Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sprint Phases'

Sprinting requires the rapid development of velocity while technique changes across multiple steps. Research Themes (Phase analysis, Technique analysis and Induced acceleration analysis) were formulated to investigate and understand the biomechanical differences in technique between the initial acceleration, transition and maximal velocity phases of a sprint. Theme 1 (Phase analysis) revealed relatively large changes in touchdown variables (e.g. centre of mass height, touchdown distances, shank angles) during the initial acceleration phase. This likely reflects an increasing need to generate larger vertical forces early during stance as a sprint progresses. At toe-off, smaller yet progressive changes in variables (e.g. trunk angles and centre of mass height) across the initial acceleration and transition phases reflect a constraint determining decreases in propulsive forces during a sprint. Theme 2 (Technique analysis) revealed a trend linking smaller horizontal foot velocities and touchdown distances with smaller braking impulses during the transition and maximal velocity phases. Furthermore, moderate to large increases in negative work by the ankle plantar flexors and knee extensors suggests an increased contribution to absorb forces at those joints and maintain the height of the centre of mass as a sprint progresses. Finally, theme 3 (Induced acceleration analysis) revealed that the braking impulses relative to body mass (expressed in m·s-1) due to the accelerations at contact point, which largely resulted from the foot being decelerated at touchdown, increased from -0.01 ± 0.01 m·s-1 to -0.08 ± 0.02 m·s-1 between steps three to 19 of a sprint. The ankle moment provided the largest contributions to centre of mass acceleration throughout stance with the changing orientation of the ground reaction force vector ultimately determined by the increasing foot, shank and trunk angles as the sprint progressed. This thesis developed the conceptual understanding of the technical differences between different phases of sprinting. It will contribute to the development and evaluation of sprinting technical models associated with different phases of the event and provide a greater understanding of key contributors to performance. As a sprint progresses, sprinters should emphasise the development of the leg mechanics during the terminal swing and early stance phases to ensure step-to-step changes in braking impulses are managed.

Kinesiology
Ph.D.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute moderate hypoxia (14.5% inspired oxygen fraction) on the magnitude of fatigue development during the different phases (work, recovery, and both) of a repeated-sprint test (10 x 6-s sprints interspersed with 30-s recovery) in healthy, trained males. This study also sought to investigate the relationship between anaerobic power reserve and fatigue during the aforementioned repeated-sprint test. Fourteen exercise-trained males completed four trials of the repeated-sprint test under each of the following conditions: (a) normoxia (20.93% inspired oxygen fraction), (b) acute hypoxia during the work intervals only, (c) acute hypoxia during the recovery intervals only, and (d) acute hypoxia during both the work and recovery intervals. The order of the experimental conditions was systematically balanced. Fatigue scores were not different between experimental conditions, despite the fact that arterial oxygen saturation values from the acute hypoxia during recovery condition and the acute hypoxia during both work and recovery condition differed significantly from the normoxia and acute hypoxia during work intervals only conditions (p < .001). There was no relationship between anaerobic power reserve and fatigue in any experimental condition. The results of the present study indicate that although the participants experienced different levels of hypoxia during the experimental trials, the degree of hypoxia was insufficient to alter mechanical performance during a repeated-sprint test. The lack of an effect on mechanical performance does not appear to be influenced by an individual's anaerobic power reserve. It may be inferred that the degree of hypoxia employed was neither severe enough as to impair levels of muscle oxygenation beyond what was experienced in normoxia, nor as to induce further fatigue related to central mechanisms.
Temple University--Theses

