Dissertations / Theses: 'Sprint athletes'

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Andrews, Barry. "Sprint analysis of athletes with intellectual impairments." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2199.

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Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. Intellectually impaired (II) athletes are not allowed to participate at the Paralympic Games because there is no accepted classification system for these athletes. The rationale for this study was to see if there are any physical differences existing in the sprint performance of II and non-II athletes and to see if there is a way to incorporate these differences into a new (accepted) classification system. The objective of this study was to identify any physical sources for the differences between II and non-II, with regard to the acceleration phase, the first 30m of the 60m sprint race, which could then be used in conjunction with other tests in the classification of II athletes. This new classification system might then allow II athletes to participate in the Paralympic Games again. 32 II athletes (22 male and 10 females) and 14 non-II athletes (10 males and 4 females) were used in this study. The sprint performance was analysed and compared of each athlete using the DartFish ProSuite software programme. The data collected from these analysis was then compared using the unpaired t-test, looking for any significant differences between the groups (p<0.05). From this analysis, it was concluded that stride length was the reason for the poorer performance of the II group when compared to the non-II group. Further research is required before definite conclusions can be made on the possible reasons for this difference.

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Haffor, Al-Said A. "Carbon dioxide storage capacity of endurance and sprint-trained athletes in exercise /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487259125221279.

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Faccioni, Adrian, and n/a. "Relationships between selected speed strength performance tests and temporal variables of maximal running velocity." University of Canberra. Human & Biomedical Sciences, 1995. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060707.160114.

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The relationships between selected sprint specific bounding exercises and sprint performance were analysed using fourteen sprint athletes (7 elite performers, 7 sub-elite performers). Subjects were required to perform sprints over 60m, Counter Movement Jumps with and without loading (20kg), High Speed Alternate Leg Bounding over 30m and High Speed Single Leg Hopping over 20m. All athletes were subject to anthropometric measurement (Height, Weight and Leg Length). Of all variables measured, the Elite group were significantly better (p<0.001) in Counter Movement Jump, Time to 60m, Time from 30m to 60m and in their Maximal Running Velocity. Linear regressions were carried out on all variables that correlated with Time to 30m (Acceleration Phase) and Maximal Running Velocity at both the pO.OOl and p<0.01 level of significance. This allowed several prediction tables to be compiled that had performance measures (sprints and jumps) that could be used as testing measures for sprint athletes to determine their Acceleration Phase and Maximal Running Velocity. A stepwise multiple regression demonstrated that Time to 60m was the best predictor of Maximal Running Velocity. Time to 60m, Leg length, High Speed Alternate Leg Bounding and Sprint Stride Rate were the best predictors of the Acceleration Phase. A Stepwise cross-validation linear discriminant function analysis was used to determine the best predictors from both sprint and jump measures that would distinguish an athlete as an elite or sub-elite performer. From sprint variables, Time to 60m and Time to 30m were the two variables that best placed a sprint subject in either the Elite or Sub-elite group. From the bounding variables, Counter Movement Jump and the Ground Contact Time of the High Speed Alternate Leg Bounding were the two variables that best placed a sprint subject in either the Elite or Sub-elite group. The present study suggests that Time to 60m is the best predictor of Maximal Running Velocity and Acceleration Phase. Counter Movement Jumping and High speed Alternate Leg Bounding are also useful tools in developing and testing elite sprint athlete performance.

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Freeman, Brock. "The role of sprint training in hamstring strain injury prevention for field sport athletes." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2022. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/185191.

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Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are regularly reported as the most common injury in many field-based sports with a high-speed running (HSR) component. Typically, these injuries occur during sprinting efforts, predominantly in the Biceps Femoris Long Head (BFLH). Furthermore, the burden of HSI is amongst the highest in field sports, and the risk of recurrent injury is elevated, and inflated by age. It is of interest to managers, technical coaches, physical preparation staff and athletes to reduce the risk of sustaining a HSI. Therefore, extensive research in HSI has identified several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, such as eccentric hamstring strength, BFLH fascicle length, and HSR exposure. Currently, almost all interventions designed to reduce the risk of HSI have utilised resistance training or stretching interventions. This is despite the scientific literature indicating that; 1) sprinting is the most common mechanism associated with hamstring strain injury, and 2) sprinting places a far greater demand on the hamstrings than interventions that are resistance or flexibility based. Therefore, the primary aim of this thesis was to establish the role of sprint training in HSI prevention in field sport athletes. The aim of Study 1 was to understand the beliefs and practices of professional Australian Football (AF) physical performance coaches towards the training and assessment prescribed to mitigate the risk of HSI. A Delphi-validated mixed methods survey was implemented to assess the beliefs and practices of High-Performance Managers of professional AF teams. All the participants in this study reported that they believed sprinting (acceleration and maximum speed) was the most common activity associated with HSI. Similarly, all participants also indicated they performed sprint training for injury prevention purposes. However, a range of relative speeds were reported to quantify HSR, whilst a sprint was reported as 85%Vmax. Whilst respondents reported they believed that sprint training was important, one participant indicated that they felt the need to be conservative with the prescription of sprint training for fear of injury, and the consequences associated with this. Due to the identified discrepancies in speed thresholds used in practical setting (Study 1) and academic settings (Literature Review), Study 2 was designed to determine the absolute, and relative speeds associated with jogging, running, striding, near maximum sprinting, and sprinting. The secondary aim was to visually describe the gait patterns associated with HSR and sprinting. Fifteen participants completed two data collection periods, where they performed a series of run throughs at different gait patterns. These gait patterns were adapted from a review of time-motion research in field sports. The running gaits of jogging, running, striding, near-maximum sprinting, and sprinting correspond with the relative speeds of 56%Vmax, 66%Vmax, 78%Vmax, 87%Vmax, and 100%Vmax, respectively. Significant (p = 0.01) differences were observed for all variables between striding, near-maximum sprinting, and sprinting. This highlights that previously reported thresholds in Study 1 are likely not quantifying the true sprinting demands. Publicly available injury information indicates a spike in HSI during the 2018 Australian Football League (AFL) season, a trend that occurred in the relatively uninterrupted 2020 AFL season. As Study 2 indicated that thresholds used to quantify the demands of sprinting in training and competition, Study 3 primarily aimed to determine the amount of running completed in relative speed bands during the pre-season and then the first eight weeks of the season. The secondary aim was to determine how individual athletes vary from the group average across the pre-season and the first eight rounds of the season. This study completed a retrospective analysis of 55 professional Australian footballers during the pre-season and first eight rounds of the 2019 season. Significantly less (p < 0.05) weekly volume was reported during the first 8 weeks of the season in the speed thresholds of 71-80%Vmax, 81-90%Vmax, and 91-100%Vmax. However, athletes in this study only completed an average of 18m above 90%Vmax in the pre-season, a stimulus too low to achieve an injury prevention and conditioning effect. Individual analysis highlighted that whilst a small number of athletes achieved a consistent sprinting load, several athletes did not achieve more than 2m above 90%Vmax during both the pre and in-season periods. This lack of preparation may provide a rationale for the injury rates during the first eight rounds. To improve the preparation of athletes using a sprinting stimulus, Study 4 focussed on addressing modifiable risk factors for HSI. The primary aim of this study examined the effects of acceleration and maximum speed sprint training of eccentric hamstring strength, BFLH fascicle length, and sprint performance. Initially, a training study with 60 participants was planned, but due to the Victorian Government’s COVID-19 restrictions, this was modified to a case study design with 11 participants. A 6-week training intervention consisting of acceleration sprinting (<15m) or maximum speed sprinting with a gradual build up (flying 10-20m) was implemented. Participants that performed acceleration or maximum speed sprinting improved Biceps Femoris fascicle length by 23% and 20%, respectively. This was an increase of more than the Minimum Detectable Change (MDC95 = 0.96cm, 95% CI =0.93 – 0.99cm). The participants who completed normal training experienced no change in the BFLH fascicle length. Neither sprint training intervention produced a change in eccentric hamstring strength that was greater than the typical error in the test. Both sprinting interventions improved sprint performance outcomes, however both acceleration and maximum speed training produced a larger improvement in maximum speed (-11% and -9%, respectively) than in acceleration qualities (-2% and -3%, respectively). Both acceleration and maximum speed training incurred positive improvement in relative force production (F(0) (N/kg)) and relative power production (Pmax (W/kg)). This was similar for DRF and RFpeak and indicates that sprint training without resistance will improve Force-Velocity-Power Variables. This project has provided new information regarding the role of sprint training for hamstring strain injury prevention. Firstly, both 6 weeks of low volume acceleration and maximum speed sprinting improve BFLH fascicle length. Secondly, currently employed velocity thresholds in professional AF are likely too slow to quantify the HSR and sprinting demands. Thirdly, analysis using thresholds that are faster than previously reported revealed that the overall volume of sprinting (>90%Vmax) is too low to elicit an injury prevention or training stimulus. This information will inform the future practices of key stakeholders surrounding sprint training in field sport athletes. The identification of the positive benefits of maximum speed sprinting, and a faster, more accurate definition of sprinting has large potential to improve hamstring strain injury prevention and increase physical performance. Doctor of Philosophy

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Derakhti, Mikael. "Very Heavy Resisted Sprint Training for Adolescent Football Players : A training intervention on acceleration, sprint and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent athletes." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-5323.

