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Uthoff, Aaron, Jon Oliver, John Cronin, Craig Harrison, and Paul Winwood. "Sprint-Specific Training in Youth." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 4 (April 2020): 1113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002914.
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Mero, Antti, and Paavo V. Komi. "Comparison of maximal sprint running and sprint specific strength exercises." Journal of Biomechanics 22, no. 10 (January 1989): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(89)90375-8.
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Baumgart, Julia Kathrin, and Øyvind Sandbakk. "Laboratory Determinants of Repeated-Sprint and Sport-Specific-Technique Ability in World-Class Ice Sledge Hockey Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 2 (March 2016): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0516.
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Purpose:To investigate on-ice repeated-sprint and sports-specific-technique abilities and the relationships to aerobic and anaerobic off-ice capacities in world-class ice sledge hockey players.Methods:Twelve Norwegian national team players performed 8 repeated maximal 30-m sprints and a sports-specific-technique test while upper-body poling on ice, followed by 4 maximal upper-body strength tests and 8-s peak power and 3-min peak aerobic-capacity (VO2peak) tests while ergometer poling.Results:The fastest 30-m sprint time was 6.5 ± 0.4 s, the fastest initial 10-m split-time 2.9 ± 0.2 s, and the corresponding power output 212 ± 37 W. Average 30-m time during the 8 repeated sprints was 6.7 ± 0.4 s, and the sprint-time decrement was 4.3% ± 1.8%. Time to execute the sport-specific-technique test was 25.6 ± 2.7 s. Averaged 1-repetition-maximum strength of the 4 exercises correlated with the fastest 30-m sprint time (r = –.77), the fastest initial 10-m split time (r = –.72), the corresponding power output (r = .67), and the average 30-m sprint time (r = –.84) (all P < .05). Peak power of the 8-s ergometer sprint test correlated with the highest initial 10-m power (r = .83, P < .01) and the average 30-m sprint time (r = –.68, P < .05). Average 3-min ergometer power (r = –.86, P < .01) and VO2peak (r = –.67, P < .05) correlated with the sprint-time decrement. All off-ice variables except VO2peak correlated with technique-test time (r = –.58 to .73, all P < .05).Conclusion:Maximal strength and power are associated with the ability to sprint fast and rapid execution of a technically complex test, whereas mode-specific endurance capacity is particularly important for maintenance of sprint ability in ice sledge hockey.
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Caprara, Greg. "Specific Sprint Conditioning for College Basketball." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 16, no. 4 (1994): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1994)016<0017:sscfcb>2.3.co;2.
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Sousa, Filipe, Ivan dos Reis, Luiz Ribeiro, Luiz Martins, and Claudio Gobatto. "Specific Measurement of Tethered Running Kinetics and its Relationship to Repeated Sprint Ability." Journal of Human Kinetics 49, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0127.
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Abstract Repeated sprint ability has been widely studied by researchers, however, analysis of the relationship between most kinetic variables and the effect of fatigue is still an ongoing process. To search for the best biomechanical parameter to evaluate repeated sprint ability, several kinetic variables were measured in a tethered field running test and compared regarding their sensitivity to fatigue and correlation with time trials in a free running condition. Nine male sprint runners (best average times: 100 m = 10.45 ± 0.07 s; 200 m = 21.36 ± 0.17 s; 400 m = 47.35 ± 1.09 s) completed two test sessions on a synthetic track. Each session consisted of six 35 m sprints interspersed by 10 s rest under tethered field running or free running conditions. Force, power, work, an impulse and a rate of force development were all directly measured using the sensors of a new tethered running apparatus, and a one-way ANOVA with Scheffé post-hoc test used to verify differences between sprints (p < 0.05). Pearson product-moment correlation measured the relationship between mechanical variables and free running performance. A total impulse, the rate of force development and maximum force did not show significant differences for most sprints. These three variables presented low to moderate correlations with free running performance (r between 0.01 and -0.35). Maximum and mean power presented the strongest correlations with free running performance (r = -0.71 and -0.76, respectively; p < 0.001), followed by mean force (r = -0.61; p < 0.001) and total work (r = -0.50; p < 0.001). It was concluded that under a severe work-to-rest ratio condition, power variables were better suited to evaluating repeated sprint ability than the other studied variables.
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Li, Meng. "Study On Kayak Sprint Specific Core Instability Training." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 7S (July 2020): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000685164.87906.2c.
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Rodríguez Baena, Javier, and Javier Galvez Gonzalez. "Análisis de las demandas de Sprint en competición por puestos específicos en el rugby 7 femenino (Analysis of the Sprint demands during competition by playing positions in women’s rugby 7)." Retos, no. 39 (May 11, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i39.74075.
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Resumen. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las manifestaciones de sprint, la capacidad de repetir sprint y las posibles diferencias entre los periodos de juego de jugadoras de rugby 7, teniendo en cuenta su puesto específico de juego. Fueron monitorizadas 21 jugadoras (edad 21.2 ± 2.4) agrupadas por puestos específicos: delanteras (n=9; 166.3 ± 12.6 cm; 65.4 ± 7.2 kg) y línea ¾ (n=12; 163.4 ± 9.8cm; 61.7 ± 4.1 kg) en torneos de competición oficial, utilizando un sistema de posicionamiento global (GPS). Para determinar un sprint se consideró umbral individualizado del 61% de la velocidad máxima de cada jugadora. Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias significativas al analizar los grupos de jugadoras (p <.05), en la velocidad máxima (27.0 ± 2.10 vs 24.7 ±1.65), en velocidad máxima en competición (25.9 ± 2.34 vs 21.9 ± 2.59), umbral de sprint (16.4 ± 1.29 vs 15.0 ± 1.0), número de sprint (6.83 ± 1.88 vs 4.54 ± 1.44), distancia recorrida a sprint (166.0 ± 15.64 vs 135 ± 13.94) y sprint repetidos (1.82 ± .76 vs 1.11 ± .31). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos periodos de juego (p <.05), observándose una disminución considerable en el segundo tiempo de la velocidad máxima en competición, el número de sprints, distancia recorrida a sprint y sprints repetidos. Podemos concluir que el uso de umbrales relativos incrementa el registro del número de sprint. Las diferencias por puestos específicos puede ayudarnos a una mejor comprensión de las demandas de competición y optimizar la planificación del entrenamiento.
Abstract. The aim of this study is to analyze sprint demands, the ability to repeat sprints and the possible differences between the playing periods of rugby-7 players, considering their playing position. A total of 21 players (age 21.2 ± 2.4) grouped by specific positions (forwards: n = 9; 166.3 ± 12.6 cm; 65.4 ± 7.2 kg; and backs :n = 12; 163.4 ± 9.8cm; 61.7 ± 4.1 kg) were monitored in official competition tournaments, using a global positioning system (GPS). To determine a sprint, an individual threshold of 61% of the maximum speed of each player was considered. The results show that, when analyzing the group of players (p <.05), there are significant differences in the maximum speed (27.0 ± 2.10 vs 24.7 ± 1.65), in maximum speed in competition (25.9 ± 2.34 vs 21.9 ± 2.59), threshold of sprint (16.4 ± 1.29 vs 15.0 ± 1.0), sprint number (6.83 ± 1.88 vs 4.54 ± 1.44), distance traveled to sprint (166.0 ± 15.64 vs 135 ± 13.94), and repeated sprint (1.82 ± .76 vs. 1.11 ± .31). Significant differences were found between both periods of play (p <.05), observing a considerable decrease of the maximum speed in competition, the number of sprints, distance traveled to sprints, and repeated sprints during the second half. The use of relative thresholds increases the number of sprints. The differences in playing positions can help us to better understand the demands of competition and optimize training planning.
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Brechbuhl, Cyril, Franck Brocherie, Gregoire Millet, and Laurent Schmitt. "Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Tennis-Specific Performance in Well-Trained Players." Sports Medicine International Open 02, no. 05 (September 2018): E123—E132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0719-4797.
