Journal articles on the topic 'Sprint performance analysis'
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Silva, Ana F., Pedro Figueiredo, João Ribeiro, Francisco Alves, João Paulo Vilas-Boas, Ludovic Seifert, and Ricardo J. Fernandes. "Integrated Analysis of Young Swimmers’ Sprint Performance." Motor Control 23, no. 3 (July 2019): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2018-0014.
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Streetman, Aspen, Darko Paspalj, Nemanja Zlojutro, Danijel Božić, J. Jay Dawes, and Filip Kukić. "Association of shorter and longer distance sprint running to change of direction speed in police students." Nauka bezbednost policija, no. 00 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/nabepo27-36289.
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Background. Law enforcement officers may experience unique physical demands while on duty, including pursuing a suspect on foot, clearing obstacles, rapidly moving between covers, and engaging in physical confrontations with violent offenders. Several different change of direction speed (CODS) assessments are routinely used to simulate these demands. However, the relationship between these assessments has not been fully explored. Thus, this study investigated the association of shorter and longer distance sprint running with CODS performance. Methods. 15 police students ran the 20-m sprint test, 300-yard shuttle run, and Illinois Agility Test (IAT). Correlation and regression analyses were used to investigate associations. The effect size analysis provided the magnitude of associations. Results. Correlation analysis determined moderate association between 0-10 m, 10-20 m, and 0-20 m sprint performance with the IAT. The regression analysis determined strong linear association of IAT with sprint 0-10 m (R 2 = 0.488, F = 12.385, p = 0.004), sprint 10-20 m (R 2 = 0.496, F = 12.775, p = 0.003), sprint 0-20 m (R 2 = 0.573, F = 17.468, p = 0.001), and no linear association with the 300-yard shuttle run. Conclusions. The current study found a significant positive association between short sprints and IAT performance, suggesting that linear sprinting speed determines a significant proportion of CODS performance. Therefore, police students and officers should include sprint training in their physical fitness routine.
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Streetman, Aspen, Darko Paspalj, Nemanja Zlojutro, Danijel Božić, J. Jay Dawes, and Filip Kukić. "Association of shorter and longer distance sprint running to change of direction speed in police students." Nauka bezbednost policija, no. 00 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/nabepo27-36289.
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Background. Law enforcement officers may experience unique physical demands while on duty, including pursuing a suspect on foot, clearing obstacles, rapidly moving between covers, and engaging in physical confrontations with violent offenders. Several different change of direction speed (CODS) assessments are routinely used to simulate these demands. However, the relationship between these assessments has not been fully explored. Thus, this study investigated the association of shorter and longer distance sprint running with CODS performance. Methods. 15 police students ran the 20-m sprint test, 300-yard shuttle run, and Illinois Agility Test (IAT). Correlation and regression analyses were used to investigate associations. The effect size analysis provided the magnitude of associations. Results. Correlation analysis determined moderate association between 0-10 m, 10-20 m, and 0-20 m sprint performance with the IAT. The regression analysis determined strong linear association of IAT with sprint 0-10 m (R 2 = 0.488, F = 12.385, p = 0.004), sprint 10-20 m (R 2 = 0.496, F = 12.775, p = 0.003), sprint 0-20 m (R 2 = 0.573, F = 17.468, p = 0.001), and no linear association with the 300-yard shuttle run. Conclusions. The current study found a significant positive association between short sprints and IAT performance, suggesting that linear sprinting speed determines a significant proportion of CODS performance. Therefore, police students and officers should include sprint training in their physical fitness routine.
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Menaspà, Paolo, Chris R. Abbiss, and David T. Martin. "Performance Analysis of a World-Class Sprinter During Cycling Grand Tours." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 3 (May 2013): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.3.336.
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This investigation describes the sprint performances of the highest internationally ranked professional male road sprint cyclist during the 2008–2011 Grand Tours. Sprint stages were classified as won, lost, or dropped from the front bunch before the sprint. Thirty-one stages were video-analyzed for average speed of the last km, sprint duration, position in the bunch, and number of teammates at 60, 30, and 15 s remaining. Race distance, total elevation gain (TEG), and average speed of 45 stages were determined. Head-to-head performances against the 2nd–5th most successful professional sprint cyclists were also reviewed. In the 52 Grand Tour sprint stages the subject started, he won 30 (58%), lost 15 (29%), was dropped in 6 (12%), and had 1 crash. Position in the bunch was closer to the front and the number of team members was significantly higher in won than in lost at 60, 30, and 15 s remaining (P < .05). The sprint duration was not different between won and lost (11.3 ± 1.7 and 10.4 ± 3.2 s). TEG was significantly higher in dropped (1089 ± 465 m) than in won and lost (574 ± 394 and 601 ± 423 m, P < .05). The ability to finish the race with the front bunch was lower (77%) than that of other successful sprinters (89%). However, the subject was highly successful, winning over 60% of contested stages, while his competitors won less than 15%. This investigation explores methodology that can be used to describe important aspects of road sprint cycling and supports the concept that tactical aspects of sprinting can relate to performance outcomes.
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Attia, Ahmed, Zied Nèji, Néjiba Farhat, Aymen Khemiri, Ahmed Kouki, Nejib Rejeb, Riadh Khalifa, and Chortane Sabri Gaied. "Relationships between Horizontal Drop Jump Test and Sprint Performance." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.01.352.
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Researchers and trainers are continually looking for determinants of soccer talent in the youngest and in the relationship between individual motor features relevant to this kind of sport. There is a fundamental consensus in the opinion that sprinting and jumping share a number of similar characteristics in soccer players. To the authors’ knowledge, the majority of the studies has been conducted in adult and young athletes and there has yet to be an analysis with prepubescent male players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the standing long jump, the three-hop test and sprint performance in prepubescent male soccer players. Material and methods. This study comprised 112 prepubescent soccer players (aged 12.08±1.79 years; height: 154.35±12.50 cm; body mass 43.69±10.28 kg). They were assessed for a 30-m linear sprint with three split sprint times, standing long jump test and three-hop test. The associations and relationships between horizontal jump performance in three-hop test and standing long jump with 0-5m, 10-m, 20-m and 30-m sprint times were investigated. Results and discussion. Correlations and linear regressions were assessed. There were weak and large associations between sprint and jump measures (r = -0.21 to -0.66; p <0.001). Linear regressions all included standing long jump as a predictor, but not three-hop test. There were no regression equations that would predict sprint times from triple hop distance that were significant. In their study of national team female athletes Agar-Newman and Klimstra, (2015) showed contradictory results. In their athletes, triple hop distance was a better predictor than standing long jump of both initial sprint speed, and maximal sprint speed. Thus, this area requires further research to better understand the mechanisms through which both sprint and jump performances are achieved in prepubescent male soccer players. Conclusion. Overall, the results of our study support the use of 30-m linear sprint and horizontal jump performance tests for prepubescent male soccer players. This research showed that sprint times correlated to horizontal jump performance in three-hop test and standing long jump tests. It showed the utility of the standing long jump test to evaluate lower limb performance between prepubescent male soccer players
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Martín-Fuentes, Isabel, and Roland van den Tillaar. "Relationship between Step-by-Step Foot Kinematics and Sprint Performance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (June 1, 2022): 6786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116786.
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Foot stiffness is a modulator of sprint performance. However, studies that analysed foot angular velocities using inertial measuring units (IMU) for different events within the sprint contact time phase are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between angular foot step-by-step kinematics and sprint performance during a 50-metre sprint in experienced male and female sprinters. Foot kinematics were measured using IMU devices integrated with a 3-axis gyroscope and a laser gun. The main findings were that men performed faster sprints (6.11 ± 0.35 s vs. 6.77 ± 0.24 s), but the maximal angular foot kinematics were the same between sexes. Maximal angular velocities increased until strides 6–7, where they stabilized. Time from touchdown to maximal dorsiflexion velocity did not change between strides, whereas time from maximal dorsiflexion velocity to toe off decreased until stride 6. Plantarflexion velocities, especially in toe off, showed the greatest associations with sprint times, whereas maximal dorsiflexion velocity presented no association with sprint times. The time from dorsiflexion velocity to toe off from stride 7 onwards determined the sprint performance and was shorter for faster sprinters. The analysis of these variables provides essential information to athletes and coaches that may help to enhance the quality and efficiency of the sprint cycle by giving detailed information on each single stride of the sprint.
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Seitz, Laurent B., Matt Barr, and G. Gregory Haff. "Effects of Sprint Training With or Without Ball Carry in Elite Rugby Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 6 (September 2015): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0193.
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Purpose:To compare the effects of sprint training with or without ball carry on the sprint performance of elite rugby league players.Methods:Twenty-four elite rugby league players were divided into a ball-carry group (BC; n = 12) and a no-ball-carry group (NBC; n = 12). The players of the BC group were required to catch and carry the ball under 1 arm during each sprint, whereas the NBC group performed sprints without carrying a ball. The 8-wk training intervention took place during the precompetitive phase of the season and consisted of 2 sessions/wk. Sprint performance was measured before and after the training intervention with 40-m linear sprints performed under 2 conditions: with and without ball carry. Split times of 10, 20, and 40 m were recorded for further analysis. A 3-way (group × time × condition) factorial ANOVA was performed to compare changes in sprint performance with and without the ball, before and after the training intervention for both BC and NBC training groups.Results:The BC and NBC groups experienced similar improvements in 10-, 20-, and 40-m sprint times and accelerations, regardless of the condition under which the sprint tests were performed (P = .19).Conclusions:Sprint training while carrying a rugby ball is as effective as sprint training without carrying a rugby ball for improving the sprint performance of elite rugby league players.
