Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sprint specific'

The relationships between selected sprint specific bounding exercises and sprint performance were analysed using fourteen sprint athletes (7 elite performers, 7 sub-elite performers). Subjects were required to perform sprints over 60m, Counter Movement Jumps with and without loading (20kg), High Speed Alternate Leg Bounding over 30m and High Speed Single Leg Hopping over 20m. All athletes were subject to anthropometric measurement (Height, Weight and Leg Length). Of all variables measured, the Elite group were significantly better (p<0.001) in Counter Movement Jump, Time to 60m, Time from 30m to 60m and in their Maximal Running Velocity. Linear regressions were carried out on all variables that correlated with Time to 30m (Acceleration Phase) and Maximal Running Velocity at both the pO.OOl and p<0.01 level of significance. This allowed several prediction tables to be compiled that had performance measures (sprints and jumps) that could be used as testing measures for sprint athletes to determine their Acceleration Phase and Maximal Running Velocity. A stepwise multiple regression demonstrated that Time to 60m was the best predictor of Maximal Running Velocity. Time to 60m, Leg length, High Speed Alternate Leg Bounding and Sprint Stride Rate were the best predictors of the Acceleration Phase. A Stepwise cross-validation linear discriminant function analysis was used to determine the best predictors from both sprint and jump measures that would distinguish an athlete as an elite or sub-elite performer. From sprint variables, Time to 60m and Time to 30m were the two variables that best placed a sprint subject in either the Elite or Sub-elite group. From the bounding variables, Counter Movement Jump and the Ground Contact Time of the High Speed Alternate Leg Bounding were the two variables that best placed a sprint subject in either the Elite or Sub-elite group. The present study suggests that Time to 60m is the best predictor of Maximal Running Velocity and Acceleration Phase. Counter Movement Jumping and High speed Alternate Leg Bounding are also useful tools in developing and testing elite sprint athlete performance.

This thesis comprises one review paper and five experimental studies, all of which are presented in the form of journal article submissions. These six research papers attempt to further our understanding of the physiological and metabolic requirements of repeated-sprint activity, specific to field-based team sports. Although coaches and sport scientists have suggested that repeated-sprint ability is an important fitness component of team sports, this area of investigation has only become more common in the past 10 years.