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AbstractThis study examined the physiological, physical and technical responses to repeated-sprint training in normobaric hypoxia [RSH, inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2) 14.5%] vs. normoxia (RSN, FiO2 20.9%). Within 12 days, eighteen well-trained tennis players (RSH, n=9 vs. RSN, n=9) completed five specific repeated-sprint sessions that consisted of four sets of 5 maximal shuttle-run sprints. Testing sessions included repeated-sprint ability and Test to Exhaustion Specific to Tennis (TEST). TEST’s maximal duration to exhaustion and time to attain the ‘onset of blood lactate accumulation’ at 4 mMol.L−1 (OBLA) improvements were significantly higher in RSH compared to RSN. Change in time to attain OBLA was concomitant with observations similar in time to the second ventilatory threshold. Significant interaction (P=0.003) was found for ball accuracy with greater increase in RSH (+13.8%, P=0.013) vs. RSN (–4.6%, P=0.15). A correlation (r=0.59, P<0.001) was observed between change in ball accuracy and TEST’s time to exhaustion. Greater improvement in some tennis-specific physical and technical parameters was observed after only 5 sessions of RSH vs. RSN in well-trained tennis players.
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Litleskare, Sigbjørn, Eystein Enoksen, Marit Sandvei, Line Støen, Trine Stensrud, Egil Johansen, and Jørgen Jensen. "Sprint Interval Running and Continuous Running Produce Training Specific Adaptations, Despite a Similar Improvement of Aerobic Endurance Capacity—A Randomized Trial of Healthy Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 3865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113865.
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate training-specific adaptations to eight weeks of moderate intensity continuous training (CT) and sprint interval training (SIT). Young healthy subjects (n = 25; 9 males and 16 females) performed either continuous training (30–60 min, 70–80% peak heart rate) or sprint interval training (5–10 near maximal 30 s sprints, 3 min recovery) three times per week for eight weeks. Maximal oxygen consumption, 20 m shuttle run test and 5·60 m sprint test were performed before and after the intervention. Furthermore, heart rate, oxygen pulse, respiratory exchange ratio, lactate and running economy were assessed at five submaximal intensities, before and after the training interventions. Maximal oxygen uptake increased after CT (before: 47.9 ± 1.5; after: 49.7 ± 1.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, p < 0.05) and SIT (before: 50.5 ± 1.6; after: 53.3 ± 1.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, p < 0.01), with no statistically significant differences between groups. Both groups increased 20 m shuttle run performance and 60 m sprint performance, but SIT performed better than CT at the 4th and 5th 60 m sprint after the intervention (p < 0.05). At submaximal intensities, CT, but not SIT, reduced heart rate (p < 0.05), whereas lactate decreased in both groups. In conclusion, both groups demonstrated similar improvements of several performance measures including VO2max, but sprint performance was better after SIT, and CT caused training-specific adaptations at submaximal intensities.
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Sieja, Amber, Eric Kim, Heather Holmstrom, Stephen Rotholz, Chen Tan Lin, Christine Gonzalez, Cortney Arellano, Sarah Hutchings, Denise Henderson, and Katie Markley. "Multidisciplinary Sprint Program Achieved Specialty-Specific EHR Optimization in 20 Clinics." Applied Clinical Informatics 12, no. 02 (March 2021): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1728699.
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Abstract Objective The objective of the study was to highlight and analyze the outcomes of software configuration requests received from Sprint, a comprehensive, clinic-centered electronic health record (EHR) optimization program. Methods A retrospective review of 1,254 Sprint workbook requests identified (1) the responsible EHR team, (2) the clinical efficiency gained from the request, and (3) the EHR intervention conducted. Results Requests were received from 407 clinicians and 538 staff over 31 weeks of Sprint. Sixty-nine percent of the requests were completed during the Sprint. Of all requests, 25% required net new build, 73% required technical investigation and/or solutions, and 2% of the requests were escalated to the vendor. The clinical specialty groups requested a higher percentage of items that earned them clinical review (16 vs. 10%) and documentation (29 vs. 23%) efficiencies compared with their primary care colleagues who requested slightly more order modifications (22 vs. 20%). Clinical efficiencies most commonly associated with workbook requests included documentation (28%), ordering (20%), in basket (17%), and clinical review (15%). Sprint user requests evaluated by ambulatory, hardware, security, and training teams comprised 80% of reported items. Discussion Sprint requests were categorized as clean-up, break-fix, workflow investigation, or new build. On-site collaboration with clinical care teams permitted consensus-building, drove vetting, and iteration of EHR build, and led to goal-driven, usable workflows and EHR products. Conclusion This program evaluation demonstrates the process by which optimization can occur and the products that result when we adhere to optimization principles in health care organizations.
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Hollville, Enzo, Vincent Le Croller, Yoshihiro Hirasawa, Rémi Husson, Giuseppe Rabita, and Franck Brocherie. "Effect of Prior Fatiguing Sport-Specific Exercise on Field Hockey Passing Ability." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 10 (November 1, 2018): 1324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0686.
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Purpose: To evaluate the effect of multiple sets of repeated-sprint-ability (RSA)-induced fatigue on subsequent passing-skill performance in field hockey players. Methods: A total of 10 elite U-21 (under-21) male field hockey players performed 5 sets of a combination of RSA test (6 × 20 m, 20 s of passive recovery) followed by a 1-min passing-skill test (passing reception with subsequent passes at a predesigned target). Data on fastest sprint time and cumulated sprint time for RSA test; total number of balls played, targeted, and passing accuracy (number of balls targeted/total number of balls played) for passing-skill test; heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLa), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected throughout the protocol. Results: RSA performance was significantly impaired from set 1 to set 5 (fastest sprint time +4.1%, P < .001; cumulated sprint time +2.3%, P < .01). For a similar average number of balls played (12.8 [1.4]) during each set, number of balls targeted (−1.7%, P < .05) and passing accuracy (−3.1%, P < .05) decreased up to the third set before reimproving over the last 2 sets. Psychophysiological responses (HR, BLa, and RPE) progressively increased (P < .05) toward protocol cessation. The decrease in passing accuracy with increasing RSA cumulated sprint time was fitted to a 2nd-order polynomial function (r2 = .94, P < .05). Conclusion: Multiple-set RSA-induced fatigue was accompanied by passing-skill adjustment variation, suggesting a complex interaction between physiological and psychological/cognitive function to preserve passing skill under fatigued condition.
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Monu, Jessica M. "Sport-Specific Training for a Competitive Freestyle Sprint Swimmer." Strength and Conditioning Journal 35, no. 5 (October 2013): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e3182956323.
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Beaven, C. Martyn, Peter Maulder, Adrian Pooley, Liam Kilduff, and Christian Cook. "Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate mouth rinses on repeated sprint performance." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38, no. 6 (June 2013): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0333.
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Our purpose was to examine the effectiveness of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinses in enhancing repeated sprint ability. Previously, studies have shown that a carbohydrate mouth rinse (without ingestion) has beneficial effects on endurance performance that are related to changes in brain activity. Caffeine ingestion has also demonstrated positive effects on sprint performance. However, the effects of carbohydrate or caffeine mouth rinses on intermittent sprints have not been examined previously. Twelve males performed 5 × 6-s sprints interspersed with 24 s of active recovery on a cycle ergometer. Twenty-five milliliters of either a noncaloric placebo, a 6% glucose, or a 1.2% caffeine solution was rinsed in the mouth for 5 s prior to each sprint in a double-blinded and balanced cross-over design. Postexercise maximal heart rate and perceived exertion were recorded, along with power measures. A second experiment compared a combined caffeine-carbohydrate rinse with carbohydrate only. Compared with the placebo mouth rinse, carbohydrate substantially increased peak power in sprint 1 (22.1 ± 19.5 W; Cohen's effect size (ES), 0.81), and both caffeine (26.9 ± 26.9 W; ES, 0.71) and carbohydrate (39.1 ± 25.8 W; ES, 1.08) improved mean power in sprint 1. Experiment 2 demonstrated that a combination of caffeine and carbohydrate improved sprint 1 power production compared with carbohydrate alone (36.0 ± 37.3 W; ES, 0.81). We conclude that carbohydrate and (or) caffeine mouth rinses may rapidly enhance power production, which could have benefits for specific short sprint exercise performance. The ability of a mouth-rinse intervention to rapidly improve maximal exercise performance in the absence of fatigue suggests a central mechanism.
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Bonder, Ian, Andrew Shim, Robert G. Lockie, and Tara Ruppert. "A Preliminary Investigation: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Occupational Specific Training Program to Improve Lower Body Strength and Speed for Law Enforcement Officers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 7685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147685.
