, cuando implica la existencia de una sociedad de capital, es la que más dificultades plantea. El problema respecto a la joint venture, como respecto a muchos otros contratos complejos, es organizar un discurso sobre el uso de la libertad y sus consecuencias en el ámbito del derecho de sociedades.
Mientras el jurista profesional organiza la joint venture, atrae también la atención del legislador sobre las necesidades jurídicas de las empresas que deciden "aliarse" en el seno de una joint venture. Los pactos presentes en los contratos complejos de joint venture no dependen únicamente del contenido del derecho aplicable a la sociedad "filial común" por ejemplo, sino también de la creatividad de los juristas profesionales. Las finalidades a cubrir por el contrato lo serán en regla general mediante combinaciones originales y complejas de mecanismos jurídicos, demostrándose una vez más el papel relevante de la práctica en la formación del derecho.
Como consecuencia, puede observarse una tendencia a la flexibilización del derecho aplicable a las sociedades de capital, sobre todo en los países europeos continentales. Esta adaptación del derecho a la realidad práctica se observa también, y de manera significativa, en otras ramas del derecho, como en derecho de la competencia donde el legislador intenta introducir un tratamiento cada vez más pragmático de los efectos producidos por las joint ventures sobre los mercados.
El análisis de la organización jurídica de las joint ventures en la práctica demuestra, sin embargo, la falta de utilidad y de oportunidad de una ordenación legal de la joint venture como tal en Europa. Como en el caso de la organización de la empresa, basta con que los operadores "candidatos" a la alianza encuentren en el derecho positivo los legal tools, o instrumentos jurídicos, adaptados a los objetivos económicos legítimos que persiguen ( por ejemplo, diversas formas sociales, la AIE, la UTE, la cuenta en participación etc), y sobre la base de los cuales puedan conservar y reforzar el sentimiento de confianza que necesitan tener en la operación y en su "aliado" para alcanzar con éxito estos objetivos.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of both practical and theoretical legal issues raised by joint ventures in Europe. In the European Union member states and especially in Spain, joint ventures are viewed as a high efficient strategic operation - allowing alliances between firms, which may improve their competitiveness and adapt them to the growing dimensions of European markets and to the new global economy.
Joint ventures are not organised as such by any statute law in Europe. European law focuses on the analysis of the effects they may produce on competition. Joint ventures obtain a legal content only in practice.
The aim of this study is to define the "added value" of the practical work of lawyers, when they take part in processes of creation of joint ventures. This question allows to integrate the analysis of different legal aspects of joint ventures - their contractual and corporate structure as well as their legal treatment under competition law - which are traditionally treated in separate studies, and to point out the existence of on-going interfaces between them. This study focuses essentially on the contractual and corporate aspects of joint ventures.
Practitioners set up, first of all, mechanisms which are compulsory - i.e. legal rules - for the firms involved in the operation according to their strategic interests. The result may be, for instance, the creation of a mere "contractual joint venture", of an European Economic Interest Grouping, or the incorporation of a "joint venture company". The complexity of the joint venture legal organisation prevents from studying separately the so-called "joint venture agreement" on which is based the operation, and the company which may be incorporated within it. The joint venture company is only a part of a more complex ensemble, which needs to be understood as such in order to be correctly analysed.
The complex legal organisation of joint ventures differs from any other complex legal organisations because of its specific purpose, ie. establish a strategic alliance between firms. It aims to organise an operation in which: (i) participate two or more firms independently active on the market; (ii) are gathered the resources necessary to carry out a common business activity, possibly but not obligatory within a separate entity; and (iii) the participating firms jointly control the common business activity. Those three features are at the basis of the legal definition of joint ventures.
The question of the legal validity and efficiency of the terms and conditions present in incorporated joint venture agreements is the more problematic one for the practitioners. The main difficulty in relation with joint ventures like in relation with many other complex agreements is to determine the limits of use of contractual freedom in company law.