Abstract Aim The main purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of a very heavy resisted sprint training regimen and a unresisted sprint training regimen on sprint, acceleration and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent football (soccer) players at mid- to post-PHV and >95% PAH. Method In total 27 male football players were recruited as volunteer participants. The participants had no previous experience with resisted sprint training. The participants were randomly assigned to either the resisted sprint (RST) (n=9) or unresisted sprint (UST) (n=10) training group. However, the grouping was matched based on the force-velocity (F-v) profiling. A control group (i.e. TAU group n=8) was matched with the experimental groups based on age and anthropometrics. The training was done twice a week for four weeks, consisting of either resisted or unresisted sprints. 24 of the original 27 participants could later be included for statistical analysis. During intervention the TAU group performed the regular team training with no additional stimuli from the researchers. Anthropometrics, sprint, acceleration and jump performance testing was tested pre- and post-training intervention. Results The four-week training intervention resulted in significant improvements of sprint- and acceleration for the RST-group. The improvements were 3,8% (±0.05) in T30, 4,2% (±0.06) in T20, 5,7% (±0.06) in T10, and 7,9% (±0.06) in the T5. The RST and UST groups also had significant improvements in both vertical and horizontal jump performance. Further there were several significant between group changes in both sprint and jump performance favoring the RST group over both the UST and TAU groups. Conclusion The conclusions are that in this population a very heavy RST regimen elicits improvements in sprint and acceleration performance whilst a UST regimen does not. Further, both the RST- and UST- training regimens elicit improvements in both vertical and horizontal jump performance. The improvements of the present study follow the pattern of previous studies in the field indicating a greater horizontal force generating ability. However, the improvements in the present study are larger than previously seen, indicating that this type of training might be extra beneficial to enhance sprint and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent athletes. The findings of the present study also contradict the typical recommendations of using light resistance loads (i.e. the 10% rule) when it comes to RST. Heavier loads, as in this case 103,5% of body weight on average, can indeed be used to produce sprint and acceleration gains in a late pubertal adolescent athlete population. The improvement in these short sprints (5-30m) versus the eventual performance decrease in longer sprints 40-70m (e.g. due to less effective maximal velocity phase) is a trade off which logically should be worthwhile for team sport athletes.
Abstrakt Syfte Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie var att undersöka och jämföra effekterna av väldigt tungt belastad sprintträning och obelastad sprintträning på sprint-, acceleration och hopprestation hos unga fotbollsspelare i sena tonåren som ligger på en mognadsgrad av ”mid- post-PHV” samt >95% PAH. Metod Totalt 27 fotbollsspelare rekryterades som frivilliga deltagare. Deltagarna hade ingen tidigare erfarenhet av belastad sprintträning. Deltagarna blev slumpmässigt indelade till antingen den belastade (RST) eller den obelastade (UST) träningsgruppen. Dock skedde grupperingen med deltagarnas kraft- hastighetsprofilering som bas, då grupperna blev matchade efter denna. Kontrollgruppen (TAU n=8) matchades med experimentgrupperna efter ålder och antropometri. Träningen bestod av väldigt tungt belastad eller obelastad sprintträning och utfördes två gånger i veckan under fyra veckor. 24 av de initialt 27 deltagarna kunde inkluderas för vidare analys. Under interventionen genomförde TAU den vanliga lagträningen utan ytterligare träningsstimuli från forskarna. Antropometri, sprint, acceleration och hopprestation testades före respektive efter interventionen. Resultat Den fyra veckor långa träningsinterventionen resulterade i signifikanta förbättringar i sprint och acceleration för RST-gruppen. Förbättringarna var 3,8% (±0.05) i T30, 4,2% (±0.06) i T20, 5,7% (±0.06) i T10, och 7,9% (±0.06) i T5. RST och UST grupperna hade också signifikanta förbättringar i både vertikal och horisontell hopprestation. Vidare fanns det flera signifikanta mellangruppsskillnader i både sprint- och hopprestation till fördel för RST gruppen över både UST och TAU grupperna. Konklusion Konklusionen är att ett väldigt tungt RST-träningsprogram framkallar signifikanta förbättringar i både sprint, acceleration och hopprestation medan ett UST-träningsprogram inte gör det. Vidare kan konkluderas att både ett RST- och ett UST-träningsprogram signifikant förbättrar både vertikal och horisontell hopprestationen. Förbättringarna följer mönstret från tidigare studier på området och indikerar en större horisontell kraftproduktion. Dock är förbättringarna större än vad som tidigare observerats vilket indikerar att denna typ av träning kan vara extra förtjänstfull för denna population. Resultaten motsäger även den typiska rekommendationen kring lätta vikter (dvs. 10% regeln) vid belastad sprintträning. Tyngre belastning, som i detta fall i genomsnitt 103,5% av kroppsvikten, kan användas för att producera sprint- och accelerationsförbättringar i denna population. Förbättringen av denna typ av korta sprinter (5-30m) gentemot den eventuella prestationsförsämringen i längre sprinter (40-70m) torde vara ett byte som är värt att göra för lagidrottare.