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Lockie, Robert George, Ashley Orjalo, and Matthew Moreno. "A PILOT ANALYSIS: CAN THE BULGARIAN SPLIT-SQUAT POTENTIATE SPRINT ACCELERATION IN STRENGTH-TRAINED MEN?" Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport 15, no. 3 (January 30, 2018): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fupes1703453l.
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This study determined whether a five repetition-maximum Bulgarian split-squat (5RM BSS) could potentiate a 0-5, 0-10, and 0-20 m (meter) sprint performance. Seven men were assessed in the 5RM BSS (a linear position transducer measured peak power [PP] and force [PF] for each leg), and completed two post activation potentiation (PAP) sessions. One session involved a control condition (CC) of 4 minutes (min) rest; the other the 5RM BSS. Participants were assessed in baseline sprints, and sprints of 15 seconds, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 min post-PAP intervention. A repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05) calculated significant changes in sprint times. The best potentiated time for each interval was also compared to the baseline. Spearman’s correlations (r; p < 0.05) calculated relationships between absolute and relative strength, PP and PF, with percent potentiation in sprint times. The BSS did not potentiate speed at any time, although there was great individual variation. The best 0-5 m time was significantly different from the baseline (p = 0.022), with no differences between PAP conditions. Significant correlations were found between strength and sprint potentiation at 16 min for the 0-5 m interval, and at 8 min and the best times for the 0-20 m interval (r = -0.786 to -0.893). There were correlations between PP and PF for each leg with sprint potentiation from 2-12 min across all intervals (r = -0.786 to -0.964). Stronger individuals who generate greater PP and PF in a 5RM BSS will be more likely to potentiate 20-m sprint performance.
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Wang, Pin. "Analysis of Relaxation and Relaxation Training on Sprint Performance Impact." Advanced Materials Research 937 (May 2014): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.937.691.
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The sprint is an extreme speedy sport of high strength lack of oxygen metabolism. While athletes are improving sprint speed, they often ignore the importance of relaxing, which is one of the factors to enhance their performance. This article, from the perspective of exercise physiology, the principle of energy metabolism and muscle area, describes the influence of relaxation and relaxation training on sprint performance. At the same time, it expresses individual opinion on how athletes achieve relaxation in the state and the training methods and so on, for reference.
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Möck, Sebastian, René Hartmann, and Klaus Wirth. "VERTICAL JUMPING PERFORMANCE RELATES TO SPRINTING PERFORMANCE OVER SHORT DISTANCES AND DIFFERENT SECTIONS." Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 2, no. 2021 (December 20, 2021): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/jass.2021.02.2.
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A high level of sprinting performance is relevant in various sports. Because of the transition of movement patterns in different sprint sections there is a shift in the relevance of speed-strength of the knee and hip extensors, and stretch-shortening cycle performance seems conceivable. Fifty-six physical education students (23.70 ± 3.00 years, 176.9 ± 8.10cm, 74.20 ± 10.30kg) were investigated. They performed sprints up to 30m in which different sections were analyzed and vertical jumps (squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump from different dropping heights). Vertical jumping tests in squat jump and countermovement jump revealed mean values of 31.95 ± 6.56cm and 34.28 ± 7.47cm, respectively, while the drop jumps showed mean RSI values between 155.11 ± 36.77 and 168.24 ± 36.29 dependent on the dropping height. The sprint test showed a mean performance of 4.464 ± .343s (30m). The correlational analysis showed significant correlations (p < .01) for vertical jumping height with all sprinting sections (r = −.652 to −.834). Drop jump performance also showed significant correlations (p < .01) with all the sections (r = −.379 to −.594). The results let us hypothesize that the observed sample generated similar ground-reaction forces in the sprint and drop jump from a height of 40 cm.
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Matzenbacher, Fernando, Bruno Natale Pasquarelli, Felipe Nunes Rabelo, Antônio Carlos Dourado, Julia Zoccolaro Durigan, Hélcio Gonçalves Rossi, and Luiz Cláudio Reeberg Stanganelli. "Adaptações nas capacidades físicas de atletas de futsal da categoria sub 18 no decorrer de uma temporada competitiva." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 18, no. 1 (March 16, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p50.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p50 The aim of this study was to verify and to analyze adaptations on physical and physiological variables of futsal athletes during the pre-competitive and competitive phases of a training macrocycle. The sample was composed of nine Under-18 futsal athletes who performed the following tests: vertical jump, 10 and 30-meter linear sprint, repeated sprint ability test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 and VO2máx. Based on the qualitative analysis of the change magnitude, it was possible to verify adaptations from training for the vertical jump test (certainly positive), 10-meter linear sprint (likely decrease), 30-meter linear sprint (irrelevant), repeated sprint ability test for best sprint (irrelevant), mean of sprints (likely decrease), fatigue index (likely decrease), YYIRI (likely increase), VO2máx (likely decrease) and speed of VO2máx (likely increase). Thus, it was possible to verify that training-induced adaptations were positive since athletes improved their performance for the most control tests for each physical capacities of futsal (vertical jumps, 10-meter linear sprint, and repeated agility sprint test for the mean of sprints and fatigue index and aerobic resistance. Therefore, data have shown that athletes improved their physical performance considering the characteristics of futsal during training throughout a macrocycle.
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Rossignol, Peter Le, Tim J. Gabbett, Dan Comerford, and Warren R. Stanton. "Repeated-Sprint Ability and Team Selection in Australian Football League Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0005.
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Purpose:To investigate the relationship between selected physical capacities and repeated-sprint performance of Australian Football League (AFL) players and to determine which physical capacities contributed to being selected for the first competition game.Methods:Sum of skinfolds, 40-m sprint (with 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-m splits), repeated-sprint ability (6 × 30-m sprints), and 3-km-run time were measured during the preseason in 20 AFL players. The physical qualities of players selected to play the first match of the season and those not selected were compared. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship among variables, and a regression analysis identified variables significantly related to repeated-sprint performance.Results:In the regression analysis, maximum velocity was the best predictor of repeated-sprint time, with 3-km-run time also contributing significantly to the predictive model. Sum of skinfolds was significantly correlated with 10-m (r = .61, P < .01) and 30-m (r = .53, P < .05) sprint times. A 2.6% ± 2.1% difference in repeated-sprint time (P < .05, ES = 0.88 ± 0.72) was observed between those selected (25.26 ± 0.55 s) and not selected (25.82 ± 0.80 s) for the first game of the season.Conclusions:The findings indicate that maximum-velocity training using intervals of 30–40 m may contribute more to improving repeated-sprint performance in AFL players than short 10- to 20-m intervals from standing starts. Further research is warranted to establish the relative importance of endurance training for improving repeated-sprint performance in AFL football.
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Sever, M. Onur, and Ömer Zambak. "Evaluation of the Super League Team’s Competition Analysis before and after the COVID-19 Outbreak Is Given." Journal of Educational Issues 7, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v7i1.18111.
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The paper is aimed to determine whether there is a loss of performance by comparing the competition values of the Super League team before and after the COVID-19 epidemic. In order to reduce the performance losses of the athletes due to lack of training, 60-75 minutes of self-weight training was applied during the quarantine period. Paired t test was used for statistical analysis. A statistically significant difference was found in the Total Distance, High Intensity Distance, Sprint Distance, High Speed Distance, Number of High Intensity Runs, Number of Sprints, Number of High Speed Runs, Average Speed, Total Distance in Possession, Total Distance Out of Possession, Total Distance Ball Out of Play, High Intensity Distance in Possession, High Intensity Distance Out of Possession, High Intensity Distance Ball Out of Play, Sprint in Possession, Sprint Out of Possession, Sprint Ball Out of Play, High Speed Distance in Possession, High Speed Distance Out of Possession, High Speed Distance Ball Out of Play values of the athletes compared to p < 0.05. As a result, it has been observed that the training of super league football players with their own body weight during the quarantine period positively affects their performance during the season.
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Mann, Ralph, and John Herman. "Kinematic Analysis of Olympic Sprint Performance: Men's 200 Meters." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 1, no. 2 (May 1985): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.1.2.151.
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Selected kinematic variables in the performance of the Gold and Silver medalists and the eighth-place finisher in the men's 200-meter sprint final at the 1984 Summer Olympic Games were investigated. Cinematographic records were obtained for all track running events at the Games, with the 200-meter performers singled out for initial analysis. In this race, sagittal view filming records (100 fps) were collected at the middle (125-meter mark) and end (180-meter mark) of the performance. Computer-generated analysis variables included both direct performance variables (body velocity, stride rate, etc.) and upper and lower body kinematics (upper arm position, lower leg velocity, etc.) that have previously been utilized in the analysis of elite athlete sprinters. The difference in place finish was related to the performance variables body horizontal velocity (direct), stride rate (direct), and support time (indirect). The critical body kinematics variables related to success included upper leg angle at takeoff (indirect), upper leg velocity during support (direct), lower leg velocity at touchdown (direct), foot to body touchdown distance (indirect), and relative foot velocity at touchdown.
