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Bebetsos, Evangelos, Emmanuel Aggelakis, George Bebetsos, and Dimitrios Gargalianos. "Motivation Psychological Characteristics of Canoe-Kayak Sprint Elite Youth Athletes." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 85, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2020-0003.
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AbstractThe objective of the current study was the investigation of anxiety and satisfaction levels among Elite Greek Youth athletes of Canoe-Kayak Sprint. Additionally, whether elements such as gender, age, athletic experience, and weekly practice-time, differentiated the sample. 122 athletes, (61 males and 61 females) between the ages of 15-17 yrs. old, who competed in the Hellenic Federation’s Canoe-Kayak Sprint National Championships. Study participants were invited to complete two questionnaires: a) the Greek version of “CSAI-2” (Stavrou, Zervas, Kakkos, & Psichoundaki, 1998), and b) the Greek version of the “Athlete Satisfaction” scale (Bebetsos & Theodorakis, 2003). Results of the conducted study revealed that the sample differentiated: a) on somatic, and cognitive anxiety, according to their athletic experience, and b) on somatic, and cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, leadership, and personal outcome, according to their weekly practice-time. Finally, no sex differences were found in any questionnaire variable. In conclusion, the survey results highlighted the importance of the psychological factors tested on Canoe-Kayak Sprint athletes’ performance. Knowing and understanding athletes’ psychological state, can help them out (the athletes) in identifying aspects such as stress and satisfaction that directly affect their racing performance.
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Duca, Marco, Athos Trecroci, Enrico Perri, Damiano Formenti, and Giampietro Alberti. "Kinematics and Kinetics of Bulgarian-Bag-Overloaded Sprints in Young Athletes." Life 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10110282.
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Background: Effective sprinting requires large acceleration capabilities. To accelerate, large amount of force must be produced and applied effectively. The use of different implements such as sleds and vests can increase the amount of force produced and alter sprinting effectiveness. We propose the use of increasing overload via the Bulgarian Bag (BB) as a means to modify athletes’ sprint and acutely increase force and power production. Methods: 24 young athletes performed three sprints over 20 m in three different conditions: unloaded (BW) and loaded with BB weighing 2.5% (BB2.5) and 5% (BB5) of the athlete’s body mass. Sprint times at 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 m were acquired and used to compute the force–velocity relationship for the sprints. Maximal velocity (V0), peak force (F0), peak power (PP), and decrease in ratio of force (DRF) were computed. Results: the additional load caused a decrease in sprint times (p < 0.05) and V0 (p = 0.028), conversely no differences were found for F0 (p = 0.21), PP (p = 0.50), and DRF (p = 0.83). Conclusions: Based on those findings, BB can be an alternative method to effectively overload sprint training toward improving sprinting performance.
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Matzenbacher, Fernando, Bruno Natale Pasquarelli, Felipe Nunes Rabelo, Antônio Carlos Dourado, Julia Zoccolaro Durigan, Hélcio Gonçalves Rossi, and Luiz Cláudio Reeberg Stanganelli. "Adaptações nas capacidades físicas de atletas de futsal da categoria sub 18 no decorrer de uma temporada competitiva." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 18, no. 1 (March 16, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p50.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p50 The aim of this study was to verify and to analyze adaptations on physical and physiological variables of futsal athletes during the pre-competitive and competitive phases of a training macrocycle. The sample was composed of nine Under-18 futsal athletes who performed the following tests: vertical jump, 10 and 30-meter linear sprint, repeated sprint ability test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 and VO2máx. Based on the qualitative analysis of the change magnitude, it was possible to verify adaptations from training for the vertical jump test (certainly positive), 10-meter linear sprint (likely decrease), 30-meter linear sprint (irrelevant), repeated sprint ability test for best sprint (irrelevant), mean of sprints (likely decrease), fatigue index (likely decrease), YYIRI (likely increase), VO2máx (likely decrease) and speed of VO2máx (likely increase). Thus, it was possible to verify that training-induced adaptations were positive since athletes improved their performance for the most control tests for each physical capacities of futsal (vertical jumps, 10-meter linear sprint, and repeated agility sprint test for the mean of sprints and fatigue index and aerobic resistance. Therefore, data have shown that athletes improved their physical performance considering the characteristics of futsal during training throughout a macrocycle.
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Gürses, Veli Volkan, and Okan Kamiş. "The Relationship Between Reaction Time and 60 m Performance in Elite Athletes." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 12a (January 3, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i12a.3931.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 60m sprint results and reaction times in athletes who took part in the World Indoor Athletics Championships. The reaction times and 60m sprint results were compiled for 483 sprinters (253 male, 230 female) who performed 60m sprint event. Corresponding data were obtained from archives of the official website of the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF). The relationship between reaction time and 60m sprint results were calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Additionally, the Independent Samples T-Test was used to compare athletes’ reaction times and 60m sprint results. Positive moderate correlation was found between mean values of all 60m sprint results and reaction times, which were analyzed together in all categories (r=.436, p<0.01). Moreover, significant differences were also found between male and female finalists based on the 60m sprint times and reaction times respectively (t=-27.98, p<0.01; t=-3.26, p<0.01). As a result, it can be concluded that reaction time has great importance on 60 m performance. The best reaction time is related to the higher performance of 60m sprint in both male and female athletes. Moreover, this is also similar for round 1, semifinal and final categories. Coaches and athletes may consider improving reaction time to achieve better 60m performance.
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Gwacham, Nnamdi, and Dale R. Wagner. "Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 22, no. 2 (April 2012): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.109.
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Consumption of energy drinks is common among athletes; however, there is a lack of research on the efficacy of these beverages for short-duration, intense exercise. The purpose of this research was to investigate the acute effects of a low-calorie caffeine-taurine energy drink (AdvoCare Spark) on repeated sprint performance and anaerobic power in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players. Twenty football players (age 19.7 ± 1.8 yr, height 184.9 ± 5.3 cm, weight 100.3 ± 21.7 kg) participated in a double-blind, randomized crossover study in which they received the energy drink or an isoenergetic, isovolumetric, noncaffeinated placebo in 2 trials separated by 7 days. The Running Based Anaerobic Sprint Test, consisting of six 35-m sprints with 10 s of rest between sprints, was used to assess anaerobic power. Sprint times were recorded with an automatic electronic timer. The beverage treatment did not significantly affect power (F = 3.84, p = .066) or sprint time (F = 3.06, p = .097). However, there was a significant interaction effect between caffeine use and the beverage for sprint times (F = 4.62, p = .045), as well as for anaerobic power (F = 5.40, p = .032), indicating a confounding effect. In conclusion, a caffeine-taurine energy drink did not improve the sprint performance or anaerobic power of college football players, but the level of caffeine use by the athletes likely influenced the effect of the drink.
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Ginevičienė, Valentina, Audronė Jakaitienė, Algirdas Utkus, Elliott C. R. Hall, Ekaterina A. Semenova, Liliya B. Andryushchenko, Andrey K. Larin, Ethan Moreland, Edward V. Generozov, and Ildus I. Ahmetov. "CKM Gene rs8111989 Polymorphism and Power Athlete Status." Genes 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12101499.
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Multiple genetic variants are known to influence athletic performance. These include polymorphisms of the muscle-specific creatine kinase (CKM) gene, which have been associated with endurance and/or power phenotypes. However, independent replication is required to support those findings. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the CKM (rs8111989, c.*800A>G) polymorphism is associated with power athlete status in professional Russian and Lithuanian competitors. Genomic DNA was collected from 693 national and international standard athletes from Russia (n = 458) and Lithuania (n = 235), and 500 healthy non-athlete subjects from Russia (n = 291) and Lithuania (n = 209). Genotyping for the CKM rs8111989 (A/G) polymorphism was performed using PCR or micro-array analysis. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between all athletes and non-athletes, and between non-athletes and athletes, segregated according to population and sporting discipline (from anaerobic-type events). No statistically significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies were observed between non-athletes and power athletes (strength-, sprint- and speed/strength-oriented) athletes. The present study reports the non-association of the CKM rs8111989 with elite status in athletes from sports in which anaerobic energy pathways determine success.
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Eka Putra, Septiandi, Johansyah Lubis, and Novi Marlina Siregar. "Development of Rubber Media Based Resistance Model for Sprint Runners in Riau." Edunesia : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan 2, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.51276/edu.v2i2.159.