Purpose of this study: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude of changes in heart rate, and external parameters such as velocity and power, in young elite soccer players, following a protocol consisting of repeated sprints with directional change. Method: 20 players, male (mean age 17.6 years ± 1.1, mean heigth 181 cm ± 5.8, mean weight 73 ± 6.7), selected from the junior department of an elite soccer club. Test protocol consisted of 2 test days including 6 sprints with instep-kick, and 6 sprints without instep-kick, seperated by 3 minutes recovery. Sprint distance 16+16 meters, start every 30th second. Mesurements of heart rate using Polar Pulse Team2 systems, and ZXY Sport Tracking motion analysis for registration of velocity parameters. Protocol design AB-BA. Results: There is no significant effect on heart rate average and rate of increase (p>0.05) when comparing sprint blocks with and without ball. A significant difference was found for heart rate average with a p-value of 0.006, comparing day 1 with day 2. A significant reduction in peak velocity and peak power acceleration/deceleration (with p-values lower than 0.050) was found occuring mainly between sprint 2 and 3. Conclusion: Main findings indicated significant reductions in sprint performance for peak velocity and power around sprint 3. A significant increase was found for heart rate average from block 1 to block 2, thus indicating that heart rate changes was dependent on order. Instep-kick or no instep-kick had no significant impact on performance or heart rate average. Key words: Soccer, repeated sprint, intermittent activity, instep-kick, heart rate, accelerometer, velocity, power.

Sprint kayaking is prominent in Europe with training methods devised and adopted from Eastern bloc training systems. There is a lack of published research on sprint kayaking locally and internationally. Consequently, the aims of this research directly address establishing a relationship between kayak specific training and the Profile of Mood States (POMS); monitoring training duration and intensity and establish a link with the POMS and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE); to monitor the general wellness of the kayakers. Seven elite sprint kayakers (two male, five female) with the following characteristics: age 26.5 (1.4) years, training experience 8.4 (3.7) years were part of the South African national sprint kayaking squad selected to participate in this study, based on their preparation for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games (one male athlete did not qualify but continued to train). The females trained for the 500m K1, K2 and K4 events and the male for the 1000m K1. Three training camps (TC1, TC2, TC3) were held from 12 November to 09 December 2007, 25 February to 22 March 2008 and 14 July to 04 August 2008. RPE (Borg Scale) was recorded for each session. The 65-item POMS was completed twice a week, after half a days rest (Wednesday) and after a day and half rest (Sunday). Daily training load was calculated from RPE and session time; and an energy index calculated from the POMS vigour and fatigue scores. The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey recorded illness and injury. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics, Friedman’s rank test for k correlated samples, The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, Spearman rank-order correlations were used to analyse the data. Statistical significance was calculated at 5% (p=0.05) and 10% (p=0.1). The results showed higher vigour scores associated with lower RPE and low training load; and high RPE associated with higher anger, confusion, depression, fatigue and total mood disturbance scores. There was a relationship between increasing POMS scores and duration of the training camps. The POMS findings could not completely explain the relationship found between RPE and duration of the training camps. The energy index was higher pre-camp and the extended rest periods during the camps. The findings for the POMS and RPE suggested that a state of overreaching might have occurred during the camps. Monitoring of the kayakers for an extended period after the training camps would have been useful to determine whether any of these individuals became over-trained. In accordance with Kentta et al (2006), regular use of the POMS may help detect under recovery, preventing staleness and unwanted rest for extended periods. Future studies will enable a retrospective view on these results.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences
unrestricted

I denna kvalitativa studie undersöks hur tre svenska som andraspråkslärare förhåller sig till pedagogisk kartläggning i undervisning på introduktionsprogrammet språkintroduktion, SPRINT. Studien är därmed inriktad på utbildning för sent anlända elever. Undersökningen har gjorts med utgångspunkt i sociokulturellt perspektiv. Empiriskt datamaterial har samlats in genom intervjuer med lärare på tre SPRINT-skolor i en medelstor svensk kommun. Resultatet visar att lärarna upplever pedagogisk kartläggning som betydelsefullt för elevernas lärande. Uppfattningen om kartläggningens funktion varierar individuellt hos lärarna. Kartläggningens betydelse i ämnet svenska som andraspråk ser ut att skilja sig från övriga undervisningsämnen. I undersökningen synliggörs hur villkor för kartläggning beror av yttre sammanhang och att organisationen för kartläggning i den kommun där lärarna undervisar kan komma att förändras.