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Li, Danyang, Liwei Zhang, Xin Yue, Daniel Memmert, and Yeqin Zhang. "Effect of Attentional Focus on Sprint Performance: A Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 6254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106254.
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Sprinting is often seen in a variety of sports. Focusing one’s attention externally before sprinting has been demonstrated to boost sprint performance. The present study aimed to systematically review previous findings on the impact of external focus (EF), in comparison to internal focus (IF), on sprint performance. A literature search was conducted in five electronic databases (APA PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science). A random-effects model was used to pool Hedge’s g with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The meta-analysis included six studies with a total of 10 effect sizes and 166 participants. In general, the EF condition outperformed the IF condition in sprint performance (g = 0.279, 95% CI [0.088, 0.470], p = 0.004). The subgroup analysis, which should be viewed with caution, suggested that the benefits associated with the EF strategy were significant in low-skill sprinters (g = 0.337, 95% CI [0.032, 0.642], p = 0.030) but not significant in high-skill sprinters (g = 0.246, 95% CI [−0.042, 0.533], p = 0.094), although no significant difference was seen between these subgroups (p = 0.670). The reported gain in sprint performance due to attentional focus has practical implications for coaches and athletes, as making tiny adjustments in verbal instructions can lead to significant behavioral effects of great importance in competitive sports.
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Hicks, Dylan Shaun, Claire Drummond, Kym J. Williams, and Roland van den Tillaar. "Exploratory Analysis of Sprint Force-Velocity Characteristics, Kinematics and Performance across a Periodized Training Year: A Case Study of Two National Level Sprint Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 15404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215404.
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Objective: This case study aimed to explore changes to sprint force-velocity characteristics across a periodized training year (45 weeks) and the influence on sprint kinematics and performance in national level 100-meter athletes. Force-velocity characteristics have been shown to differentiate between performance levels in sprint athletes, yet limited information exists describing how characteristics change across a season and impact sprint performance, therefore warranting further research. Methods: Two male national level 100-meter athletes (Athlete 1: 22 years, 1.83 m, 81.1 kg, 100 m time: 10.47 s; Athlete 2: 19 years, 1.82 cm, 75.3 kg, 100 m time: 10.81 s) completed 12 and 11 force-velocity assessments, respectively, using electronic timing gates. Sprint mechanical characteristics were derived from 30-meter maximal sprint efforts using split times (i.e., 0–10 m, 0–20 m, 0–30 m) whereas step kinematics were established from 100-meter competition performance using video analysis. Results: Between the preparation (PREP) and competition (COMP) phase, Athlete 1 showed significantly large within-athlete effects for relative maximal power (PMAX), theoretical maximal velocity (v0), maximum ratio of force (RFMAX), maximal velocity (VMAX), and split time from 0 to 20 m and 0 to 30 m (−1.70 ≤ ES ≥ 1.92, p ≤ 0.05). Athlete 2 reported significant differences with large effects for relative maximal force (F0) and RFMAX only (ES: ≤ −1.46, p ≤ 0.04). In the PREP phase, both athletes reported almost perfect correlations between F0, PMAX and 0–20 m (r = −0.99, p ≤ 0.01), however in the COMP phase, the relationships between mechanical characteristics and split times were more individual. Competition performance in the 100-meter sprint (10.64 ± 0.24 s) showed a greater reliance on step length (r ≥ −0.72, p ≤ 0.001) than step frequency to achieve faster performances. The minimal detectable change (%) across mechanical variables ranged from 1.3 to 10.0% while spatio-temporal variables were much lower, from 0.94 to 1.48%, with Athlete 1 showing a higher ‘true change’ in performance across the season compared to Athlete 2. Conclusions: The estimated sprint force-velocity data collected across a training year may provide insight to practitioners about the underpinning mechanical characteristics which affect sprint performance during specific phases of training, plus how a periodized training design may enhance sprint force-velocity characteristics and performance outcomes.
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Beato, Marco, Giuseppe Coratella, Mattia Bianchi, Emanuele Costa, and Michele Merlini. "Short-Term Repeated-Sprint Training (Straight Sprint vs. Changes of Direction) in Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0040.
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Abstract Repeated-sprint training (RST) is considered a critical training method in team sports. It is well known that RST effects may depend on several variables such as the duration of the protocol and repeated-sprint methodology. Few studies have evaluated very short-term protocols and compared different RST modalities. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 2 week RST including straight sprints or changes of direction (CODs) on physical performance in a sample of soccer players. This study used a randomised pre-post parallel group trial design. The participants were assigned to either an RST group using straight sprints (RST-SS = 18 players) or an RST group using CODs (RST-COD = 18 players). The protocols were: 3 sets of 7 x 30 m sprints for the RST-SS and 7 x 20 + 20 m (one COD of 180°) for the RST-COD, with 20 s and 4 min recovery between sprints and sets, respectively. The following evaluations were performed: 10 and 20 m sprint, agility test, repeated sprint test (RSTbest and RSTmean), and Yo-Yo Recovery Level 1. After the training period, the RST-SS did not report any performance variation, while the RST-COD showed improvements in the 10 m sprint and RSTbest (effect size = 0.70 and 0.65, respectively). The between-group analysis did not report any statistical difference between the RST-SS and the RST-COD. In conclusion, this study did not support the utilisation of a very short-term RST protocol with soccer players, however, the RST-COD presented some additional benefits in sprint performance compared to the RST-SS.
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Fjørkenstad Dybdal, Hågen, and Roland Van Den Tillaar. "The acute and post-activation potentiation effects of the SPEEDMAKER™ on step-by step kinematics, muscle activation and performance in 30-m sprints." Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 24 (January 2, 2019): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/akut.2018.24.06.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of using the SpeedMaker™ on step-by-step kinematics and muscle activity in 30-m sprints and if it is possible to elicit a post-activation potentiation stimulus with the SpeedMaker™ upon subsequent 30-m sprint performance. Thirteen male soccer players (age: 22.8±1.8 yr, body mass: 75.1±11.9 kg, height: 1.80±0.08 m) participated in a repeated measure and cross-over design consisting of two conditions: three normal 30-m sprints (control) and two normal 30-m sprints divided by one 30-m sprint with the SpeedMaker™ (intervention). Kinematics were measured for each step together with the peak muscle activity of the hamstrings, quadriceps and gluteus during each stride of each 30-m sprint. The main findings were that sprinting with the SpeedMaker™ increased sprint times by 1.7% compared to normal 30-m sprints. However, no occurrence of a postactivation potentiation (PAP) response was found when performing a 30-m sprint with the SpeedMaker™ prior to a normal 30-m sprint in male soccer players. Furthermore, no detectable differences in step-by-step analysis on kinematics and muscle activity were found between the sprints with and without the SpeedMaker™. Only hamstrings and gluteus activity increased per stride over 30-m. It was concluded that the SpeedMaker™ did influence sprint times, but only in a small way that kinematics and muscle activity did not change detectable. Furthermore, that the SpeedMaker™ did not elicit a PAP effect. In addition, increased hamstring and gluteus maximus activation during the 30-m sprints suggests that these muscles are very important for acceleration, and that it is likely that acute hamstring strains occur when a soccer player is close to maximal velocity, as hamstring activation is maximal at that point.
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Kojima, Kosuke, Christopher L. Brammer, Tyler D. Sossong, Takashi Abe, and Joel M. Stager. "In-Water Resisted Swim Training for Age-Group Swimmers: An Evaluation of Training Effects." Pediatric Exercise Science 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0230.
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Purpose:The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of resisted sprint swim training with that of nonresisted sprint swim training on 50-m freestyle competition time (Vmax50) in age-group swimmers.Methods:Twenty-four age-group swimmers (age 10.6–14.9 y) were divided into resisted or nonresisted sprint swim training groups and completed a sprint swim training intervention 2 times per week for 10 weeks. Repeated 10-m sprints with progressively increasing resistance were used to determine measures of swim power. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated using B-mode ultrasound. Maturity status was estimated using predicted adult height (%Htadult) and maturity offset.Results:A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed no group × time interaction for measured variables. Vmax50 was correlated with skeletal muscle mass and swim power variables, but no significant relationship was found between relative changes in these variables. Estimated maturity status (%Htadult) appeared to be associated with initial measures of swim power and performance variables.Conclusions:Ten weeks of resisted sprint swim training was not any more effective than nonresisted sprint swim training at improving sprint swim performance in age-group swimmers.
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Arede, Jorge, John F. T. Fernandes, Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn, and Nuno Leite. "Differential Repeated Sprinting Training in Youth Basketball Players: An Analysis of Effects According to Maturity Status." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 12265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912265.