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The aim of this study is to develop a rubber-based resistance training model for sprint athletes in Riau province by evaluating the efficacy of increasing sprint athletes' short distance running pace. The research method used in this study is ADDIE's research and development method, which consists of five steps. Athletes from Riau Province participated in this study as test subjects. analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluating are the first steps in the research process. Three experts were present for the model feasibility test: two athletic lecturers and one national athletic coach. The model's efficacy was tested using a 60-meter speed parameter test involving 30 athletes from Riau Province, 15 of whom were in the experimental group and 15 of whom were in the control group. The difference test results from SPSS 22 showed that the experimental group had an average difference of 0.78 and the control group had an average difference of 0.12. The discrepancy is derived from the test results, which are expressed in terms of time, so the shorter the time, the better. The discrepancy between the experimental and control groups' different values, or mean different = 0.658, t-count = 23.632, df = 28, with p-value = 0.000 < 0.05, indicates that there are substantial variations between the experimental and control groups. It can be concluded that the rubber media-based Resistance training model for Riau provincial sprint athletes is more successful and can help the Riau provincial sprint athletes improve their 100-meter running pace
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Zhang, Jing, Xin-Yu Lin, and Su Zhang. "Correlation Analysis of Sprint Performance and Reaction Time Based on Double Logarithm Model." Complexity 2021 (February 9, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6633326.
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In sprint track events, the starting reaction time is an important professional capacity of the athletes, and it is closely related to their performance. This study examines the reaction time and the results of the male and female sprinters participating in the World Athletics Championships from 2011 to 2019 in the 100 m, 200 m, 100 m, and 110 m hurdles. The researchers used least squares estimation, multivariate analysis of variance, and other methods and theories to construct a double logarithmic model and a multivariate analysis of a variance model. The researchers used Econometrics Views and SPSS software programs to analyze the correlation between the performance and the starting reaction time, as well as the patterns in the changes of the reaction time of athletes of both genders in different types of and rounds in the competitions. Research results show that there is a direct correlation between the reaction time and the performance, and the degrees of correlation vary depending on the gender of the athlete, year of competition, type of competition, and round of competition. There is a correlation between the foul types and the type of competition, but there is no correlation between foul types and the gender of the athlete. The research results are science-based and are of practical value and thus can be used as a reference by coaches in sprint running to offer more professional guidance to the athletes.
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Sinulingga, Albadi, Novita Novita, and Joni Tohap Maruli Nababan. "Implementation Of Training Aid Tools Development (Remote Control and Headset) For Sprint Tunanetra Athletes." Kinestetik : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani 5, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jk.v5i1.13341.
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The purpose of this study was to develop training aids (remote control and headset) for sprint athletes with visual impairments as a directional controller during a sprint running exercise program. The benefit of this research is to produce training aids for sprint athletes with visual impairments. This study uses research and development research and development methods. The research was carried out in 2 places, namely the Yapentra SLB-A school for small-scale trials and Karya Murni's SLB-A large-scale trials for the development of blind sprint athletes in North Sumatra NPC. The analysis technique uses quantitative descriptive. The conclusions of this study are: (1) In using remote control and headsets, athletes focus more on personal abilities without thinking about collaboration, acceleration and communication, (2) Using remote control and headsets, athletes are more confident and more independent in sprinting activities. Using remote control and headsets, guades and coaches are more focused in conveying information and are more efficient in training blind athletes with sprint running numbers by looking at personal abilities and motivation as sprint athletes running norms.
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Korhonen, Marko T., Harri Suominen, and Antti Mero. "Age and Sex Differences in Blood Lactate Response to Sprint Running in Elite Master Athletes." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 30, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 647–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-146.
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The effect of age and sex on anaerobic glycolytic capacity in master athletes is currently unclear. To study this issue, we determined blood lactate concentrations after competitive sprint running in male and female master athletes of different age. Eighty-one men (40-88 yrs) and 75 women (35-87 yrs) participating in the sprint events (100-m, 200-m, 400-m) in the European Veterans Athletics Championships were studied. Blood samples were taken from the fingertip and analysed for peak lactate concentration ([La]bpeak). The [La]bpeak following 100-m to 400-m races showed a curvilinear decline (p < 0.001-0.05) with age in both men and women. However, the age related differences in the [La]bpeak were not significant before 70 years of age. No significant sex related differences were found in [La]bpeak for any sprint event. The [La]bpeak correlated significantly (p < 0.001-0.05) with running times in all sprint distances except for the age-controlled correlation in men for the 100-m and 200-m. In conclusion, the present study showed age but not sex differences in blood lactate response to competitive sprint running in master athletes. Although the [La]bpeak level of the athletes was considerably higher than that reported for untrained men and women, these cross-sectional findings suggest that anaerobic energy production from glycolysis declines in later years and may be a factor in the deterioration in sprint performance. Key words: aging, anaerobic metabolism, exercise performance
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O’Connor, Fergus, Heidi R. Thornton, Dean Ritchie, Jay Anderson, Lindsay Bull, Alex Rigby, Zane Leonard, Steven Stern, and Jonathan D. Bartlett. "Greater Association of Relative Thresholds Than Absolute Thresholds With Noncontact Lower-Body Injury in Professional Australian Rules Footballers: Implications for Sprint Monitoring." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0015.
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Sprint capacity is an important attribute for team-sport athletes, yet the most appropriate method to analyze it is unclear. Purpose: To examine the relationship between sprint workloads using relative versus absolute thresholds and lower-body soft-tissue and bone-stress injury incidence in professional Australian rules football. Methods: Fifty-three professional Australian rules football athletes’ noncontact soft-tissue and bone-stress lower-body injuries (N = 62) were recorded, and sprint workloads were quantified over ∼18 months using the global positioning system. Sprint volume (m) and exposures (n) were determined using 2 methods: absolute (>24.9 km·h−1) and relative (≥75%, ≥80%, ≥85%, ≥90%, ≥95% of maximal velocity). Relationships between threshold methods and injury incidence were assessed using logistic generalized additive models. Incidence rate ratios and model performances’ area under the curve were reported. Results: Mean (SD) maximal velocity for the group was 31.5 (1.4), range 28.6 to 34.9 km·h−1. In comparing relative and absolute thresholds, 75% maximal velocity equated to ~1.5 km·h−1 below the absolute speed threshold, while 80% and 85% maximal velocity were 0.1 and 1.7 km·h−1 above the absolute speed threshold, respectively. Model area under the curve ranged from 0.48 to 0.61. Very low and very high cumulative sprint loads ≥80% across a 4-week period, when measured relatively, resulted in higher incidence rate ratios (2.54–3.29), than absolute thresholds (1.18–1.58). Discussion: Monitoring sprinting volume relative to an athlete’s maximal velocity should be incorporated into athlete monitoring systems. Specifically, quantifying the distance covered at >80% maximal velocity will ensure greater accuracy in determining sprint workloads and associated injury risk.
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Rumpf, Michael C., John B. Cronin, Jon L. Oliver, and Michael Hughes. "Assessing Youth Sprint Ability–Methodological Issues, Reliability and Performance Data." Pediatric Exercise Science 23, no. 4 (November 2011): 442–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.23.4.442.
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The primary purpose of this paper was to provide insight into the methodological issues and associated reliability of assessments used to quantify running sprint ability in youth athletes aged 8–18 years. Over-ground sprinting was the most reliable and common used choice of assessment to measure sprint performance of youth. In addition, the performance data of those athletes over distances ranging from 5 to 40 meters was collated from 34 published articles and tabulated with regards to the athlete’s chronological age. Torque or nonmotorized treadmills have been used to quantify sprint performance in youth with acceptable reliability, this technology providing deeper insight into sprint kinetics and kinematics; however there is limited performance data on youth using the torque and the nonmotorized treadmill. It is suggested that future research should use this technology in youth to better understand changes associated with growth, maturation and training.
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Archiza, Bruno, Daniela K. Andaku, Thomas Beltrame, Cleiton A. Libardi, and Audrey Borghi-Silva. "The Relationship Between Repeated‐Sprint Ability, Aerobic Capacity, and Oxygen Uptake Recovery Kinetics in Female Soccer Athletes." Journal of Human Kinetics 75, no. 1 (October 31, 2020): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0042.
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Abstract This study investigated the relationship between repeated-sprint ability, aerobic capacity, and oxygen uptake kinetics during the transition between exercise and recovery (off-transient) in female athletes of an intermittent sport modality. Eighteen professional soccer players completed three tests: 1) a maximal incremental exercise test; 2) a constant speed time-to-exhaustion test; and 3) a repeated-sprint ability test consisting of six 40-m sprints with 20 s of passive recovery in-between. Correlations between time-to-exhaustion, repeated-sprint ability, and oxygen uptake kinetics were calculated afterwards. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. A performance decrement during repeated-sprint ability was found to be related to: 1) time-to-exhaustion (e.g., exercise tolerance; r = -0.773, p < 0.001); 2) oxygen uptake recovery time (r = 0.601, p = 0.008); and 3) oxygen uptake mean response time of recovery (r = 0.722, p < 0.001). Moreover, the best sprint time (r = -0.601, p = 0.008) and the mean sprint time (r = -0.608, p = 0.007) were found to be related to maximal oxygen uptake. Collectively, these results reinforce the relation between oxygen uptake kinetics and the ability to maintain sprint performance in female athletes. These results may contribute to coaches and training staff of female soccer teams to focus on training and improve their athletes’ aerobic capacity and recovery capacity to improve intermittent exercise performance.
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Moran, Mark. "More Athletes Sprint To Sport Psychiatrists." Psychiatric News 38, no. 7 (April 4, 2003): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.38.7.0032.