Fifteen well-trained males, mid-thigh pull peak force (IPF 4403.61 ± 664.69N) and isometric peak force allometrically scaled (IPFa 226.04 ± 25.81) were assigned to two groups: repetition maximum training (RM) and relative intensity training (RI) for a twelve-week training intervention. The main effect of time showed a statistically significant difference in mean sprint performance and IPFa at the different time points (p < 0.001). There was a larger magnitude of within-subject effect with respect to sprint performance pre – post with the RI group (ES = 1.06, 7.19%) as compared to the RM group (ES = 0.567, 4.23%, p < 0.001), as well as a larger magnitude of within-subject effect with respect to IPFa pre – post with the RI group (ES = 0.426, 7.51%) as compared to the RM group (ES = 0.270, 13.29%). Furthermore, there was a non-statistically significant, moderate between-group difference in the change in IPFa from pre-post in favor of the RI group (ES=.75), and a large between-group difference in the change in sprint performance pre-post in favor of the RI group (ES=1.50). Results lead investigators to suggest the utilization of RI training tactics for the development of sprint performance when minimal sprint skill training is available.

A small number of previous cross-sectional studies have examined the relationship between endurance training status on recovery of performance and metabolites from sprinting. However, no longitudinal studies have been undertaken. In addition, there is a dearth of information on female subjects and on running exercise which prompted the need, in the present thesis, to address the effect of menstrual cycle phase on performance and metabolic responses during a repeated sprint run. Thus, the overall purpose of the present thesis was to examine the effect of short-term endurance training on a repeated sprint in female subjects. A number of methodological studies (for which 25 subjects volunteered) were undertaken as preparation for the main experimental chapters of the thesis (Chapter 3). The first methodological study examined the reliability of performance during a 30-s sprint on the non-motorised treadmill. Performance was reproducible as indicated by the 95% limits of agreement for PPO (5 ± 42 W) and by the ratio limits of agreement for MPO (1.01 */÷1.06) during the 30 s sprint. In the second methodological study it was found that capillary lactate concentrations were significantly higher than venous blood lactate after a 30 s sprint (P < 0.05). The third methodological study revealed that a repeated sprint run caused an additional plasma volume loss when compared with the loss caused by a change in posture alone (12.7 % vs 7.5 % for sprint and posture change, respectively, P < 0.05). Finally, it seems that prolonged freezing (up to 13 months) does not have a detrimental influence on whole blood lactate concentration, but repeated defrosting may result in errors in the determination of blood lactate at high lactate concentrations (methodological study 4). The first mam experiment examined the effects of menstrual cycle phase on performance and metabolic responses during a repeated sprint run (2x30 s, with a 2 min passive recovery) in 8 volunteers (chapter 4). Performance was unaltered during the follicular, mid-cycle and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle as reflected by PPO (461 ± 51 and 395 ± 48, 443 ± 43 and 359 ± 44, 449 ± 52 and 397 ± 48 W, for the first and second sprint, during the follicular, mid-cycle and luteal phase, respectively, P > 0.05) and MPO (302 ± 41 and 252 ± 29, 298 ± 37 and 248 ± 29, 298 ± 39 and 252 ± 35 W, for the first and second sprint, at follicular, mid-cycle and luteal phases, respectively, P > 0.05). Similarly, blood metabolic responses were unaffected by menstrual cycle phase as reflected by the unchanged metabolic profile of blood lactate, plasma' ammonia, blood pH and % changes in plasma volume across menstrual cycle. These results suggest that the hormonal fluctuations of 17-,β-estradiol (estradiol) and progesterone, due to menstrual cycle phase, have no effect on repeated sprint performance and