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The differential learning approach, which includes fluctuations that occur without movement repetitions and without corrections has received growing interest in the skill acquisition field. This study aimed to determine the effects of a 9-week training intervention involving differential repeated sprint training on a series of physical tests in youth basketball players. A total of 29 participants with different maturity statuses (pre-peak height velocity (PHV), n = 7; mid-PHV, n = 6; post-PHV, n = 16) completed 2 sessions per week of differential repeated sprint training for a period of 9 weeks. Sessions consisted of 2 × 10 repetitions sprints of 20-m whereby participants were instructed to perform various additional fluctuations for each repetition. Before and after the training intervention, participants completed jumping tests (countermovement jump (CMJ), single-leg CMJs, the modified 505 agility test, and straight sprinting tests (0–10 splits time), and maturity status was evaluated as well. Within-group analysis showed improvement in CMJ asymmetries and changes in direction asymmetries and 10-m sprint performance for the pre-, mid-, and post-PHV groups, respectively (p < 0.05), with large to very large effects. Analysis of covariance demonstrated that changes in sprint time in post-PHV players were greater than in the pre- and mid-PHV groups (p < 0.05), with moderate effect. Adding random fluctuations during repeated sprint training appear to be a suitable and feasible training strategy for maintaining and enhancing physical performance in youth basketball players, irrespective of maturity status. Furthermore, the present findings encourage practitioners to implement the present approach in youth athletes to improve their physical performance, but they should be aware that training response can vary according to maturity status.
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Sañudo, Borja, Moisés de Hoyo, G. Gregory Haff, and Alejandro Muñoz-López. "Influence of Strength Level on the Acute Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Following Flywheel and Free Weight Resistance Training." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 7156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247156.
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This study aimed to compare the post-activation potentiation performance enhancement (PAPE) response to the acute inertial flywheel (FW) and free weight resistance training (TRA) on subsequent countermovement jump (CMJ) and sprint performance (10 m sprint). This study used a randomized crossover design including twenty-eight healthy males that were divided into strong (relative one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat > 2.0 × body mass) and weak (relative 1RM back squat < 2.0 × body mass) groups. All participants performed the following: (a) three reps at 90% of their 1RM back squat (TRA) and (b) three reps on an inertial FW (plus one repetition to initiate flywheel movement) with an intensity that generated a mean propulsive velocity equal to that achieved with 90% of the 1RM back squat. Before and after the conditioning activity, participants performed two CMJs and two 10 m sprints. Within-group analyses showed significantly greater CMJ (d > 0.9, p < 0.001) and sprint performance (d > 0.5, p < 0.05) in the FW and the TRA group. Between-group analysis showed that sprint changes were significantly greater in the FW-strong group when compared with the TRA (F1,18 = 5.11, p = 0.036, η2p = 0.221—large) group. These results suggest that using a squat activation protocol on a FW may lead to an acute positive effect on jump and sprint performance, especially in stronger individuals.
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Lockie, Robert G., Adrina Lazar, Fabrice G. Risso, Dominic V. Giuliano, Tricia M. Liu, Alyssa A. Stage, Samantha A. Birmingham-Babauta, et al. "Limited Post-activation Potentiation Effects Provided by the Walking Lunge on Sprint Acceleration: A Preliminary Analysis." Open Sports Sciences Journal 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01710010097.
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Background: Bilateral strength exercises may not provide a movement-specific stimulus to achieve post-activation potentiation (PAP) for sprinting. The walking lunge (WL) could provide this, due to its unilateral action similar to the running gait. Objective: To determine whether the WL potentiated 20-m sprint performance. Method: Nine strength-trained individuals (six men, three women) completed a five-repetition maximum (5RM) WL in one session, and two PAP sessions (control condition [CC] of 4 minutes rest and 5RM WL). Subjects were assessed in baseline 20-m (0-5, 0-10, 0-20 m intervals) sprints, and sprints ~15 s, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 min post-PAP intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA calculated significant changes in sprint times. The best potentiated time for each interval was compared to the baseline to individualize subject recovery times. Effect sizes (d) were derived for magnitude-based inference comparisons between the baseline and all sprints. Sprint potentiation and strength measured by the WL were also correlated (p < 0.05). Results: There were no significant interactions between the PAP conditions and any time point (p = 0.346-0.898). Magnitude based-inference showed a trivial 0.72% decrease in 0-5 m time 4 min after the 5RM WL. There was a moderate potentiation effect following the 5RM WL for the 0-5 m interval best time (d = 0.34). The correlation data did not suggest that greater strength in the WL aided sprint potentiation. Conclusion: The 5RM WL did not significantly potentiate sprint speed. The WL requires stability and control which could limit the applied load and resulting potentiation.
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Pareja-Blanco, Fernando, Lucas A. Pereira, Valter P. Reis, Victor Fernandes, Ademir F. S. Arruda, Aristide Guerriero, Pedro E. Alcaraz, Tomás T. Freitas, and Irineu Loturco. "Impact of Sled Loads on Performance and Kinematics of Elite Sprinters and Rugby Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0867.
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Purpose: To examine the changes in resisted sprint performance and kinematics provoked by different sled loads in elite sprinters and rugby players. Methods: Eight elite male sprinters and 10 rugby union players performed 20-m sprints under 3 loading conditions (0%, 20%, and 60% body mass [BM]). Sprint time was measured in 0 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 20 m, while stride length and hip, knee, and ankle angles were measured using an 8-sensor motion analysis system at the same distances. Results: Sprinters were significantly faster than rugby players in unresisted and resisted sprints using 20% BM (effect size, “ES” [90% confidence limit, CL] range: 0.65 [0.03 to 1.27]; 3.95 [3.10 to 4.81]), but these differences were not significant at 60% BM. Compared to rugby players, sprinters showed lower velocity decrement in resisted sprints using 20% BM (ES [90% CL] range: 0.75 [0.06 to 1.44]; 2.43 [0.83 to 4.02], but higher velocity decrement using 60% BM (ES [90% CL] range: 1.13 [0.43 to 1.82]; 1.46 [0.81 to 2.11]). No significant differences were detected in stride length between sprinters and rugby players for any sprint condition (ES [90% CL] range: 0.02 [−0.72 to 0.76]; 0.84 [0.13 to 1.54]). Rugby players showed higher hip flexion in resisted sprints (ES [90% CL] range: 0.30 [−0.54 to 1.14]; 1.17 [0.20 to 2.15]) and lower plantar flexion in both unresisted and resisted sprints (ES [90% CL] range: 0.78 [0.18 to 1.38]; 1.69 [1.00 to 2.38] than sprinters. Conclusions: The alterations induced by resisted sprints in sprint velocity and running technique differed between sprinters and rugby players. Some caution should be taken with general sled loads prescriptions, especially when relative loads are based on distinct percentages of BM, as training responses vary among sports and individuals.
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Sanchez-Sanchez, Javier, Alejandro Martinez-Rodriguez, Jose Luis Felipe, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Esther Ubago-Guisado, Jens Bangsbo, Leonor Gallardo, and Jorge Garcia-Unanue. "Effect of Natural Turf, Artificial Turf, and Sand Surfaces on Sprint Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 9478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249478.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of natural turf, artificial turf, and sand on sprint performance in different sports and to determine how the sport surface affects sprint performance. A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Sciences, and SPORTDiscus databases. Out of 5644 studies, 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were very heterogeneous, as they examined different structural characteristics or quality parameters. The studies on natural turf and sand showed significant improvements on sprint speed during training. On the other hand, the analysis of fatigue did not reveal significant differences in the deterioration of sprint speed on both natural and artificial turf. Significance was set at p < 0.05. In conclusion, although lower performance in sprint was reported on sand, further studies are needed to explain the differences in sprint on natural and artificial turf.
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Carlos-Vivas, Jorge, Jorge Perez-Gomez, Ola Eriksrud, Tomás T. Freitas, Elena Marín-Cascales, and Pedro E. Alcaraz. "Vertical Versus Horizontal Resisted Sprint Training Applied to Young Soccer Players: Effects on Physical Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 748–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0355.
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Purpose: To analyze and compare the effects of 4 different resisted sprint training (RST) modalities on youth soccer players’ performance after 8 weeks of training. Methods: Forty-eight youth soccer players were first randomly assigned to 4 groups and only then completed 8 weeks of RST: horizontal resisted sprint, vertical resisted sprint (VRS), combined resisted sprint, and unresisted sprint. Performance in horizontal and vertical jumps, sprint, and change of direction (COD) ability were assessed 1 week before and after the training intervention. Magnitude-based inference analysis was performed for calculating within-group pre–post differences. In addition, an analysis of covariance test was performed for between-group comparison, using the pretest values as covariates. After that, the analysis of covariance P values and the effect statistic were transformed to magnitude-based inference. Results: Within-group outcomes showed that all resisted training modalities experienced improvements in sprint (small to moderate) and COD (small to large) performance. Moreover, all groups, except unresisted sprint, enhanced the horizontal jump performance. However, only VRS improved on vertical jump. Between-group comparison outcomes revealed that only VRS improved the sprint time compared with horizontal resisted sprint (moderate) and COD performance compared with all groups (moderate to large). In addition, VRS enhanced the countermovement jump performance (small to large) compared with the other groups. Conclusions: Independent of the orientation of the resistance applied, RST is an effective training method for improving sprinting and COD performance. Nevertheless, VRS may promote greater improvements on sprint and COD ability and have a positive additional effect on countermovement jump performance and the reduction of COD deficit.
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Lands, Larry C., George J. F. Heigenhauser, and Norman L. Jones. "Analysis of factors limiting maximal exercise performance in cystic fibrosis." Clinical Science 83, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0830391.