While organising the operation, the practitioners are also drawing the attention of the legislator on the legal needs of the firms willing to enter into alliances. The terms and conditions present in joint venture agreements depend not only on the content of the statute law applicable to the joint venture company for example, but also on the creative skills of the practitioners. The joint venture agreement needs to cover different purposes generally through original and complex combinations of legal mechanisms, proving once again the relevant role of practice in the generation of law.
As a result, it is possible to observe a certain "flexibilization" of the rules in company law, especially in continental Europe. This new tendency develops in parallel with the movement observed in competition law towards a more realistic and pragmatic analysis of joint venture effects on the markets.
The analysis of the legal organisations of joint ventures existing in practice demonstrates however the lack of necessity for a statutory regulation of this (strategic) operation in Europe. Like in the case of the organisation of a firm, the economic players willing to enter into strategic alliances only need to find in statute law different "legal tools" which may adapt their legitimate economic interests - such as different company forms, the Economic Interest Grouping, the partnership - and on the basis of which they can conserve and reinforce the confidence they need to have in their partner and in the operation in order to achieve successfully their purposes.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Chang, Yung Hsiang, and 張詠翔. "The Legality of Taiwan’s SPS Measures regarding Avian Influenza under SPS Agreement." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3tk63k.
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碩士國立清華大學
科技法律研究所
105
In recent years, the problem of food safety has become much more serious. Our government should not only face the threat from the domestic enterprises but also defend the health risk stemmed from the world trade. The outbreak of avian flu in other countries should be considered an alert to our country. The avian flu may impact our domestic farming, animal and plant health, human health, and economy. As such, out government restricts or prohibits the import of birds and their product. What our government does should comply with related WTO regulation, especially SPS Agreement. SPS Agreement requires members to enact their SPS measures based on scientific evidence and risk assessment. Therefore, science plays an important role in the WTO dispute settlement. To ensure that our SPS measure complies with SPSAgreement, this article discusses the explanation of scientific evidence through WTO case study. Then whether our current SPS measure violates Panel’s or Appellate Body’s explanation is also examined. Furthermore, this article provides a possible solution to help our government obey WTO law without any sacrifice of nationals’ health.
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Smit, Marijke. "The applicability of the SPS agreement to private standards." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30023.
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Chinyama, Grace. "The impact of the precautionary principle and the SPS agreement on international trade." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10939.
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WTO Agreements have failed to adequately cater for the needs of developing countries. The WTO Agreements, particularly the SPS Agreements has failed to take into account the special needs of developing and least developing countries and clearly their interests have received no representation in the Agreement. Instead of reducing the negative impact of the SPS measures, the Agreement itself has become a barrier to trade. The problems of its implementation inclusive of the expertise, the high costs of conformity, lack of infrastructure and adequate resources have created further restrictions for exporters in international commerce. The failure to adequately deal with the implementation problems of developing countries is evident in the stalemate that culminated at the Doha Ministerial Conference which has extended for over a decade. Perhaps the future of African developments lies in regional agreements, since it is clear that the multilateral trading system has failed. Whereas some scholars are of the view that Article 5.7 of the Agreement should be used as model for the precautionary principle. The principle is highly controversial and does not even have a universal definition; its application might prove to be highly problematic. However the trade-environment debate has already taken center stage in the WTO jurisprudence, suggesting possibly the emergence of an Agreement to that effect. One however can only wonder whether in including the trade-environment debate under the ambit of the WTO when clearly it has failed to deal with issues and concerns’ relating to trade only, might be biting much more than it can chew.Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
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Lai, Yu Cheng, and 賴昱誠. "On the US-Taiwan beef protocol in light of the WTO SPS agreement." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48808997871259490687.