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Based on current law enforcement officer (LEO) duties, musculoskeletal injury risk is elevated due to the unpredictable nature of physically demanding tasks. The purpose of this 4-week study was to determine the effectiveness of a 15-min post-shift standardized occupational specific training program. The standardized program was designed to improve lower-body strength and speed to aid physically demanding task performance. Seven male LEOs completed the program after their 12-h shift. Subjects were required to use the department fitness center to perform the 15-min standardized program consisting of a dynamic warm-up, 4 sets of 3 repetitions on hex-bar deadlift and four 20-m sprints. Two minutes of rest was required between each set of 3 repetitions on hex-bar deadlift and 1 min of rest between each 20-m sprint. A dependent T-test was used between pre-test and post-test scores for hex-bar deadlift (HBD) and sprint. Data revealed significant improvements in relative lower-body strength with HBD (p ≤ 0.001). However, insignificant results were demonstrated with the 20-m sprint (p ≤ 0.262). In conclusion, a 15-min post-shift workout can improve lower-body strength as measured by the hex-bar deadlift. However, data indicated running speed may require a different training approach to improve the 20-m sprint.
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Durandt, JJ, JP Evans, P. Revington, A. Temple-Jones, and RP Lamberts. "Physical profiles of elite male field hockey and soccer players - application to sport-specific tests." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 3 (October 5, 2007): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2007/v19i3a257.
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Background. The physical demands of field hockey and soccer, based on match analysis, are comparable. As a consequence many exercise scientists and coaches have started to use the same type of field tests for hockey and soccer for the purposes of talent identification and training prescription. The validity of this practice is unknown and the data supporting the similarity of the physical attributes of soccer and hockey players are lacking. Objectives. To compare the physical attributes of elite South African hockey and soccer players. Methods. Elite hockey players (N=39: 22±3 years; mean ± standard deviation) and soccer players (N=37; 24±4 years) completed a set of physical tests including a 10 m and 40 m sprint test, a repeated sprint test (sprint fatigue resistance), a 1RM bench press and a push-up test. Results. There were no differences in the 10 m (1.8±0.1 s both groups) and 40 m (5.4±0.2 s v. 5.3±0.2 s; hockey v. soccer) sprint times and distance run in the repeated sprint test (754±14 m v. 734±51 m). The hockey players were stronger (82±16 v. 65±13 kg) and did more push-ups (49±12 v. 38±10 push-ups) than the soccer players. Conclusions. It is acceptable to use the same type of sport-specific tests to measure sprint capacity and sprint fatigue resistance for hockey and soccer players. However, it is questionable whether the normative data derived for upper body strength for soccer players are relevant for hockey players, and vice versa. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 74-78
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Durandt, JJ, JP Evans, P. Revington, A. Temple-Jones, and RP Lamberts. "Physical profiles of elite male field hockey and soccer players - application to sport-specific tests." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 3 (February 5, 2009): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2007/v19i3a257.
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Background. The physical demands of field hockey and soccer, based on match analysis, are comparable. As a consequence many exercise scientists and coaches have started to use the same type of field tests for hockey and soccer for the purposes of talent identification and training prescription. The validity of this practice is unknown and the data supporting the similarity of the physical attributes of soccer and hockey players are lacking. Objectives. To compare the physical attributes of elite South African hockey and soccer players. Methods. Elite hockey players (N=39: 22±3 years; mean ± standard deviation) and soccer players (N=37; 24±4 years) completed a set of physical tests including a 10 m and 40 m sprint test, a repeated sprint test (sprint fatigue resistance), a 1RM bench press and a push-up test. Results. There were no differences in the 10 m (1.8±0.1 s both groups) and 40 m (5.4±0.2 s v. 5.3±0.2 s; hockey v. soccer) sprint times and distance run in the repeated sprint test (754±14 m v. 734±51 m). The hockey players were stronger (82±16 v. 65±13 kg) and did more push-ups (49±12 v. 38±10 push-ups) than the soccer players. Conclusions. It is acceptable to use the same type of sport-specific tests to measure sprint capacity and sprint fatigue resistance for hockey and soccer players. However, it is questionable whether the normative data derived for upper body strength for soccer players are relevant for hockey players, and vice versa. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 74-78
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Barry, Lorna, Ian Kenny, and Thomas Comyns. "Performance Effects of Repetition Specific Gluteal Activation Protocols on Acceleration in Male Rugby Union Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 54, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2016-0033.
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Abstract Warm-up protocols have the potential to cause an acute enhancement of dynamic sprinting performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three repetition specific gluteal activation warm-up protocols on acceleration performance in male rugby union players. Forty male academy rugby union players were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups (control, 5, 10 or 15 repetition gluteal activation group) and performed 10 m sprints at baseline and 30 s, 2, 4, 6 and 8 min after their specific intervention protocol. Five and ten meter sprint times were the dependent variable and dual-beam timing gates were used to record all sprint times. Repeated measures analysis of variance found no significant improvement in 5 and 10 m sprint times between baseline and post warm-up scores (p ≥ 0.05) for all groups. There were no reported significant differences between groups at any of the rest interval time points (p ≥ 0.05). However, when individual responses to the warm-up protocols were analyzed, the 15 repetition gluteal activation group had faster 10 m times post-intervention and this improvement was significant (p = 0.021). These results would indicate that there is no specific rest interval for any of the gluteal interventions that results in a potentiation effect on acceleration performance. However, the individual response analysis would seem to indicate that a 15 repetition gluteal activation warm-up protocol has a potentiating effect on acceleration performance provided that the rest interval is adequately and individually determined.
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Farlinger, Chris M., and Jonathon R. Fowles. "The Effect of Sequence of Skating-Specific Training on Skating Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 2 (June 2008): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.2.185.
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Purpose:To determine the effectiveness of a progressively “skating specific” periodized off-season training program on skating performance in competitive hockey players.Methods:Twenty (M = 18; F = 2) highly skilled hockey players (age 15.9 ± 1.5 yr) completed 16 wk of standardized resistance and stability training supplemented with either off-ice simulated skating using the SkateSIM (SIM) or plyometric training (PLY) in a crossover design. Group 1 (PLY-SIM; N = 11) completed 8 wk of PLY followed by 8 wk of SIM. Group 2 (SIM-PLY; N = 9) completed 8 wk of SIM followed by 8 wk of PLY. Subjects completed on- and off-ice testing PRE, MID, and POST training.Results:Significant improvements in on-ice 35-m skating sprint (1.0%; P = .009) with significant improvements of 5% to 12% in various off-ice testing measures were observed PRE-MID in both groups. While few off-ice tests improved MID-POST, on-ice 35-m skating sprint times improved MID-POST by 2.3% (P = .000) with greater improvement in PLY-SIM (3.5%) versus SIM-PLY (0.8%; P < .002). Off-ice 30-m sprint (r = 0.56; P = .010) and Edgren side shuffle (r = –0.46; P < .040) were the only off-ice tests that significantly correlated to improvements in on-ice skating sprint performance.Conclusion:The initial gains PRE-MID and then the lack of improvement in many off-ice tests from the MID-POST supports the principle of diminishing returns in response to standardized resistance training. The improvement in on-ice skating sprint performance when supplemental training progressed in specificity supports the principle of specificity and promotes transfer to a complex sporting movement such as skating.
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Hobara, Hiroaki, Shuichi Tominaga, Shingo Umezawa, Koudai Iwashita, Atsuo Okino, Taku Saito, Fumio Usui, and Toru Ogata. "Leg stiffness and sprint ability in amputee sprinters." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 36, no. 3 (August 22, 2012): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364612442121.
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Background:Understanding leg stiffness ( Kleg) in amputee sprinters is important for the evaluation of their sprint ability and development of running-specific prostheses (RSP).Objectives:To investigate Klegduring hopping in amputee sprinters.Study Design:Cross-sectional study.Methods:Seven transtibial (TT) and seven transfemoral (TF) amputee sprinters, as well as seven non-active able-bodied subjects, performed one-legged hopping matching metronome beats at 2.2 Hz. Amputees hopped on their sound limb whereas able-bodied (AB) subjects hopped on their dominant limb. Using a spring-mass model, Klegwas calculated from the subjects’ body mass, ground contact and flight times.Results:Both TT and TF sprinters demonstrated significantly higher Klegthan AB subjects. Klegduring hopping on the sound leg significantly correlated with personal records attained in a 100-m sprint in both TT (r = −0.757) and TF sprinters (r = −0.855).Conclusion:The results of the present study suggest that amputee sprinters have a greater Klegduring hopping than inactive non-amputees, and that their sprint ability can be predicted from the Klegduring hopping at 2.2 Hz on the sound limb.Clinical relevanceExercise challenges need to be taken into consideration when planning routine training regimens for amputee sprinters. Furthermore, increased understanding of Klegin amputee sprinters is relevant to evaluate their sprint ability and develop running-specific prostheses.