possibly on the metabolic responses as reflected by the blood metabolic responses. The second main experiment examined the effects of short-term endurance training on power output recovery and metabolic responses to a repeated sprint run (2x30 s with a 2 min passive recovery) (chapter 5, n = 16). Six weeks of endurance training resulted in a 3% increase (P < 0.05) in V̇ 0₂ max (from 48.7 ± 4.4 before training to 50.17 ± 5.1 mL.kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ after training) in the training group (n = 8) in comparison with 1.9% decrease (from 50.4 ± 1.3 to 49.4 ± 1.2 mL.kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ post-trial) in the control group (n = 7). In addition, % V̇ 0₂ max @ 4 mmol·L⁻¹ [the relative intensity (% V̇ 0₂ max) corresponding to blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L⁻¹] was 3% higher (from 82 to 84%) in the training group as compared with the 1% decrease in the control group (from 81 to 80%) (P < 0.05). These endurance adaptations were accompanied by a 7% improvement in MPO recovery (in the second of two 30 s sprints) in the training group in comparison with 2% increases in the control group after training (P < 0.05). Metabolic responses to sprints were unaltered after training, but there was a tendency for higher pH immediately after sprint 1 in the training group in comparison with the control group (7.12 ± 0.07 vs 7.19 ± 0.06 and 7.09 ± 0.07 vs 7.10 ± 0.06, before and after training, in the training and control group, respectively, P = 0.082). These findings suggest that endurance training can be beneficial in terms of quicker recovery of performance during a repeated sprint run. The third main experiment examined the effects of endurance training on performance recovery and muscle metabolites (chapter 6, n=14). Endurance training resulted in a tendency towards lower blood lactate concentrations during sub-maximal exercise in the training group in comparison with the control group (P = 0.063) whilst time to exhaustion for the incremental V̇ 0₂ max test was 12.7% longer for the training group in comparison with 4.1% decrease in the control group (P = 0.095). These endurance training adaptations were accompanied by a 7% improvement (77 ± 7 to 84 ± 5 W) in MPO recovery in the second of two 30 s sprints in the training group while in the control group MPO recovery improved by just 2% (87 ± 8 to 89 ± 8%) (P < 0.05). In addition, similar increases in the recovery of peak speed (3.4% vs 1%, P < 0.05), and mean speed (5% vs 0.9%, P < 0.05) were also evident in the training in comparison with control group. Endurance training resulted in 5.6% decrease in ATP provision from PCr degradation ≈ 14 s post-sprint 1 (P < 0.05) while glycogen degradation was 10% lower (P = 0.063). The latter alterations, in turn, resulted in a tendency towards less reliance on anaerobic energy resources for energy supply after training in the training group (11%, P = 0.098). These results corroborate the findings of chapter 5, but it is still unclear which physiological mechanisms were instrumental in enhancing recovery of performance. It is possible that a faster initial PCr resynthesis or an improved mechanical efficiency or an increased reliance on aerobic metabolism, independently, all together, or in any combination, could have contributed to these improvements in performance recovery. In conclusion the present thesis has shown that: the non-motorised treadmill is a reliable tool for the examination of sprint running performance in the laboratory; that performance and metabolic responses during a repeated sprint run are unaffected by menstrual cycle phase and; that endurance training enhances the recovery of power in female subjects during a repeated sprint run of 2 x 30 s duration with a 2 min passive recovery. The mechanisms underlying the performance improvement following endurance training are unknown, but it is possible that faster PCr resynthesis during the initial phase of recovery (< 1 min) after the sprint is the dominant factor, while greater reliance on aerobic metabolism and improved mechanical efficiency can not be excluded.