I denna kvalitativa studie undersöks sång som undervisningsmetod i svenska som andraspråk (SVA) för vuxna. Studien har ett induktivt perspektiv och utgår från några körledares, lärares och utbildningsledares kunskaper, erfarenheter och tankar, alla inom verksamheter där sång används som undervisningsmetod i SVA för vuxna. Sång som undervisningsmetod är ett eftersatt forskningsområde, särskilt när det gäller vuxna i svensk kontext. Resultatet i studien bekräftar dock internationell forskning som visar att viktiga språkförmågor som uttal, ordinlärning, ordföljd och även grammatik har fördelar av att tränas genom sång. Eftersom flera av dessa ofta är svåra för vuxna SVA-inlärare att tillägna sig, är en slutsats att sång är relevant som undervisningsmetod. Denna studie pekar även på betydelsen av sångval, metodik och organisation för att nå de positiva effekterna, aspekter som är svagt representerade i tidigare forskning. En slutsats är att informanterna i hög utsträckning arbetar i överensstämmelse med kunskap som finns inom andraspråkspedagogiken, men att sång som undervisningsmetod skulle kunna utvecklas ytterligare i ett ömsesidigt utbyte och lärande i mötet mellan musikpedagogiken och andraspråkspedagogiken, i både teori och praktik. Mer forskning, metodmaterial och specialskrivna sånger samt mer utbildning på området skulle förmodligen göra att fler lärare skulle känna sig trygga i att använda sång i SVA-undervisningen för vuxna, och det skulle bli lättare att motivera användandet av sång som undervisningsmetod.

Price competition between the United States and Canada in the hard spring wheat markets of Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia are examined using annual data over a thirty year period. A four-equation system of supply and demand functions is used to estimate parameters that measure the price relationship of U.S. and Canadian hard spring wheat in each market. The models were estimated with three stage least squares procedures. Besides the parameters measuring price movement of hard spring wheat in the South Korean and Indonesian markets, results are generally not statistically different from zero. Supply and demand equations in the Japanese market have common estimated parameters that are the correct sign and statistically significant. Econometric results of the Japanese market indicate that the United States and Canada are acting as noncolluding oligopolists. Comparing the mixed results of the South Korean and Indonesian markets with those of the Japanese market suggest that the United States and Canada are not competing as strongly in the Japanese market as they are in South Korea and Indonesia.