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Lockie, Robert G., Adrina Lazar, Fabrice G. Risso, Dominic V. Giuliano, Tricia M. Liu, Alyssa A. Stage, Samantha A. Birmingham-Babauta, et al. "Limited Post-activation Potentiation Effects Provided by the Walking Lunge on Sprint Acceleration: A Preliminary Analysis." Open Sports Sciences Journal 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01710010097.
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Background: Bilateral strength exercises may not provide a movement-specific stimulus to achieve post-activation potentiation (PAP) for sprinting. The walking lunge (WL) could provide this, due to its unilateral action similar to the running gait. Objective: To determine whether the WL potentiated 20-m sprint performance. Method: Nine strength-trained individuals (six men, three women) completed a five-repetition maximum (5RM) WL in one session, and two PAP sessions (control condition [CC] of 4 minutes rest and 5RM WL). Subjects were assessed in baseline 20-m (0-5, 0-10, 0-20 m intervals) sprints, and sprints ~15 s, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 min post-PAP intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA calculated significant changes in sprint times. The best potentiated time for each interval was compared to the baseline to individualize subject recovery times. Effect sizes (d) were derived for magnitude-based inference comparisons between the baseline and all sprints. Sprint potentiation and strength measured by the WL were also correlated (p < 0.05). Results: There were no significant interactions between the PAP conditions and any time point (p = 0.346-0.898). Magnitude based-inference showed a trivial 0.72% decrease in 0-5 m time 4 min after the 5RM WL. There was a moderate potentiation effect following the 5RM WL for the 0-5 m interval best time (d = 0.34). The correlation data did not suggest that greater strength in the WL aided sprint potentiation. Conclusion: The 5RM WL did not significantly potentiate sprint speed. The WL requires stability and control which could limit the applied load and resulting potentiation.
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Mero, Antti, and Paavo V. Komi. "EMG, Force, and Power Analysis of Sprint-Specific Strength Exercises." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10, no. 1 (February 1994): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.10.1.1.
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This study was undertaken to compare force-time characteristics, muscle power, and electromyographic (EMG) activities of the leg muscles in maximal sprinting and in selected bounding and jumping exercises. Seven male sprinters performed maximal bounding (MB), maximal stepping (MS), maximal hopping with the right (MHR) and left (MHL) legs, and maximal sprint running (MR). These “horizontal” exercises and running were performed on a force platform. EMG activity was telemetered unilaterally from five leg muscles during each trial. The results indicated significant (p < .001) differences among the studied exercises in velocity, stride length, stride rate, flight time, and contact time. Also, significant differences were noticed in reactive forces (p < .01-.001) and power (p < .01) among the performances, whereas only insignificant differences were observed in EMG patterns. The average resultant forces during the braking and propulsion phases in MS, MHR, and MHL were greater (p < .001) than in MR and MB. Stepping and hopping are cyclic and sprint-specific and may be used as strength exercises for sprinters because of great strength demand.
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Guggenheimer, Joshua D., D. Clark Dickin, Gabriel F. Reyes, and Dennis G. Dolny. "The Effects of Specific Preconditioning Activities on Acute Sprint Performance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 23, no. 4 (July 2009): 1135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e318191892e.
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Wilkinson, Michael, Andrew McCord, and Edward M. Winter. "Validity of a Squash-Specific Test of Multiple-Sprint Ability." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24, no. 12 (December 2010): 3381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181f56056.
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Strzała, Marek, Arkadiusz Stanula, Piotr Krężałek, Wojciech Rejdych, Jakub Karpiński, Marcin Maciejczyk, and Artur Radecki-Pawlik. "Specific and Holistic Predictors of Sprint Front Crawl Swimming Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0058.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to examine the impact of selected water- and dry-land predictors of 50-m front crawl performance among 27 male swimmers aged 19.3 ± 2.67 years. The following water tests were performed: front crawl tethered arm stroking in a water flume (flow velocity: 0.9 m·s–1) and leg tethered flutter kicking in a swimming pool. Anaerobic tests on dry land included arm cranking and a set of 10 countermovement jumps. The maximal and average forces generated by legs in tethered swimming (Fl max and Fl ave) turned out to be the strongest predictors of sprint swimming aptitude. These values were strongly correlated with total speed (Vtotal50) (r = 0.49, p < 0.05 and r = 0.54, p < 0.01, respectively), start, turn, and finishing speed (VSTF) (r = 0.60, p < 0.01 and r = 0.67, p < 0.01, respectively). The relationship of Fl max and Fl ave with surface speed (Vsurface) was moderate (r = 0.33, non-significant and r = 0.41, p < 0.05, respectively). The maximal force generated by arms (Fa max) during flume tethered swimming significantly influenced Vsurface and Vtotal50 (0.51, p < 0.01 and 0.47, p < 0.05, respectively). Its relationship with VSTF was close to significant (0.36, p = 0.07). Upper and lower limb dry-land tests showed lower and more holistic relationships with the 50-m front crawl race, however, being a good complement to overall fitness assessment. Specific in-water evaluation, especially the newly prepared flutter kicking test, as well as dry-land tests, can be applied to regularly monitor progress in swimming training, and to identify talented swimmers.
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Shaughnessy, Haydn, and Fin Goulding. "Sprinting to digital transformation: a time boxed, Agile approach." Strategy & Leadership 49, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sl-12-2020-0157.
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Purpose The Transformation Sprint methodology provides a customer-focused analysis process in which leaders can learn about how their digital operating model should and can evolve. Design/methodology/approach Agile transformation processes are a learning journey to produce a generative (learning) model. In an Agile setting, the plan should unfold along with experience. Findings Sprints with specific time spans are intended to circumvent scope-creep or other insidious ways that a project can overrun. Practical implications In Agile practice, showing and talking about work is a crucial part of the process. Transformation Sprints visualize Issues, Priorities and Points for Debate in notes posted on meeting room walls. Originality/value This article describes the Agile concepts that make a digital Transformation Sprint a potent addition to innovation practice.
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Meckel, Yoav, Kiril Balikin, and Alon Eliakim. "Pre- and mid-season repeated sprint ability of soccer referees from the first and second divisions." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954119887301.
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The main aim of the study was to investigate the differences in repeated sprint ability of first- compared to second-division referees at the beginning and in the middle of the soccer season. Twenty-seven main and 51 assistant referees, from the first (age 36.2 ± 5.3) and the second (age 28.8 ± 3.9) soccer divisions, performed two fitness tests—at the beginning and at mid-season, consisting of a repeated sprint test of 6 × 40 m and 5 × 30 m sprints for the referees and assistant referees, respectively. While no differences were found among the first division’s main referees, significant improvement ( p < .05) was found among the second division’s main referees at mid-season compared to the beginning of the season in ideal sprint time (31.97 ± 1.5 vs. 32.47 ± 1.3 s) and total sprint time (32.62 ± 1.4 vs. 33.10 ± 1.1 s), respectively. The main referees' ideal sprint time and total sprint time were significantly faster ( p < .05) in the second compared to the first division, at pre-season and at mid-season. Significant correlations were found between age and ideal sprint time ( r = .63) and age and total sprint time ( r = .66) among the main referees, but not between age and performance indices among the assistant referees. The findings demonstrated a superiority of the second over the first division's referees in anaerobic capabilities, suggesting that training program should be specific for each division. It may also indicate that variables other than physical capabilities determine referees' professional status and referee's advancement from second to the first division.
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Martínez-Valencia, María Asunción, Salvador Romero-Arenas, José L. L. Elvira, José María González-Ravé, Fernando Navarro-Valdivielso, and Pedro E. Alcaraz. "Effects of Sled Towing on Peak Force, the Rate of Force Development and Sprint Performance During the Acceleration Phase." Journal of Human Kinetics 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0042.