Infants explore environments through repetitive movements which are constrained or facilitated by the environmental context. The current studies analyzed how typically developing infants bounced in four environments that differed by system natural frequency. Four pre-walking infants (age 9.7 months ±1.8) were placed in four spring conditions with natural spring frequencies of 0.9, 1.15, 1.27 and 1.56 Hz. All infants bounced above the natural spring frequency in all conditions suggesting that they do not solely behave like a mass-spring system. Two patterns of bouncing adaptations were identified. Three infants regulated bounce frequency, while one infant regulated the percentage of time on the ground. When infants matched their bounce frequency to the natural frequency, trunk vertical displacement and joint ranges of motion decreased across conditions and demonstrated a shift from non-spring like to circular spring-like phase planes. Moderate to high correlations were found for inter- and intra-limb coordination. Conversely, when an infant regulated time on the ground, trunk vertical displacement and joint ranges of motion remained the same across conditions and inter- and intra-limb correlations were low to moderate. Phase planes remained circular spring-like for this infant. Asymmetrical loading patterns and decreasing vertical ground reaction forces were found in all infants suggesting that a timing component is always regulated. The difference in bouncing pattern may be indicative of different bouncing skill level.

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. (sin. Cerasus vulgaris Mill., Prunus vulgaris Schur)) is widely grown stonefruit tree in Lithuania. Productivity of sour cherry orchard depends on many tightly related factors. It's know that negative temperature and spring frosts are important factors determinating plant productivity. These factors must be considered in plant breeding. Risks of extreme temperatures, humidity deficiency and spring frosts increases due to climate change. Plant reaction to climate change depends on plant species, cultivar and on biotic or abiotic factors. Spring starts earlier and suddenly during past years, thus vegetation of cherries starts earlier. However, probability of plant damage to spring frosts increases due to earlier vegetation, because plants are susceptible to negative temperatures due to loss of the predictive and consequential (secondary) dormancy. The aim of the research was to evaluate DNA polymorphism of sour cherry cultivars with different resistance to spring frosts, to characterize nature of phenological phase changes, to evaluate biochemical characteristics of sour cherry resistance to spring frosts formation by analysis of changes in carbohydrate amount and composition in generative organs and fruit ovaries at different phenological phases, and to evaluate changes in gene expression levels of galactinol synthase and raffinose synthase during flower development. It was established, that specific rhythm of phenological development is... [to full text]
Paprastoji vyšnia (Prunus cerasus L. (sin. Cerasus vulgaris Mill., Prunus vulgaris Schur)) yra plačiai auginamas kaulavaisinis augalas Lietuvoje. Vyšnių sodo produktyvumas priklauso nuo daugelio tarpusavyje susijusių veiksnių. Oro temperatūra yra vienas svarbiausių vyšnių paplitimą ir jų derlių lemiantis veiksnys. Žinoma, kad neigiamos temperatūros ir pavasario šalnos yra svarbus veiksnys, į kurį reikia atsižvelgti vykdant augalų selekciją. Keičiantis klimatui, didėja ekstremalių temperatūrų ir drėgmės deficito pavojus bei pavasario šalnų rizika (Augspurger, 2013). Augalų reakcija į klimato kaitos pokyčius priklauso nuo augalo rūšies ir veislės bei abiotinių ir biotinių veiksnių. Pastaraisiais metais pavasaris ateina greičiau ir staigiai. Tai paveikia vyšnias – jų vegetacija prasideda anksčiau. Anksti pradėjus vegetuoti išauga tikimybė, kad augalus pažeis pavasario šalnos. Lietuvoje nuostolių padaro vėlyvos pavasario šalnos, kurių metu pažeidžiami žiedai ir vaisių užuomazgos. Tuo metu augalai jau būna išėję iš būtinosios ir priverstinės ramybės ir jautrūs neigiamoms temperatūroms. Tyrimų tikslas buvo įvertinti skirtingo atsparumo šalnoms vyšnios veislių DNR polimorfizmą, fenologinių tarpsnių kaitos pobūdį, atskleisti paprastosios vyšnios atsparumo pavasario šalnoms formavimosi biochemines ypatybes ištiriant bendro angliavandenių kiekio ir jų sudėties kitimą skirtinguose fenologiniuose tarpsniuose esančių augalų generatyviniuose organuose ir vaisių užuomazgose, nustatyti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The Amargosa Chaos and Fault of Death Valley are complex features that play important roles in various tectonic models. Some recent models claim the fault is a regional detachment accommodating 80 km of NW-directed transport that produced the Chaos in its hangingwall. I offer an alternative interpretation: the chaos is a product of multiphase deformation that likely spanned the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The Amargosa Fault represents just one of six deformation events. The accompanying map (supplemental file) shows the cross-cutting relationships among fault populations: (D1) 25% north-northwest directed shortening across an imbricate thrust and tight fold system; (D2) E-SE extension on five normal faults; (D3) extension-related folding, which folded the D2 faults; (D4) normal-oblique slip on the Amargosa Fault; (D5) E-W extension on domino faults; (D6) extension on the Black Mountains Frontal Fault. The D2 faults, not the Amargosa, created the enigmatic attenuation observed in the Chaos.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-300).
Helical ribbons with pitch angles of either 11⁰ or 54⁰ self-assemble in a wide variety of quaternary surfactant-phospholipid/fatty acid-sterol-water systems. In all of the systems studied, the thermodynamically stable state for the sterol is plate like mono-hydrate crystals. However, the sterol is typically found to pass through a serious of metastable intermediates from filaments to helical ribbons to tubules before reaching the stable crystalline state. In the present work, we chose to focus on helical ribbons formed in the Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate (CDLC) system. These helices typically have radii on the order of a few to a few tens of microns and lengths on the order of hundreds of microns. By tethering to these mesoscopic helical ribbons using Devcon 5-Minute Epoxy®, we have been able to elastically deform them, and thus examine their response to uniaxial tension. For small deformations, the low pitch helices behave like linear elastic springs with a spring constant for a typical example measured to be (4.80 +/- 0.77) x 10-6 N/m. From the observed spread in helix dimension, our theory predicts a corresponding range of spring constants for the structures of 10-7 to 10-4 N/m allowing, in principle, a great range of forces to be examined. Under larger tensions, both low and high pitch helices have been observed to reversibly separate into a straight domain with a pitch angle of 90Ê» and a helical domain with a pitch angle of (16.5 +/1 1.3)⁰ for the low pitch or (59.6 +/- 1.7)⁰ for the high pitch. Using a newly developed continuum elastic free energy model, we have shown that this phenomena can be understood as a mechanical phase transition of first order.
(cont.) From this analysis, we have also been able to determine all of the parameters within our model, and to show that it is capable of self-consistently and quantitatively explaining all of the observed properties of these self-assembled helices.
by Brice Christopher Smith.
Ph.D.