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1. Maximal exercise capacity in cystic fibrosis is influenced by both pulmonary and nutritional factors: lung disease by limiting maximal achievable ventilation, and malnutrition through a loss of muscle mass. The associated reduction in everyday activities may result in peripheral muscle deconditioning. 2. We studied 14 stable patients with cystic fibrosis (six males, eight females) and 14 healthy control subjects (seven males, seven females) in order to assess the influence of these factors on exercise performance. Subjects underwent anthropometry to estimate muscle mass, spirometry to assess ventilatory capacity, a 30 s sprint on an isokinetic cycle ergometer to assess maximal leg muscle performance, and progressive cycle ergometry to assess overall exercise capacity. 3. Compared with control subjects, the patients with cystic fibrosis were of similar age and height but weighed proportionately less [% ideal weight (mean ± sd): 94.3 ± 9.64 versus 109.5 ± 11.82] and showed evidence of airflow limitation [forced expiratory volume in 1.0s (FEV1.0) 72.5 ± 24.78 versus 112.6 ± 14.25% of predicted]. 4. The patients with cystic fibrosis did less absolute (5.1 ± 1.89 versus 7.3 ± 1.97 kJ) but similar relative maximal (11.5 ± 3.41 versus 13.1 ± 3.55 kJ/kg lean body mass) sprint work. During progressive exercise, the group with cystic fibrosis achieved lower absolute [maximal O2 consumption (Vo2max.) 1.8 ± 0.527 versus 3.0 ± 0.655 litres/min] and relative (Vo2max./kg lean body mass: 40.5 ± 9.23 versus 53.0 ± 11.62 ml min−1kg−1) work levels. 5. Step-wise linear regression was carried out with Vo2max. as the dependent variable and lean body mass, FEV1.0 and 30 s sprint work as independent variables. Vo2max. was best accounted for by a two-factor equation with FEV1.0 and 30 s sprint work (r2 = 0.882), with FEV1.0 being relatively more important. 6. While noting the importance of lung disease as a limiting factor, these results suggest that peripheral muscle function is a more sensitive determinant of maximal performance than lean body mass. The 30 s sprint work results imply that the effects of mild malnutrition in cystic fibrosis are quantitative, affecting the size of the muscle mass but not the performance of the remaining muscle.
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Brown, Stephen J., Julie Brown, and Andrew Foskett. "The Effects of Caffeine on Repeated Sprint Performance in Team Sport Athletes – A Meta-Analysis –." Sport Science Review 22, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2013): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2013-0002.
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Equivocal findings exist regarding the ergogenic effects of caffeine in repeat sprint performance in team sports, and there is currently no meta-analysis of available data. Therefore, appropriate studies were obtained from electronic databases following identification using pre-determined search criteria. Extracted data on repeat sprint performance in team sport athletes were entered into a meta-analysis to determine a summary statistic for overall effect. Eight studies provided suitable data for analysis. Pooled data on sprint distances of 15m (Z=1.81, P=0.07), 18.3m (Z=0.26, P=0.79), 20m (Z=0.13, P=0.90), 30m (Z=1.26, P=0.21), and 36.6m (Z=0.78, P=0.44) indicated no ergogenic effect attributable to caffeine ingestion. Thus, the current available evidence does not support an ergogenic effect for caffeine in repeat sprint performance in team athletes.
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Zimmermann, Haiko B., Débora Knihs, Fernando Diefenthaeler, Brian MacIntosh, and Juliano Dal Pupo. "Continuous Jumps Enhance Twitch Peak Torque and Sprint Performance in Highly Trained Sprint Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0240.
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Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a conditioning activity (CA) composed of continuous countermovement jumps on twitch torque production and 30-m sprint times. Methods: A total of 12 sprint athletes, 10 men (23.5 [7.7] y) and 2 women (23.0 [2.8] y), volunteered to participate in this study. The participants were evaluated in 2 sessions as follows: (1) to determine the effects of the CA (3 sets of 5 continuous vertical jumps with a 1-min interval between sets) on 30-m sprint performance over time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min) and (2) to evaluate twitch peak torque to determine the magnitude and time course of the induced postactivation potentiation at the same recovery intervals. Results: Mixed-model analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc verified that there was a decrease on the 30-m sprint time at 2 minutes (P = .01; Δ = 2.78%; effect size [ES] = 0.43) and 4 minutes (P = .02; Δ = 2%, ES = 0.30) compared with pre when the CA preceded the sprints. The peak torque of quadriceps also showed significant increase from pretest to 2 minutes (P < .01; Δ = 17.0% [12.2%]; ES = 0.45) and 4 minutes (P = .02; Δ = 7.2% [8.8%]; ES = 0.20). Conclusion: The inclusion of CA composed of continuous countermovement jumps in the warm-up routine improved 30-m sprint performance at 2- and 4-minute time intervals after the CA (postactivation performance enhancement). Since postactivation potentiation was confirmed with electrical stimulation at the time when sprint performance increased, it was concluded that postactivation potentiation may have contributed to the observed performance increases.
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Lockie, Robert G., Matthew D. Jeffriess, Tye S. McGann, Samuel J. Callaghan, and Adrian B. Schultz. "Planned and Reactive Agility Performance in Semiprofessional and Amateur Basketball Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 5 (September 2014): 766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0324.
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Context:Research indicates that planned and reactive agility are different athletic skills. These skills have not been adequately assessed in male basketball players.Purpose:To define whether 10-m-sprint performance and planned and reactive agility measured by the Y-shaped agility test can discriminate between semiprofessional and amateur basketball players.Methods:Ten semiprofessional and 10 amateur basketball players completed 10-m sprints and planned- and reactive-agility tests. The Y-shaped agility test involved subjects sprinting 5 m through a trigger timing gate, followed by a 45° cut and 5-m sprint to the left or right through a target gate. In the planned condition, subjects knew the cut direction. For reactive trials, subjects visually scanned to find the illuminated gate. A 1-way analysis of variance (P < .05) determined between-groups differences. Data were pooled (N = 20) for a correlation analysis (P < .05).Results:The reactive tests differentiated between the groups; semiprofessional players were 6% faster for the reactive left (P = .036) and right (P = .029) cuts. The strongest correlations were between the 10-m sprints and planned-agility tests (r = .590–.860). The reactive left cut did not correlate with the planned tests. The reactive right cut moderately correlated with the 10-m sprint and planned right cut (r = .487–.485).Conclusions:The results reemphasized that planned and reactive agility are separate physical qualities. Reactive agility discriminated between the semiprofessional and amateur basketball players; planned agility did not. To distinguish between male basketball players of different ability levels, agility tests should include a perceptual and decision-making component.
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Lane, Michael Timothy, Mark Travis Byrd, Zachary Bell, and Tyler Hurley. "Effects of Supplementation of a Pre-workout on Power Maintenance in Lower Body and Upper Body Tasks in Women." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4020018.
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Currently there is a lack of research into how women respond to pre-workout supplementation. The effects of supplements on exercise performance in women, specifically to power, must be performed. This study investigated the effects of supplementation on power production and maintenance during a high-intensity cycle ergometry sprint performance, vertical jump performance, and bench press performance in women. It also investigated the effects of supplementation on power production and the maintenance of upper and lower body tasks in women. A total of 23 females (22.9 ± 3.6 years, 175.6 ± 6.5 cm, 86.9 ± 15.1 kg, 19.1 ± 8.4 body fat percentage (BF%) (mean ± std. dev.)) were familiarized with the testing protocol and maximal bench press performances were attained (49.5 ± 15.4kg). Utilizing a double-blind crossover design, subjects completed three trials of: Five countermovement vertical jumps, a high-intensity cycle sprint protocol, which consisted of 10 maximal, five second cycle ergometer sprints. Subjects performed a velocity bench press test, utilizing 80% of their predetermined one repetition maximum (1RM) for 10 sets of three repetitions for maximal speed. For 20 min prior to each trial, the subjects ingested, in a randomized order, a pre-workout supplement (Supp), placebo+150 mg caffeine (Caff), or a placebo (PL). Peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and minimum power (MNP) were recorded for each sprint. Maximal velocity from each set was also recorded. Bike sprint and bench press data were normalized to the placebo trial for analysis. Blood lactate (bLa−) was measured immediately prior to each testing session, within 2 min of the completion of the last cycle sprint and following the bench press test. Bike sprint and bench press testing showed no significant differences through the testing sessions, but did significantly decline over test battery (p < 0.05). Vertical jump performance and lactate levels were not significantly different. Supplementation with a pre-workout supplement or placebo with caffeine 20 min prior to participation showed no positive benefits to performance in female participants.
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Habibi, Abdolhamid, Mehrzad Shabani, Esmaeil Rahimi, Rouhollah Fatemi, Abdolrahman Najafi, Hossein Analoei, and Morad Hosseini. "Relationship between Jump Test Results and Acceleration Phase of Sprint Performance in National and Regional 100m Sprinters." Journal of Human Kinetics 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0004-7.