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AbstractResisted sprint training is believed to increase strength specific to sprinting. Therefore, the knowledge of force output in these tasks is essential. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of sled towing (10%, 15% and 20% of body mass (Bm)) on sprint performance and force production during the acceleration phase. Twenty-three young experienced sprinters (17 men and 6 women; men = 17.9 ± 3.3 years, 1.79 ± 0.06 m and 69.4 ± 6.1 kg; women = 17.2 ± 1.7 years, 1.65 ± 0.04 m and 56.6 ± 2.3 kg) performed four 30 m sprints from a crouch start. Sprint times in 20 and 30 m sprint, peak force (Fpeak), a peak rate of force development (RFDpeak) and time to RFD (TRFD) in first step were recorded. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant increases (p ≤ 0.001) in sprint times (20 and 30 m sprint) for each resisted condition as compared to the unloaded condition. The RFDpeak increased significantly when a load increased (3129.4 ± 894.6 N·s−1, p ≤ 0.05 and 3892.4 ± 1377.9 N·s−1, p ≤ 0.01). Otherwise, no significant increases were found in Fpeak and TRFD. The RFD determines the force that can be generated in the early phase of muscle contraction, and it has been considered a factor that influences performance of force-velocity tasks. The use of a load up to 20% Bm might provide a training stimulus in young sprinters to improve the RFDpeak during the sprint start, and thus, early acceleration.
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Chang, Wen-Dien, and Chi-Cheng Lu. "Sport-Specific Functional Tests and Related Sport Injury Risk and Occurrences in Junior Basketball and Soccer Athletes." BioMed Research International 2020 (December 10, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8750231.
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Objectives. Sport-specific functional tests were used to assess the power, speed, and agility of the lower extremity for a specific sport, but comparison of the differences and association with sport injury was rare. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in sport-specific functional tests between junior basketball and soccer athletes and analyze the sport injury risk and occurrences. Methods. All participants were evaluated using the sprint test, vertical jump (VJ) test, agility T test, and functional movement screen (FMS). There were significant intergroup differences in the sprint test, VJ test, agility T test, and FMS. Specific functional tests were compared against FMS score, either FMS ≤ 14 or FMS > 14 . The FMS subtests, namely, in-line lunge, trunk stability push-up (TSPU), and quadruped rotary stability, were also performed. In one-year follow-up, the sport injury incidence was also recorded. Results. Significant differences in sprint, agility, and FMS performance were found between the junior basketball and soccer athletes. Individual FMS scores of the in-line lunge, TSPU, and quadruped rotary stability were evaluated. No significant differences in sprint, VJ, and agility scores were found between FMS ≤ 14 and FMS > 14 . FMS total score ≤ 14 was significantly associated with high sport injury occurrence. Conclusions. The scores of sprint, agility, and FMS performance were differed between basketball and soccer athletes. The scores of sprint, VJ, and agility tests did not have differences with sport injury risks and occurrences, but the FMS score was associated with sport injury occurrence.
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Abd Razak, Ahmad Najib, and Ahmad Hashim. "Hubungan komponen kecergasan fizikal berasaskan sukan terhadap prestasi lari pecut 100 meter." Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani 6, no. 2 (November 5, 2017): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/jsspj.vol6.2.7.2017.
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Parris, Kirstie, and Christopher J. Tyler. "Practical Torso Cooling During Soccer-Specific Exercise in the Heat." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 1089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-417-17.
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Context Precooling and midevent cooling of the torso using cooling vests can improve exercise performance in the heat with or without physiological changes; however, the effects of such cooling during intermittent exercise in the heat are unknown. Objective To investigate the effects of torso cooling during intermittent exercise in the heat (35°C, 50% relative humdity) on sprint performance and the physiological and perceptual responses to the exercise. Design Crossover study. Setting Walk-in environmental chamber. Patients or Other Participants Ten non–heat-acclimated, male soccer players (age = 25 ± 2 years, height = 1.77 ± 0.06 m, mass = 72.9 ± 7.6 kg). Intervention(s) Two 90-minute bouts of soccer-specific intermittent running in the heat: 1 trial with a cooling vest worn during the exercise and 1 trial without a cooling vest. Each trial comprised two 45-minute periods separated by approximately 15 minutes of seated rest in cool conditions (approximately 23°C, 50% relative humdity). Main Outcome Measure(s) Peak sprint speed, rectal temperature (Tr), mean-weighted skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and thermal sensation (TS) were measured every 5 minutes. Results Peak sprint performance was largely unaffected by the cooling vest. The Tr, Tsk, HR, RPE, and TS were unaffected in the cooling-vest trial during the first 45 minutes, but Tr rose at a slower rate in the cooling-vest trial (0.026°C.min–1 ± 0.008°C.min–1) than in the no-vest trial (0.032°C.min–1 ± 0.009°C.min–1). During the second 45-minute period, Tr, Tr rate of rise, Tsk, RPE, and TS were lower in the cooling-vest trial (Hedges g range, 0.55–0.84), but mean HR was unaffected. Conclusions Wearing a cooling vest during soccer-specific intermittent running in the heat reduced physiological and perceptual strain but did not increase peak sprint speed.
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Oliver, Jon L., Neil Armstrong, and Craig A. Williams. "Reliability and Validity of a Soccer-Specific Test of Prolonged Repeated-Sprint Ability." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2, no. 2 (June 2007): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.2.137.
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Purpose:The purpose of the study was to assess the reliability and validity of a newly developed laboratory protocol to measure prolonged repeated-sprint ability (RSA) during soccer-specific exercise.Methods:To assess reliability, 12 youth soccer players age 15.2 ± 0.3 y performed 2 trials of a soccer-specific intermittent-exercise test (SSIET) separated by 3 months. The test was performed on a nonmotorized treadmill. A separate sample of 12 youth soccer players (15.2 ± 0.3 y) completed the SSIET while simultaneously HR, VO2, and blood lactate (BLa) were monitored. The SSIET was designed to replicate the demands of competing in one half of a soccer match while sprint performance was monitored. The test included a 5-s sprint every 2 min.Results:The mean coefficient of variation was 2.5% for the total distance covered during the SSIET and 3.8% for the total distance sprinted; measures of power output were less reliable (>5.9%). Participants covered 4851 ± 251 m during the SSIET, working at an average intensity of 87.5% ± 3.2% HRpeak and 70.2% ± 3.1% VO2peak, with ~7mmol/L BLa accumulation. A significant reduction (P < .05) in sprint performance was ob served over the course of the SSIET.Conclusion:The SSIET provided a reliable method of assessing prolonged RSA in the laboratory. The distance covered and the physiological responses during the SSIET successfully recreated the demands of competing in a soccer match.
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Hermassi, Souhail, Lawrence D. Hayes, and René Schwesig. "Can Body Fat Percentage, Body Mass Index, and Specific Field Tests Explain Throwing Ball Velocity in Team Handball Players?" Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 3492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083492.
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This study examined the physical fitness, anthropometry, and throwing velocity of normal weight and overweight male team handball players. Twenty-five players from the Qatar handball first professional league participated. The anthropometry and physical performance—yo-yo intermittent recovery test, jumping ability (squat and countermovement jumps (SJ and CMJ)), T-half test for change-of-direction (COD) ability, sprint tests (15 and 30 m), and 3 kg medicine ball overhead throw—was measured. The handball-throwing velocity was measured using a three-step running shot and a jump shot. Only the CMJ (p = 0.016, ηp2 = 0.227) was different between the normal and overweight subjects. Two-step linear regression analysis using body height and body mass (step 1) and percentage body fat (%BF) (step 2) predictors showed an increase in the explained variance by adding %BF. The largest r2 change was calculated for COD (0.53). The predictive ability was observed for CMJ (step 1: r2 = 0.18, step 2: r2 = 0.22) and SJ (step 1: r2 = 0.05, step 2: r2 = 0.09). With the exception of the sprint parameters (β-coefficient 15 m sprint: −0.07; β-coefficient 30 m sprint: −0.06) and COD (β-coefficient: −0.09), a lower %BF was associated with greater performance in all parameters. %BF seems to be important for predicting sprint and agility performance.
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Emonds, Anna Lena, and Katja Mombaur. "Asymmetry in Three-Dimensional Sprinting with and without Running-Specific Prostheses." Symmetry 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040580.