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PANTOJA, PATRICIA D., EDUARDO SAEZ DE VILLARREAL, JEANICK BRISSWALTER, LEONARDO A. PEYRÉ-TARTARUGA, and JEAN-BENOIT MORIN. "Sprint Acceleration Mechanics in Masters Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48, no. 12 (December 2016): 2469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001039.
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Vitale, Kenneth C., Roberts Owens, Susan R. Hopkins, and Atul Malhotra. "Sleep Hygiene for Optimizing Recovery in Athletes: Review and Recommendations." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 08 (July 9, 2019): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0905-3103.
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AbstractFor elite athletes who exercise at a high level, sleep is critical to overall health. Many studies have documented the effects of sleep deprivation in the general population, but few studies exist regarding specific effects in the athlete. This review summarizes the effects of sleep deprivation and sleep extension on athletic performance, including reaction time, accuracy, strength and endurance, and cognitive function. There are clear negative effects of sleep deprivation on performance, including reaction time, accuracy, vigor, submaximal strength, and endurance. Cognitive functions such as judgment and decision-making also suffer. Sleep extension can positively affect reaction times, mood, sprint times, tennis serve accuracy, swim turns, kick stroke efficiency, and increased free throw and 3-point accuracy. Banking sleep (sleep extension prior to night of intentional sleep deprivation before sporting event) is a new concept that may also improve performance. For sports medicine providers, the negative effects of sleep deprivation cannot be overstated to athletes. To battle sleep deprivation, athletes may seek supplements with potentially serious side effects; improving sleep quality however is simple and effective, benefiting not only athlete health but also athletic performance.
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Zhang, Yuan. "Influence of Running Shoes Made of Different Materials on Athletes’ Sprint Speed." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.724.
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Running shoes affect athletes’ sprint speed to a great extent, and running shoes made of different materials show different performance. Sprint is a highly explosive sport with great explosive power and great stress on feet, and thus shoes have great impacts on sprint. Based on main materials of current running shoes, this paper discusses about the influence of running shoes made of different materials on athletes’ sprint speed in terms of spike, sole and vamp etc. by athletes’ self-comparison experiment. Results show that athletes will run faster with greater spike friction, better damping effects of sole and better vamp breathability under the same conditions.
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Tran, Tai T., Lina Lundgren, Josh Secomb, Oliver R. L. Farley, G. Gregory Haff, Laurent B. Seitz, Robert U. Newton, Sophia Nimphius, and Jeremy M. Sheppard. "Comparison of Physical Capacities Between Nonselected and Selected Elite Male Competitive Surfers for the National Junior Team." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 2 (March 2015): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0222.
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Purpose:To determine whether a previously validated performance-testing protocol for competitive surfers is able to differentiate between Australian elite junior surfers selected (S) to the national team and those not selected (NS).Methods:Thirty-two elite male competitive junior surfers were divided into 2 groups (S = 16, NS = 16). Their age, height, body mass, sum of 7 skinfolds, and lean-body-mass ratio (mean ± SD) were 16.17 ± 1.26 y, 173.40 ± 5.30 cm, 62.35 ± 7.40 kg, 41.74 ± 10.82 mm, 1.54 ± 0.35 for the S athletes and 16.13 ± 1.02 y, 170.56 ± 6.6 cm, 61.46 ± 10.10 kg, 49.25 ± 13.04 mm, 1.31 ± 0.30 for the NS athletes. Power (countermovement jump [CMJ]), strength (isometric midthigh pull), 15-m sprint paddling, and 400-m endurance paddling were measured.Results:There were significant (P ≤ .05) differences between the S and NS athletes for relative vertical-jump peak force (P = .01, d = 0.9); CMJ height (P = .01, d = 0.9); time to 5-, 10-, and 15-m sprint paddle; sprint paddle peak velocity (P = .03, d = 0.8; PV); time to 400 m (P = .04, d = 0.7); and endurance paddling velocity (P = .05, d = 0.7).Conclusions:All performance variables, particularly CMJ height; time to 5-, 10-, and 15-m sprint paddle; sprint paddle PV; time to 400 m; and endurance paddling velocity, can effectively discriminate between S and NS competitive surfers, and this may be important for athlete profiling and training-program design.
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Samuel, Jake, Samuel Cooke, Martin Schultz, Iason Z. Apostolakis, Koichi Akiyama, Marie-Jeanne Buscot, and Eric J. Stöhr. "Cardiac Adaptation In Sprint Athletes: A New Phenotype Of ‘Athleteʼs Heartʼ?" Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, Supplement (June 2019): 607–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000562317.27297.83.
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Grobler, Lara, Suzanne Ferreira, and Elmarie Terblanche. "Paralympic Sprint Performance Between 1992 and 2012." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 8 (November 2015): 1052–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0560.
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The Paralympic Games have undergone many changes since their inception in 1960, one being the advances made in running-specific prostheses (RSPs) for track athletes with lower-limb amputations.Purpose:To investigate the sprinting-performance changes in athletes with lower-limb amputations since 1992 to assess whether the influence of developments in RSP technology is evident.Methods:The results of the Olympic and Paralympic Games ranging between 1992 and 2012 for the 100-m and 200-m were collected, and performance trends, percentage change in performance, and competition density (CD) were calculated.Results:The results indicate that the greatest performance increases were seen in athletes with lower-limb amputations (T42 = 26%, T44 = 14%). These performance improvements were greater than for Olympic athletes (<3%), as well as Paralympic athletes from other selected classes (<10%). The T42 and T44 classes also showed the lowest CD values.Discussion:These results suggest that although there is an overall trend for improved Paralympic sprint performances, RSP technology has played a noteworthy role in the progression of performances of athletes with amputations. It is also hypothesized that the difference in the performance improvements between the T42 and T44 classes is due to the level of disability and therefore the extent to which technology is required to enable locomotion.Conclusion:It is evident that RSP technology has played a significant role in the progression of performances in athletes with lower-limb amputations.
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Hoog Antink, Christoph, Anne K. Braczynski, Anthony Kleerekoper, Hans Degens, and Bergita Ganse. "Longitudinal Master Track and Field Performance Decline Rates Are Lower and Performance Is Better Compared to Athletes Competing Only Once." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 76, no. 8 (February 19, 2021): 1376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab049.
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Abstract In master athletics research, cross-sectional data are easier to obtain than longitudinal data. While cross-sectional data give the age-related performance decline for a population, longitudinal data show individual trajectories. It is not known whether athletes who repeatedly compete have (a) a better performance and (b) a slower age-related decline in performance than that obtained from cross-sectional data from athletes competing only once. To investigate this, we analyzed 33 254 results of 14 118 male athletes from 8 disciplines in the database of “Swedish Veteran Athletics.” For each discipline and for the pooled data of all disciplines, quadratic models of the evolution of performance over time were analyzed by ANCOVA/ANOCOVA using MATLAB. The performance was higher in athletes with 2 or more data points compared to those with only n = 1 (p < .001), with further increases in performance with an increasing number of data points per athlete. The estimated performance decline was lower in people with 2 or more results (sprint, 10 km, jumps; p < .001). In conclusion, we showed that longitudinal data are associated with higher performance and lower performance decline rates.
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Wehbe, George, Tim Gabbett, Dan Dwyer, Christopher McLellan, and Sam Coad. "Monitoring Neuromuscular Fatigue in Team-Sport Athletes Using a Cycle-Ergometer Test." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 3 (April 2015): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0217.
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Purpose:To compare a novel sprint test on a cycle ergometer with a countermovement-jump (CMJ) test for monitoring neuromuscular fatigue after Australian rules football match play.Methods:Twelve elite under-18 Australian rules football players (mean ± SD age 17.5 ± 0.6 y, stature 184.7 ± 8.8 cm, body mass 75.3 ± 7.8 kg) from an Australian Football League club’s Academy program performed a short sprint test on a cycle ergometer along with a single CMJ test 1 h prematch and 1, 24, and 48 h postmatch. The cycle-ergometer sprint test involved a standardized warm-up, a maximal 6-s sprint, a 1-min active recovery, and a 2nd maximal 6-s sprint, with the highest power output of the 2 sprints recorded as peak power (PP).Results:There were small to moderate differences between postmatch changes in cycle-ergometer PP and CMJ PP at 1 (ES = 0.49), 24 (ES = –0.85), and 48 h postmatch (ES = 0.44). There was a substantial reduction in cycle-ergometer PP at 24 h postmatch (ES = –0.40) compared with 1 h prematch.Conclusions:The cycle-ergometer sprint test described in this study offers a novel method of neuromuscular-fatigue monitoring in team-sport athletes and specifically quantifies the concentric component of the fatigue-induced decrement of force production in muscle, which may be overlooked by a CMJ test.
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Tulchin-Francis, Kirsten, and Sophia Ulman. "CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL TESTING AND THE PEDI-CHAMP© AGILITY TEST IN YOUTH ATHLETES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00131.