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Abstract Aim The main purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of a very heavy resisted sprint training regimen and a unresisted sprint training regimen on sprint, acceleration and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent football (soccer) players at mid- to post-PHV and >95% PAH. Method In total 27 male football players were recruited as volunteer participants. The participants had no previous experience with resisted sprint training. The participants were randomly assigned to either the resisted sprint (RST) (n=9) or unresisted sprint (UST) (n=10) training group. However, the grouping was matched based on the force-velocity (F-v) profiling. A control group (i.e. TAU group n=8) was matched with the experimental groups based on age and anthropometrics. The training was done twice a week for four weeks, consisting of either resisted or unresisted sprints. 24 of the original 27 participants could later be included for statistical analysis. During intervention the TAU group performed the regular team training with no additional stimuli from the researchers. Anthropometrics, sprint, acceleration and jump performance testing was tested pre- and post-training intervention. Results The four-week training intervention resulted in significant improvements of sprint- and acceleration for the RST-group. The improvements were 3,8% (±0.05) in T30, 4,2% (±0.06) in T20, 5,7% (±0.06) in T10, and 7,9% (±0.06) in the T5. The RST and UST groups also had significant improvements in both vertical and horizontal jump performance. Further there were several significant between group changes in both sprint and jump performance favoring the RST group over both the UST and TAU groups. Conclusion The conclusions are that in this population a very heavy RST regimen elicits improvements in sprint and acceleration performance whilst a UST regimen does not. Further, both the RST- and UST- training regimens elicit improvements in both vertical and horizontal jump performance. The improvements of the present study follow the pattern of previous studies in the field indicating a greater horizontal force generating ability. However, the improvements in the present study are larger than previously seen, indicating that this type of training might be extra beneficial to enhance sprint and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent athletes. The findings of the present study also contradict the typical recommendations of using light resistance loads (i.e. the 10% rule) when it comes to RST. Heavier loads, as in this case 103,5% of body weight on average, can indeed be used to produce sprint and acceleration gains in a late pubertal adolescent athlete population. The improvement in these short sprints (5-30m) versus the eventual performance decrease in longer sprints 40-70m (e.g. due to less effective maximal velocity phase) is a trade off which logically should be worthwhile for team sport athletes. Abstrakt Syfte Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie var att undersöka och jämföra effekterna av väldigt tungt belastad sprintträning och obelastad sprintträning på sprint-, acceleration och hopprestation hos unga fotbollsspelare i sena tonåren som ligger på en mognadsgrad av ”mid- post-PHV” samt >95% PAH. Metod Totalt 27 fotbollsspelare rekryterades som frivilliga deltagare. Deltagarna hade ingen tidigare erfarenhet av belastad sprintträning. Deltagarna blev slumpmässigt indelade till antingen den belastade (RST) eller den obelastade (UST) träningsgruppen. Dock skedde grupperingen med deltagarnas kraft- hastighetsprofilering som bas, då grupperna blev matchade efter denna. Kontrollgruppen (TAU n=8) matchades med experimentgrupperna efter ålder och antropometri. Träningen bestod av väldigt tungt belastad eller obelastad sprintträning och utfördes två gånger i veckan under fyra veckor. 24 av de initialt 27 deltagarna kunde inkluderas för vidare analys. Under interventionen genomförde TAU den vanliga lagträningen utan ytterligare träningsstimuli från forskarna. Antropometri, sprint, acceleration och hopprestation testades före respektive efter interventionen. Resultat Den fyra veckor långa träningsinterventionen resulterade i signifikanta förbättringar i sprint och acceleration för RST-gruppen. Förbättringarna var 3,8% (±0.05) i T30, 4,2% (±0.06) i T20, 5,7% (±0.06) i T10, och 7,9% (±0.06) i T5. RST och UST grupperna hade också signifikanta förbättringar i både vertikal och horisontell hopprestation. Vidare fanns det flera signifikanta mellangruppsskillnader i både sprint- och hopprestation till fördel för RST gruppen över både UST och TAU grupperna. Konklusion Konklusionen är att ett väldigt tungt RST-träningsprogram framkallar signifikanta förbättringar i både sprint, acceleration och hopprestation medan ett UST-träningsprogram inte gör det. Vidare kan konkluderas att både ett RST- och ett UST-träningsprogram signifikant förbättrar både vertikal och horisontell hopprestationen. Förbättringarna följer mönstret från tidigare studier på området och indikerar en större horisontell kraftproduktion. Dock är förbättringarna större än vad som tidigare observerats vilket indikerar att denna typ av träning kan vara extra förtjänstfull för denna population. Resultaten motsäger även den typiska rekommendationen kring lätta vikter (dvs. 10% regeln) vid belastad sprintträning. Tyngre belastning, som i detta fall i genomsnitt 103,5% av kroppsvikten, kan användas för att producera sprint- och accelerationsförbättringar i denna population. Förbättringen av denna typ av korta sprinter (5-30m) gentemot den eventuella prestationsförsämringen i längre sprinter (40-70m) torde vara ett byte som är värt att göra för lagidrottare.

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Stefanescu, Viktoria. "Effects of Back Squat Post Activation PotentiationProtocol on 30 Meter Sprint Performance : Amongst male Crossfit athletes." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-32969.

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Background: Post activation potentiation (PAP) is an increased muscular performance thatoccurs after maximal voluntary contraction. Previous studies have shown a significantincrease in explosive movements, such as sprint and jump performance, as an effect ofthese maximal contractions. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze if PAP, in terms of heavy squats, has aperformance enhancing effect on 30 meter sprint, with a hypothesis that the maximal effortin the squat has a performance enhancing effect on 30 meter sprint. Method: Twelve healthy male Crossfit athletes from Crossfit Halmstad, age between x-x,volunteered to participate in the study, eleven of these completed all of the test sessions in thiscross-sectional study. During the first test session, the subjects attempted to set a onerepetition max (1RM) in the back squat. During the second and third test session, the subjectswere randomly divided into two groups and the subjects got to perform both the non-PAP andthe PAP protocol during different sessions, depending on which group they were in. Thesprint time was measured with a handheld stopwatch. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was usedto determine significant differences between sprint time after the two different protocols, andthe level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Result: The result showed that there was no significant difference between PAP and non-PAPprotocols (p = 0,679). With a median value of 4,78 seconds, a minimum value of 4,59seconds and a maximum value of 5,54 seconds for the sprint trials after PAP and a medianvalue of 4,82 seconds, a minimum value of 4,59 seconds and a maximum value of 5,31seconds for the sprint trials without PAP, the results did not confirm the hypothesis. Conclusion: As an effect from the low number of participants, the result could be deceptive.The study could have show a different result if the number of participants would exceed atleast 25 subjects. There are no performance enhancing effects in the sprint after PAP, in thisstudy. Further research is required, to determine possible performance enhancing effectsfrom PAP.

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Glaister, Mark, Michael H. Stone, Andrew M. Stewart, Michael G. Hughes, and Gavin L. Moir. "Aerobic and Anaerobic Correlates of Multiple Sprint Cycling Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4611.

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Aerobic and anaerobic correlates of multiple sprint cycling performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20(4):792-798. 2006.--The aims of this study were to examine (a) the relationship between maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) and several performance indices of multiple sprint cycling; (b) the relationship between maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and those same performance indices; and (c) the influence of recovery duration on the magnitude of those relationships. Twenty-five physically active men completed a O2max test, a MAOD test, and 2 maximal intermittent (20 x 5 seconds) sprint cycling tests with contrasting recovery periods (10 seconds or 30 seconds). Mean +/- SD for age, height, and body mass were 20.6 +/- 1.5 years, 177.2 +/- 5.4 cm, and 78.2 +/- 8.2 kg, respectively. All tests were conducted on a friction-braked cycle ergometer with subsequent data normalized for body mass. Moderate (0.3 r < 0.5) positive correlations were observed between power output data and MAOD (range, 0.31-0.46; 95% confidence limits, -0.10 to 0.72). Moderate to large positive correlations also were observed between power output data and O2max, the magnitude of which increased as values were averaged across all sprints (range, 0.45-0.67; 95% confidence limits 0.07-0.84). Correlations between fatigue and O2max were greater in the intermittent protocol with 30-second recovery periods (r = -0.34; 95% confidence limits, 0.06 to -0.65). The results of this study reflect the complex energetics associated with multiple sprint work. Though the findings add support to the idea that multiple sprint sports demand a combination of speed and endurance, further longitudinal research is required to confirm the relative importance of these parameters.

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Israetel, Michael Alexandrovich. "The Interrelationships of Fitness Characteristics in Division 1 Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1194.

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The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the interrelationships of several important fitness characteristics in Division 1 athletes. Sport performance magnitude is the summation of an individual athlete’s technical, psychological, and fitness characteristics. Athletes who excel in any or all characteristics perform better in their chosen sports. General fitness characteristics that are important to almost all sports include strength, power, vertical jump height, shortdistance sprinting ability, muscularity, and body fat percentage. These variables have been shown in previous research to independently affect athletic performance outcomes, but their relationships to one another are less clear. Eighty Division I athletes from 4 sports were examined in a variety of fitness characteristics as part of a continuous athlete monitoring program. Data on strength, power, vertical jump height, short-distance sprinting speed, muscularity, and body fat percentage were collected and analyzed. Analysis revealed several important relationships. Firstly, strength is highly related to muscularity, with lean body mass as one of the most important determinants of strength. Secondly, athletes who can produce high relative (scaled per body mass) forces and powers tend to be considerably higher jumpers and much faster sprinters. Lastly, leaner athletes out-perform less lean athletes in almost every metric, especially relative strength and power, vertical jumping ability, and sprinting ability.