It is becoming more and more common for developers to build enterprise applications on Spring framework or other other Java frameworks. While the developers are enjoying the convenient implementations of web frameworks, developers should pay attention to con- figuration deployment with metadata usage (i.e., Java annotations and XML deployment descriptors). Different formats of metadata can correspond to each other. Metadata usually exist in multiple files. Maintaining such metadata is challenging and time-consuming. Cur- rent compilers and research tools rarely inspect the XML files, not to say the corresponding relationship between Java annotations and XML files. To help developers ensure the quality of metadata, this work presents a Domain Specific Language, RSL, and its engine, MeEditor. RSL facilitates pattern definition for correct metadata usage. MeEditor can take in specified rules and check Java projects for any rule violations. Developer can define rules with RSL considering the metadata usage. Then, developers can run RSL script with MeEditor. 9 rules were extracted from Spring specification and are written in RSL. To evaluate the effectiveness and correctness of MeEditor, we mined 180 plus 500 open-source projects from Github. To evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of MeEditor, we conducted our evaluation by taking two steps. First, we evaluated the effec- tiveness of MeEditor by constructing a know ground truth data set. Based on experiments of ground truth data set, MeEditor can identified the metadata misuse. MeEditor detected bug with 94% precision, 94% recall, 94% accuracy. Second, we evaluate the usefulness of MeEditor by applying it to real world projects (total 500 projects). For the latest version of these 500 projects, MeEditor gave 79% precision according to our manual inspection. Then, we applied MeEditor to the version histories of rule-adopted projects, which adopt the rule and is identified as correct project for latest version. MeEditor identified 23 bugs, which later fixed by developers.
Master of Science
It is becoming more and more common for developers to build enterprise applications on Spring framework or other other Java frameworks. While the developers are enjoying the convenient implementations of web frameworks, developers should pay attention to con- figuration deployment with metadata usage (i.e., Java annotations and XML deployment descriptors). Different formats of metadata can correspond to each other. Metadata usually exist in multiple files. Maintaining such metadata is challenging and time-consuming. Cur- rent compilers and research tools rarely inspect the XML files, not to say the corresponding relationship between Java annotations and XML files. To help developers ensure the quality of metadata, this work presents a Domain Specific Language, RSL, and its engine, MeEditor. RSL facilitates pattern definition for correct metadata usage. MeEditor can take in specified rules and check Java projects for any rule violations. Developer can define rules with RSL considering the metadata usage. Then, developers can run RSL script with MeEditor. 9 rules were extracted from Spring specification and are written in RSL. To evaluate the effectiveness and correctness of MeEditor, we mined 180 plus 500 open-source projects from Github. To evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of MeEditor, we conducted our evaluation by taking two steps. First, we evaluated the effec- tiveness of MeEditor by constructing a know ground truth data set. Based on experiments of ground truth data set, MeEditor can identified the metadata misuse. MeEditor detected bug with 94% precision, 94% recall, 94% accuracy. Second, we evaluate the usefulness of MeEditor by applying it to real world projects (total 500 projects). For the latest version of these 500 projects, MeEditor gave 79% precision according to our manual inspection. Then, we applied MeEditor to the version histories of rule-adopted projects, which adopt the rule and is identified as correct project for latest version. MeEditor identified 23 bugs, which later fixed by developers.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006.
"December, 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-44). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2006]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

Das Sprechen ist ein wichtiger Teil im Sprachunterricht. Sprechen lernt man nur wenn man spricht. Man muss die Wörter und die Phrasen aktiv lernen und die Verwendung der Wörter in den Sätzen üben. In dem heutigen schwedischen Lehrplan stehen die funktionelle Sprachfähigkeit und das Vermögen des Schülers selbst die Sprache zu verstehen und sich verständlich zu machen im Vordergrund.

In diesem Aufsatz habe ich, mit Hilfe von qualitativen Interviews, untersucht, wie einige Lehrer mit der mündlichen Sprache im Deutschunterricht arbeiten. Ich habe vier Lehrer interviewt, die in den Klassen 6 bis 9 arbeiten. Alle Lehrer arbeiten auf verschiedene Weise und arbeiten mehr oder weniger mit der mündlichen Sprache. Eine Lehrerin arbeitet meistens mit eigenen Übungen, während die anderen drei Lehrer das Lehrbuch verwenden. Wenn sie mit der mündlichen Sprache arbeiten, verwenden sie u.a. Rollenspiele, Spiele, Dialogübungen im Lehrbuch und verschiedene Projekte die mündlich präsentiert werden.

Das, was ich gesehen habe, ist, dass die Kommunikation der Sprache im Unterricht betont wird, und die Lehrer versuchen der mündlichen Sprache eine wichtige Rolle im Unterricht zu geben. Es scheint doch, als ob die Schüler die mündliche Sprache nicht ernst nehmen. Alle Lehrer sprechen von der Schwierigkeit, die Schüler dazu zu zu bringen Deutsch zu verwenden. Die Schüler müssen verstehen, dass die mündliche Sprache ebenso wichtig ist wie die schriftliche Sprache, und dass sie die Übungen ernst nehmen müssen.