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碩士國立政治大學
外交研究所
100
On October 22, 2009, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO) and the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) signed the US-Taiwan Beef Protocol for the arrangement with regard to the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)-related measures on importing beef and beef products. Due to lack of confidence in the government, the public opinion of Taiwan was strongly against such importation of beef. In order to deal with the roaring public opinion, the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China (ROC) amended the Act Governing Food Sanitation Article XI on January 27, 2010. According to this amendment, the beef viscera and ground beef produced in the United States are banned from importing into Taiwan. Furthermore, the ROC government then adopted the Regulation Governing the Sanitation of Importing Beef and several sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS measures) to implement the amendment. These measures result in a discrepancy between the obligations regulated by domestic law and those by the Beef Protocol. The issue of the Beef Protocol may be discussed from many aspects, including the legal status of the Protocol in domestic law, the evaluation of the SPS measures under the WTO regime, the US-Taiwan relations, etc. This study will start from the introduction of the SPS Agreement, the international food standard of the BSE-risked beef set by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the Beef Protocol. Then, the author will discuss the evaluation of the Protocol and other SPS measures of the ROC under the WTO regime and try to figure out the possibility of the use of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in order to solve the Protocol issue. This study will also examine the legal status of the Protocol in the ROC domestic law and discuss the impact on the US-Taiwan commercial relations. In the final part of this study, the author will provide several policy recommendations to settle this Protocol issue.
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YANG, YI-CHING, and 楊一晴. "The Impact of WTO on the Development and Implementation of Public Health Issues under International Law- The Study of the TRIPS Agreement and the SPS Agreement." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46953105226158848598.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系研究所
92
The importance of protection of public health is understood and recognized by states worldwide. In fact, most of states provide varies public-health-related legislatives and regulations in their domestic legal systems. However, there is lacking the existence of an independent legal branch of "international public health law" under international law system. Accordingly, in respect of studying the development and implementation of public health issues of international law, aiming to construct the "horizontal" and "vertical" development thereof, it is necessary to analyze all kinds of public-health-related regulations from different international law branches. At the beginning of this article, the sources of international law about the states'' obligations on the protection of public health and the right to health will introduced. This article will also discuss about those international organization and international regulations, which are most effective and involved with the national public health protection policies. Based on the analysis of relevant public-health-related rules provided by World Health Organization, International Human Rights Law, International Labor Law, International Environmental Law and World Trade Organization (WTO), it is obvious that there are two dimensions of the development of public health issues under international law, one is the "vertical" development that the detailed health-related regulations will be enacted in various international law fields, and the other is the "horizontal" development to promote the accommodation and consistence among the regulations from different international branches. The next step is turning to study all relevant dispute settlement cases and articles under the TRIPS Agreement and the SPS Agreement, to review the negative and positive impact and trend of public health issues thereunder, and to evaluate the effect of development of public health under the WTO legal system. Finally, it is focused on the future of the international protection of public health. In conclusion, the trend of further "horizontal" and "vertical" development on public health protection is expectable.
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Wu, Chun-Yin, and 吳俊英. "The Application of the Precautionary Principle in WTO Law: The SPS Agreement and Genetically Modified Food Trade Disputes." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83639662173463187358.