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Smith, Kurt, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Men and women in hypoxia : the influence of tissue oxygenation on repeated-sprint ability." Thesis, Arts and Science, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2548.

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This thesis examined the impact of oxygen (O2) availability on prefrontal cortex and muscle tissue oxygenation during repeated-sprint exercise (RSE) in men and women. Men and women matched for initial-sprint mechanical work performed during ten, 10-s sprints (30s of rest) in normoxia (21% FIO2) and acute hypoxia (13% FIO2). Mechanical work and arterial O2-saturation (SPO2) were obtained for every sprint. Oxy- and deoxygenated haemoglobin concentrations (O2Hb, HHb) were obtained via near-infrared spectroscopy. Hypoxia elicited lower SPO2 and work (14.8% & 7.4%, P < 0.05), larger (45.1%, P < 0.05) and earlier reductions in cortical oxygenation, and no differences between sexes. Cortical de-oxygenation and work decrement were strongly correlated (R2=0.85, P < 0.05). Muscle de-oxygenation was greater in men than women (67.3%, P < 0.05). These results show that O2 availability influences cortical oxygenation and performance equally in men and women, and suggest a more efficient muscle O2 uptake in women. ix, 108 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

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Moran, Jason. "The effectiveness of resistance, plyometric and sprint training at different stages of maturation in male youth athletes." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20123/.

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The trainability of youth at specific periods during growth and maturation has become a key issue in paediatric exercise science. The development of physical capacities such as movement speed, strength and power is difficult to predict in youth meaning that the structuring of training can be a significant challenge for coaches. Accordingly, methodologically sound research is required to underpin a more informed approach to the formulation of programmes of physical development. To this end, the purpose of this work was to investigate the trainability of youth athletes at specific stages during maturation (pre-, mid-, and post-peak height velocity) by addressing some of the shortcomings of the existing body of literature. Short-term controlled interventions were undertaken and they extended from the findings of three meta-analytical reviews, all of which examined the effect of training on the development of speed, strength and power in youths aged 9 to 18. These investigations were focused on the manipulation of modifiable factors, such as the training stimulus, as opposed to non-modifiable factors, such as maturity (which was generally controlled for). With some exceptions, which are potentially explainable, speed, strength and power were, on the whole, more trainable in youths as they advanced in maturation with the mid-peak height velocity phase being a particularly important time for the development of these capacities. This could indicate the presence of a maturational threshold which moderates responses to training but this can also be coincident with a period of impaired performance potentially related to reduced motor control due to rapid growth rates. Because of the way speed, strength and power can develop in youth athletes, the pre-peak height velocity phase of development may be more conducive to neuromuscular training with a coordinative component which establishes the movement competency required for more advanced techniques. An intensification of resistance (strength) training can be of benefit during mid-peak height velocity though impaired movement or a higher susceptibility to injury could compel coaches to reduce sprint (speed) and/or plyometric (power) training at this time. During the post-peak height velocity phase, athletes can be transitioned to more advanced training techniques, that are traditionally used with adults, if they possess the necessary coordination and experience to do so. Regardless of the results in this work, at every stage of development it is important for coaches to make programming decisions for youth athletes based, primarily, on training age and movement competency with the above maturity-related recommendations being suitable for those who have been exposed to high quality training from an early age.

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Hori, Naruhiro. "Assessment and enhancement of lower extremity power of athletes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/36.

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STUDY 1: RELIABILITY OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS DERIVED FROM GROUND REACTION FORCE DATA DURING COUNTERMOVEMENT JUMP AND INFLUENCE OF SAMPLING FREQUENCY. STUDY 2: COMPARISON OF FOUR DIFFERENT METHODS TO MEASURE POWER OUTPUT DURING THE HANG POWER CLEAN AND THE WEIGHTED JUMP SQUAT. STUDY 3: DOES PERFORMANCE OF HANG POWER CLEAN DIFFERENTIATE PERFORMANCE OF JUMPING, SPRINTING, AND CHANGING OF DIRECTION? STUDY 4: COMPARISON OF WEIGHTED JUMP SQUAT TRAINING WITH AND WITHOUT ECCENTRIC BRAKING.

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Bellon, Christopher R., Brad H. DeWeese, Kimitake Sato, Kenneth P. Clark, and Michael H. Stone. "Defining the Early, Mid, and Late Sub-Sections of Sprint Acceleration in Division I Men’s Soccer Players." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6289.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the acceleration phase of sprinting could be split into subphases specific to the competitive demands of a soccer match by comparing sprint metrics at various sprint distances in Division I men's soccer players. Twenty-three Division I men's soccer athletes completed 2 maximal-effort 20-m sprints from a standing start position through an optical measurement system. Sprint metrics measured included sprint velocity (SV), step length (SL), step frequency (SF), and ground contact time (GCT). Each metric was recorded at approximately 2.5, 6, and 12 m. Sprint metrics at each distance were compared using a 2-tailed, 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. The results indicated that SV, SL, and SF were statistically greater at 12 m in comparison with 6 m (p < 0.001) and 2.5 m (p < 0.001), whereas GCT was statistically shorter at 12 m compared with 6 m (p < 0.001) and 2.5 m (p < 0.001). In addition, sprint metrics at 6 m also displayed the same relationships when compared to 2.5 m, with SV, SL, and SF being statistically greater (p < 0.001) at this distance, and GCT being statistically shorter (p < 0.001) as well. These results suggest that the acceleration phase may effectively be differentiated into early, mid, and late subphases based on differences in key sprint metrics at distances of 2.5, 6, and 12 m, respectively, in Division I men's soccer athletes.

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Gleason, Benjamin H. "Stability of Isometric Strength Asymmetry and Its Relationship to Sprint and Change-of-Direction Performance Asymmetry in Division-I Collegiate Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2550.

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The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate the stability of strength asymmetry over a long-term period (1 year) and investigate the relationship of strength asymmetry to field test performance asymmetry in NCAA division-1 athletes. Isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) peak force asymmetry, ground contact time and finish time asymmetries on 10m sprint and 505 agility test performances were also observed. The impact of strength was also investigated in these studies to determine its effect on the magnitude of asymmetry. In the second study, peak force asymmetry over a one-year period was observed to be a rather volatile quality, with ranges between 16% or 8%, depending on the formula used. Based on this finding, it is possible that there may be a “normal” range of asymmetry that an individual athlete exhibits that could be linked to training adaptations along with other factors. Based on simple observation, an individual tendency toward symmetry existed in certain athletes. This relationship may be useful to explore in future study.

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Cablayan, Ted. "Prediction of sprint times of male and female sprinters from selected leg power and isokinetic strength tests." Scholarly Commons, 1992. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2240.

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The problem of the study was to determine the better predictors of sprint performance for male and female sprinters from selected leg power and isokinetic strength tests. Ten male and five female sprinters volunteered to be measured for vertical jump performance, anaerobic power and capacity, peak isokinetic torque at the hip, knee, and ankle joint, and sprint performance. A forward stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to allow selection from all strength and power variables regressed on the dependent variables of 30 meters, 60 meters, and flying 30 meter sprints. This procedure allowed one to examine the contribution of each predictor variable to the regression model. Only the independent variables that elicited a regression equation significant at the .05 level were used in final regression models. The regression models developed for the males were: 30 meters (crouch start) = 6.115 - .083(anaerobic power) - .055(vertical jump) - .044(plantarflex 120"/s) - .022(knee flex 60'/s); 60 meters (crouch start) = 11.111 - .145(vertical jump) - .086 (anaerobic power) - .172(hip flex 300'/s) - .098(knee flex 60'/s); and 30 meters (flying start) = 4.295- .055(anaerobic power) - .312(knee flex 180'/s) - .090(hip flex 300'/s). The regression models for the women were different than the males and were: 30 meters (crouch start) = 9.530 - .346(vertical jump); 60 meters (crouch start) = 18.083- .686(vertical jump); and 30 meters (flying start) = 8.733- .352(vertical jump) . By knowledge of the variance of the better strength and power measures, 83.2% to 98.0% of the variance of the respective sprint tests were explained. The regression models could allow for the identification of potential sprint performers and the development of optimal sprint training program.

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Schomacker, Travis. "Prevention of Ankle Sprains." Otterbein University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=otbn1594309347027123.

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Dent, Jessica. "The physiological and molecular response to repeated sprints in male and female team-sport athletes : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Sport and Exercise Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1034.