Les virus peuvent être retrouvés dans tous les écosystèmes où de la vie est présente. Ils constituent l’entité biologique la plus abondante de la biosphère. Si de nombreuses données sont disponibles sur l’abondance et la dynamique virale dans les écosystèmes aquatiques tempérés, peu d’études ont été menées sur ces aspects dans les milieux extrêmes, dont les sources hydrothermales. Dans l’étude présentée dans ce manuscrit, les communautés procaryotiques et virales des sources hydrothermales des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (TAAF) ont été explorées. Dans un premier temps, les cellules procaryotiques et les particules de type viral (VLP) ont été dénombrées dans plusieurs sources chaudes terrestres et marines côtières. L’abondance microbienne et virale est de l’ordre de 105 - 106 particules/ml dans les deux types de sources avec des rapports VLP/procaryotes (VPR) qui sont généralement faibles, concordant ainsi avec rares les données disponibles actuellement dans la littérature. Dans un second temps, la diversité morphologique des VLP a été analysée par observation au microscope électronique à transmission. La présence de VLP de morphologies différentes a pu être constatée dans quelques échantillons bruts, mais également dans des cultures d’enrichissement, où elles étaient associées à des Thermococcales et des Thermotogales. Finalement, quelques souches isolées de ces échantillons ont été criblées pour la présence de virus aboutissant à la description d’un nouveau bactériovirus tempéré associé à une bactérie thermophile Geobacillus. L’effet d’un choc osmotique en présence de NaCl et l’effet d’un stress anoxique sur la production virale ont également été étudiés. La caractérisation du virus GTV1 a ensuite été entamée. Il appartient à la famille des Myoviridae et a un génome composé d’ADN double brin de 38841 pb, composé de 71 ORF prédits. Enfin, l’étude de la diversité microbienne a permis de décrire une nouvelle espèce bactérienne hautement thermophile, Calditerricola clavaformis sp.nov
Viruses thrive in all types of ecosystems where life is found. They represent the most abundant biological entity of our biosphere. Though several studies have been conducted on viral abundance and dynamics in mesophilic aquatic ecosystems, these aspects remain largely unexplored in extremophilic environments, such as hot springs. In this study, prokaryotic and associated viral communities of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands hot springs were explored. First, prokaryotic cells and Virus-like particles (VLP) were enumerated in several terrestrial and inshore hot springs. The results reveal an abundance of 105 - 106 particles/ml in both types of hot springs studied. The virus-to-prokaryote ratios (VPR) were generally low, confirming thus actual knowledge in these types of ecosystems. The morphological diversity of VLP was then studied in raw samples as well as in enrichment cultures containing Thermococcales and Thermotogales. Several isolates obtained from these samples were then screened for viral particles which led to the discovery and description of a temperate phage (GTV1) of a thermophilic bacterium belonging to the genus Geobacillus. The effect of NaCl and anoxic stress on the viral production was studied. The genomic characterization of the GTV1 was started and revealed a 38441 bp genome with 71 predicted ORF. Finally, microbial diversity studies led also to the discovery of a new extremely thermophilic bacterium, Calditerricola clavaformis sp.nov