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Background: The Pediatric Comprehensive High-Level Activity Mobility Predictor (Pedi-CHAMP©) is a 4-part agility test which assesses balance, lateral agility, directional changes, and acceleration/deceleration. Designed to assess children with orthopedic conditions or sports medicine injuries, it is unclear if the agility assessed with the Pedi-CHAMP© correlates to other clinical performance measures in uninjured healthy youth athletes. Hypothesis/Purpose: To determine if the Pedi-CHAMP component (Single-Limb-Stance [SLS], modified Edgren Side Step [mESS], L-Test, Illinois Agility Test [IAT]) and composite scores are correlated to the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (LQ-YBT) and sprint speed. Methods: Uninjured youth athletes were recruited to undergo a battery of tests as part of the Specialized Athlete Functional Evaluation (SAFE) Program. Completion times for each component of Pedi-CHAMP© were converted to points using age-sex matched scoring algorithms. Each participant completed the LQ-YBT and a single repetition of 10m and 20m sprints. Spearman correlations assessed relationships between the Pedi-CHAMP© component and composite scores and the LQ-YBT components, LQ-YBT composite score, and sprint times. Results: Forty-two, right-leg dominant youth athletes (30F, age:13.9±2.6yrs; BMI:20.±3.1) completed functional testing. 62% of participants specialized in a single sport and 83% participated in high-impact sports. There were no significant correlations between the SLS component score and functional tests (Table 1). While the posteromedial and posterolateral components of the LQ-YBT showed significant, fair correlations to the mESS (PM:r=0.338, PL:r=0.379), L-Test (PL only:r=0.374), IAT (PM:r=0.307, PL:r=0.407) and Pedi-CHAMP© composite scores (PM:r=0.370, PL:r=0.361), the anterior component and LQ-YBT composite scores were not significantly correlated to the Pedi-CHAMP©. There were strong correlations between the 10m and 20m sprints and the mESS (10m:r=-0.660, 20m:r=-0.693), L-Test (10m:r=-0.663, 20m:r=-0.736), IAT (10m:r=-0.704, 20m:r=-0.693) and Pedi-CHAMP© composite score (10m:r=-0.617, 20m:r=-0.678, all p<0.001). Conclusion: Performance on the mESS, L-Test, and IAT components of the Pedi-CHAMP© correlated to sprint times and posterior components of the LQ-YBT. The SLS component of the Pedi-CHAMP© may not be challenging enough for the older youth athlete, as this simple 30sec single limb balance test was designed for children with injuries or underlying orthopedic conditions. Replacing the SLS with one or more LQ-YBT components may be more appropriate for uninjured youth, particularly elite athletes. It is not surprising that forward sprint speeds were highly correlated with the agility portions of the Pedi-CHAMP© in this cohort of relatively high-level youth athletes. Future work should focus on evaluating the ability of the Pedi-CHAMP© to detect differences based on sport. Tables/Figures: [Table: see text]
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Loturco, Irineu, Timothy Suchomel, Chris Bishop, Ronaldo Kobal, Lucas A. Pereira, and Michael McGuigan. "One-Repetition-Maximum Measures or Maximum Bar-Power Output: Which Is More Related to Sport Performance?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0255.
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Purpose: To compare the associations between optimum power loads and 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) values (assessed in half-squat and jump-squat exercises) and multiple performance measures in elite athletes. Methods: Sixty-one elite athletes (15 Olympians) from 4 different sports (track and field [sprinters and jumpers], rugby sevens, bobsled, and soccer) performed squat and countermovement jumps, half-squat exercise (to assess 1RM), half-squat and jump-squat exercises (to assess bar-power output), and sprint tests (60 m for sprinters and jumpers and 40 m for the other athletes). Pearson product–moment correlation test was used to determine relationships between 1RM and bar-power outputs with vertical jumps and sprint times in both exercises. Results: Overall, both measurements were moderately to near perfectly related to speed performance (r values varying from −.35 to −.69 for correlations between 1RM and sprint times, and from −.36 to −.91 for correlations between bar-power outputs and sprint times; P < .05). However, on average, the magnitude of these correlations was stronger for power-related variables, and only the bar-power outputs were significantly related to vertical jump height. Conclusions: The bar-power outputs were more strongly associated with sprint-speed and power performance than the 1RM measures. Therefore, coaches and researchers can use the bar-power approach for athlete testing and monitoring. Due to the strong correlations presented, it is possible to infer that meaningful variations in bar-power production may also represent substantial changes in actual sport performance.
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AbuMoh’d, Mohammad Fayiz, Walid Alsababha, Yazan Haddad, Ghaid Obeidat, and Yaser Telfah. "Effect of Acute Sodium Bicarbonate Intake on Sprint-Intermittent Performance and Blood Biochemical Responses in Well-Trained Sprinters." Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.210301.
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The present study was designed to determine the acute effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on the number of sprint repetitions during sprint high-intensity intermittent testing. In addition, blood biochemical (pH, HCO3-, and lactate) responses measured in three occasions were investigated. Thirteen male well-trained sprinters (24.65±3.44 yrs) performed two consecutive trials (7 days apart). Athletes were assigned randomly either to ingest a single dose of NaHCO3 (0.3 g/kg) 1 h prior to exercise or placebo using a double-blind crossover design. The intermittent sprint test consisted of 60 s treadmill sprints (90% of maximal work done) and 30-s recovery repeated intermittently until volitional exhaustion. Blood samples were collected from all athletes before exercise, after 1 h of dose intake, and after exercise in each trial. Paired sample t-testing showed that athletes complete significantly more sprint repetitions (p=0.036) during the intermittent sprint test with NaHCO3 (6.846±3.114) than with the placebo (5.538±3.872). Data also revealed no differences between trials in all blood responses at pre-exercise. After 1 h of dose consumption, however, blood pH and HCO3- were higher with NaHCO3 than with placebo (p<0.05), but no differences were noted in lactate between trials (p>0.05). After completion of the test, all blood responses were significantly higher with NaHCO3 than with placebo (p<0.05). In conclusion, intake of 0.3 g/kg of NaHCO3 1 h prior to treadmill sprint-intermittent performance increased sprint repetitions in well-trained sprinters, probably due to activated glycolysis caused by intracellular protons efflux into the blood.
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Irving, Rachael, Vilma Charlton, Errol Morrison, Aldeam Facey, and Oral Buchanan. "Demographic Characteristics of World Class Jamaican Sprinters." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/670217.
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The dominance of Jamaican sprinters in international meets remains largely unexplained. Proposed explanations include demographics and favorable physiological characteristics. The aim of this study was to analyze the demographic characteristics of world class Jamaican sprinters. Questionnaires administered to 120 members of the Jamaican national team and 125 controls elicited information on place of birth, language, ethnicity, and distance and method of travel to school. Athletes were divided into three groups based on athletic disciplines: sprint (s: 100–400 m;n=80), jump and throw (j/t: jump and throw;n=25) and, middle distance (md: 800–3000 m;n=15). Frequency differences between groups were assessed using chi-square tests. Regional or county distribution of sprint differed from that of middle distance (P<0.001) but not from that of jump and throw athletes (P=0.24) and that of controls (P=0.59). Sprint athletes predominately originated from the Surrey county (s = 46%, j/t = 37%, md = 17, C = 53%), whilst middle distance athletes exhibited excess from the Middlesex county (md = 60%). The language distribution of all groups showed uniformity with a predominance of English. A higher proportion of middle distance and jump and throw athletes walked to school (md = 80%, j/t = 52%, s = 10%, and C = 12%) and travelled greater distances to school. In conclusion, Jamaica’s success in sprinting may be related to environmental and social factors.
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Mello, Marco Túlio de, Mário Antônio de Moura Simim, Fernanda Veruska Narciso, João Paulo Pereira Rosa, Dayane Ferreira Rodrigues, Luísa de Sousa Nogueira Freitas, Jorge José Bichara, et al. "DURATION AND QUALITY OF SLEEP IN SPRINT AND RECOVERY PERFORMANCES AMONG ELITE SWIMMERS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 26, no. 2 (April 2020): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220202602220003.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Circadian rhythms can impact athletes' sports performance, where the plateau occurs between 15 and 21 hours. Swimming is a peculiar case, as athletes perform training and final sessions in competitions at different times, as in the Rio2016 Olympic Games for example, where the semifinal and final competitions took place from ten o'clock at night. Objectives: (1) to present the protocol of an intervention performed with elite athletes of the Brazilian swimming team during the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio; (2) to find out whether the time at which the competitions were held affected the swimming performances of these athletes during the competition. Materials and Methods: Fourteen athletes of the Brazilian swimming team (males: n= 10; 71% and females: n= 4; 29%) participated in the study. They were followed up during two preparation periods (baseline and intervention) for the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio during June and July 2016. During the competition, we recorded the Reaction Time (RT) and Competition Time (CT) of each athlete in different modalities. The intervention strategies used were light therapy and sleep hygiene. The values of RT at the starting block and CT were registered and conferred with the official results. Results: The athletes showed a decrease in the total time awake (Δ = −13%; Effect size [ES] = 1.0) and sleep latency (Δ = −33%; ES = 0.7), and an increase in total sleep time (Δ = 13%; ES = 1.1; p = 0.04) between the baseline and the period of the intervention, pre-competition. We identified an improvement in the RT (Δ = −2.2% to −1.0%; ES = 0.2 to 0.5) during the competition only for the athletes who participated in the competition finals. Conclusion: We conclude that the intervention carried out was effective in mitigating any negative influence of competition time on the RT and CT of elite athletes of the Brazilian swimming team. Level of evidence II; Prospective comparative study.