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Background: Due to the unique demands of the sport, athletes playing football perform a variety of differing training methods to improve physiological performance. These include strength, endurance and sprint training. While the effects of strength and endurance training have been well researched, the effects of repeated-sprint training on blood and muscle variables in well trained males and females are not well known. An understanding of changes to the blood and muscle during and following an exercise bout are important, so to gain an understanding of the type of stress and resulting adaptations that may occur. Also, while a large volume of research in training adaptations has been performed on males; little has been done on females. To date, some research indicates metabolism during moderateintensity exercise may differ between males and females; however, no study has compared repeated-sprint exercise. Therefore, it is unclear as to whether males and females would have a differing physiological response to repeated-sprint training. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a repeated-sprint bout on molecular signalling in muscle and blood measures and heart rate in well-trained footballers. Additionally, we compared running times and sprint decrement (%). Research Design: Eight female senior University football players (Mean ± SD, age, 19 ± 1 y, VO ? 2peak 53.0 ± 5.1 ml·kg-1min-1) and seven male senior University football players (Mean ± SD, age, 19 ± 3 y, VO ? 2peak 59.0 ± 6.6 ml·kg-1min-1) volunteered to participate in this study. Participants performed four bouts of 6 x 30 m maximal sprints spread equally over a 40 min period. Sprint time was measured (at 30 m) for each sprint and sprint decrement was also calculated for all bouts. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle at rest, 15 min following exercise and 2 h into recovery. Venous blood samples were taken at the same time points as the biopsies while capillary blood lactate was measured at rest and 3 min following each sprint bout. Repeated measures ANOVA and Post hoc t-tests were performed to determine significant differences between the two groups (male vs. female) and time points. Findings: Both groups had a significant (P<0.05) increase in blood lactate (mM) after the first bout of repeated sprints, with no differences between females (pre 0.9 ± 0.4 mM – post 10.0 ± 1.6 mM) and males (pre 0.8 ± 0.3 mM – post 10.0 ± 3.5 mM). Blood lactate remained elevated compared to rest (P<0.05) following bouts 2, 3 and 4 for both females (12.0 ± 3.6, 12.0 ± 3.3, 12.2 ± 3.8 mM respectively) and males (11.9 ± 2.9, 11.6 ± 2.3, 11.5 ± 4.0 mM respectively), with no differences between groups or time points (P>0.05). There were no differences (P>0.05) between the female and male athletes in mean heart rate attained at the end of each bout of repeated sprints (187 ± 2 v 190 ± 2 bpm respectively) or during recovery between sprints (140 ± 2 v 130 ± 2 bpm respectively). There were no differences between groups or time points in blood insulin (P>0.05). Fastest 30 m sprint time and mean 30 m sprint time during the repeated-sprint bout was faster for the males than females (4.58 ± 0.12 v 5.26 ± 0.27 s respectively; (P>0.05)). However, there were no differences in running velocity during the sprints between the males and females (165 ± 0.4 % vs. 155 ± 0.05 %; P>0.05) when expressed relative to velocity at VO ? 2peak (vVO ? 2peak). Also, mean % decrement during the repeated-sprint bout was lower in the males then females (4.9 ± 1.3 v 7.1 ± 1.9 % respectively; P<0.05). No changes were observed in total or phosphorylated Akt at any time-point or between genders. However, while total 4E-BP1 was lower, the ratio of total to phosphoryalated 4E-BP1 at rest was greater in males than females (P<0.05). Finally, there was also a significant decrease in 4E-BP1 phosphorylation post-exercise in males (P<0.05), but not females. Conclusions: There were no sex differences in blood lactate or heart rate throughout the repeated-sprint bout. These findings suggest that there were no cardio respiratory or lactate production/clearance differences in the response to a repeated-sprint-training bout between sexes. However, while males were faster than their female counterparts, the average relative speed was similar between sexes, suggesting a similar relative volume of work was performed during the sprint bouts. However, the females did have a greater decrement in sprint performance indicating a greater ability to recover sprint performance in the males. Sex differences in resting total and phosphorylated 4E-BP1 may indicate greater potential for muscle growth in the male athletes during basal conditions. However, differences could be due to factors other than sex, including previous training history. There was a lack of change in plasma insulin or Akt, but, similar to resistance exercise, a significant decrease in post-exercise 4E-BP1 phosphorylation for the males, but not females. The sex differences in the 4E-BP1 phosphorylation response post-exercise could be due to differences in the metabolic disturbance in the muscle during and following maximal sprints. Keywords: blood lactate, heart rate, muscle

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Lindqvist, Erik, and Andreas Holm. "Effekten av betainsupplementering på prestationsförmågan hos vältränade cykelatleter." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-26531.

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Bakgrund: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka effekten av sju dagars tillskott av betain (2,5 gram/dag) på prestationsförmågan i idrottsspecifika tester för manliga vältränade cykelatleter. Metod: Sex (n=6) manliga testpersoner (genomsnitt ± standardavvikelse ålder, 31,7 ± 10,2 år; längd, 188,2 ± 3,6 cm; kroppsvikt; 82,5 ± 7,6 kg; fettfri massa, 71,6 ± 7,3 kg) genomförde förtester bestående av fem counter movement jumps, fyra stycken 12 s wingate-sprinter med 2,5 minuters aktiv vila följt av fem ytterligare counter movement jumps. De blev sedan indelade slumpmässigt i betain- eller placebogrupper. Första testet etablerade basvärden och eftertest ”1” samt ”2” föregicks med antingen sju dagars tillskott med placebo (2,5 g maltodextrin plus 12,5 mg riboflavin) eller betain (2,5 g trimetylglycin plus 12,5 mg riboflavin). Riboflavin användes för att undanröja den fiskliknande doften som kan uppstå vid tillskott av betain. Doseringen bestod av fyra kapslar per dag till måltid, varav två kapslar intogs på morgonen eller förmiddagen (före träning) och två kapslar intogs på eftermiddagen eller kvällen (efter träning). Vi använde oss av en dubbelblindad, kontrollerad randomisering cross-over design; med en veckas washout mellan placebo och betain. Maximum Peak Power, Average Peak Power, Maximum Average Power, Mean Average Power, Mean Relative Power Drop, Maximum Relative Power Drop, CMJ-Medel och CMJ-Max före och efter sprinterna analyserades med two-tailed t-test 2 och 3 för att jämföra skillnader före och efter intag av tillskott samt skillnaderna mellan grupperna.Resultat: Inga signifikanta skillnader kunde noteras. Konklusion: En veckas tillskott av betain gav inte någon signifikant förbättring jämfört med placebo i hopp- och sprintförmåga samt förmåga att ta ut sig själv maximalt hos aktiva cyklister. Fler studier med framförallt större testgrupper efterlyses för att utvärdera betainets ergogena effekt bland aktiva atleter. The effect of betaine supplementation on counter movement jumps and sprint performance among male bicycle athletes Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a seven days supplementation regimen with betaine (2,5 grams per day) on counter movement jumps and sprint performance in trained male bicyclists. Method: Six (n=6) male subjects (mean ± standard deviation age, 31,7 ± 10,2 years; height, 188,2 ± 3,6 cm; bodyweight, 82,5 ± 7,6 kg; lean body mass, 71,6 ± 7,6 kg) completed a 21 day study involving five counter movement jumps (no arm swing) followed by 4 consecutive modified 12 second Wingate sprints on a bicycle ergometer with active rest (2,5 minutes) followed by another set of five counter movement jumps. A double blind, controlled randomized cross over design was used and there was a 1 week washout between the supplementation startup for each group. Following pre-testing (baseline) the participants were randomly divided into groups by choosing one of the following supplements: “12” Placebo –2,5 grams of maltodextrine plus 12,5 mg riboflavin or “11” – Active 2,5 grams of trimethylglycine plus 12,5 mg riboflavin. Riboflavin was used so mask the “fishy odor syndrome” effect of high intakes of trimethylglycine that may cause trimethyluria. Daily consumption of capsules was divided into two doses of two capsules each with meals. One dose (two capsules) was consumed in the morning and one dose in the evening. The following variables were analyzed: Maximum Peak Power, Average Peak Power, Maximum Mean Power, Average Mean Power, Maximum Relative Power Drop, Average Relative Power Drop, Mean CMJ-Pre + Post sprints and Maximal CMJ-Pre + Post sprints. Results: None of the parameters showed statistical significance. Conclusion: Our study indicates that seven days of betaine ingestion does not seem significantly improve counter movement jump or sprint capacity in male trained bicyclists. Larger studies are needed to investigate the performance enhancing effects of betaine, especially among high performance athletes.

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Churchill, Sarah. "Biomechanical investigations of bend running technique in athletic sprint events." Thesis, University of Bath, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557811.

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For sprint events longer than 100 m, more than half the race is run on the bend, yet bend sprinting has received little attention in biomechanics literature. The aim of this thesis was to understand the effect of the bend on maximal effort sprint performance and technique, using bend radii and surfaces typical of outdoor competition. Three empirical studies were undertaken with experienced bend sprinters. Initial 3D kinematics investigations revealed an approximately 5% velocity decrease on the bend compared to the straight. However, step characteristic changes contributing to this reduction were different for the left and right steps. For the left step there were significant decreases in step frequency (p < 0.05), due to increased ground contact time, which agreed with previously proposed theoretical models. For the right step, however, a significantly reduced flight time resulted in a significant reduction in step length (p < 0.05). Maintaining step length and an ‘active touchdown’ were closely related to an athlete’s ability to better maintain straight line velocity on the bend. Generally, velocity decreased as bend radius decreased, with mean differences of up to 2.3% between lanes 8 and 2. However, changes to athletes’ technique due to different lanes were not conclusive. Ground reaction forces revealed between-limb differences during bend sprinting. Furthermore, frontal plane forces were up to 2.6 times larger on the bend than on the straight. Overall, asymmetries were identified between left and right steps for several performance, technique and force variables, suggesting that bend sprinting induces different functional roles between left and right legs, with the left step contributing more to turning to remain on the bend trajectory. The differences in kinematic and kinetic characteristics between the bend and straight, and between-limb asymmetries mean that athletes should apply the principle of specificity to bend sprinting training and conditioning, without sacrificing straight line technique.