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碩士國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
91
Modern biotechnology has drastically grown in past decades, and keeps developing. One of the main applications of biotechnology is genetically modified food (GMF). GMF may be beneficial to resolve global food provisions shortage, to improve food quality, and to alleviate the habitat destruction. However, civilians and governments gradually concern about the impact of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to the environment and the risk that GMF posed to human health. Because of the basic assumptions toward biotechnology are greatly diverting, the regulations of GMOs products differ among countries. Under the mandate of the Precautionary Principle, the European Union (EU) takes a relatively rigorous regulatory scheme of GMOs. Primary GMF exporting countries, such as the United States and Canada, assert that EU regulations of GMOs significantly impede the international trade of GMO products, and complain to dispute settlement panel of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This trade dispute over biotechnological product between EU and US causes great concern. Is the precautionary principle a legitimate defend while being accused violating the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measure Agreement (SPS Agreement)? What is the outcome of the dispute? After years of negotiations and compromises of international groups, the Cartagene Protocol on Biosafety (Biosafety Protocol), an international treaty governing the cross-border movement of living modified organisms (LMOs), finally takes into effect in Setember 2003. The Biosafety Protocol not only emphasizes the precautionary principle, but contains advanced inform agreement procedure, requires risk assessment, and supports using trade measures. Many concern that there are potential conficts between the Biosafety Protocol and the WTO/SPS rules. This thesis focuses on the relationship of the precautionary principle and the WTO. The author attempts to analyze the consistency of the regulations of EU and the SPS Agreement. In addition, this thesis offers some approaches to resolve the conflicts between the Biosafety Protocol and the WTO rules. ChapterⅠspecifies the issues and research methods of this thesis. ChapterⅡ first briefs the history of the development of the precautionary principle, then addresses the commons and differences of it among treaties. After studying on three disputes of international tribunals and comparing literature, the author discusses the legal status of the precautionary principle. ChapterⅢ are mainly comprised by the studying of disputes relating to the SPS Agreement. In this chapter, with analysis of the DSU and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the author addresses the applicability of the precautionary principle in the WTO. In ChapterⅣ, the author simulates a WTO moot court in order to analyze the compatibility of EU regulations and the SPS Agreement. ChapterⅤ aims to offer possible ways to reconcile the conflicts of the Biosafety Protocol and WTO rules. The conclusion of this thesis is placed in Chapter Ⅵ. This thesis finds that the precautionary principle has been widely adopted by environmental treaties, and concludes that the principle, whilst not become custom yet, is still developing to become a customary international law. According to the DSU and Vienna Convention, when judging disputes related to the precautionary principle, the Appellate Body shall properly take it into account. The author asserts the EU’s regulations of GMOs might be consistent to international risk assessment principles. Therefore, WTO Panel is likely to regard those measures as not violating the SPS Agreement. In addition, to avoid conflicts with the Biosafety Protocol, this thesis suggests WTO may exempt certain obligations or amend the conflicting rules by resolutions of Members. The WTO tribunal shall interpret these rules as not conflicting in best ways; however, while conflicts are inevitable, the tribunal should concludes that the Biosafety Protocol has superiority over WTO rules, but not eroding or depriving the Members’ fundamental rights under the WTO.
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Lin, Shu-Yu, and 林書宇. "A Study on the Restrictive Import Measures of Livestock Products containing β-agonist of Taiwan under the SPS Agreement." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72368755745290804972.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
96
In 2006, the Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine promulgated that it was forbidden to manufacture, disperse, import, export, sell and exposure “β-agonist,” was a feed additive that was used to increase rate of carcass leanness in food-producing animals, because it could be harmful to human healthy according to science reports. In contrast, using β-agonist could decline production costs, thus other countries did not prohibit it generally and the FAO also allow it within a suggesting standard. On the other hand, the restrictive import measures of Taiwan would probably become trade barriers under the WTO Rules. On the purpose of protecting our public health, food safety, and citizen care, this thesis attempts to establish an adaptable restrictive import measure of livestock product containing β-agonist in accordance with the WTO Rules. Furthermore, the thesis does examine not only the public health provisions and practices under the WTO Rules, but also the control systems of β-agonist in the world. In summary, considering literature review methodology, historical methodology, comparative methodology, and interviewing methodology, this thesis tries to present an effective and enforceable conclusion as an advice in the future.
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Theyse, Maria Johanna. "Development of an effective phytosanitary regulatory information management system framework for WTO SPS compliance." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28929.