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Relationship between Jump Test Results and Acceleration Phase of Sprint Performance in National and Regional 100m SprintersThe purpose of this research was to identify the relationship between jump test results and acceleration phase of sprint performance in national and regional 100m sprinters. Fifteen male (age 21.89 ± 3.26 years; body height 1.72.66 ± 3.20 m; body mass 61.35 ± 11.40 kg; 100 m personal best: 11.67 + 0.46 s {11.00 - 12.19}) track sprinters at a national and regional competitive level performed 10 m sprints from a block start. Anthropometric dimensions, along with squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), continuous straight legged jump (SLJ), single leg hop for distance, and single leg triple hop for distance measures of power were also tested. Pearson correlation analysis revealed the single leg hop for distance with front and back leg (respectively, r = -0.74 and r = -0.76; p = 0.021 and p = 0.017), and the single leg triple hop for distance with front and/or back leg (respectively, r = -0.84 and r = -0.89; p = 0.004 and p = 0.001), generated capabilities to be strongly related to sprint performance. Further linear regression analysis predicted an increase in the single leg hop for distance with front and back leg of 10 cm, to both resulted in a decrease of 0.07 s in 10 m sprint performance. Further, an increase in the single leg triple hop for distance with front and/or back leg of 10 cm was predicted to result in a 0.08 s reduction in 10 m sprint time. The results of this study seem to suggest that the ability to gain more distance with the single leg hop and the single leg triple hop for distance to be good indicators for predicting sprint performance over 10 m from a block start.
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Čaušević, Denis, Ensar Abazović, Semir Mašić, Amila Hodžić, Šemso Ormanović, Ivor Doder, Nedim Čović, and Rasim Lakota. "AGILITY, SPRINT AND VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP IN YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS." Acta kinesiologica, N1 2021 (2021): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.1.16.
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This study aimed to examine the relation between agility, sprint ability, and vertical jump performance of young basketball players. Fifty (n=50) young basketball players (mean±SD: age = 12.63±0.95; height = 160.84±6.31 cm; body mass = 50.82±6.88 kg) participated in the study. The agility T-test and 505 test were assessed to determine agility, 10m and 20m sprint was measured to determine sprint ability and countermovement jump (CMJ) for jumping performance. The results of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation analysis indicated large to very large relation between agility tests and sprint performance (r = 0.61 to 0.85); agility and jump performance (r = - 0.64 to - 0.67); sprint and jumping performance (r = -0.59 to -0.77). The results of the study suggest that agility, sprint, and jumping performance share common physical demands, therefore it is necessary to develop them during the training.
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Meyers, Robert W., Jon L. Oliver, Michael G. Hughes, Rhodri S. Lloyd, and John B. Cronin. "Asymmetry During Maximal Sprint Performance in 11- to 16-Year-Old Boys." Pediatric Exercise Science 29, no. 1 (February 2017): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0018.
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Purpose:The aim of this study was to examine the influence of age and maturation upon magnitude of asymmetry in the force, stiffness and the spatiotemporal determinants of maximal sprint speed in a large cohort of boys.Methods:344 boys between the ages of 11 and 16 years completed an anthropometric assessment and a 35 m sprint test, during which sprint performance was recorded via a ground-level optical measurement system. Maximal sprint velocity, as well as asymmetry in spatiotemporal variables, modeled force and stiffness data were established for each participant. For analysis, participants were grouped into chronological age, maturation and percentile groups.Results:The range of mean asymmetry across age groups and variables was 2.3–12.6%. The magnitude of asymmetry in all the sprint variables was not significantly different across age and maturation groups (p > .05), except relative leg stiffness (p < .05). No strong relationships between asymmetry in sprint variables and maximal sprint velocity were evident (rs < .39).Conclusion:These results provide a novel benchmark for the expected magnitude of asymmetry in a large cohort of uninjured boys during maximal sprint performance. Asymmetry in sprint performance is largely unaffected by age or maturation and no strong relationships exist between the magnitude of asymmetry and maximal sprint velocity.
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Lockie, Robert G., DeShaun L. Davis, Dominic V. Giuliano, Fabrice G. Risso, Ashley J. Orjalo, Matthew R. Moreno, and Adrina Lazar. "A Preliminary Case Analysis of the Post- Activation Potentiation Effects of Plyometrics on Sprint Performance in Women." Sport Science Review 25, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2016): 300–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0016.
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Abstract This study provided a case analysis of the effects of plyometrics on post-activation potentiation (PAP) of 20-m (0-5, 0-10, 0-20 m intervals) sprint performance in strength-trained females. Three college-aged participants performed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat, which was used to set the load for a jump squat with 30% 1RM (JS30). Over three sessions, participants performed three PAP protocols: a control condition of 4 min rest (CC); 3 sets x 5 repetitions of the JS30; and 3 sets x 10 repetitions of the alternate leg bound (ALB). Peak and mean power were recorded during the JS30. Participants performed two baseline sprints prior to each condition, and then six sprints from immediately after for 16 min post. Results indicated that the JS30 and ALB could potentiate sprinting, although responses were highly individual. The two more powerful participants experienced more sprint enhancements across more time points than the less powerful participant. Any performance changes were in the range of 1-4%, which is typical of PAP research. It cannot, however, be confirmed whether the JS30 and ALB were superior to the CC. Nonetheless, the data suggest the JS30 and ALB could potentiate sprinting in females. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.
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Cuadrado-Peñafiel, Víctor, Adrián Castaño-Zambudio, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Jorge Miguel González-Hernández, Rafael Martín-Acero, and Pedro Jiménez-Reyes. "Microdosing Sprint Distribution as an Alternative to Achieve Better Sprint Performance in Field Hockey Players." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020650.
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Introduction: The implementation of optimal sprint training volume is a relevant component of team sport performance. This study aimed to compare the efficiency and effectiveness of two different configurations of within-season training load distribution on sprint performance over 6 weeks. Methods: Twenty male professional FH players participated in the study. Players were conveniently assigned to two groups: the experimental group (MG; n = 11; applying the microdosing training methodology) and the control group (TG; n = 9; traditional training, with players being selected by the national team). Sprint performance was evaluated through 20 m sprint time (T20) m and horizontal force–velocity profile (HFVP) tests before (Pre) and after (Post) intervention. Both measurements were separated by a period of 6 weeks. The specific sprint training program was performed for each group (for vs. two weekly sessions for MG and TG, respectively) attempting to influence the full spectrum of the F-V relationship. Results: Conditional demands analysis (matches and training sessions) showed no significant differences between the groups during the intervention period (p > 0.05). No significant between-group differences were found at Pre or Post for any sprint-related performance (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, intra-group analysis revealed significant differences in F0, Pmax, RFmean at 10 m and every achieved time for distances ranging from 5 to 25 m for MG (p < 0.05). Such changes in mechanical capabilities and sprint performance were characterized by an increase in stride length and a decrease in stride frequency during the maximal velocity phase (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Implementing strategies such as microdosed training load distribution appears to be an effective and efficient alternative for sprint training in team sports such as hockey.
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Sariati, Dorsaf, Raouf Hammami, Mokhtar Chtara, Alessandro Zagatto, Daniel Boullosa, Cain C. T. Clark, Anthony C. Hackney, Urs Granacher, Nizar Souissi, and Hassane Zouhal. "Change-of-Direction Performance in Elite Soccer Players: Preliminary Analysis According to Their Playing Positions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 8360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228360.
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Our objective was to examine the relationship between change of direction (CoD) performance, with (CoDb), and without the ball (CoDwb), and selected measures of physical fitness (jump performance, speed, balance) in elite soccer players, according to players’ positions. Forty elite male soccer players performed the change-of-direction and acceleration test (CODAT) with (CODATb), and without the ball (CODATwb), 5- and 20-m sprint tests, the 5-jump test (5JT), and the Y-balance test (YBT). Analyses of the whole sample showed significant correlations between all CODAT measures (CODATwb and CODATb, respectively) and sprint 5-m (r = 0.72, p < 0.001; r = 0.52, p < 0.01), sprint 20-m (r = 0.54, p < 0.03; r = 0.45, p < 0.05), jump (r = −0.62, p < 0.01; r = −0.64, p < 0.01) and balance (r = −0.50, p < 0.01; r = −0.83, p < 0.001) performances. Correlations were significantly different between player positions (defender, midfielder and striker). When examining the entire sample, the single best predictor of CODATwb was performance in the 5-m test with an explained variance of 52% (p < 0.001). For CODATb, the Y-balance performance explained 68% of the variance of performance (p < 0.001). In conclusion, soccer coaches and fitness trainers are advised to improve players’ CoD using neuromuscular training that mimic crucial match actions. Meanwhile, CoD testing and training should be designed in line with the demands of playing position.
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W. Kusnanik, Nining, Wahyu E. Widiyanto, and Stephen P. Bird. "Effect of Reactive Agility Training Drills on Speed and Agility in Indonesian University Students." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 58 (August 20, 2019): 1272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.58.1272.1275.
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The purpose of this research was to determine the potential training effect of reactive agility in improving speed and agility. This study was conducted on 36 students and divided into 3 groups with 12 students per groups. Group 1 was given lateral mirror drill, Group 2 sprint mirror drill, and Group 3 conventional training for a period of 8 weeks, 3 times/week with a day off. Performance measures of agility and speed were assessed via the T-test for agility and 30m sprints for speed, respectively. Data was analyzed using paired sample t-test and multivariate analysis of variance. The result of this study found that there was a significant effect of sprint mirror drill to improve speed and agility; there was a significant effect of lateral mirror drill in improving speed and agility; there was a difference effect of lateral mirror drill and sprint mirror drills in improving speed and agility. Conclusion: these data provide preliminary support of incorporating reactive agility drills such as the sprint mirror and lateral mirror drills in improving performance measures of speed and agility.