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van, Someren K. A. "Physiological factors associated with 200m sprint kayak racing." Thesis, St Mary's University, Twickenham, 2000. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324167.

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20

Koperna, Lisa. "Sport-Related Concussion and Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Injuries in High School Athletes." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4740.

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Sport-related injuries (SRI) can be foreseen and averted when mechanisms and risk factors are completely understood. An appreciation of the relationship between sport-related concussion (SRC) and lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries (LEMI) is emerging amid professional and collegiate athletes. However, findings of such a relationship in adults may not be generalizable to younger populations, and the literature has not addressed this relationship in adolescents. The purpose of this cross-sectional quantitative study was to examine the relationship between SRC and LEMI in high school athletes. The dynamic model of etiology in sport injury provided the study's conceptual framework. A de-identified secondary dataset of high school athletic injuries was obtained from the Athletic Training Practice Based Rehab Network and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Concussions, knee sprains, and ankle sprains represented about 12%, 17%, and 70%, respectively, of the 1,613 cases in the dataset. Chi-square tests revealed that SRCs, and the number of SRCs, were associated with knee sprains [(p < .001), Cramer's V = .148] and ankle sprains [(p < .001), Cramer's V = .545]. This study may promote positive social change by prompting further retrospective and prospective studies to clarify whether a relationship exists between SRC and LEMI in high school athletes, and if so, whether this relationship is causal in nature. New knowledge may be used to guide practices and policies to reduce sports injuries in high school athletes, which may lead to fewer SRIs among adolescents, fewer school absences, more physical activity, and better health and well-being throughout the lifespan, thereby promoting a more active, productive, and healthy society.

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Jönhagen, Sven. "Muscle injury and pain : effects of eccentric exercise, sprint running, forward lunge and sports massage /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-182-2/.

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Deason, Michael Leo. "The effects of genetic ancestry on elite sprint athlete status in the West African diaspora." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8325/.

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Elite athletic performance is widely acknowledged to result from the exposure of a favourable genetic endowment to a favourable combination of environmental factors including culture, diet, training regime and socioeconomic status. Athletes from West African descendant populations in North America and Western Europe have long been prominent in elite sprint running, constituting 63% of the top 100 performers in each sprint discipline, outperforming athletes from Europe (23%), West Africa (8%) and the rest of the world (6%). These members of the West African diaspora are genetically admixed, resulting in detectable levels of both African and European ancestry because of gene flow between African slaves and Europeans during chattel slavery in the 16th to 19th centuries. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect that ancestral genetic composition may have had on the likelihood of becoming a top-class sprint athlete amongst samples of African-Americans and Jamaicans. It was hoped that these findings would add to the existing research in attempting to understand the unique combination of factors that produce elite sprint athletes. Ancestrally informative genetic data from elite African-American and Jamaican sprint athletes and ethnically-matched controls were used to explore how genetic ancestry affects sprint athlete status in these populations. These data are also vital when investigating the putative origins of an admixed population, and relatively little research has investigated the genetic ancestry of modern Jamaicans when compared to African-Americans. To bring the two groups to comparable levels of insight, the population history of the Jamaican people was estimated by comparing the observed matrilineal gene pool to the gene pools of known source regions of Africa. By simulating a stable population with the observed population dynamics from slave-era Jamaica, it was possible to draw conclusions about selection acting on the Jamaican slave population from the colonisation of the island by England in 1655 until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. In addition to the Jamaican maternal lineages already genotyped, paternal lineages in both African-Americans and Jamaicans, as well as maternal lineages in African-Americans were genotyped to assess any association these lineages had with elite sprint athlete status. These lineages were also compared between the cohorts to assess any differences in lineage composition across both groups of athletes and controls. Finally, locus-specific genetic ancestry was calculated to map loci associated with elite athlete status to regions of the genome with a greater amount of African or European ancestry than would be expected under the null hypothesis of no association with ancestry. Assuming a difference in the likelihood of sprint athletes originating from either Africa or Europe, detected associations between locus-specific ancestry and sprint status may indicate specific genomic regions of interest. The main findings of this thesis are: a) Modern Jamaicans are mostly descended from slaves originating from the Gold Coast of Africa, despite large influxes of slaves from the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa before the end of the slave trade. b) There appears to have been selective pressure acting on the slave population of Jamaica. Differences between the presumptive origins of the observed lineages and the outcome of the stable population model suggested varying levels of mortality and fecundity within the slave population, consistent with earlier ethnographic and linguistic studies. c) The distribution of maternal lineages in the African-American athletes were significantly different from that of African-American controls. Maternal lineage distributions between Jamaican athletes and Jamaican controls were not significantly different. There was insufficient statistical power to infer any differences between the paternal lineages of African-American athletes and controls or the Jamaican athletes and controls. This suggests that either maternal ancestry may be a factor in elite sprint athlete status for African-Americans or it could simply be a false positive, inherent to the methodology used. Jamaican maternal lineages are homogeneous with regards to elite sprint athlete status. There was insufficient statistical power to arrive at similar conclusions regarding the paternal lineages of athletes and controls in either group. d) The maternal lineages of African-American athletes and Jamaican athletes were significantly different, although there was insufficient statistical power to determine if there were any differences between the paternal lineages of African-American athletes and Jamaican athletes. This suggests that the same maternal lineage distribution is not associated with sprint athlete status in the two populations, while there is insufficient evidence to make a similar claim regarding paternal lineages. e) The maternal lineages of African-American controls and Jamaican controls were also significantly different, although there was insufficient statistical power to conclude whether significant difference exists in the paternal lineages of African-American controls and Jamaican controls. These results suggest that there is some evidence that the population histories of African-Americans and Jamaicans are significantly different despite the lack of evidence from the paternal lineages. f) The proportion of genome-wide African ancestry did not differ significantly between either African-American athletes and controls or Jamaican athletes and controls. This suggests that environmental factors typically associated with higher levels of African ancestry in these populations (e.g. lower socioeconomic status, diminished access to healthcare) are not directly linked with elite athlete status. g) The estimated number of generations since admixture occurred did not differ significantly between athletes and controls for either African-Americans or Jamaicans. This suggests that athletes were not more likely than controls to have had European ancestors in the recent past, thereby potentially having greater access to resources. h) Admixture mapping was used to detect an enrichment of European ancestry at chromosome 4q13.1 significantly associated with athlete status in African-Americans. There were no significant loci associated with athlete status in Jamaicans. This suggests that the regions of the genome influencing sprint athlete status may be different in the two populations, although there was insufficient statistical power to draw any meaningful conclusions from the Jamaican data. This thesis has potential implications for future work not only explaining the disproportionate success of West African descendant sprint athletes but also for advancing the basic understanding of the genetic influences on the limits of human performance.

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Cormie, Prue. "A series of investigations into the effect of strength level on muscular power in athletic movements." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2009. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1816.

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Experiment 1: To determine if the magnitude of improvements in athletic performance and the mechanisms driving these adaptations differ in relatively weak individuals exposed to either ballistic power training or heavy strength training. Experiment 2: To determine if the magnitude of performance improvements and the mechanisms driving adaptation to ballistic power training differ between strong and weak individuals. Experiment 3: To determine if ballistic power training and heavy strength training result in specific changes to power absorption (i.e. power generated during the eccentric phase) and production (i.e. power generated during the concentric phase) and if so, whether these changes are influenced by the individual‟s strength level. An additional purpose was to assess whether potential training induced changes in power absorption and production are influenced by alterations to factors commonly associated with SSC function (i.e. rate and magnitude of stretch, time of movement).

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Kim, Dale Sang Hyun. "Assessment of wedge and flare designs of shoes on basketball movements." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37221.

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The ankle sprain is a common injury in basketball. A mechanism for this injury occurs when landing improperly from a jump. The concept of wedge and flare designs in shoes is (1) to offer benefit in reducing the potential for an ankle sprain while (2) not hindering performance or usability concerning basketball movements that are needed for successful play. The purpose was to take conceptual designs of the wedge and flare through an iterative design process. Therefore, the objectives were to fabricate shoe prototypes with these conceptual designs, to test the performance of these prototypes, and to develop the next iteration of design based upon the results of testing. The results of this design process are discussed.

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Eboch, Karen C. "A Marathon, Not a Sprint: A Longitudinal Study of Social Sustainability and Supplier Development in Athletic Apparel/Footwear Supply Chains." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1623071132823663.