Das digitale Spielen hat in den letzten Jahren stetig zugenommen und scheint heute ein selbstverständlicher Teil im alltäglichen Leben vieler Menschen zu sein. Eine deutliche Verbindung zwischen der digitalen Welt und der englischen Sprache ist zu beobachten, und man kann sich fragen, ob es immer so war. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die Verwendung von Anglizismen in der digitalen Computerspiel- und Videospielwelt zu untersuchen, um herauszufinden, ob und inwiefern sich eine zunehmende Globalisierung in der Domäne des digitalen Spielens nachweisen lässt. Dazu wird der Sprachgebrauch ausgewählter Benutzer-Kommentare eines deutschen Spieleforums aus dem Jahr 2013 (teilweise auch vom Beginn des Jahres 2014) und der von 2004 untersucht. Die grundlegende Frage lautet: Wie unterscheidet sich der Gebrauch von Anglizismen in der digitalen Spielwelt, wenn man die Situation heute mit der von 2004 vergleicht?

Denna uppsats består av två översättningar av den japanska författaren Osamu Dazais noveller Spring, Moerus! och Hundra vyer över Fuji från japanska till svenska samt en analys som ur ett litteratur-vetenskapligt perspektiv hjälper till att fastställa översättningsstrategin – att göra en adekvansinriktad och främmandegörande översättning. Översättningarna följs av en översättningsteoretisk kommentar som fokuserar på de tre problemområdena grammatik och lexikon, menings- och styckesstruktur samt passivering. Ett litteraturvetenskapligt perspektiv för källtextanalysen visar sig vara mycket tillämpbart för dessa texter på grund av deras genre, jag-romanen, som är typisk för japansk 1900-talslitteratur. Källtexterna och måltexterna finns med som bilagor.
This essay consists of two translations of the two Japanese short stories Hashire Merosu and Fugaku Hyakkei (in Swedish Spring Moerus! and Hundra vyer över Fuji) by the author Osamu Dazai from Japanese to Swedish. An analysis through a literary science perspective helps to establish the translation strategy, which is to make an adequate and foreignized translation. The translations are followed by a theoretical translation annotation which focuses on the issues of grammar and lexicon, sentence and paragraph structure along with the usage of the passive form. A literary science perspective on the source text analysis proves to be very applicable for these texts because of their genre, the I-novel, which is typical for 20th century Japanese literature. The source and target texts are available as appendixes at the end of the essay.

Sociala medier innebär både stora hot och möjligheter för de företag som väljer att använda detta som en kommunikationskanal. Sociala medier skapar en plats och ett tillfälle för företag att komma närmare kunderna och genom att göra detta kan företagens intäkter ökas, kostnaderna kan minska och kundkontakten kan bli mer effektiv. Idag blir företags snedsteg, dåliga service och fadäser offentliga på några minuter i de sociala medierna. I form av arga inlägg på företagens vägg på Facebook ackompanjerade av kommentarer från andra som håller med trådskaparen kan en lynchning av företaget som gjort något fel eller retat upp kunder startas. Mot bakgrund av det här resonemanget är syftet med denna uppsats att undersöka hur 3, en av Nordens största mobiloperatörer, bemöter kritik samt hur de väljer att skapa sin identitet på sin Facebook-sida. Den teoretiska referensramen i denna uppsats behandlar systemisk funktionell textanalys, identitetsskapande på internet, intimisering, word-of-mouth samt word-of-mouse och service recovery-teorier. Analysen bygger på en ideationell samt en interpersonell textanalys av fem svar på fem negativa inlägg skrivna av upprörda kunder på 3:s Facebook-sida. Svaren är skrivna från augusti 2012 till december 2012 av anställda på 3. Genom ett antal analyskategorier ur den interpersonella och ideationella strukturen har jag i denna uppsats tittat på hur 3 använder sig av språket för att bemöta kritik från missnöjda kunder på sin Facebook-sida. Jag har även undersökt hur 3 skapar sin företagsidentitet genom bemötandet av de negativa kommentarerna samt hur 3 tilltalar sina missnöjda kunder. Resultatet visar att 3 bemöter kritik på Facebook genom att informera sina kunder om vad det är som har hänt, vem det är som utför lösningen på kundens problem samt att 3 erbjuder sig att lösa kundernas problem. 3 väljer att skapa sin företagsidentitet som informerande och problemlösande. Hjälpsamma, på kundens sida och tillmötesgående framställer de sig i dem delar i svaren där skribenten själv träder fram och skriver ”jag”.