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García-Ramos, Amador, Guy Gregory Haff, Belén Feriche, and Slobodan Jaric. "Effects of different conditioning programmes on the performance of high-velocity soccer-related tasks: Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117711096.
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Physical performance is a key factor in most of the actions that determine success in soccer competitions. The present meta-analysis aimed to determine whether, and to what extent different conditioning programmes implemented in addition to regular soccer training are able to enhance the performance of high-velocity soccer-related tasks. Study groups were categorised according to type of performance measurement: (A) vertical jump ability, (B) linear sprint performance, (C), change of direction with ball, (D) change of direction without ball, (E) repeated sprint ability, and (F) kicking performance. Subgroup analyses were done with reference to the type of conditioning programme applied: (A) resistance training, (B) plyometric, (C) sprint and/or change of direction, and (D) combined methods. The standardised mean differences (SMD) along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using the Review Manager 5.3 software. The application of a conditioning programme was associated with a significant improvement in vertical jump ability (SMD = 0.64 [95% CI: 0.50–0.77]), linear sprint (SMD = −0.79 [95% CI: −0.61 to −0.96]), change of direction with ball (SMD = −0.78 [95% CI: −0.42 to −1.15]), change of direction without ball (SMD = −0.83 [95% CI: −0.61 to −1.05]), repeated sprint ability (SMD = −0.51 [95% CI: −0.19 to −0.84]), and kicking performance (SMD = 0.78 [95% CI: 0.34–1.22]). No clear differences among the different conditioning programmes were observed. The implementation of a conditioning programme in addition to regular soccer training enhances the performance of high-velocity soccer-related tasks.
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Bonaiuto, Vincenzo, Giorgio Gatta, Cristian Romagnoli, Paolo Boatto, Nunzio Lanotte, and Giuseppe Annino. "A New Measurement System for Performance Analysis in Flatwater Sprint Kayaking." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049039.
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The full comprehension of the impact with which each force is involved in kayak propulsion is very difficult. The measure of the force on the paddle or the stroke rate only is often not enough for the coach to identify the best actions useful to improve the performances of a kayaker. To this purpose, the synchronous measurement of all parameters involved in the kayak propulsion, both dynamic (force acting on paddle and foot brace) and kinematic (stroke frequency, displacement, velocity, acceleration, roll, yaw, and pitch of the boat) could suggest to the coach more appropriate strategies for better understanding of the paddler’s motion and the relevant effects on the kayak behavior. Some simulation models, as well as measurement systems of increasing complexity, have been proposed in the recent years. In this paper, we present the e-Kayak system: A multichannel Digital Acquisition (DAQ) system specifically customized for flatwater kayaking. The system will be described in depth and its capability investigated through specific measurement results.
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Sáez de Villarreal, Eduardo, Bernardo Requena, and John B. Cronin. "The Effects of Plyometric Training on Sprint Performance: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 26, no. 2 (February 2012): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e318220fd03.
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Bauer, Klemen, Janez Pustovrh, Bojan Jošt, and Janez Vodičar. "THE STRUCTURE OF A BIATHLON SPRINT COMPETITION." Kinesiologia Slovenica 25, no. 3 (January 5, 2020): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.25.3.42-55.
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A biathlon sprint competition event consists of a number of segments (variables), i.e. cross country skiing time, range time, so-called time difference (also consisting the time of penalty loops), and shooting performance. In the research part, the study analyzed the interrelations of these variables and their correlations with competitive performance at the Biathlon World Championship sprint competition. Regression analysis showed that total cross country skiing time is the most important determinant of competitive performance (74%). Total shooting performance prone and standing explains for 17%, and total range time accounts for 9% of the criterion variable. Factorial analysis determined five factors which logically complete the competition outcome in a biathlon sprint competition. These factors are: cross country skiing performance, shooting performance in the first lap – prone shooting, shooting time in the second lap, shooting performance in the second lap – standing shooting, shooting time in the first lap. In this sprint competition, cross country skiing time was found to be the determining effect on the overall competitive performance under the assumption of a relatively high shooting performance (at that particular event the average shooting accuracy was 89%). Given the large group of potentially successful competitors and the thinning time gaps between them, the demands for competitive performance are increasing. In sprint competitions, cross country skiing speed has joined high shooting accuracy in the group of factors determining competitive performance, and elite biathletes often win advantage over other competitors by demonstrating very fast and accurate shooting.
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Evans, Mark, Peter Tierney, Nicola Gray, Greg Hawe, Maria Macken, and Brendan Egan. "Acute Ingestion of Caffeinated Chewing Gum Improves Repeated Sprint Performance of Team Sport Athletes With Low Habitual Caffeine Consumption." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 28, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0217.
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The effects of acute ingestion of caffeine on short-duration high-intensity performance are equivocal, while studies of novel modes of delivery and the efficacy of low doses of caffeine are warranted. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum on repeated sprint performance (RSP) in team sport athletes, and whether habitual caffeine consumption alters the ergogenic effect, if any, on RSP. A total of 18 male team sport athletes undertook four RSP trials using a 40-m maximum shuttle run test, which incorporates 10 × 40-m sprints with 30 s between the start of each sprint. Each participant completed two familiarization sessions, followed by caffeine (CAF; caffeinated chewing gum; 200 mg caffeine) and placebo (PLA; noncaffeinated chewing gum) trials in a randomized, double-blind manner. RSP, assessed by sprint performance decrement (%), did not differ (p = .209; effect size = 0.16; N = 18) between CAF (5.00 ± 2.84%) and PLA (5.43 ± 2.68%). Secondary analysis revealed that low habitual caffeine consumers (<40 mg/day, n = 10) experienced an attenuation of sprint performance decrement during CAF relative to PLA (5.53 ± 3.12% vs. 6.53 ± 2.91%, respectively; p = .049; effect size =0.33); an effect not observed in moderate/high habitual caffeine consumers (>130 mg/day, n = 6; 3.98 ± 2.57% vs. 3.80 ± 1.79%, respectively; p = .684; effect size = 0.08). The data suggest that a low dose of caffeine in the form of caffeinated chewing gum attenuates the sprint performance decrement during RSP by team sport athletes with low, but not moderate-to-high, habitual consumption of caffeine.
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Dunst, Anna Katharina, and René Grüneberger. "A Novel Approach of Modelling and Predicting Track Cycling Sprint Performance." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 12098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112412098.
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In cycling, performance models are used to investigate factors that determine performance and to optimise competition results. We present an innovative and easily applicable mathematical model describing time-resolved approaches for both the physical aspects of tractional resistance and the physiological side of propelling force generated by muscular activity and test its validity to reproduce and forecast time trials in track cycling. Six elite track cyclists completed a special preparation and two sprint time trials in an official velodrome under continuous measurement of crank force and cadence. Fatigue-free force-velocity profiles were calculated, and their fatigue-induced changes were determined by non-linear regression analysis using a monoexponential equation at a constant slope. Model parameters were calibrated based on pre-exercise performance testing and the first of the two time-trials and then used to predict the performance of the second sprint. Measured values for power output and cycling velocity were compared to the modelled data. The modelled results were highly correlated to the measured values (R2>0.99) without any difference between runs (p>0.05; d<0.1). Our mathematical model can accurately describe sprint track cycling time trial performance. It is simple enough to be used in practice yet sufficiently accurate to predict highly dynamic maximal sprint performances. It can be employed for the evaluation of completed runs, to forecast expected results with different setups, and to study various contributing factors and quantify their effect on sprint cycling performance.
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Wang, Lejun, Hua Yang, Guoqiang Ma, Mingxin Gong, Wenxin Niu, and Tianfeng Lu. "Grey Relational Analysis of Lower Limb Muscle Fatigue and Pedalling Performance Decline of Elite Athletes during a 30-Second All-Out Sprint Cycling Exercise." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (December 13, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6755767.
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The 30-second all-out sprint cycling exercise is a classical sport capacity evaluation method, which may cause severe lower limb muscle fatigue. However, the relationship between lower limb muscle fatigue and the decline in exercise performance during 30-second sprint cycling remains unclear. In this study, ten cyclists volunteered to participate in a 30-second all-out sprint cycling while power, cadence, and surface electromyographic (EMG) signals of eight lower limb muscles were recorded during the exercise. EMG mean frequency (MNF) of each lower limb muscle group was computed for every 3-second epoch based on wavelet packet transformation. Grey relational grades between pedalling performance and the EMG MNF of each lower limb muscle group during the whole process were calculated. The results demonstrated that EMG MNF of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus (VAS), gastrocnemius (GAS), and tibialis anterior (TA) progressively tired during a 30-second all-out sprint cycling exercise. Of the muscles evaluated, the degree of fatigue of TA showed the greatest association with exercise performance decline, whereas the muscle fatigue of RF, VAS, and GAS also significantly impacted exercise performance during a 30-second all-out sprint cycling exercise.
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Hirose, Norikazu, and Chikako Nakahori. "Age Differences in Change-of-Direction Performance and Its Subelements in Female Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 4 (May 2015): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0214.