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Aguiar, Rafael Alves de. "Desempenho e fadiga em sprints repetidos: a influência de características fisiológicas e perfil de treinamento." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2013. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/256.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Alves de Aguiar.pdf: 1586651 bytes, checksum: 8d04dd9879dde565cc4689f0800acf3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-04 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The aim of this study was to determine the mode and the level that the physiological and performance variables influence in repeated running sprint ability. To this end, the study used 27 males participants (10 sprint runners (VEL), 8 long-distance runners (FUN) and 9 active subjects (ATI)). In a synthetic track these subjects were submitted to following tests on different days: 1) Incremental testing for determination of VO2max and maximal aerobic velocity (MAV); 2) constant velocity test at 110%MAV for determination of on- and off transition kinetics of VO2 and accumulated deficit oxygen (AOD); 3; 1 minute all-out test for determination of blood lactate concentration ([lac]s) kinetics and off-transition kinetics of VO2; and 4) repeated sprint test (10 sprints of 35 m departing every 20 s) for determine the total time of sprints, best sprint and percentage decrement score (Sdec). In every tests the [lac]s and blood pH were analyzed for observe the difference between maximal value after exercise and rest value (i.e. ∆[lac]s e ∆pH).Total time was significant different between all groups (VEL, 49,5 ± 0,9 s; FUN, 52,6 ± 3,1 s; ATI, 55,9s ± 2,6 s) and Sdec was significant lower in long distance runners compared to other groups (VEL, 8,5 ± 2,5%; FUN, 4,0 ± 2,0%; ATI, 8,3 ± 4,1%). Total time was significant correlated with best sprint (r 0,86), AOD in T110 (r = -,061) and T1min (r = -0,60), ∆[lac]s (r = -0,64) and ∆pH (r = 0,59) in RS, primary time constant (tau1) (r = -0,45) e O2 consumed in fast component after exercise in T1min (r = -0,44). Differently, Sdec was significant correlated with aerobic variables (VO2max, r = -0,59; MAV, r = -0,55; tau1 during exercise, r = 0,41), tau1 after T110 (r = 0,59) and T1min (r = 0,47), as well as, with lactate exchange ability (r 0,75). Therefore, it was concluded that repeated sprint performance is strongly influenced by anaerobic characteristics, while mechanisms related to removal of metabolites originated by anaerobic metabolism and aerobic indices influence to decrease fatigue in RS. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o modo e o grau que as variáveis fisiológicas e de desempenho influenciam no desempenho em sprints repetidos. Para este fim, participaram do estudo 27 homens, sendo 10 corredores velocistas (VEL), 8 corredores fundistas (FUN) e 9 sujeitos ativos (ATI). Em uma pista sintética de atletismo estes sujeitos foram submetidos, em dias diferentes, aos seguintes testes: 1) teste incremental para determinação do VO2max e da velocidade aeróbia máxima (MAV); 2) teste de velocidade constante realizado a 110%MAV (T110) para determinar a cinética do VO2 durante e após o exercício e o déficit de oxigênio (AOD); 3) teste de um minuto máximo (T1min), para determinar a cinética da concentração de lactato sanguíneo ([lac]s) e a cinética do VO2 após o exercício; e 4) teste de sprints repetidos (RS) (10 sprints de 35m, intercalados com 20s de recuperação) para determinar o tempo total dos sprints, melhor sprint e a queda do escore em percentual (Sdec). Em todos os testes a [lac]s e o pH sanguíneo foram analisados para observar a diferença entre o valor máximo após o exercício e o valor de repouso (i.e. ∆[lac]s e ∆pH). Tempo total em RS foi significativamente diferente entre todos os grupos (VEL, 49,5 ± 0,9 s; FUN, 52,6 ± 3,1 s; ATI, 55,9s ± 2,6 s) e Sdec foi significativamente inferior em fundistas comparado aos outros grupos (VEL, 8,5 ± 2,5%; FUN, 4,0 ± 2,0%; ATI, 8,3 ± 4,1%). Tempo total foi correlacionado significativamente com o melhor sprint (r = 0,86), com o AOD no T110 (r = -0,61) e no T1min (r = -0,60), com o ∆[lac]s (r = -0,64) e ∆pH (r = 0,59) do RS, com a constante de tempo primária (tau1) (r = -0,45) e O2 consumido pelo componente rápido após o exercício no T1min (r = -0,44). Diferentemente, o Sdec foi correlacionado significativamente com variáveis aeróbias (VO2max, r = -0,59; MAV, r = -0,55; tau1 durante T110, r = 0,41), tau1 após T110 (r = 0,59) e T1min (r = 0,47), bem como, com a constante de tempo da entrada do lactato no compartimento sanguíneo no T1min (r = -0,75). Portanto, foi concluído que o desempenho em sprints repetidos é altamente influenciado por características anaeróbias, enquanto, mecanismos relacionados à remoção dos metabólitos originados pelo metabolismo anaeróbio e índices aeróbios influenciam para diminuir a fadiga em RS.

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Magrum, Eric D., John P. Wagle, Brad H. DeWeese, Kimitake Sato, and Michael H. Stone. "The Use of an Optical Measurement System to Monitor Sports Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4660.

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The purpose of this study was to compare ground contact time between an optical measurement system and a force platform. Participants in this study included six collegiate level athletes who performed drop jumps and sprint strike steps for a total of 15 repetitions each. Ground contact data was simultaneously collected from an optical measurement system and a force platform, at a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz. Data was then analyzed with Pearson’s correlation and paired sample t-tests. The measures from the optical measurement system were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) than measures from the force platform in both conditions. Although significantly different, the extremely large relationships (0.979, 0.993) found between the two devices suggest the optical sensor is able to detect similar changes in performance to that of a force platform. Practitioners may continue to utilize optical sensors to monitor performance as it may provide a superior user-friendly alternative to more traditional based monitoring procedures, but must comprehend the inherent limitations due to the design of the optical sensors.

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Kruger, Ankebé. "Sport specific talent identification determinants and development of sprinting and long jumping ability among 10-15 year old children from underprivileged communities / Ankebé Kruger." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1318.

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Nuell, Turon Sergi. "Influence of thigh muscularity on sprint mechanical properties and performance = Influència del desenvolupament muscular de la cuixa sobre les propietats mecàniques de l’esprint i el rendiment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667536.