Thesis (MHSc--Health Science) -- Auckland University of Technology, 2005.
Supervisors: Mr Justin W L Keogh, Dr Elizabeth J Bradshaw. Also held in print (143 leaves, col. ill. 30 cm.) in Akoranga Theses Collection (T 612.76 MAU)

Chemically ordered FePt is one of the most promising materials to reach the ultimate limitations in storage density of future magnetic recording devices due to its high uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy and a corrosion resistance superior to rare-earth based magnets. In this study, FePt and FePt/Cu bilayers have been sputter deposited at room temperature onto thermally oxidized silicon wafers, glass substrates and self-assembled arrays of spherical SiO2 particles with diameters down to 10 nm. Millisecond flash lamp annealing, as well as conventional rapid thermal annealing was employed to induce the phase transformation from the chemically disordered A1 phase into the chemically ordered L10 phase. The influence of the annealing temperature, annealing time and the film thickness on the ordering transformation and (001) texture evolution of FePt films with near equiatomic composition was studied. Whereas flash lamp annealed FePt films exhibit a polycrystalline morphology with high chemical L10 order, rapid thermal annealing can lead to the formation of chemically ordered FePt fifilms with (001) texture on amorphous SiO2/Si substrates. The resultant high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and large coercivities up to 40 kOe are demonstrated. Simultaneuosly to the ordering transformation, rapid thermal annealing to temperatures exceeding 600 °C leads to a break up of the continuous FePt film into separated islands. This dewetting behavior was utilized to create regular arrays of FePt nanostructures on SiO2 particle templates with periods down to 50 nm. The addition of Cu improves the (001) texture formation and chemcial ordering for annealing temperatures T < 600 °C. In addition, the magnetic anisotropy and the coercivity of the ternary FePtCu alloy can be effectively tailored by adjusting the Cu content. The prospects of FePtCu based exchange spring media, as well as the magnetic properties of FePtCu nanostructures fabricated using e-beam and nanoimprint lithography have been investigated.