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The World Trade Organisation Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO SPS) provide the rights and obligations for members to take phytosanitary measures to protect animal, plant and human life or health. Using the guidelines of the WTO SPS Agreement Article 7 this study evaluated the current SPS transparency capacity of the South African regulatory system. Based on the outcome of the evaluation a Best Practice Model for WTO SPS notification and information management was develop to improve WTO SPS compliance for South Africa Phytosanitary capacities of regulatory systems are challenged with increased global agricultural trade and a proliferation of international and regional phytosanitary standards. International Standards for Phytosanitary measures (ISPMs) are developed by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). The concept of phytosanitary capacity was analysed and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) tool evaluated in terms of its scope, purpose and usefulness. South Africa has attempted to address some of its phytosanitary capacity challenges system and organisational challenges by restructuring and strengthening the capacity of its National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO) in order to meet the demands of international phytosanitary obligations and commitments. This study evaluates the phytosanitary capacity of South Africa and uses the IPPC Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) tool to identify and assess the current constraints impacting on the capacity. Based on the outcome of the PCE recommendations to address information management and capacity constraints are made. The study the used the IPPC Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) tool to evaluate phytosanitary regulatory capacity constraints impacting on the phytosanitary capacity of Malawi. The results from the PCE for Malawi was compared with the results obtained from the PCE for South Africa. The results highlighted the different levels of phytosanitary capacity between a developing country such as South Africa and a Least Developed Country such as Malawi and made recommendations to address the country specific constraints.Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
unrestricted
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黃馨葳. "A Study on Food Import Regulation and its Consistency of SPS Agreement under WTO: Focusing on Taiwan’s Regulatory Response to the Radioactivity in Japanese Food Products." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fg7569.
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碩士國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
104
Global trade in agricultural and food products has grown rapidly in recent decades, with countries becoming more engaged in cross-border trade, whether as exporters or importers. All countries maintain measures to ensure that imported food is safe for consumers, and to prevent the spread of pests or diseases among animals and plants. These sanitary and phytosanitary measures can take many forms, such as requiring products to come from a disease-free area, inspection of products, specific treatment or processing of products. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures, by their very nature, may result in restrictions on trade. After the March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan, radiation was released into the environment near the plant. Growing concerns over radiation cause several countries, such as Korea and China to impose restrictions on the import of Japanese products. Taiwan, one of Japan's key food export markets, also imposed regulations in order to secure the safety of people. However, in 2015 Japan has filed a dispute against Korea at the World Trade Organization (WTO) over import restrictions that Japan found the measures inappropriate and against the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS Agreement). It also demonstrats that countries which impose import restrictions could be facing international adjudication through the WTO. Therefore, this essay staying with the view of international trade law, in particular the SPS Agreement under WTO, tries to analyze the consistency of Taiwan’s import regulations on Japanese Food Products with the rules and norms of the WTO in order to assess the legitimaticy of Taiwan’s trade policy.
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Chen, Hui-Chih, and 陳慧芝. "An Analysis of the WTO Panel Ruling on GMO Dispute -- Focusing on the Interpretation and Application of Articles 2.2, 5.1 and 5.7 of the SPS Agreement." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07758413348078928887.
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碩士國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
98
The transboundary movement of Genetic Modified Organisms (GMOs) has become a focal point of the international community. The management of and control over GMOs involves huge economic interests and the protection of the environment and public health. In 2003, the World Trade Organization (WTO), at the request of GMOs-producing countries, established a Panel to adjudicate the consistency of European Community State Members’ restriction on trade of GMO products with the WTO rules. Given the high controversy and sensitivity of the dispute, the Panel had conducted a very lengthy deliberation and finally reached a conclusion in September of 2006. This Article aims to analyze the legal reasoning of the decision, focusing on how the tribunal interpreted and applied certain critical provisions governing the dispute. It is found that this ruling took a rigid stand on the justification of applying trade restrictions on GMOs, although the right of WTO members to protect national health has been fairly reaffirmed.
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Werk, Friedrich. "Mitbestimmung in südafrikanischen Unternehmen : die zentrale Bedeutung des Recognition Agreement /." 1994. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/278223311.pdf.
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LO, TZU TING, and 羅紫庭. "Legal Issues of Patent License Agreement－A Study on the Standard Essential Patents（SEPs）." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73704755332846609520.