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Sprint performance is one of the most highly prized faculties in the vast majority of sports, from short accelerations seen in team sports to high maximal speeds reached in track and field events. The capacity to accelerate rapidly and to reach very high speeds is an extremely desirable quality across the sports world. Although many factors influence sprint performance, the ability to produce high horizontal ground reaction forces (GRFs) throughout the sprint seems the ultimate determinant. This ability is inclusive of mechanical properties of the muscles, morphological features and neural mechanisms as well as the ability of the given athlete to orient horizontal GRFs. Moreover, it is known that muscle volume (MV) is closely' related to the ability to produce force and power in any given muscle, therefore, it is logical to suppose that larger muscles would be advantageous for sprint performance. However, enlargement of a muscle increases inertia in the segment and reduces angular acceleration and velocity, which is counterproductive for the goal of improving sprint performance. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to analyse the influence of thigh muscularity (quadriceps, hamstrings and adductors) in sprint performance by examining different populations with different levels of sprint performance and to study the adaptation of these muscles during sprint-training periods in national-level sprinters. In the first study (Study I), we analysed and compared thigh MVs, sprint performance and sprint mechanical properties (SMPs) from recreationally trained young men and male sprinters. Results from this study showed that sprinters accelerated better than trained males (ES = 2.12-3.68, P < 0.01), but more importantly, they were much faster at high speeds (ES= 4.53, P < 0.01). Sprinters also had larger thigh muscle volumes (ES = 1.12-2.11, P < 0.01), especially in the hamstring musculature. Moreover, strong correlations were found between hamstrings MV and sprint performance (r = -0.670, P < 0.01), and moderate correlations between adductors MVand sprint performance (r = -0.563, P < 0.05). Based on differences in thigh muscularity between these groups and the correlations found, we concluded that hamstrings muscularity plays an important role in sprint performance. Through the second study (Study II) we compared thigh muscularity, SMPs and performance between sprinters of both sexes. The analysis revealed that only normalised hamstrings MV differed between the sexes, being larger in males (ES = 1.26, P < 0.05), while quadriceps and adductors showed no differences. Males were much faster than females (ES = 5.01-6.68, P < 0.001) and exhibited greater SMPs (ES = 1.98-6.97, P < 0.01), especially at maximal velocity. As in Study I, strong correlations were found between hamstrings MV and sprint performance (r = -0.685, P < 0.01), and moderate between adductors MV and performance (r = -0.530, P < 0.05). Moreover, hamstrings muscularity was related to maximal velocity and not to maximal horizontal force, while adductors muscularity showed the opposite correlations. We concluded that hamstrings muscularity is more important than adductors muscularity in determining performance in sprinting. Moreover, hamstrings MV seems more important for reaching very high speeds than adductors MV. Finally, in the third study (Study Ill) we examined the effect of a 5-month sprint based training macrocycle (SBTM) on sprint performance, thigh MVs and SMPs of national-level sprinters. The athletes were tested before, during and after the SBTM. Sprinters improved their sprint performance in all distances analysed (ES = 0.46-1.11, P < 0.01) as well as improving maximal velocity (ES= 0.40, P < 0.01) and the ability to produce horizontal GRFs throughout the sprint (ES = 0.91, P < 0.01). Moreover, we observed a highly consistent hypertrophic pattern in quadriceps, hamstrings and adductors, with increases during the first half of the period of training and maintenance during the second half. Hamstrings and adductors increases were almost the same, and double that of quadriceps. The greater increase in hamstrings and adductors might be related to the prominent role of these muscle groups during sprinting. La capacitat d'esprintar es una de les qualitats més apreciades en la majoria d'esports, des de les curtes acceleracions típiques d'esports col·lectius a les extremes velocitats màximes de curses de velocitat de l'atletisme. La capacitat d'accelerar ràpidament i aconseguir velocitats molt altes sempre és una qualitat molt desitjada dins el món de l'esport. Tot i que molts factors influencien el rendiment en l'esprint, sembla que la capacitat de produir grans forces horitzontals durant l'esprint és el determinant més important. Aquesta capacitat inclou propietats mecaniques dels músculs, factors d'arquitectura i morfologia muscular, propietats del sistema nerviós, com també l'habilitat de l'atleta per orientar endavant aquestes forces. D'altra banda, és sabut que el volum muscular (MV) està estretament lligat a la capacitat de produir força i potència d'un múscul, llavors, sembla lògic pensar que músculs més grossos suposaran un avantatge per al rendiment en l'esprint. Malgrat això, l'engrandiment d'un múscul implica un augment del seu moment d'inèrcia, i així mateix, una reducció de l'acceleració i velocitat angular del segment, la qual cosa és contraproduent per al bon rendiment en l'esprint. Així, l'objectiu de la tesi va ser analitzar la influència del desenvolupament dels grups musculars de la cuixa (quadriceps, isquiosurals i adductors) sobre el rendiment en esprint, analitzant diferents poblacions amb diferent nivell de rendiment, així com estudiar l'adaptació d'aquests grups musculars a un període d'entrenament d'esprint en velocistes de nivell nacional. En el primer estudi (Estudi I), vam analitzar i comparar els MVs de la cuixa, les propietats mecàniques de l'esprint (SMPs) i el rendiment en un grup d'homes joves actius i entrenats i un grup d'homes velocistes. Els resultats d'aquest estudi van mostrar que els velocistes acceleraven molt millor que els actius (ES = 2,12- 3,68; P < 0,01), però, sobretot, van ser molt més ràpids a velocitats altes (ES = 4 ,53; P < 0,01). Els velocistes també van mostrar tenir els músculs de la cuixa més grossos que els actius (ES = 1,12-2,11; P < 0,01), especialment els isquiosurals. A més, es van trobar fortes correlacions entre l'MV dels isquiosurals i el rendiment (r = -0,670; P < 0,01) i moderades entre l'MV dels adductors i el rendiment (r = -0,530; P < 0,05). Basant-nos en les diferències entre MVs entre grups, es va concloure que l'MV dels isquiosurals juga un paper important en el rendiment en l'esprint. En el segon estudi (Estudi II) vam comparar MVs de la cuixa, SMPs i rendiment entre velocistes de diferents sexes. Els resultats revelaren que només l'MV dels isquiosurals diferia entre sexes, essent més gran en els homes (ES = 1,26; P < 0,05), mentre que el de quadriceps i adductors no presentaven diferencies. Els homes van ser molt més rapids que les dones (ES = 5,01-6,68; P < 0,001) i mostraren SPMs molt superiors (ES = 1,98-6,97; P < 0,01), especialment la velocitat màxima. lgual que en el primer estudi, es van trobar fortes correlacions entre l'MV dels isquiosurals i el rendiment (r = -0,685; P < 0,01) i moderades entre l'MV dels adductors i el rendiment (r = -0,530; P < 0,05). A mes, l'MV dels isquiosurals va correlacionar amb la velocitat maxima i no ho va fer amb la força màxima horitzontal, mentre que l'MV dels adductors va mostrar correlacions oposades. Després de tot, vam concloure que el desenvolupament muscular dels isquiosurals sembla més important que el dels adductors de cara al rendiment en l'esprint. A mes, l'MV dels isquiosurals sembla més important que el dels adductors per aconseguir velocitats molt altes. Finalment, en el tercer i ultim estudi (Estudi Ill) vam analitzar l'efecte d'un període d'entrenament específic d'esprint (SBTM) de 5 mesos sobre el rendiment, els MVs de la cuixa i les SMPs en velocistes de nivell nacional. Els atletes van ser sotmesos a tests abans, durant i després de l'SBTM. Els resultats mostren que els velocistes van millorar el rendiment en totes les distàncies analitzades (ES= 0,46-1,11; P < 0,01), juntament amb una millora de la velocitat màxima (ES = 0,40; P < 0,01) i un increment de la producció de forces horitzontals durant l'esprint (ES = 0,91; P < 0,01). A mes vam observar un patró hipertròfic molt consistent en quadriceps, isquiosurals i adductors, amb increments en l'MV durant la primera meitat del període i manteniment durant la segona meitat. També vam veure que !'augment en l'MV d'isquiosurals i adductors va ser pràcticament igual, i fou el doble que el dels quadriceps. Aquest increment tan gran en isquiosurals i adductors, comparat amb els quadriceps, podria estar relacionat amb el rol que tenen aquests grups musculars en el rendiment en l'esprint.

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Fortes, Carlos Rodrigo do Nascimento. "Estudo epidemiológico da entorse de tornozelo em atletas de voleibol de alto rendimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5140/tde-24012007-161700/.

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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar o último episódio de entorse de tornozelo em atletas de voleibol de alto rendimento. Participaram inicialmente deste estudo, entre os meses janeiro de 2003 e março de 2004, 114 atletas, do sexo masculino, atuantes na categoria adulta de 9 equipes, todas participantes da Divisão Especial ou Primeira Divisão do Campeonato Paulista de Voleibol. Dos 114 atletas inicialmente analisados, 21 relataram não ter sofrido nenhuma lesão nos tornozelos, portanto, seguindo os critérios de exclusão, foram analisados 93 episódios de última entorse de tornozelo de 93 atletas. Os mesmos foram entrevistados de maneira oral e individual pelo pesquisador executante, seguindo a seqüência do questionário pré-estabelecido. Foi encontrada diferença significante na correlação entre a fase da competição e a causa da entorse bem como na relação entre a posição de atuação do atleta e o fundamento realizado no momento da lesão. Apesar dos demais itens propostos nos objetivos não terem apresentado diferença significante, os resultados indicaram que 74,2% das entorses ocorreram por mecanismo de inversão, sendo, que a maioria das recidivas também ocorreram durante este movimento. A posição oposto foi a mais acometida e o fundamento bloqueio foi o que mais ocasionou entorses. Quanto as possíveis causas do trauma, a maioria aconteceu com a participação de um segundo atleta e a fase em que mais ocorreu lesão foi o treinamento. Referente à prevenção, após o último episódio de lesão, houve um aumento no uso de proteção do tipo tornozeleira, atingindo 68,9% do total de atletas. The purpose of this research is to characterize the last ankle sprain episode occurred with volleyball high performance athletes. From January 2003 to March 2004, 114 male athletes from 9 adult category teams of the Special and First Division of São Paulo State Volleyball Championship participated of this study. From the 114 athletes analyzed, 21 have reported no ankle sprains, thus, the last 93 episodes of ankle sprain from 93 athletes were analysed following exclusion criteria. They have been individually interviewed by the researcher, following a pre-established questionnaire. A meaningful difference was found in the correlation between the competition phase and the ankle sprain cause, as well as, in the relation between the athlete?s acting position and the movement made at the injury moment. Despite the other items proposed in the objectives have not presented any significant difference, the results indicated that 74,2% of the injuries occurred due the inversion mechanism and most of the repeated ankle sprains have also occurred during this movement. The opposite position was the most affected and the blocking movement was the one that caused the most injuries. As regards the possible causes of the injuries, most of the sprains occurred when a second athlete was involved and most of them during the training period. Concerning prevention, the use of the safety protection, such as orthesis, has increased reaching 68,9% of the total athletes.

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Schreiner, Florian. "Laut, Ton, Stärke." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16126.

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Historisch wird die Arbeit von zwei Daten her begrenzt, von den ersten hör-physiologischen Experimenten seit 1850, und von den massenwirksamen akustischen Inszenierungen der 1930er Jahre in „real auditory perspective“. Die Arbeit beginnt in Kapitel I mit dem tragischen Fall des Regisseurs und langjährigen Psychiatrie-Patienten Antonin Artaud, der die Sprache zugunsten von Lauten, Gebärden und Schreien verlässt. Seine Experimente zum Theater geben zu einer ersten Korrektur von Bildlichkeit Anlass. In Kapitel II wird der Vorrang der Bildlichkeit grundsätzlich in Frage gestellt, die Differenz von Bild und Klang wissenschaftshistorisch auseinandergesetzt, und ein „acoustic turn“ zur Welt vorbereitet. Die Untersuchungen des Physiologen und Akustikers Hermann von Helmholtz sind hier maßgeblich, denn sie beeinflussen die Technische Akustik von ihren Anfängen her. Das Kapitel III schließlich untersucht im transatlantischen Vergleich die technischen Bedingungen nach 1900. Die Beschallungsanlage hat nun die Fähigkeit, alltäglich in den Dienst genommen zu werden, und auch politischen Manipulationen diensthaft zu sein. Historically the work is framed by two dates, by the physiological experiments of hearing and the mise en scène of a massed and sonic attack in so called „real auditory perspective“ of the 1930s. The first chapter starts with the tragedic and long living psychiatric case Antonin Artaud, who moves away from clarity of sounds to phones, gestures and crying. Such experiments give cause for a fundamental rethinking of meaning in the sense of picture, and leads to the second chapter which argues in more detail for the lap of our sonic understanding of the world. This way speeds up to an „acoutic turn“ by a retour to the biological grounds of sonic perception. The physiological and acoustic inquiries of Hermann von Helmholtz fit here to the ground for him being starting point of what will later be called „technische Akustik“. The third chapter bridges Europe´s early Telefunken-years with the United States and their chief acousticians at the legendary Bell Laboratories, and seeks finally for light in scientific amnesia against progress and control, or what the germans call „Betriebsamkeit“ and „Gestell.“ (Heidegger)

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Chuang, Fu-Yen, and 莊富延. "The effects of inspiratry muscle training on anaerobic work capacity in sprint athletes." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10589419337439551642.