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Emonds, Anna Lena, and Katja Mombaur. "Asymmetry in Three-Dimensional Sprinting with and without Running-Specific Prostheses." Symmetry 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040580.
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As a whole, human sprinting seems to be a completely periodic and symmetrical motion. This view is changed when a person runs with a running-specific prosthesis after a unilateral amputation. The aim of our study is to investigate differences and similarities between unilateral below-knee amputee and non-amputee sprinters—especially with regard to whether asymmetry is a distracting factor for sprint performance. We established three-dimensional rigid multibody models of one unilateral transtibial amputee athlete and for reference purposes of three non-amputee athletes. They consist of 16 bodies (head, ipper, middle and lower trunk, upper and lower arms, hands, thighs, shanks and feet/running specific prosthesis) with 30 or 31 degrees of freedom (DOFs) for the amputee and the non-amputee athletes, respectively. Six DOFs are associated with the floating base, the remaining ones are rotational DOFs. The internal joints are equipped with torque actuators except for the prosthetic ankle joint. To model the spring-like properties of the prosthesis, the actuator is replaced by a linear spring-damper system. We consider a pair of steps which is modeled as a multiphase problem with each step consisting of a flight, touchdown and single-leg contact phase. Each phase is described by its own set of differential equations. By combining motion capture recordings with a least squares optimal control problem formulation including constraints, we reconstructed the dynamics of one sprinting trial for each athlete. The results show that even the non-amputee athletes showed less symmetrical sprinting than expected when examined on an individual level. Nevertheless, the asymmetry is much more pronounced in the amputee athlete. The amputee athlete applies larger torques in the arm and trunk joints to compensate the asymmetry and experiences a destabilizing influence of the trunk movement. Hence, the inter-limb asymmetry of the amputee has a significant effect on the control of the sprint movement and the maintenance of an upright body position.
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Hoffman, Jay R., Lawrence E. Armstrong, Carl M. Maresh, Robert W. Kenefick, John W. Castellani, and Angela Pasqualicchio. "Strength and sprint performance in wheelchair athletes." Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation 5, no. 3 (September 1994): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15438629409512014.
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Aerenhouts, Dirk, Marcel Hebbelinck, Jacques R. Poortmans, and Peter Clarys. "Nutritional Habits of Flemish Adolescent Sprint Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 18, no. 5 (October 2008): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.18.5.509.
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Purpose and Methods:To investigate dietary habits of Flemish adolescent track and field athletes using a 7-d weighed-food record. Besides adequacy for growth, development, and physical performance, dietary health aspects were considered.Results:Twenty-nine girls and 31 boys, with minimum 2 yr of track and field training practice, were recruited. All participants had daily breakfast (girls 22.5% ± 5.5% of total energy intake [TEI]; boys 19.8% ± 7.3%). Fruit in girls and juices and sports drinks in boys were consumed mostly between meals (girls 21.3% ± 8.1% of TEI; boys 24.3% ± 10.1%). Soft drinks contributed considerably to energy intake between meals in both sexes. Protein intake (1.5 ± 0.3 g · kg–1 · d−1 for both sexes) was within the recommended daily intake (RDI) for strength athletes. Mean daily carbohydrate intake in girls was lower than in boys (girls 5.1 ± 1.1 g/kg; boys 6.0 ± 0.9 g/kg), with mono- and disaccharides contributing 26% to TEI in both sexes. Total fat intake was above 30% of TEI in more than half the participants, and only 10 participants had a saturated-fat intake below 10% of TEI. Fiber intake (girls 23.7 ± 7.9 g; boys 29.1 ± 11.2 g) was far below the Belgian RDI. Intake of vitamins and minerals were generally low, despite micronutrient supplementation in 37.5% of the participants.Conclusion:Few athletes reached all nutrient RDIs. Unhealthy food habits with regard to refined sugars, fat, and micronutrients were observed. These adolescent sprinters should be encouraged to consume more nonsweetened beverages, fruits, and vegetables.
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Borges, Thiago Oliveira, Nicola Bullock, and J. Aaron Coutts. "Pacing characteristics of international Sprint Kayak athletes." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 13, no. 2 (August 2013): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868653.
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Baena-Raya, Andrés, Manuel A. Rodríguez-Pérez, Pedro Jiménez-Reyes, and Alberto Soriano-Maldonado. "Maximizing Acceleration and Change of Direction in Sport: A Case Series to Illustrate How the Force-Velocity Profile Provides Additional Information to That Derived from Linear Sprint Time." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 6140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116140.
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Sprint running and change of direction (COD) present similar mechanical demands, involving an acceleration phase in which athletes need to produce and apply substantial horizontal external force. Assessing the mechanical properties underpinning individual sprint acceleration might add relevant information about COD performance in addition to that obtained through sprint time alone. The present technical report uses a case series of three athletes with nearly identical 20 m sprint times but with different mechanical properties and COD performances. This makes it possible to illustrate, for the first time, a potential rationale for why the sprint force-velocity (FV) profile (i.e., theoretical maximal force (F0), velocity (V0), maximal power output (Pmax), ratio of effective horizontal component (RFpeak) and index of force application technique (DRF)) provides key information about COD performance (i.e., further to that derived from simple sprint time), which can be used to individualize training. This technical report provides practitioners with a justification to assess the FV profile in addition to sprint time when the aim is to enhance sprint acceleration and COD performance; practical interpretations and advice on how training interventions could be individualized based on the athletes’ differential sprint mechanical properties are also specified.
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Lahti, Johan, Pedro Jiménez-Reyes, Matt R. Cross, Pierre Samozino, Patrick Chassaing, Benjamin Simond-Cote, Juha P. Ahtiainen, and Jean-Benoit Morin. "Individual Sprint Force-Velocity Profile Adaptations to In-Season Assisted and Resisted Velocity-Based Training in Professional Rugby." Sports 8, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8050074.
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We tested the hypothesis that the degree of adaptation to highly focused sprint training at opposite ends of the sprint Force-Velocity (FV) spectrum would be associated with initial sprint FV profile in rugby athletes. Training-induced changes in sprint FV profiles were computed before and after an eight-week in-season resisted or assisted sprint training protocol, including a three-week taper. Professional male rugby players (age: 18.9 ± 1.0 years; body height: 1.9 ± 0.0 m; body mass: 88.3 ± 10.0 kg) were divided into two groups based on their initial sprint FV profiles: 1) Heavy sled training (RESISTED, N = 9, velocity loss 70–80%), and 2) assisted acceleration training (ASSISTED, N = 12, velocity increase 5–10%). A total of 16 athletes were able to finish all required measurements and sessions. According to the hypothesis, a significant correlation was found between initial sprint FV profile and relative change in sprint FV profile (RESISTED: r = −0.95, p < 0.01, ASSISTED: r = −0.79, p < 0.01). This study showed that initial FV properties influence the degree of mechanical response when training at different ends of the FV spectrum. Practitioners should consider utilizing the sprint FV profile to improve the individual effectiveness of resisted and assisted sprint training programs in high-level rugby athletes.
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Rumpf, Michael Clemens, John Barry Cronin, Ikhwan Nur Mohamad, Sharil Mohamad, Jonathan Oliver, and Michael Hughes. "Acute Effects of Sled Towing on Sprint Time in Male Youth of Different Maturity Status." Pediatric Exercise Science 26, no. 1 (February 2014): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2012-0185.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% body mass load on resisted sled towing 30 meter sprint times in male youth athletes of different maturity status. A total of 35 athletes (19 prepeak-height-velocity (PHV) and 16 mid/post-PHV) sprinted three times in an unloaded and each of the loaded conditions. The pre-PHV athletes were significantly slower (~33%; p < .05) than the more mature athletes across all loads (unloaded, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10% body mass). Each incremental load (i.e., 2.5% body mass) was found to reduce 30 m sprint times by 3.70% (± 2.59) and 2.45% (± 1.48) for the pre- and mid/post-PHV respectively. The slopes of the pre- (y = 0.09 x + 5.71) and mid/post (y = 0.04 x + 4.38) regression equations were compared and found to be statistically different (p = .004) suggesting that athletes of different maturity status responded differentially to the same relative resisted sprint load. Ten percent body mass load resulted in a reduced sprint time of ~15.8 and ~9.8% for the pre- and mid/post-PHV group, respectively. These results enable predictive equations to be formulated and appropriate resisted sprint loading, based on the intended focus of a session.