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碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
101
Holders of patents combined with industry-standard have patent licensing negotiations dominant position for technical implementers who must follow the standard, this is so-called “Hold-up effect”. If the above patent holders charge “excessive” royalties, refuse to license, or package-license and other anti-competitive acts , and derive related issues about anti-competition in the competition law, compulsory licensing in patent law, abuse of rights, the principle of good faith, the interpretation and adjustment of license terms in civil law. Standards setting organizations（SSOs）adopt intellectual property policies requiring the patent holders participation in standard setting should promptly disclose its patents in the development of industry standards, and agree to license their patents on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms (FRAND terms) to technical implementers. This article describes the U.S. competition authorities and the courts how to process such disputes, including the latest policies and regulations and cases, as a reflection of our existing legal regime. Our country's well-known cases－Philips, Sony, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd Joint-license CD-R discs to manufacturers Princo Corp. and Prodisc. Technology Inc. cases, are also another industry-standard patent license contract dispute applicable to fair trade law, patent law, civil law in our country. This article will be to organize fair trade commission decisions and court judgments. By observation of the above cases, and tracking latest patent law amendments in our country, and then made some views and suggestions.
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Saunders, Davenport Deborah. "To save the world : global environmental negotiations and the effectiveness of agreement /." 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/363246711.pdf.
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Oliveira, Silvie Patrícia Rodrigues. "SNS e IPSS: os (novos) acordos de gestão e de cooperação." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/44717.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Direito AdministrativoA presente dissertação tem como foco principal a análise do recém-publicado Decreto-Lei n.º 138/2013, de 9 de Outubro, diploma que define as formas de articulação do Ministério da Saúde (MS) e dos estabelecimentos e serviços do Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS) com as instituições particulares de solidariedade social (IPSS), enquadradas no regime da Lei de Bases da Economia Social, e estabelece o regime de devolução dos hospitais das misericórdias que outrora foram integrados no setor público e que eram geridos por estabelecimentos ou serviços do SNS. Para melhor compreensão da complexidade da figura das IPSS importa conhecer o contexto do seu surgimento e analisar o respetivo enquadramento legal, quer ao nível da Constituição, quer do Regime Jurídico das Pessoas Coletivas de Utilidade Pública e do recém-republicado Estatuto das Instituições Particulares de Solidariedade Social. O SNS é duplamente visado pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 138/2013,de 9 de Outubro, ora no âmbito de articulação com as IPSS, ora no regime jurídico de devolução dos hospitais das misericórdias. Nesse sentido, afigura-se como imperativo o estudo do enquadramento legal do SNS. As modalidades de articulação do SNS e das IPSS, nomeadamente os acordos de gestão e de cooperação ganham especial ênfase na presente dissertação, procurando-se examinar os pontos fulcrais do regime jurídico instituído pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 138/2013,de 9 de Outubro. O regime jurídico de devolução dos hospitais das misericórdias, porquanto objeto do Decreto-Lei n.º 138/2013,de 9 de Outubro, irá ser alvo de um exame em moldes mais sintético. No concreto contexto de estudo dos acordos de gestão e de cooperação visa-se analisar a adequação do regime jurídico de formação e execução dos acordos e os termos de sujeição às regras da Contratação Pública contemplado no Decreto-lei n.º 138/2013,de 9 de Outubro.