Environmental changes and social instability are two great challenges of today’s society. The development of the sustainable bond market is a response to these. The demand is strong but there is no clear definition of the instruments and there is no standardised way of measuring the effect of them. The purpose of this thesis is thus to study the impact of sustainable bonds, and ways to communicate it to stakeholders. The research consists of nine interviews and the results are analysed in alignment with theoretical frameworks and models evaluated in a literature review. The key findings focus on suggestions for measures and creating a common language for reporting. The main recommendation for the commissioner is to undertake the following three steps: 1) Collect and aggregate all raw data from issuers into their systems. 2) Create harmonised values of the data. 3) Include soft and general values in the calculations.
Klimatförändringar och social osäkerhet är två stora utmaningar i dagens samhälle. Utvecklingen av hållbara obligationer är en följd av dessa. Efterfrågan är stark men det finns ingen tydlig definition av instrumenten och det finns inget standardiserat sätt att mäta effekten av dem. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka påverkan av hållbara obligationer samt sätt att kommunicera dem till intressenter. Forskningen består av nio intervjuer och resultaten är analyserade i linje med de teoretiska ramverk samt modeller som utvärderas i litteraturstudien. Nyckelresultaten fokuserar på förslag till mätetal samt skapandet av ett gemensamt språk för rapportering. Huvudrekommendationen till uppdragsgivaren är att ta sig an följande tre steg: 1) Samla och aggregera rådata från emittenter i system. 2) Harmonisera data så att den är jämförbar. 3) Inkludera mjuka och generella värden i beräkningar.