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) can recover large strains (e.g., up to 8%) by undergoing a temperature-induced phase transformation. This strain recovery can occur against large forces, resulting in their use as actuators. The SMA elements in such actuators integrate both sensory and actuation functions. This is possible because SMAs can inherently sense a change in temperature and actuate by undergoing a shape change, associated with the temperature-induced phase transformation. The objective of this work is to develop an SMA based cryogenic thermal conduction switch for operation between dewars of liquid methane and liquid oxygen in a common bulk head arrangement for NASA. The design of the thermal conduction switch is based on a biased, two-way SMA actuator and utilizes a commercially available NiTi alloy as the SMA element to demonstrate the feasibility of this concept. This work describes the design from concept to implementation, addressing methodologies and issues encountered, including: a finite element based thermal analysis, various thermo-mechanical processes carried out on the NiTi SMA elements, and fabrication and testing of a prototype switch. Furthermore, recommendations for improvements and extension to NASA's requirements are presented. Such a switch has potential application in variable thermal sinks to other cryogenic tanks for liquefaction, densification, and zero boil-off systems for advanced spaceport applications. The SMA thermal conduction switch offers the following advantages over the currently used gas gap and liquid gap thermal switches in the cryogenic range: (i) integrates both sensor and actuator elements thereby reducing the overall complexity, (ii) exhibits superior thermal isolation in the open state, and (iii) possesses high heat transfer ratios between the open and closed states. This work was supported by a grant from NASA Kennedy Space Center (NAG10-323) with William U. Notardonato as Technical Officer.
M.S.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering

Magnetically driven separation techniques using magnetic solid carriers are one of modern methods to speed up and facilitate the previously used separation and purification procedures. The use of magnetic particles in biology imposes strict requirements on physical, and chemical properties of the particles, including low toxicity, biocompatibility and non-interference with the chemical environment in diagnostics. The aim of this study was to evaluate carboxyl-functionalised magnetic non-porous P(HEMA-co-GMA), P(HEMA-co-EDMA), PGMA, silica-coated lanthanum manganese peroskvite La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 and thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microspheres – P(NIPAAm) for DNA isolation from different types of complex food and environmental samples containing PCR inhibitors. The solid-phase reversible immobilisation (SPRI) of nucleid acids on microsphere surface and the release of adsorbed DNA were optimised. DNA from real samples (milk products and probiotic food suplements, mouse faeces) was apparently adsorbed on solid particles from the aqueous phase system composed of 16% PEG 6000 and 2M NaCl. The conditions of the subsequent release absorbed DNA to the elution buffer (pH of elution buffer, temperature and time of elution) were optimized. The quality of eluted DNA and the presence of target DNA were examined by PCR and q-PCR using domain-specific Bacteria and genus-specific Lactobacillus primer set. Real-time PCR was used for an estimation of the PCR interference by comparing the amplification efficiencies of purified DNA containing solid nanoparticles with the DNA standards free of any nanoparticles

In this work, a proposal for BLDC motor control, which will be used as a drive linear actuator. Control with microcontroller focuses mainly aspects such as motor mode, regenerative mode, measuring rotor position sensors and measuring the motor current, which corresponds to the moment. The result of the work is focused on upgrading the existing Honeywell actuator, where the processor-controlled BLDC motor to replace the existing system and take over the actuator working function and emergency function.

博士
國立成功大學
工程科學系碩博士班
93
The mass-dashpot-spring models of mechanical and structural systems are introduced in this work. It is aimed to investigate the transmission zeros distribution, the minimum phase property and minimum phase robustness for a mass-dashpot-spring system. By virtue of an appropriate nonlinear mapping and the root-locus technique, it is verified that the transmission zeros interlace with poles on a specific circle and the nonpositive real axis segments of the s-plane for a mass-dashpot-spring system with proportional damping and B=CTΓ. 　In literature, a continuous-time mass-dashpot-spring system with B=CTΓ was shown to be minimum phase. It is worthy to investigate whether the corresponding sampled-data system still exhibits minimum phase property. In this work, the sampled system of a modal damping mass-dashpot-spring structural dynamics with sufficient condition B=CTΓ is verified to be minimum phase. Notably, this property is independent of the sampling period. 　In addition, it is desirable to know how robustly an uncertain mass-dashpot-spring system maintains the minimum phase property. To this end, the allowable margin of perturbations is derived to guarantee minimum phase property of the uncertain system. For the sake of obtaining less conservative results, the perturbation matrix with a minimal dimension is directly derived on the basis of a second-order dynamical equation. 　At last, the uncertainties margin for a state-space system with affine parametric uncertainties is determined. The minimum phase property of the uncertain system is guaranteed within the uncertainties margin. Based on the linear fractional transformation, the matrix sizes involved in the computation of structured singular value are significantly reduced to improve computational burden.