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As a whole, human sprinting seems to be a completely periodic and symmetrical motion. This view is changed when a person runs with a running-specific prosthesis after a unilateral amputation. The aim of our study is to investigate differences and similarities between unilateral below-knee amputee and non-amputee sprinters—especially with regard to whether asymmetry is a distracting factor for sprint performance. We established three-dimensional rigid multibody models of one unilateral transtibial amputee athlete and for reference purposes of three non-amputee athletes. They consist of 16 bodies (head, ipper, middle and lower trunk, upper and lower arms, hands, thighs, shanks and feet/running specific prosthesis) with 30 or 31 degrees of freedom (DOFs) for the amputee and the non-amputee athletes, respectively. Six DOFs are associated with the floating base, the remaining ones are rotational DOFs. The internal joints are equipped with torque actuators except for the prosthetic ankle joint. To model the spring-like properties of the prosthesis, the actuator is replaced by a linear spring-damper system. We consider a pair of steps which is modeled as a multiphase problem with each step consisting of a flight, touchdown and single-leg contact phase. Each phase is described by its own set of differential equations. By combining motion capture recordings with a least squares optimal control problem formulation including constraints, we reconstructed the dynamics of one sprinting trial for each athlete. The results show that even the non-amputee athletes showed less symmetrical sprinting than expected when examined on an individual level. Nevertheless, the asymmetry is much more pronounced in the amputee athlete. The amputee athlete applies larger torques in the arm and trunk joints to compensate the asymmetry and experiences a destabilizing influence of the trunk movement. Hence, the inter-limb asymmetry of the amputee has a significant effect on the control of the sprint movement and the maintenance of an upright body position.
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Alt, Tobias, Igor Komnik, Jannik Severin, Yannick T. Nodler, Rita Benker, Axel J. Knicker, Gert-Peter Brüggemann, and Heiko K. Strüder. "Swing Phase Mechanics of Maximal Velocity Sprints—Does Isokinetic Lower-Limb Muscle Strength Matter?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 974–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0423.
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Purpose: Concentric hip and eccentric knee joint mechanics affect sprint performance. Although the biarticular hamstrings combine these capacities, empirical links between swing phase mechanics and corresponding isokinetic outcome parameters are deficient. This explorative study aimed (1) to explain the variance of sprint velocity, (2) to compare maximal sprints with isokinetic tests, (3) to associate swing phase mechanics with isokinetic parameters, and (4) to quantify the relation between knee and hip joint swing phase mechanics. Methods: A total of 22 sprinters (age = 22 y, height = 1.81 m, weight = 77 kg) performed sprints and eccentric knee flexor and concentric knee extensor tests. All exercises were captured by 10 (sprints) and 4 (isokinetics) cameras. Lower-limb muscle balance was assessed by the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point. Results: The sprint velocity (9.79 [0.49] m/s) was best predicted by the maximal knee extension velocity, hip mean power (both swing phase parameters), and isokinetic peak moment of concentric quadriceps exercise (R2 = 60%). The moment of the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point (R2 = 39%) was the isokinetic parameter with the highest predictive power itself. Knee and hip joint mechanics affected each other during sprinting. They were significantly associated with isokinetic parameters of eccentric hamstring tests, as well as moments and angles of the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point, but restrictedly with concentric quadriceps exercise. The maximal sprints imposed considerably higher loads than isokinetic tests (eg, 13-fold eccentric knee joint peak power). Conclusions: Fast sprinters demonstrated distinctive knee and hip mechanics in the late swing phase, as well as strong eccentric hamstrings, with a clear association to the musculoarticular requirements of the swing phase in sprinting. The transferability of isokinetic knee strength data to sprinting is limited inter alia due to different hip joint configurations. However, isokinetic tests quantify specific sprint-related muscular prerequisites and constitute a useful diagnostic tool due to their predicting value to sprint performance.
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KAGEYAMA, Masahiro, Yoshihiro OISHI, Mai KAMEDA, Masafumi FUJII, Tetsuya KITA, and Akira MAEDA. "Type-specific step characteristics of baseball players during 30-m sprint." Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 65 (2020): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.19102.
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Franchini, Emerson. "High-Intensity Interval Training Prescription for Combat-Sport Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0289.
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Context: Combat sports are composed of high-intensity actions (eg, attacks, defensive actions, and counterattacks in both grappling and striking situations depending on the specific sport) interspersed with low-intensity actions (eg, displacement without contact, stepping) or pauses (eg, referee stoppages), characterizing an intermittent activity. Therefore, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is at the essence of combat-sport-specific training and is used as complementary training, as well. HIIT prescription can be improved by using intensity parameters derived from combat-sport-specific tests. Specifically, the assessment of physiological indexes (intensity associated with the maximal blood lactate steady state, maximal oxygen consumption, and maximal sprint) or of time–motion variables (high-intensity actions, low-intensity actions, and effort:pause ratio) is a key element for a better HIIT prescription because these parameters provide an individualization of the training loads imposed on these athletes. Purpose: To present a proposal for HIIT prescription for combat-sport athletes, exemplifying with different HIIT protocols (HIIT short intervals, HIIT long intervals, repeated-sprint training, and sprint interval training) using combat-sport-specific actions and the parameters for the individualization of these protocols. Conclusions: The use of combat-sport-specific tests is likely to improve HIIT prescription, allowing coaches and strength and conditioning professionals to elaborate HIIT short intervals, HIIT long intervals, repeated-sprint training, and sprint interval training protocols using combat-sport actions, providing more specificity and individualization for the training sessions.
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Schwesig, René, Souhail Hermassi, Andreas Lauenroth, Kevin Laudner, Alexander Koke, Thomas Bartels, Stefan Delank, and Stephan Schulze. "Validity of a basketball-specific complex test in female professional players." Sportverletzung · Sportschaden 32, no. 02 (April 26, 2018): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0583-2832.
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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the validity of a new basketball-specific complex test (BBCT) based on the ascertained match performance.Fourteen female professional basketball players (ages: 23.4 ± 1.8 years) performed the BBCT and a treadmill test (TT) at the beginning of pre-season training. Lactate, heart rate (HR), time, shooting precision and number of errors were measured during the four test sequences of the BBCT (short distance sprinting with direction changes, with and without a ball; fast break; lay-up parcours; sprint endurance test). In addition, lactate threshold (LT) and HR were assessed at selected times throughout the TT and the BBCT and over 6 (TT) or 10 (BBCT) minutes after the tests. The match performance score (mps) was calculated on specific parameters (e. g. points) collected during all matches during the subsequent season (22 matches). The mps served as the “gold standard” within the validation process for the BBCT and the TT.TT parameters demonstrated an explained variance (EV) between 0 % (HR recovery) and 11 % (running speed at 6 mmol/l LT). The EV from the BBCT was higher and ranged from 0 % (HR recovery 6 minutes after end of exercise) to 28 % (sprint endurance test after 8 of 10 sprints). Ten out of 21 BBCT parameters (48 %) and 2 out of 5 TT parameters (40 %) demonstrated an EV higher than 10 %. Average EV for all parameters was 12 % (BBCT) and 6 % (TT), respectively. The BBCT had a higher validity than the TT for predicting match performance. These findings suggest that coaches and scientists should consider using the BBCT testing protocol to estimate the match performance abilities of elite female players.
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Matusiński, Aleksander, Artur Gołaś, Adam Zając, Magdalena Nitychoruk, and Adam Maszczyk. "Optimizing the load for peak power and peak velocity development during resisted sprinting." Physical Activity Review 9, no. 1 (2021): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2021.09.15.
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Introduction: Resistance towing is perhaps the most specific form of developing strength and power in muscles involved directly during the start, acceleration and at maximum speed. Resisted sprint training may involve towing a sled which provides an overload through the friction between the sled and ground surface or a modern advanced training device which uses drag technology to provide fully controlled resistance during the movement, such as the 1080 Sprint. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the optimal loading for the development of power in the engine assisted drag technology system SPRINT 1080. Material and methods: We evaluated the changes in running velocity and the generated force and power during resisted sprints over 30m with a load of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg. Seven male sprinters with national and international experience participated in the study. Their average age, body mass and body height were 22.2 ± 2.4 years, 77.43 ± 4.63 kg, and 178.6 ± 3.2 cm, respectively. All athletes performed six 30 m sprints with 5 min rest intervals in between. The first sprint was performed without additional resistance, while the remaining 5 were performed in an random order with additional resistance of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg. After receiving a verbal signal, the participant started at will from a semi crouched position. During the resisted sprint trials, the time [s] and the following variables were recorded in peak values: power output [W], generated force [N], and sprinting velocity [m/s]. Results: Our results show that loading with 6 kg decreased sprinting velocity by 9.37% while the generated horizontal power increased by 31,32%. The 6 kg loading on the Sprint 1080device corresponded to 8% body mass, yet as mentioned before the baseline results were not fully free sprinting as the tested athletes reached velocities 0.5-0.6 m/s greater without the harness. Conclusion: Taking into account this fact, our results seem to confirm previous findings, that external loads between 8 and 13% may be optimal for improving power and sprinting speed at the same time.