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Purpose:To describe cross-sectional age differences in change-of-direction performance (CODp) in female football players and investigate the relationship between CODp and linear-sprint speed, muscle power, and body size.Methods:A sample of 135 well-trained female football players was divided into 8 age groups. Anthropometry (height, body mass, and lean body mass) and athletic performance (10-m sprint speed, 10-m × 5-CODp, and 5-step bounding distance) were compared to determine interage differences using ANOVA. Then, the participants were divided into 3 age groups: 12- to 14-y-olds, 15- to 17-y-olds, and ≥ 18 y-olds. Simple- and multiple-regression analyses were conducted to determine the correlation between CODp and the other measurement variables in each age group.Results:Age-related differences were found for CODp (F = 10.41, P < .01), sprint speed (F = 3.27, P < .01), and bounding distance (F = 4.20, P < .01). Post hoc analysis revealed that the CODp of 17-y-old players was faster than that of 16-y-old players (P < .01), with no interage differences in sprint speed and bounding distance. Sprint speed and bounding distance were weakly correlated with CODp in 15- to ≥18-y-old players, but only sprint speed was correlated with CODp in 12- to 14-y-old players.Conclusions:CODp improves from 16 to 17 y of age in female players. Linear-sprint speed, muscle power, and body size were weakly correlated with the age differences in CODp.
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Sousa, Filipe, Ivan dos Reis, Luiz Ribeiro, Luiz Martins, and Claudio Gobatto. "Specific Measurement of Tethered Running Kinetics and its Relationship to Repeated Sprint Ability." Journal of Human Kinetics 49, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0127.
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Abstract Repeated sprint ability has been widely studied by researchers, however, analysis of the relationship between most kinetic variables and the effect of fatigue is still an ongoing process. To search for the best biomechanical parameter to evaluate repeated sprint ability, several kinetic variables were measured in a tethered field running test and compared regarding their sensitivity to fatigue and correlation with time trials in a free running condition. Nine male sprint runners (best average times: 100 m = 10.45 ± 0.07 s; 200 m = 21.36 ± 0.17 s; 400 m = 47.35 ± 1.09 s) completed two test sessions on a synthetic track. Each session consisted of six 35 m sprints interspersed by 10 s rest under tethered field running or free running conditions. Force, power, work, an impulse and a rate of force development were all directly measured using the sensors of a new tethered running apparatus, and a one-way ANOVA with Scheffé post-hoc test used to verify differences between sprints (p < 0.05). Pearson product-moment correlation measured the relationship between mechanical variables and free running performance. A total impulse, the rate of force development and maximum force did not show significant differences for most sprints. These three variables presented low to moderate correlations with free running performance (r between 0.01 and -0.35). Maximum and mean power presented the strongest correlations with free running performance (r = -0.71 and -0.76, respectively; p < 0.001), followed by mean force (r = -0.61; p < 0.001) and total work (r = -0.50; p < 0.001). It was concluded that under a severe work-to-rest ratio condition, power variables were better suited to evaluating repeated sprint ability than the other studied variables.
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Can, Ibrahim, Seda Sadik, and Serdar Bayrakdaroglu. "The Relationship between Repeated Sprint Performance and Velocity Values during Loaded-Squat Jump Exercise." Journal of Education and Learning 7, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n2p280.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between repeated sprint performance and velocity values during loaded-squat jump exercise. In accordance with this purpose, 23 kickboxing athletes (age: 21,1 ± 2,10 years; height: 178,7±5,01 cm; weight: 70,8±7,85 kg) participated voluntarily in this study. Participants were performed to repeated sprint test and loaded-squat jump exercise by using an external load corresponding to 40 % of their body weight and velocity parameters were obtained as mean velocity (MV), mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and peak velocity (PV). Descriptive statistics were used in analysis of data. In addition, Spearman Correlation Analysis was used to determine the relationship between repeated sprint performance and velocity values during loaded-squat jump exercise. According to the analysis results; while total running times and fatigue index values in repeated sprint test of subjects were obtained as 52.4 (±1.96 sec) and 4.98 (±2.36%) respectively; velocity values during loaded-squat jump exercise were obtained as 1.38 (±,07 m/s-1) for MP, 1.54 (±,10 m/s-1) for MPV, and 2.58 (±,15 m/s-1) for PV. In addition, it was determined that there was no any statistically significant difference between MP (r= - ,148; r= - ,072, p>0.05, respectively), MPV (r= - ,335; r= - ,150, p>0.05, respectively), PV (r= ,010; r= - ,034, p>0.05 respectively) and total running time and fatigue index values in repeated sprint test. As a result, it can be suggested that velocity values during loaded squat jump exercise have no statistically significant effect on repeated sprint performance.
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Hales, Michael, and John David Johnson. "The Influence of Time-dependent Surface Properties on Sprint Running Performance between Male and Female Athletes." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 8, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.8n.4p.42.
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Background: The body of research on field based player-surface interaction consists of some contradictory findings and the comparison of male and female physiological responses on different surfaces is limited. Objective: The study investigates the influence of surface properties on sprint running before and after completing a muscle fatiguing intervention. Methodology: Muscle activity was recorded using surface electromyography (EMG). The vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), medial head of the gastrocnemius (MG), and the tibialis anterior (TA) sites were selected for analysis. The mechanical properties (MPs) of each field were shown to be different using ASTM F-3189 protocol. Results: A statistically significant three-way repeated measures ANOVA interaction between field properties, sprint trial and muscle groups was determined, F(3,36) = 10.82, p = .006, ηρ2 = .474. Further analyses revealed an interaction effect between field properties and sprint trial, F(1,12) = 26.57, p = .001, ηρ2 = .689, between muscle groups and field properties F(1,12) = 8.78, p = .012, ηρ2 = .422 and between muscle group and sprint trial F(1,12) = 7.29, p = .019, ηρ2 = .378. In addition, pre-intervention mean sprint time was less on the field possessing more energy return by 9.1%. Post-intervention sprint test results show a significant difference for BF peak muscle activity on the field displaying greater force attenuation. Conclusion: Both pre and post intervention sprint results suggest time-dependent properties associated with a sport field could potentially influence muscle activation patterns differently for males and females.
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McLean, Scott P., and Richard N. Hinrichs. "Buoyancy, Gender, and Swimming Performance." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 16, no. 3 (August 2000): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.16.3.248.
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This study investigated the relationship of gender and buoyancy to sprint swimming performance. The center of buoyancy (CB) and center of mass (CM) were measured using reaction board principles. Performance was evaluated as the time needed to complete the middle 13.7 m of a 22.9-m sprint for kicking and swimming trials. Nineteen female swimmers (mean ±SD, 21.9 ± 3.2 years) had significantly more body fat (24.1 ± 4.5%) than 13 male swimmers (21.7 ± 4.2 years, 14.8 ± 5.0%). Males swam and kicked significantly faster (p< .01) than females. Percent body fat, upper body strength, the distance between the CB and CM (d), and the buoyant force measured in 3 body positions all met the criteria for entrance into a regression equation. When gender was not controlled in the analysis, these variables accounted for 70% of the variance in swim time (p< .008). When gender was controlled in the analysis, these variables accounted for 45% of the variance in swim time (p= .06). Percent body fat accounted for the largest amount variance in both regression analyses (39%,p< .001; 18%,p= 0.02, respectively). Upper body strength accounted for 14% of the variance in swim time (p= .006) when gender was not controlled but only 4% when gender was controlled (p= .27). The distancedas measured in a body position with both arms raised above the head was the buoyancy factor that accounted for the greatest amount of variance in swim time (6% when gender was not controlled,p= .06, 10%; when gender was controlled,p= .07). Percent body fat,d, and the buoyant force accounted for no significant amount of variance in kick time. These data suggested that a swimmer’s buoyancy characteristics did have a small but important influence on sprint swimming performance.
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Willberg, Christina, Axel Kohler, and Karen Zentgraf. "Construct Validity and Applicability of a Team-Sport-Specific Change of Direction Test." Journal of Human Kinetics 85, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0115.
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Abstract Cuts and changes of direction (COD) are frequent movements during games in team sports. Since those movements are seen as a key performance variable, COD assessments are included in performance diagnostics. However, some tests are criticized as they seem to be confounded by variables such as linear sprinting. Therefore, it is suggested that not only total COD time should be assessed, but also the athletes' COD movements should be examined more closely. For example, split times could be analyzed in tests with more than one COD like the Team-Sport-Specific COD (TSS-COD) test. We aimed to investigate the construct validity of the TSS-COD test, focusing on the homogeneity of the different test parts. We also tested how far sprint performance mapped onto COD performance. Test data were analyzed from 154 elite male and female volleyball and basketball athletes. A Fitlight© System was used to assess duration of the TSS-COD test. For the sprint tests, magnetic gates (Humotion GmbH) were used to measure sprint time. Explorative principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted including the test interval duration and the athletes’ 5, 10, and 20 m sprint performance, to test the validity of the TSS-COD test. PCA results showed that the start interval formed a factor separate from the other COD sub-intervals. In addition, sprint performance was separated from all COD interval measures. The findings of the PCA were confirmed by split-half validation. Since sprint and COD performance represent independent performance domains within this analysis, we suggest the TSS-COD test to be a valid test to assess COD performance.