Yes
Introduction: Investigate the effectiveness of short-term heat acclimation (STHA), over 5-days (permissive dehydration), on an intermittent sprint exercise protocol (HST) with females. Controlling for menstrual cycle phase. Materials and Methods: Ten, moderately trained, females (Mean [SD]; age 22.6 [2.7] y; stature 165.3 [6.2] cm; body mass 61.5 [8.7] kg; VO˙ 2 peak 43.9 [8.6] mL·kg−1 ·min−1 ) participated. The HST (31.0◦C; 50%RH) was 9 × 5 min (45-min) of intermittent exercise, based on exercise intensities of female soccer players, using a motorized treadmill and Wattbike. Participants completed HST1 vs. HST2 as a control (C) trial. Followed by 90 min, STHA (no fluid intake), for five consecutive days in 39.5◦C; 60%RH, using controlled-hyperthermia (∼rectal temperature [Tre] 38.5◦C). The HST3 occurred within 1 week after STHA. The HST2 vs HST3 trials were in the luteal phase, using self-reported menstrual questionnaire and plasma 17β-estradiol. Results: Pre (HST2) vs post (HST3) STHA there was a reduction at 45-min in Tre by 0.20◦C (95%CI −0.30 to −0.10◦C; d = 0.77); Tsk (−0.50; −0.90 to −0.10◦C; d = 0.80); and Tb (−0.25; −0.35 to −0.15◦C; d = 0.92). Cardiac frequency reduced at 45-min (−8; −16 to −1 b·min−1 ; d = 1.11) and %PV increased (7.0; −0.4 to 14.5%: d = 1.27). Mean power output increased across all nine maximal sprints by 56W (−26 to 139W; d = 0.69; n = 9). There was limited difference (P > 0.05) for these measures in HST1 vs HST2 C trial. Discussion: Short-term heat acclimation (5-days) using controlled-hyperthermia, leads to physiological adaptation during intermittent exercise in the heat, in moderately trained females when controlling for menstrual cycle phase.

Chemically ordered FePt is one of the most promising materials to reach the ultimate limitations in storage density of future magnetic recording devices due to its high uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy and a corrosion resistance superior to rare-earth based magnets. In this study, FePt and FePt/Cu bilayers have been sputter deposited at room temperature onto thermally oxidized silicon wafers, glass substrates and self-assembled arrays of spherical SiO2 particles with diameters down to 10 nm. Millisecond flash lamp annealing, as well as conventional rapid thermal annealing was employed to induce the phase transformation from the chemically disordered A1 phase into the chemically ordered L10 phase. The influence of the annealing temperature, annealing time and the film thickness on the ordering transformation and (001) texture evolution of FePt films with near equiatomic composition was studied. Whereas flash lamp annealed FePt films exhibit a polycrystalline morphology with high chemical L10 order, rapid thermal annealing can lead to the formation of chemically ordered FePt fifilms with (001) texture on amorphous SiO2/Si substrates. The resultant high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and large coercivities up to 40 kOe are demonstrated. Simultaneuosly to the ordering transformation, rapid thermal annealing to temperatures exceeding 600 °C leads to a break up of the continuous FePt film into separated islands. This dewetting behavior was utilized to create regular arrays of FePt nanostructures on SiO2 particle templates with periods down to 50 nm. The addition of Cu improves the (001) texture formation and chemcial ordering for annealing temperatures T < 600 °C. In addition, the magnetic anisotropy and the coercivity of the ternary FePtCu alloy can be effectively tailored by adjusting the Cu content. The prospects of FePtCu based exchange spring media, as well as the magnetic properties of FePtCu nanostructures fabricated using e-beam and nanoimprint lithography have been investigated.