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Kamino, Kaoru, Ryota Maehama, Yoko Kunimasa, Akitoshi Makino, Kanae Sano, Kota Kijima, Paavo V. Komi, and Masaki Ishikawa. "Specific distribution of cross-sectional area in each hamstring muscle of sprint runners and relationship between those and sprint performance." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 67, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm.67.383.
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Beard, Adam, John Ashby, Ryan Chambers, Franck Brocherie, and Grégoire P. Millet. "Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia in International Rugby Union Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 850–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0170.
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Purpose: To investigate the effects of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia vs in normoxia on world-level male rugby union players’ repeated-sprint ability (RSA) during an international competition period. Methods: A total of 19 players belonging to an international rugby union senior male national team performed 4 sessions of cycling repeated sprints (consisting of 3 × eight 10-s sprints with 20 s passive recovery) either in normobaric hypoxia (RSH, 3000 m; n = 10) or in normoxia (RSN, 300 m; n = 9) over a 2-wk period. Before and after the training intervention, RSA was evaluated using a cycling repeated-sprint test (6 × 10-s maximal sprint and 20-s passive recovery) performed in normoxia. Results: Significant interaction effects (all P < .05, ) between condition and time were found for RSA-related parameters. Compared with Pre, maximal power significantly improved at Post in RSH (12.84 [0.83] vs 13.63 [1.03] W·kg−1, P < .01, ) but not in RSN (13.17 [0.89] vs 13.00 [1.01] W·kg−1, P = .45, ). Mean power was also significantly enhanced from Pre to Post in RSH (11.15 [0.58] vs 11.86 [0.63] W·kg−1, P < .001, ), whereas it remained unchanged in RSN (11.54 [0.61] vs 11.75 [0.65] W·kg−1, P = .23, ). Conclusion: As few as 4 dedicated specific RSH sessions were beneficial to enhance repeated power production in world-level rugby union players. Although the improvement from RSA to game behavior remains unclear, this finding appears to be of practical relevance as only a short preparation window is available prior to international rugby union games.
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Kim, Jooyoung. "Effects of Combined Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Soccer-Specific Performance in Elite Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 6919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136919.
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Creatine and sodium bicarbonate are both ergogenic aids for athletic performance. However, research on the combined creatine and sodium bicarbonate (CSB) supplementation in soccer is limited. This study investigated the changes in soccer-specific performance in elite soccer players after supplementing with CSB. Twenty well-trained elite soccer players participated in the study (age: 20.70 ± 1.08 years; height: 173.95 ± 2.81 cm; body weight: 70.09 ± 3.96 kg; soccer experience: 8 years; average training hours per week: 20 h). The participants were randomly allocated into CSB groups (CSB, n = 10) and placebo groups (PLA, n = 10). The CSB group took creatine (20 g/day) and sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g/kg/day); these two supplements were taken four times a day (morning, afternoon, evening, and before sleep) for seven days. Soccer-specific performance was assessed via 10- and 30-m sprint, coordination, arrowhead agility, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 tests. Compared to the PLA group, the CSB group performed better in the 30-m sprint (CSB: −3.6% vs. PLA: −0.6%, p = 0.007, effect size (ES): 2.3) and both right and left arrowhead agility (right: CSB: −7.3% vs. PLA: −0.7%, p < 0.001, ES: 2.8; left: CSB: −5.5% vs. PLA: −1.2%, p = 0.001, ES: 2.1) tests. However, there were no differences in 10 m sprints, coordination, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 tests between the two groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, CSB supplementation improved sprint and agility in elite soccer players. However, it is still unclear whether such effect is synergistic effect of two supplements or the result of either one of them. Therefore, caution should be taken when interpreting the results, and the limitations should be examined further in future studies.
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Schwesig, René, Kevin G. Laudner, Karl-Stefan Delank, Richard Brill, and Stephan Schulze. "Relationship between Ice Hockey-Specific Complex Test (IHCT) and Match Performance." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 3080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073080.
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This prospective study aimed to validate the IHCT using a match performance score (MPS). Seventeen 3rd league male professional ice hockey field players (mean ± SD; age: 28.0 ± 6.95 years; 10 forwards, 7 defenders) completed the IHCT and were observed in the subsequent competitive match period. Match performance data were collected over 2 months (number of matches: 13–15). Based on these evaluated matches, the MPS consisting of goals, assists, penalty time, plus-minus, and number of matches was calculated for each player. The IHCT contains load parameters (e.g., 10 m and 30 m skate times, transition/weave agility times with and without a puck, slap and wrist shot puck velocities on goal) and stress parameters (e.g., lactate, heart rate). The 30 m sprint skate without puck (r2 = 0.41) and the maximum wrist shot velocity before test (r2 = 0.36) were the test performance parameters with the highest relevance for match performance. The velocity of shots on goal (SOG) displayed the highest correlation for any on-ice performance parameter (30 m sprint without puck: r = 0.76). These results provide evidence of the validity of the IHCT and the usefulness of the MPS to quantify match performance. Obviously, sprint and shot velocities are important parameters to be a successful ice hockey player. Based on these findings, IHCT and MPS are valuable assessments for coaches to evaluate the individual match performance and the effectiveness of training programs. Further research is needed to extend the scope of the IHCT and MPS for 1st and 2nd league players and for a stronger differentiation between forwards and defenders.
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Tomlinson, Kalin A., Ken Hansen, Daniel Helzer, Zakkoyya H. Lewis, Whitney D. Leyva, Meghan McCauley, William Pritchard, et al. "The Effects of Loaded Plyometric Exercise during Warm-Up on Subsequent Sprint Performance in Collegiate Track Athletes: A Randomized Trial." Sports 8, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8070101.
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Prior evidence demonstrates the efficacy by which plyometric activities during warm-up conditions augment the subsequent performance in power-centric exercise. We investigated the acute effects of loaded jump squats incorporated into a standard sprinters’ warm-up protocol on subsequent sprint performance in collegiate track athletes. Sprint times of 22 male and female collegiate track athletes were measured in 10-m intervals during a 30-m sprint trial following a standard sprinters’ warm-up routine with or without plyometric exercise. Subjects were tested on two separate occasions, once with loaded jump squats as the experimental treatment (two sets of eight jumps, load = 13% bodyweight) (PLYO) and once with time-equated rest as the control treatment (CON). Treatments were implemented following a standard sprinters’ warm-up routine familiar to the subjects. A dependent T-test was used for comparison of sprint interval times between conditions with a significant effect indicated by a p-value < 0.05. Sprint time did not differ between CON vs. PLYO at the 10 m (PLYO = 1.90 ± 0.12 s vs. CON = 1.90 ± 0.11 s, p = 0.66), 20 m (PLYO = 3.16 ± 0.21 s vs. CON = 3.15 ± 0.19 s, p = 0.53), and 30 m (PLYO = 4.32 ± 0.32 s vs. CON = 4.31 ± 0.28 s, p = 0.61) intervals. There was no interaction between treatment and sex, sex-specific ranking (above vs. below sex-specific mean), or sprint event (short vs. short–long vs. long) for 10 m, 20 m, or 30-m interval sprint times. At least within the limits of the current investigation, no evidence was provided to suggest that jump squats loaded at 13% bodyweight are an effective means to acutely potentiate sprint performance in collegiate track athletes. However, a further examination of responders indicates that the present loaded jump squat protocol may preferentially potentiate sprint performance in faster male athletes.
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McMorris, Terry, and Tom Rayment. "Short-Duration, High-Intensity Exercise and Performance of a Sports-Specific Skill: A Preliminary Study." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 2 (October 2007): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.2.523-530.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of one bout and three intermittent bouts of short-duration, high-intensity running on the performance of a sports-specific psychomotor skill. Participants ( N = 13) were male soccer players ( M age 20.5 yr., SD = 2.0) who had been playing semi-professionally for M = 2.1 years, SD = 1.11 and trained twice a week. They undertook a soccer-passing test in three conditions: following rest, following a 100-m sprint and following 3 × 100-m sprints, with 30-sec. rest intervals between sprints. Passing accuracy showed a significant linear deterioration, while number of passes showed a significant quadratic effect. Low to moderate linear regression correlations were found between posttest heart rate and absolute and variable errors on the test. It was concluded that short-duration, high-intensity exercise has a negative effect on accuracy in a sports-specific task that requires both perceptual judgment and motor control.