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Bezodis, Ian N., David G. Kerwin, Stephen-Mark Cooper, and Aki I. T. Salo. "Sprint Running Performance and Technique Changes in Athletes During Periodized Training: An Elite Training Group Case Study." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 6 (July 1, 2018): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0378.
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Purpose: To understand how training periodization influences sprint performance and key step characteristics over an extended training period in an elite sprint training group. Methods: Four sprinters were studied during 5 mo of training. Step velocities, step lengths, and step frequencies were measured from video of the maximum velocity phase of training sprints. Bootstrapped mean values were calculated for each athlete for each session, and 139 within-athlete, between-sessions comparisons were made with a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: As training progressed, a link in the changes in velocity and step frequency was maintained. There were 71 between-sessions comparisons with a change in step velocity yielding at least a large effect size (>1.2), of which 73% had a correspondingly large change in step frequency in the same direction. Within-athlete mean session step length remained relatively constant throughout. Reductions in step velocity and frequency occurred during training phases of high-volume lifting and running, with subsequent increases in step velocity and frequency happening during phases of low-volume lifting and high-intensity sprint work. Conclusions: The importance of step frequency over step length to the changes in performance within a training year was clearly evident for the sprinters studied. Understanding the magnitudes and timings of these changes in relation to the training program is important for coaches and athletes. The underpinning neuromuscular mechanisms require further investigation but are likely explained by an increase in force-producing capability followed by an increase in the ability to produce that force rapidly.
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Braakhuis, Andrea J., Kelly Meredith, Gregory R. Cox, William G. Hopkins, and Louise M. Burke. "Variability in Estimation of Self-reported Dietary Intake Data from Elite Athletes Resulting from Coding by Different Sports Dietitians." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 13, no. 2 (June 2003): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.13.2.152.
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A routine activity for a sports dietitian is to estimate energy and nutrient intake from an athlete’s self-reported food intake. Decisions made by the dietitian when coding a food record are a source of variability in the data. The aim of the present study was to determine the variability in estimation of the daily energy and key nutrient intakes of elite athletes, when experienced coders analyzed the same food record using the same database and software package. Seven-day food records from a dietary survey of athletes in the 1996 Australian Olympic team were randomly selected to provide 13 sets of records, each set representing the self-reported food intake of an endurance, team, weight restricted, and sprint/power athlete. Each set was coded by 3–5 members of Sports Dietitians Australia, making a total of 52 athletes, 53 dietitians, and 1456 athlete-days of data. We estimated within- and between- athlete and dietitian variances for each dietary nutrient using mixed modeling, and we combined the variances to express variability as a coefficient of variation (typical variation as a percent of the mean). Variability in the mean of 7-day estimates of a nutrient was 2- to 3-fold less than that of a single day. The variability contributed by the coder was less than the true athlete variability for a 1-day record but was of similar magnitude for a 7-day record. The most variable nutrients (e.g., vitamin C, vitamin A, cholesterol) had ~3-fold more variability than least variable nutrients (e.g., energy, carbohydrate, magnesium). These athlete and coder variabilities need to be taken into account in dietary assessment of athletes for counseling and research.
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Mendez-Rebolledo, Guillermo, Romina Figueroa-Ureta, Fernanda Moya-Mura, Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, and Rhodri S. Lloyd. "The Protective Effect of Neuromuscular Training on the Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Youth Female Track-and-Field Athletes: A Clinical Trial and Cohort Study." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 7 (September 1, 2021): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2020-0376.
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Context: Few reports have analyzed the effects of neuromuscular (NM) training programs on the injury incidence among youth female track-and-field athletes. Objective: To determine the effects of NM training on reducing lower limb injury incidence and to establish its effects on countermovement jump performance, balance, 30-m sprint, and joint position sense in youth female track-and-field athletes. Design: Single-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Sports research laboratory. Participants: Twenty-two female athletes were allocated into 2 groups: Conventional (CONV) training (n = 11; age = 15.3 [2.1] y) and NM training (n = 11; age = 15.0 [2.7] y). Interventions: Interventions were performed during the preseason of 6 weeks. The CONV training included anaerobic, strength, and aerobic training. The NM training consisted of a multicomponent program that integrated jumps, landings, and running with strength, endurance, agility, balance, and CORE training. Main Outcome Measures: A follow-up of the cohorts was carried out through the evaluation of lower limb injuries (main outcome) during a regular season (weeks 7–18). Secondary outcomes were measured before and after the intervention: Y-balance test, active joint repositioning, ground reaction force, and countermovement jump height. Results: The injury incidence rate was 17.89 injuries per 1000 hours athlete-exposure in CONV training, and 6.58 in NM training (relative risk = 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.82; P = .044). Particularly, the medial tibial stress syndrome incidence rate was 5.96 injuries per 1000 hours athlete-exposure in CONV training and 0.82 in NM training (relative risk = 0.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.02 to 1.12; P = .012). In addition, a significant training × time interaction was noted, favoring improvements in 30-m sprint and countermovement jump height after NM. Conclusion: The NM training may improve youth female athlete’s physical fitness and reduce their injury relative risk of medial tibial stress syndrome injury.
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Zimmermann, Haiko B., Débora Knihs, Fernando Diefenthaeler, Brian MacIntosh, and Juliano Dal Pupo. "Continuous Jumps Enhance Twitch Peak Torque and Sprint Performance in Highly Trained Sprint Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0240.
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Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a conditioning activity (CA) composed of continuous countermovement jumps on twitch torque production and 30-m sprint times. Methods: A total of 12 sprint athletes, 10 men (23.5 [7.7] y) and 2 women (23.0 [2.8] y), volunteered to participate in this study. The participants were evaluated in 2 sessions as follows: (1) to determine the effects of the CA (3 sets of 5 continuous vertical jumps with a 1-min interval between sets) on 30-m sprint performance over time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min) and (2) to evaluate twitch peak torque to determine the magnitude and time course of the induced postactivation potentiation at the same recovery intervals. Results: Mixed-model analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc verified that there was a decrease on the 30-m sprint time at 2 minutes (P = .01; Δ = 2.78%; effect size [ES] = 0.43) and 4 minutes (P = .02; Δ = 2%, ES = 0.30) compared with pre when the CA preceded the sprints. The peak torque of quadriceps also showed significant increase from pretest to 2 minutes (P < .01; Δ = 17.0% [12.2%]; ES = 0.45) and 4 minutes (P = .02; Δ = 7.2% [8.8%]; ES = 0.20). Conclusion: The inclusion of CA composed of continuous countermovement jumps in the warm-up routine improved 30-m sprint performance at 2- and 4-minute time intervals after the CA (postactivation performance enhancement). Since postactivation potentiation was confirmed with electrical stimulation at the time when sprint performance increased, it was concluded that postactivation potentiation may have contributed to the observed performance increases.
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Borges, Thiago Oliveira, Ben Dascombe, Nicola Bullock, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Physiological Characteristics of Well-Trained Junior Sprint Kayak Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0292.
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This study aimed to profile the physiological characteristics of junior sprint kayak athletes (n = 21, VO2max 4.1 ± 0.7 L/min, training experience 2.7 ± 1.2 y) and to establish the relationship between physiological variables (VO2max, VO2 kinetics, muscle-oxygen kinetics, paddling efficiency) and sprint kayak performance. VO2max, power at VO2max, power:weight ratio, paddling efficiency, VO2 at lactate threshold, and whole-body and muscle oxygen kinetics were determined on a kayak ergometer in the laboratory. Separately, on-water time trials (TT) were completed over 200 m and 1000 m. Large to nearly perfect (−.5 to −.9) inverse relationships were found between the physiological variables and on-water TT performance across both distances. Paddling efficiency and lactate threshold shared moderate to very large correlations (−.4 to −.7) with 200- and 1000-m performance. In addition, trivial to large correlations (−.11 to −.5) were observed between muscle-oxygenation parameters, muscle and whole-body oxygen kinetics, and performance. Multiple regression showed that 88% of the unadjusted variance for the 200-m TT performance was explained by VO2max, peripheral muscle deoxygenation, and maximal aerobic power (P < .001), whereas 85% of the unadjusted variance in 1000-m TT performance was explained by VO2max and deoxyhemoglobin (P < .001). The current findings show that well-trained junior sprint kayak athletes possess a high level of relative aerobic fitness and highlight the importance of the peripheral muscle metabolism for sprint kayak performance, particularly in 200-m races, where finalists and nonfinalists are separated by very small margins. Such data highlight the relative aerobic-fitness variables that can be used as benchmarks for talent-identification programs or monitoring longitudinal athlete development. However, such approaches need further investigation.
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Franceschi, Alberto, Daniele Conte, Marco Airale, and Jaime Sampaio. "Training Load, Neuromuscular Readiness, and Perceptual Fatigue Profile in Youth Elite Long-Jump Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 1034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0596.