This work is primarily focused on the analysis of the recently published Decree-Law n.º 138/2013, of October 9. This legislation sets out the articulation forms of the Ministry of Health (HM) and the facilities and services of the National Health Service (NHS) with the Private Institutions of Social Solidarity (PISS), framed in the regime of the Basic Law of Social Economy and establishes the drawback scheme of «Misericordia» Hospitals that were once integrated in the public sector and that were managed by institutions or NHS services. To better understand the complexity of PISS is important to know the context of its emergence and analyze the legal framework, both in terms of the Portuguese Constitution or the Legal Regime of Collective People of Public Utility and the newly republished Statute of the Private Institutions of Social Solidarity. The NHS is doubly pursued by the Decree-Law n.º138/2013,of October 9, now in coordination with the PISS and the legal framework of the return of the «Misericórdia» Hospitals. In this sense, it is imperative to study the legal framework of the NHS. The joint arrangements of the NHS and PISS, including management and cooperation agreements earn special emphasis in this thesis, we aim to examine the key points of the legal regime established by the Decree-Law n.º138/2013,of October 9. The legal framework of the return of the «Misericórdia» Hospitals, object of the Decree-Law n.º 138/2013, of October 9, will be analyzed in most synthetic manner. In the specific context of the study of management and cooperation agreements, we aim to analyze the adequacy of the legal framework for the formation and implementation of the agreements and the terms of its subjection to the rules of the Public Procurement contemplated in the Decree-law n.º138/2013, of October 9.
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Pelser, Antoinette. "Investigating client-architect agreements as contracts of agency to determine the role and authority of the architectural professional." 2013. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000986.
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M. Tech. Architectural TechnologyThe South African Council for the Architectural Profession (SACAP) requires that all registered architects clearly set out the terms (as defined by Rule 4.1 of the SACAP Code of Conduct, Board Notice 154 of 2009) of their appointment, before they undertake to perform any architectural work. Although the legally tested professional service agreements conform to the requirements of the Code of Conduct, architects are still reluctant to make use of these contracts. It has become common practice for architects to rely on their own knowledge of contracts to construct self-drafted agreements that are often not legally enforceable, or not to enter in to a client-architect agreement at all. It is the researcher's opinion that architects' knowledge and perceptions of the elements of contract law and the existing client-architect agreements should be investigated in an attempt to encourage the use of established service agreements. The agreement between the client and the architect plays a vital role in setting out the obligations of the parties involved in a construction project. Architects fail to provide their clients with a balanced, equitable and insurable professional service agreement, placing both parties at risk. The architect's authority is not established without a proper contract of agency, and the client does not understand the obligations and the role that the service provider has to undertake to earn his fee. The purpose of this study is to determine the origin and development of contracts of agency in the built environment. The study further aims to establish if the current available client-architect agreements are defined clearly and appropriately, as a legal agreement.
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Kouassi, Nguettia William. "Development of an improved routing approach in wireless sensor networks." 2015. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001699.
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M. Tech. Electrical Engineering.Discusses the question of how to prolong the life of an entire sensor network by reducing the power consumption is the most important issue in wireless sensor networks. Traditional routing schemes have not fulfilled the expectations of an optimised WSN, and as a result, new algorithms are being designed globally. One of these protocols which serve as a basis for this study is the RCRR. In this project, we present a new approach of the Relative Coordinates Rumor Routing algorithm based on a link quality awareness scheme and a modified version of the protocol with better scaling.The benefits of this study are: Proposal of a tuneable algorithm that will not only consume less power compared to the classic RR but also addresses the scalability problem encountered with the original RCRR. Proposal a better trade-off between throughput and average end-to-end delay with the use of the SMAC (compared with Rumor protocol). Avoidance of long delays in queues and saving power on retransmission of packets. Reduction of the wandering of agents during communication. Prolonging the lifetime of the network and thus offering economic, operational, and environmental benefits. Balancing link quality awareness with a topological localisation scheme to achieve better throughput.
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Ni, Tsai Hsieh, and 蔡榭妮. "The study of the consumer's acceptance towards the pricing in the Taiwanese Spa industry: a perspective of the service satisfaction under the Cross-Strait Agreement on Trade in Services." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jqqkp2.