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Solli, Guro Strøm, Pål Haugnes, Jan Kocbach, Roland van den Tillaar, Per Øyvind Torvik, and Øyvind Sandbakk. "The Effects of a Short Specific Versus a Long Traditional Warm-Up on Time-Trial Performance in Cross-Country Skiing Sprint." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0618.
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Purpose: To compare the effects of a short specific and a long traditional warm-up on time-trial performance in cross-country skiing sprint using the skating style, as well as related differences in pacing strategy and physiological responses. Methods: In total, 14 (8 men and 6 women) national-level Norwegian cross-country skiers (age 20.4 [3.1] y; VO2max 65.9 [5.7] mL/kg/min) performed 2 types of warm-up (short, 8 × 100 m with gradual increase from 60% to 95% of maximal speed with a 1-min rest between sprints, and long, ∼35 min at low intensity, including 5 min at moderate and 3 min at high intensity) in a randomized order with 1 hour and 40 minutes of rest between tests. Each warm-up was followed by a 1.3-km sprint time trial, with continuous measurements of speed and heart rate. Results: No difference in total time for the time trial between the short and long warm-ups (199 [17] vs 200 [16] s; P = .952), or average speed and heart rate for the total course, or in the 6 terrain sections (all P < .41, η2 < .06) was found. There was an effect of order, with total time-trial time being shorter during test 2 than test 1 (197 [16] vs 202 [16] s; P = .004). No significant difference in blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion was found between the short versus long warm-ups or between test 1 and test 2 at any of the measurement points during the test day (P < .58, η2 > .01). Conclusions: This study indicates that a short specific warm-up could be as effective as a long traditional warm-up during a sprint time trial in cross-country skiing.
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SOH, SZE YING, ABDUL RASHID AZIZ, and MARCUS J. C. LEE. "AN ATTEMPT TO INDUCE POSTACTIVATION POTENTIATION TO IMPROVE KAYAK SPRINT PERFORMANCE USING AN ON-WATER KAYAK-SPECIFIC WARM UP." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 20, no. 05 (June 2020): 2050026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519420500268.
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This study explores whether an on-water kayak-specific resistance exercise (KSRE) performed during the warm-up period can induce postactivation potentiation (PAP) to improve subsequent kayak-sprint performance. The KSRE involves stringing several tennis balls around the boat’s hull to induce drag while paddling. In a laboratory setting, 10 well-trained male ([Formula: see text]) and female ([Formula: see text]) kayakers performed three repetitions of the single-arm seated-row (SASR) at 91% one-repetition maximum to induce PAP and were assessed for their peak power output while performing SASR on the Keiser machine at two-minute intervals up to 16 min. Each individual’s latency period for the onset of PAP during this exercise was recorded. In separate sessions, athletes performed in random, a 30 m kayak-sprint in a swimming pool setting after either control (no pre-performance loading) or experimental (post-PAP induction via the KSRE taking into account the individual’ onset of PAP latencies period obtained in the laboratory) conditions. Criterion measures of boat velocities of the third and fourth stroke from the start and 30 m sprint times, assessed using video, were not significantly different between control and experimental conditions. The translation of increased power output elicited via PAP using land-based resistance exercises into water-based resistance exercises to improve kayak-sprint performance remains a challenge.
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Grobler, Lara, Suzanne Ferreira, Benedicte Vanwanseele, and Elmarie E. Terblanche. "Characterisation of the responsive properties of two running-specific prosthetic models." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 41, no. 2 (August 2016): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364616660249.
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Background: The need for information regarding running-specific prosthetic properties has previously been voiced. Such information is necessary to assist in athletes’ prostheses selection. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the characteristics of two commercially available running-specific prostheses. Study design: The running-specific prostheses were tested (in an experimental setup) without the external interference of athlete performance variations. Methods: Four stiffness categories of each running-specific prosthetic model (Xtend™ and Xtreme™) were tested at seven alignment setups and three drop masses (28, 38 and 48 kg). Results for peak ground reaction force (GRFpeak), contact time ( tc), flight time ( tf), reactive strength index (RSI) and maximal compression (Δ L) were determined during controlled dropping of running-specific prostheses onto a force platform with different masses attached to the experimental setup. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the different setups of the running-specific prostheses. Statistically significant differences were found between the two models for all outcome variables (GRFpeak, Xtend > Xtreme; tc, Xtreme > Xtend; tf, Xtreme > Xtend; RSI, Xtend > Xtreme; Δ L, Xtreme > Xtend; p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the Xtreme stores more elastic energy than the Xtend, leading to a greater performance response. The specific responsive features of blades could guide sprint athletes in their choice of running-specific prostheses. Clinical relevance Insights into the running-specific prosthesis (RSP) properties and an understanding of its responsive characteristics have implications for athletes’ prosthetic choice. Physiologically and metabolically, a short sprint event (i.e. 100 m) places different demands on the athlete than a long sprint event (i.e. 400 m), and the RSP should match these performance demands.
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Mallett, Clifford J., and Stephanie J. Hanrahan. "Race Modeling: An Effective Cognitive Strategy for the 100 m Sprinter?" Sport Psychologist 11, no. 1 (March 1997): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.11.1.72.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a specific cognitive race plan on 100 m sprint performance. Twelve elite sprinters (11 male and 1 female) performed 100 m time trials under normal (control) conditions and then under experimental conditions (use of race cues). In the experimental condition, participants were asked to think about specific thought content in each of three segments of the 100 m. A multiple baseline design was employed. A mean improvement of 0.26 s was found. Eleven of the 12 participants showed improvement using the specific cognitive race plan (p < .005). Participants also produced more consistent sprint performances when using the cues (p < .01). Subjective evaluations made by the participants unanimously supported the use of the race plan for optimizing sprint performance. Environmental conditions, effort, and practice effects were considered as possible influences on the results.
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Ramírez, F. Capelo, A. Castaño Zambudio, A. López Vivancos, A. Del Águila, JM González-Hernández, and P. Jiménez-Reyes. "OC6 Postactivation potentiation following specific vs. non-specific sprint warm-up protocols in high level trained athletes." British Journal of Sports Medicine 48, Suppl 3 (June 2014): A2.3—A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094245.6.
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Scanlan, Aaron T., Neal Wen, Joshua H. Guy, Nathan Elsworthy, Michele Lastella, David B. Pyne, Daniele Conte, and Vincent J. Dalbo. "The Isometric Midthigh Pull in Basketball: An Effective Predictor of Sprint and Jump Performance in Male, Adolescent Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0107.
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Purpose: To examine correlations between peak force and impulse measures attained during the isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) and basketball-specific sprint and jump tests. Methods: Male, adolescent basketball players (N = 24) completed a battery of basketball-specific performance tests. Testing consisted of the IMTP (absolute and normalized peak force and impulse at 100 and 250 ms); 20-m sprint (time across 5, 10, and 20 m); countermovement jump (CMJ; absolute and normalized peak force and jump height); standing long jump (distance); and repeated lateral bound (distance). Correlation and regression analyses were conducted between IMTP measures and other attributes. Results: An almost perfect correlation was evident between absolute peak force attained during the IMTP and CMJ (r = .94, R2 = 56%, P < .05). Moderate to very large correlations (P < .05) were observed between IMTP normalized peak force and 5-m sprint time (r = −.44, R2 = 19%), 10-m sprint time (r = −.45, R2 = 20%), absolute (r = .57, R2 = 33%), normalized (r = .86, R2 = 73%) CMJ peak force, and standing long-jump distance (r = .51, R2 = 26%). Moderate to very large correlations were evident between impulse measures during the IMTP and 5-m sprint time (100 ms, r = −.40, R2 = 16%, P > .05) and CMJ absolute peak force (100 ms, r = .73, R2 = 54%; 250 ms, r = .68, R2 = 47%; P < .05). Conclusions: The IMTP may be used to assess maximal and rapid force expression important across a range of basketball-specific movements.