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Purpose: To describe and identify individual trends and changes in training load, neuromuscular readiness, and perceptual fatigue measures in 2 youth elite long jumpers, finalists at the European Athletics U18 (Under 18) Championships (athlete A, female, age 16.5 y, long-jump record 6.25 m; athlete B, male, age 16.0 y, long-jump record 7.28 m). Methods: Data were collected from both training sessions and athletics competitions during a 16-week period, divided into a preparation (weeks 1–8) and a competitive phase (weeks 9–16). Training load was computed through training diaries (training time, sprint, jumping, and weights volume). The countermovement jump and the 10-to-5 repeated-jump test were executed on a weekly basis to assess neuromuscular readiness, and perceptual fatigue measures were collected through a wellness questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using a magnitude-based decisions approach. Results: The results highlighted a decrease in training load during the competitive period with moderate to large differences for training time, sprint, and jump volume. Moreover, data showed an upward trend and very likely higher scores in vertical-jump performance across the competitive phase together with a very likely lower perceptual fatigue. Conclusions: This scenario seemed to be favorable to achieve competition performance very close to the personal record during the competitive season. This study provided an example of application of a comprehensive monitoring system with young athletes involved in track-and-field jumping events.
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Evans, Mark, Peter Tierney, Nicola Gray, Greg Hawe, Maria Macken, and Brendan Egan. "Acute Ingestion of Caffeinated Chewing Gum Improves Repeated Sprint Performance of Team Sport Athletes With Low Habitual Caffeine Consumption." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 28, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0217.
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The effects of acute ingestion of caffeine on short-duration high-intensity performance are equivocal, while studies of novel modes of delivery and the efficacy of low doses of caffeine are warranted. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum on repeated sprint performance (RSP) in team sport athletes, and whether habitual caffeine consumption alters the ergogenic effect, if any, on RSP. A total of 18 male team sport athletes undertook four RSP trials using a 40-m maximum shuttle run test, which incorporates 10 × 40-m sprints with 30 s between the start of each sprint. Each participant completed two familiarization sessions, followed by caffeine (CAF; caffeinated chewing gum; 200 mg caffeine) and placebo (PLA; noncaffeinated chewing gum) trials in a randomized, double-blind manner. RSP, assessed by sprint performance decrement (%), did not differ (p = .209; effect size = 0.16; N = 18) between CAF (5.00 ± 2.84%) and PLA (5.43 ± 2.68%). Secondary analysis revealed that low habitual caffeine consumers (<40 mg/day, n = 10) experienced an attenuation of sprint performance decrement during CAF relative to PLA (5.53 ± 3.12% vs. 6.53 ± 2.91%, respectively; p = .049; effect size =0.33); an effect not observed in moderate/high habitual caffeine consumers (>130 mg/day, n = 6; 3.98 ± 2.57% vs. 3.80 ± 1.79%, respectively; p = .684; effect size = 0.08). The data suggest that a low dose of caffeine in the form of caffeinated chewing gum attenuates the sprint performance decrement during RSP by team sport athletes with low, but not moderate-to-high, habitual consumption of caffeine.
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Mackala, Krzysztof, Janez Vodičar, Milan Žvan, Jožef Križaj, Jacek Stodolka, Samo Rauter, and Milan Čoh. "Evaluation of the Pre-Planned and Non-Planed Agility Performance: Comparison between Individual and Team Sports." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030975.
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This study assessed differences in agility performance between athletes of team and individual sports by assessing change-of-direction speed (CODS) as pre-planned agility and reactive agility (RA) as non-planed in different spatial configurations. The study involved 36 individual (sprint, hurdles, jumping, tennis, and judo) and 34 team (soccer, basketball, and handball) athletes. CODS and RA were measured with a light-based reactive training system in a frontal (FR), universal (UN), semicircular (SC), and lateral (LA) design. Lower limb power and sprint performance were also measured in a 10 m single leg jump test and 15 m sprint. Individual athletes showed significantly better performance in three of the eight agility tests: LA-RA, UN-RA, and SC-CODS (p < 0.008, p < 0.036, and p < 0.027, respectively) and were found to present stronger correlations (p < 0.01) between jump test performance and the CODS condition. Team athletes showed stronger associations between sprint performance and the CODS condition. In the RA condition both jump and sprint performance showed stronger correlations in the group of individual athletes. Agility performance as measured by CODS and RA should improve with enhanced of motor proficiency. Finally, the tests applied in this experiment seem to be multidimensional, but require spatio-temporal adjustment for their implementation, so that they meet the requirements of the particular sport.
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Billaut, François, and Kurt Smith. "Sex alters impact of repeated bouts of sprint exercise on neuromuscular activity in trained athletes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34, no. 4 (August 2009): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-058.
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This study characterized the effect of sex on neuromuscular activity during repeated bouts of sprint exercise. Thirty-three healthy male and female athletes performed twenty 5-s cycle sprints separated by 25 s of rest. Mechanical work and integrated electromyograhs (iEMG) of 4 muscles of the dominant lower limb were calculated in every sprint. The iEMG signals from individual muscles were summed to represent overall electrical activity of these muscles (sum-iEMG). Neuromuscular efficiency (NME) was calculated as the ratio of mechanical work and sum-iEMG for every sprint. Arterial oxygen saturation was estimated (SpO2) with pulse oximetry throughout the protocol. The sprint-induced work decrement (18.9% vs. 29.6%; p < 0.05) and sum-iEMG reduction (11.4% vs. 19.4%; p < 0.05) were less for the women than for the men. However, the sprints decreased NME (10.1%; p < 0.05) and SpO2 (3.4%; p < 0.05) without showing sex dimorphism. Changes in SpO2 and sum-iEMG were strongly correlated in both sexes (men, R2 = 0.87; women, R2 = 0.91; all p < 0.05), although the slope of this relationship differed (6.3 ± 2.9 vs. 3.8 ± 1.6, respectively; p < 0.05). It is suggested that the sex difference in fatigue during repeated bouts of sprint exercise is not likely to be explained by a difference in muscle contractility impairment in men and women, but may be due to a sex difference in muscle recruitment strategy. We speculate that women would be less sensitive to arterial O2 desaturation than men, which may trigger lower neuromuscular adjustments to exhaustive exercise.
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Colyer, Steffi L., Keith A. Stokes, James L. J. Bilzon, Marco Cardinale, and Aki I. T. Salo. "Physical Predictors of Elite Skeleton Start Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 1 (January 2017): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0631.
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Purpose:An extensive battery of physical tests is typically employed to evaluate athletic status and/or development, often resulting in a multitude of output variables. The authors aimed to identify independent physical predictors of elite skeleton start performance to overcome the general problem of practitioners employing multiple tests with little knowledge of their predictive utility.Methods:Multiple 2-d testing sessions were undertaken by 13 high-level skeleton athletes across a 24-wk training season and consisted of flexibility, dry-land push-track, sprint, countermovement-jump, and leg-press tests. To reduce the large number of output variables to independent factors, principal-component analysis (PCA) was conducted. The variable most strongly correlated to each component was entered into a stepwise multiple-regression analysis, and K-fold validation assessed model stability.Results:PCA revealed 3 components underlying the physical variables: sprint ability, lower-limb power, and strength–power characteristics. Three variables that represented these components (unresisted 15-m sprint time, 0-kg jump height, and leg-press force at peak power, respectively) significantly contributed (P < .01) to the prediction (R2 = .86, 1.52% standard error of estimate) of start performance (15-m sled velocity). Finally, the K-fold validation revealed the model to be stable (predicted vs actual R2 = .77; 1.97% standard error of estimate).Conclusions:Only 3 physical-test scores were needed to obtain a valid and stable prediction of skeleton start ability. This method of isolating independent physical variables underlying performance could improve the validity and efficiency of athlete monitoring, potentially benefitting sport scientists, coaches, and athletes alike.
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Ulman, Sophia M., Laura Saleem, and Kirsten Tulchin-Francis. "HURDLE STEP COMPONENT SCORE FROM THE FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN IS ASSOCIATED WITH STRENGTH, SPEED, AND JUMP PERFORMANCE." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00176.