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碩士實踐大學
企業管理學系碩士在職專班
102
The influence of the Cross-strait Trade Agreement on the quality of the customer service personnel─ An example of the spa industries. As the people of Taiwan Beauty SPA industry requirements for quality of life, as well as more emphasis on external maintenance, development progress increased year by year, making it a world-renowned service industry in height between the service quality, the formation of a considerable competitive soft power Since China's economic rise of trade between the two sides of the industry have close to the west, the intersection depth Taiwan and China's economy will take root deeper, so the necessary provisions for the exchanges, "Cross-Strait Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement" (Cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, referred ECFA) will be born by more in June 2013 signed "Agreement on Trade in Services." This study will explore trade agreement after the service was officially launched in the first line of the service quality of service, first take the sample of 25 Beauty SPA Hall to the north of Taoyuan, the first for service quality satisfaction for the first-line service personnel questionnaires filled out questionnaires divided into two stores in the current actual consumer satisfaction and responsible person or business managers to analyze satisfaction, then selected by 25 Hall of six heads or managers conducted in-depth interviews, giving beauty after the official launch of trade in services should be strengthened in future first-line service staff recommendation SPA service quality.
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Miao, Lusheng. "Scheduling and QoS enhancement in wireless vehicular ad-hoc networks." 2014. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001736.
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D. Tech. Electrical Engineering.Discusses the protocol design in VANETs is very challenging due to their low latency and high data rate requirements in a high mobility environment. Hence, the central metrics of QoS such as throughput, reliability and delays are critical to the design of protocol in VANETs. Therefore, this project focuses on the scheduling and QoS enhancement algorithms. The QoS analytical model and multi-channel MAC protocol were completed; this was significant for the development of the VANETs.The anticipated benefits of this study may be described as: 1. The duty cycle adaptive MAC protocol could improve the QoS of VANET in the situation where the OBU is equipped with only one transceiver. 2. The results obtained from this model is significant for the designing and evaluation of the vehicular network. 3. Due to the characteristics of VANETs, the requirements of high throughput and low latency are critical in VANETs. An efficient multi-channel MAC protocol is a vital requirement in order to offer efficient, fair and stable channel access using the limited channel resources.
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Jonker, Burnet Jacques. "The perceptions of service quality by internal information technology users after the adoption of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library in South Africa." 2013. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001192.
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M. Tech. Business Administration (MBA)Information technology (IT) services have become strategic to business. Complex IT environments are usually managed according to a service management framework of which the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) is the de facto standard. Due to a lack of studies on service quality and the Information Technology Infrastructure Library in South Africa, this research was focused on how service quality is perceived by the business after the adoption of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library. The purposes of this research were: to identify which dimensions of service quality contributed most significantly to the service quality gap; to determine what the perceptions of service quality were after the implementation of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library; and how the opinions of service quality differ between the Information technology division and the business.
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Schindehütte, Alexandra. "Das Schengener Informationssystem." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0001-BC1D-C.
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Hauptgegenstand der Arbeit ist das Schengener Informationssystem der ersten Generation, SIS. Dargestellt werden zunächst der Weg zu einem elektronischen europaweiten Fahndungssystem, die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen dieses Fahndungssystems und seine Funktionsweise.
Daran anschließend folgt die Prüfung der Verletzung des Demokratieprinzips beim Zustandekommen des Schengener Durchführungsübereinkommens und bei seiner Transformation in innerstaatliches Recht. Weitere Prüfungspunkte sind die Notwendigkeit eines Gesetzes nach Art. 24 Abs. 1 Grundgesetz bei der Umsetzung in innerstaatliches Recht sowie die Vereinbarkeit der Fahndungskategorie der Verdeckten Registrierung nach Art. 99 Schengener Durchführungsübereinkommen mit Art. 8 der Europäischen Grundrechte-Charta.
Während in der Arbeit eine Verletzung von Demokratieprinzip und Art. 24 Absatz 1 Grundgesetz nicht festgestellt werden kann, bestehen im Hinblick auf die Vereinbarkeit mit Art. 8 der Europäischen Grundrechte-Charta unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten durchgreifende Bedenken.
Die Arbeit schließt mit einem Ausblick auf das Schengener Informationssystem der zweiten Generation, SIS II, sowie einer Zusammenfassung und einer Bewertung ab.