踝關節內翻扭傷為常見的肌肉骨骼傷害，並佔約五分之一的運動創傷的。外側韌帶拉扯是導致踝關節內翻扭傷的主因。踝關節內翻會導致患處紅、腫、痛、肌肉力量下降及本體感覺退化。創傷若處理不當更會引致慢性踝關節不穩而影響運動表現，結果須要付上高昂的醫療開支。正因為踝關節扭傷影響著每個人的日常生活及運動參與，故此有必要就扭傷機制進行深入的研究。本實驗室擁有智能防扭傷裝置專利，原理是通過肌電刺激腓骨肌來糾正踝關節內翻動作。
本論文是透過了解踝關節的受傷機制以達至防止扭傷的研究目的。關節扭傷的臨床定義為踝關節突然內翻，這個解釋流於質性層次。另外，運動力學實驗室大多利用傾斜平台模擬足踝內翻動作來進行量性研究，但因為這種模擬未能反映真實傷患的過程，造成數據難以貼近真實的受傷機制。綜合以上質性和量性研究的缺點，最直接的方法是研究真正的扭傷個案。本實驗室曾紀錄一位受試者於跑步鞋測試中踝關節扭傷的過程，發現實驗室進行的動作及受傷強度都遠低於比賽上的扭傷個案。礙於學術道德的考量，無法在實驗室複製真實扭傷。因此，本論文的第一部份利用基於模型建立的圖像配對技術，以網球運動為樣本進行動作分析來了解其運動學的受傷機制。
三維電腦生物力學模型一直被廣泛地用於研究關節活動、估計韌帶拉力、關節扭力等動力學數據。本論文的第二部份是透過建立一個個人化踝關節三維電腦生物力學剛體模型來估計受試者在實驗室扭傷的韌帶拉力及關節扭力。該模型 與死體實驗量度的數據作驗證，兩者的韌帶拉力結果相近。通過驗證後，再進行受傷過程模擬，令本論文有了運動學及動力學的數，據來有助了解真實踝關節內翻的受傷機制。
本論文的最後一部份是利用該模型來評估及改良智能防扭傷裝置技術，在模型中加入扭力元素代替在腓骨肌上的肌電刺激效果。我們希望模擬所得的結果，有助日後把專利技術改良及商業化成為產品。
Ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries in sports with a majority of 85% are lateral ankle ligamentous sprain. The injury mechanism was suggested to be supination or a combination of inversion and plantarflexion. Recent quantitative studies revealed that plantarflexion might absent from a lateral sprain. Hence, the mechanism is still controversial and yet to be understood.
Computational modelling is an effective approach to predict soft tissue behaviours around the ankle in responding to injurious motions, and the effectiveness of the intelligent anti-sprain system. This information is difficult and even impossible to be measured experimentally on living humans. This thesis has three major objectives. The first objective is to develop a subject-specific computational rigid-body model of the ankle joint. The bone geometry is obtained by computer tomography of a real subject's lower limbs. Spring elements were added to the model in representing the ligaments. Experimental ligament stiffness of various physiological motions of ankle were obtained using three cadaveric ankle specimens being used for model validation. The second objective is to further understand the ankle ligamentous sprain injury mechanisms by simulating the subject-specific model. The model was driven by the temporal injury kinematics in gaining knowledge of the grade I lateral ankle sprain injury happened in our laboratory. Joint torque and ligament stiffness were estimated in causing this injury. The third objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the intelligent anti-sprain system in restricting the rapid inversion motion and inversion velocity of the ankle joint. In addition to the temporal injury kinematics simulation, an eversion torque was added to the ankle model to represent the corrective eversion motion. The thesis highlighted the importance of incorporating subject-specificity in the computational model to study injury biomechanics, and to evaluate the patented intelligent anti-sprain system. Methodologies used in this thesis are not limited in understanding the ankle inversion ligamentous sprain injury mechanism but could be an aid to study other musculoskeletal injuries and as a guide in developing subjectspecific injury preventive devices and designing rehabilitation training programme.
Ha, Chui Wai Sophia.
Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2016.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves ).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
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Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Este relatório espelha o trabalho desenvolvido no estágio curricular de aprofundamento das competências profissionais em futebol, no Casa Pia Atlético Clube – equipa de juniores – integrado no Mestrado em Treino Desportivo, da Faculdade de Motricidade Humana. A atividade profissional foi desenvolvida nos domínios do planeamento do trabalho de hipertrofia, recuperação e reintegração progressiva dos atletas lesionados, treino específico para cada posição e planeamento de exercícios específicos. O relatório inicia-se com uma revisão da literatura que suporta a prática profissional, composta por três áreas: a área 1 diz respeito à organização e gestão do processo de treino e competição, onde são abordadas as tarefas relativas à conceção dos ciclos de treino, condução das sessões e avaliação do processo e do produto; na área 2 apresenta-se um estudo de investigação realizado no âmbito das lesões no futebol; por último, a área 3 ilustra o evento de sensibilização para o trabalho propriocetivo na prevenção de entorses do tornozelo em jogadores juniores. Apesar de não se verificarem diferenças significativas entre o GC e o GE sugere-se que o treino propriocetivo é benéfico na prevenção de entorses do tornozelo. Este estágio proporcionou uma oportunidade única para a aprendizagem e experiências fundamentais para o desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional.
Abstract: This report reflects the work at traineeship for improvement of professional skills in football performed at Casa Pia Atlético Clube – junior team – and is included in the Master in Sports Training at Faculty of Human Kinetics. Professional practice has been developed in the fields of planning hypertrophy’s work, recovery and gradual reintegration of injured athletes, specific training for each position and design of specific exercises. The report begins with a review of the literature that supports professional practice and is structured in three themes: theme 1 concerning the organization and management of training process and competition, where tasks related to the design of training cycles are addressed, leading of sessions and the evaluation of process and product; theme 2 presents a research study on football injuries; finally, theme 3 shows the awareness event for proprioceptive work in preventing ankle sprains in junior players. Despite there are no significant differences between control group and experimental group it is suggested that the proprioceptive work is beneficial in preventing ankle sprains. This traineeship provided a unique opportunity for learning and fundamental experiences both for personal and professional development.