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Background: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a tool designed to establish a baseline for fundamental movement capacity, highlight limitations and limb asymmetries, and identify potential injury risk. Previous research has shown that individual components of the screen are also indicative of injury risk, as well as potential predictors of athletic performance unlike the FMS composite scores. However, this literature is limited and lacks statistical power. Identifying which component scores are predictive of injury risk and athletic performance would provide a quick, powerful tool for coaches and trainers to evaluate athletes. Purpose: To determine if individual component scores of the FMS are associated with athletic performance in highly-active youth athletes. Methods: Youth athletes participated in the Specialized Athlete Functional Evaluation (SAFE) Program. Data collection was extensive, however, for the purpose of this abstract, only a selection of data was analyzed – age, BMI, years played, total number of past injuries, isokinetic knee strength, 10- and 20-meter sprint, single-leg hop (SLH) distance, and FMS scores. Seated knee flexion/extension strength was collected at 120°/second using a Biodex System 4, and peak torque was normalized by body weight. The maximum distance of three SLHs was recorded for each leg and normalized to leg length. FMS scores used for analysis included the total composite and component scores, including the deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests were used to determine side-to-side differences, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to determine differences in athletic performance based on FMS scores ( α<0.05). Results: A total of 38 highly-active, youth athletes (26F; 15.4±2.6 years; BMI 21.0±5.3) were tested. Participants reported playing organized sports for 8.7±3.4 years, having 2.0±1.2 past sports-related injuries, and 74% reported specializing in a single sport. No side-to-side differences were found. While the composite FMS score significantly differed by number of past injuries ( p=0.036), it was not associated with athletic performance. Alternatively, left knee strength, sprint speeds, and right hop distance significantly differed by the hurdle step component score (Table 1). Conclusion: While the composite FMS score was not an indicator of athletic performance, the hurdle step component score was associated with strength, speed, and jump performance. This individual task could be a beneficial tool for coaches and trainers when evaluating athletic ability and injury risk of athletes. Tables/Figures: [Table: see text]
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Tomlinson, Kalin A., Ken Hansen, Daniel Helzer, Zakkoyya H. Lewis, Whitney D. Leyva, Meghan McCauley, William Pritchard, et al. "The Effects of Loaded Plyometric Exercise during Warm-Up on Subsequent Sprint Performance in Collegiate Track Athletes: A Randomized Trial." Sports 8, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8070101.
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Prior evidence demonstrates the efficacy by which plyometric activities during warm-up conditions augment the subsequent performance in power-centric exercise. We investigated the acute effects of loaded jump squats incorporated into a standard sprinters’ warm-up protocol on subsequent sprint performance in collegiate track athletes. Sprint times of 22 male and female collegiate track athletes were measured in 10-m intervals during a 30-m sprint trial following a standard sprinters’ warm-up routine with or without plyometric exercise. Subjects were tested on two separate occasions, once with loaded jump squats as the experimental treatment (two sets of eight jumps, load = 13% bodyweight) (PLYO) and once with time-equated rest as the control treatment (CON). Treatments were implemented following a standard sprinters’ warm-up routine familiar to the subjects. A dependent T-test was used for comparison of sprint interval times between conditions with a significant effect indicated by a p-value < 0.05. Sprint time did not differ between CON vs. PLYO at the 10 m (PLYO = 1.90 ± 0.12 s vs. CON = 1.90 ± 0.11 s, p = 0.66), 20 m (PLYO = 3.16 ± 0.21 s vs. CON = 3.15 ± 0.19 s, p = 0.53), and 30 m (PLYO = 4.32 ± 0.32 s vs. CON = 4.31 ± 0.28 s, p = 0.61) intervals. There was no interaction between treatment and sex, sex-specific ranking (above vs. below sex-specific mean), or sprint event (short vs. short–long vs. long) for 10 m, 20 m, or 30-m interval sprint times. At least within the limits of the current investigation, no evidence was provided to suggest that jump squats loaded at 13% bodyweight are an effective means to acutely potentiate sprint performance in collegiate track athletes. However, a further examination of responders indicates that the present loaded jump squat protocol may preferentially potentiate sprint performance in faster male athletes.
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Weyand, V., K. Cureton, M. Sloniger, and D. Conley. "669 PEAK OXYGEN DEFICIT PREDICTS SPRINT RUNNING PERFORMANCE IN SPRINT AND ENDURANCE ATHLETES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (May 1994): S120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00671.
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Pearcey, Gregory E. P., David J. Bradbury-Squires, Michael Monks, Devin Philpott, Kevin E. Power, and Duane C. Button. "Arm-cycling sprints induce neuromuscular fatigue of the elbow flexors and alter corticospinal excitability of the biceps brachii." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 2 (February 2016): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0438.
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We examined the effects of arm-cycling sprints on maximal voluntary elbow flexion and corticospinal excitability of the biceps brachii. Recreationally trained athletes performed ten 10-s arm-cycling sprints interspersed with 150 s of rest in 2 separate experiments. In experiment A (n = 12), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force of the elbow flexors was measured at pre-sprint 1, post-sprint 5, and post-sprint 10. Participants received electrical motor point stimulation during and following the elbow flexor MVCs to estimate voluntary activation (VA). In experiment B (n = 7 participants from experiment A), supraspinal and spinal excitability of the biceps brachii were measured via transcranial magnetic and transmastoid electrical stimulation that produced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs), respectively, during a 5% isometric MVC at pre-sprint 1, post-sprint 1, post-sprint 5, and post-sprint 10. In experiment A, mean power output, MVC force, potentiated twitch force, and VA decreased 13.1% (p < 0.001), 8.7% (p = 0.036), 27.6% (p = 0.003), and 5.6% (p = 0.037), respectively, from pre-sprint 1 to post-sprint 10. In experiment B, (i) MEPs decreased 42.1% (p = 0.002) from pre-sprint 1 to post-sprint 5 and increased 40.1% (p = 0.038) from post-sprint 5 to post-sprint 10 and (ii) CMEPs increased 28.5% (p = 0.045) from post-sprint 1 to post-sprint 10. Overall, arm-cycling sprints caused neuromuscular fatigue of the elbow flexors, which corresponded with decreased supraspinal and increased spinal excitability of the biceps brachii. The different post-sprint effects on supraspinal and spinal excitability may illustrate an inhibitory effect on supraspinal drive that reduces motor output and, therefore, decreases arm-cycling sprint performance.
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Attia, Ahmed, Zied Nèji, Néjiba Farhat, Aymen Khemiri, Ahmed Kouki, Nejib Rejeb, Riadh Khalifa, and Chortane Sabri Gaied. "Relationships between Horizontal Drop Jump Test and Sprint Performance." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.01.352.
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Researchers and trainers are continually looking for determinants of soccer talent in the youngest and in the relationship between individual motor features relevant to this kind of sport. There is a fundamental consensus in the opinion that sprinting and jumping share a number of similar characteristics in soccer players. To the authors’ knowledge, the majority of the studies has been conducted in adult and young athletes and there has yet to be an analysis with prepubescent male players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the standing long jump, the three-hop test and sprint performance in prepubescent male soccer players. Material and methods. This study comprised 112 prepubescent soccer players (aged 12.08±1.79 years; height: 154.35±12.50 cm; body mass 43.69±10.28 kg). They were assessed for a 30-m linear sprint with three split sprint times, standing long jump test and three-hop test. The associations and relationships between horizontal jump performance in three-hop test and standing long jump with 0-5m, 10-m, 20-m and 30-m sprint times were investigated. Results and discussion. Correlations and linear regressions were assessed. There were weak and large associations between sprint and jump measures (r = -0.21 to -0.66; p <0.001). Linear regressions all included standing long jump as a predictor, but not three-hop test. There were no regression equations that would predict sprint times from triple hop distance that were significant. In their study of national team female athletes Agar-Newman and Klimstra, (2015) showed contradictory results. In their athletes, triple hop distance was a better predictor than standing long jump of both initial sprint speed, and maximal sprint speed. Thus, this area requires further research to better understand the mechanisms through which both sprint and jump performances are achieved in prepubescent male soccer players. Conclusion. Overall, the results of our study support the use of 30-m linear sprint and horizontal jump performance tests for prepubescent male soccer players. This research showed that sprint times correlated to horizontal jump performance in three-hop test and standing long jump tests. It showed the utility of the standing long jump test to evaluate lower limb performance between prepubescent male soccer players
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Grobler, Lara, Suzanne Ferreira, Benedicte Vanwanseele, and Elmarie E. Terblanche. "Characterisation of the responsive properties of two running-specific prosthetic models." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 41, no. 2 (August 2016): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364616660249.
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Background: The need for information regarding running-specific prosthetic properties has previously been voiced. Such information is necessary to assist in athletes’ prostheses selection. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the characteristics of two commercially available running-specific prostheses. Study design: The running-specific prostheses were tested (in an experimental setup) without the external interference of athlete performance variations. Methods: Four stiffness categories of each running-specific prosthetic model (Xtend™ and Xtreme™) were tested at seven alignment setups and three drop masses (28, 38 and 48 kg). Results for peak ground reaction force (GRFpeak), contact time ( tc), flight time ( tf), reactive strength index (RSI) and maximal compression (Δ L) were determined during controlled dropping of running-specific prostheses onto a force platform with different masses attached to the experimental setup. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the different setups of the running-specific prostheses. Statistically significant differences were found between the two models for all outcome variables (GRFpeak, Xtend > Xtreme; tc, Xtreme > Xtend; tf, Xtreme > Xtend; RSI, Xtend > Xtreme; Δ L, Xtreme > Xtend; p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the Xtreme stores more elastic energy than the Xtend, leading to a greater performance response. The specific responsive features of blades could guide sprint athletes in their choice of running-specific prostheses. Clinical relevance Insights into the running-specific prosthesis (RSP) properties and an understanding of its responsive characteristics have implications for athletes’ prosthetic choice. Physiologically and metabolically, a short sprint event (i.e. 100 m) places different demands on the athlete than a long sprint event (i.e. 400 m), and the RSP should match these performance demands.