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碩士 國立東華大學 體育學系 98 The primary objective was to assess the effect of inspiratory muscle training to the anaerobic work capacity in sprint athletes. Subjects were 16 males of college sprint athletes . Counter balance order measured in experimental group and placebo group. The experimental group performed 30 inspiratory efforts per day for 5 days a week against a resistance equivalent 80% maximum inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) by threshold inspiratory muscle training for 6 week. The placebo group equivalent 20% . The 2×30-s Wingate test, rest interval of 4 min active recovery, to determine the anaerobic capacity. The values of the, spirometry, PImax, anaerobic work capacity were analyzed by mixed design two-way ANOVA ; The values of the blood lactate and respiratory-effort sensation (Rating of Perceived Exertion , RPE) were analyzed by repeated measures two-way ANOVA. The results showed: (a) Forced vital capacity [4.91±0.27(l) V.S. 4.41±0.37(l)]、forced expiratory volume in 1 second [4.20±0.34(l/min) V.S. 3.70±0.32(l/min)] and PImax [170.63±10.36(cmH2O) V.S.152.50±7.41(cmH2O)] were significantly higher in experimental group after training. (b) In the second anaerobic work peak power [902.25±45.00(W) V.S. 854.92±69.36(W)] and average power [770.05±58.65(W) V.S. 723.11±55.46 (W)] were significantly higher in experimental group after training. (c) The blood lactate was no significantly difference in any time. (d) The RPE was no significantly difference in any time. Besides inspiratory muscle training can improve spirometry, PImax, and anaerobic work capacity but blood lactate was not, we suggest that sprint athletics can training the inspiratory muscle to increase the energy resynthesis and anaerobic capacity.

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Lin, Shu-Ching, and 林淑靜. "Effects of Complex Training on Strength, Speed and Power of College Sprint Athletes." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89819817473208894994.

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碩士 臺北市立大學 競技運動訓練研究所碩士在職專班 103 Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on strength, speed and power after college sprint athletes had complex training. Methods: sixteen undergraduates were randomized into control group ( received complex training with three minutes rest )and experiment group ( received complex training which includes thirty meters sprint with three minutes rest ). The subjects trained 3 sets a day, 3 days a week for a total of 2 weeks. Through descriptive statistic, the mean scores and standard deviations were revealed. Secondly, all data were analyzed by one-way ANCOVA in order to examine the differences between experiment group and control group, and examine each correlation of parameters, and the α level was set at 0.05. Results: After two weeks complex training, statistical measures revealed significant difference in maximal strength（p < .05), and the control group’s performance (240.81 ± 0.91 kg） is vividly higher than experiment group’s（238.59 ± 0.94 kg）. However, when it comes to squat jumps and speed, the statistical measures revealed no significant difference between the pre-test and pro-test（p > .05）. Conclusion: Based on the results, after having two weeks complex training, both groups has vividly improved lower limb strength but not for enhancing explosive strength and 30m sprint performance. Keywords: post-activation potentiation, plyometric training, athletic ability.

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Kean, Crystal Olive. "Comparison of static and dynamic balance training on muscle activation, static balance, jumping and sprint performance /." 2005.

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Silva, Nuno António Vieira da. "Postural and anthropometric changes in canoe sprint athletes: the Impact of two different active recovery methods." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/82547.

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Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina Introdução: A técnica de pagaiada em canoa requer um trabalho muscular assimétrico e cíclico, uma vez que os atletas pagaiam apenas do lado direito ou esquerdo de barco, predispondo, por isso, a desequilíbrios musculares e lesões. Objetivos: O primeiro objetivo do estudo foi analisar o perfil postural e antropométrico de 10 canoístas de alto rendimento utilizando a técnica de biofotogrametria e realizando uma avaliação das alterações antropométricas. O segundo objetivo do estudo foi avaliar dois métodos de recuperação ativa distintos (pagaiar do lado habitual e paradoxal) aplicando um protocolo de teste físico de forma a realçar o potencial do método paradoxal sugerido para minimizar o problema identificado. Esta investigação pretendeu também demonstrar as utilidades da termografia infravermelha na medicina desportiva, particularmente no diagnóstico postural.Métodos: Dez indivíduos do sexo masculino (idade 22.30 ± 3.68 anos) foram analisados utilizando um programa de avaliação postural e uma série de medições antropométricas que permitiram quantificar os desequilíbrios posturais e antropométricos. Os atletas realizaram duas vezes um protocolo de teste físico que diferiu aleatoriamente apenas no método de recuperação ativa aplicado: pagaiar do lado habitual ou pagaiar do lado paradoxal (utilizando os grupos musculares opostos aos mais solicitados habitualmente). Os atletas completaram uma sessão de treino em ergómetro de canoa seguido pela aplicação do método de recuperação ativa respetivo e por um teste de simulação de competição de 500m para avaliar a eficácia da recuperação. Temperatura cutânea, imagem termográfica e concentração de lactato sanguíneo foram os parâmetros principais determinados durante o protocolo. Resultados: Observaram-se desequilíbrios posturais expressos pelas distâncias corporais medidas entre alturas relativas de pontos anatómicos contralaterais, sendo o hemicorpo correspondente ao lado da pagaiada (lado dominante) sempre o mais alto. Existiram também diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas massas magras segmentares e nas circunferências corporais comparadas entre membros superiores e inferiores a nível contralateral, sendo o hemicorpo dominante o maior em massa magra e circunferência. Não existiram diferenças significativas no desempenho de 500m, após a realização da sessão de treino e a recuperação ativa, em termos de tempo, potência média e concentração de lactato sanguíneo, independentemente do tipo de recuperação ativa realizada.Conclusão: A prática de canoa conduz a desequilíbrios posturais e antropométricos e, uma vez que não existiram diferenças significativas no desempenho, independentemente do método de recuperação ativa aplicado, será adequado implementar a recuperação ativa paradoxal na prática diária de treino dos atletas, realizando uma simbiose entre recuperação e compensação, a nível médico e desportivo. Introduction: Canoe paddling technique requires an asymmetric and cyclic muscular work, as athletes paddle on the right or left side of a canoe, that predispose athletes to muscle imbalance and injuries. Objectives: The first aim of the study was to analyse the postural and anthropometric profile of 10 elite sprint canoeists using the biophotogrammetry technique and performing a measurement of the anthropometric characteristics. The second aim of the study was to evaluate two different active recovery methods (usual and paradoxical paddling) using a physical test protocol in order to highlight the potential of the paradoxical method suggested to minimize the problem identified. The third aim of the study was to show the usefulness of infrared thermography in sports medicine, particularly in posture diagnosis.Methods: Ten males (22.30 ± 3.68 years old) were evaluated using a postural assessment software and a set of anthropometric measurements that quantified the postural and anthropometric imbalances. The athletes performed two times a randomized physical protocol that differed only in the active recovery method: paddling on the usual side or paddling on the paradoxical side (focusing on the opposite muscle groups than those more requested in the usual paddling). Athletes completed a training session on a canoe ergometer followed by the respective recovery method and a simulated competition trial of 500m to evaluate the effectiveness of the recovery. Skin temperature, thermal image and blood lactate concentration assessment were the main parameters collected during the protocol. Results: There was a postural imbalance expressed by the measured body distances between relative heights of contralateral anatomical points, being the hemibody corresponding to the side of the stroke (dominant side) always the highest. It was also observed significant differences in the segmental lean masses and the girths compared between the contralateral lower and upper limbs, being the dominant hemibody bigger in both lean mass and girth. There were no significant differences in the 500m performance, after performing the training session and the active recovery, in terms of time, mean power and blood lactate concentration, regardless the type of active recovery performed. Conclusion: Canoe practice leads to postural and anthropometric changes and, since there were no significant differences in the performance using the two different active recovery methods, it would be useful to implement the paradoxical active recovery as a practice of the canoeists daily training, making a symbiosis between recovery and postural compensation at sportive and medical level.

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(9791612), Luke Del Vecchio. "The effect of concurrent resistance and sprint training on health and performance in masters road cyclist." Thesis, 2017. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/The_effect_of_concurrent_resistance_and_sprint_training_on_health_and_performance_in_masters_road_cyclist/13443224.

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The well established guidelines for developing speed and power in younger athletes may not apply to masters athletes due to a number of age-related changes in muscle morphology and neural factors affecting speed and power. These age-related changes include decreased muscle mass, a decrease in type II muscle fibre size, and decreased neural activation of muscle. These age-related declines strongly suggest concurrent sprint and resistance training may be required to improve speed and power in masters athletes. However, limited research has examined the impact of concurrent sprint and resistance training on sprint performance in masters athletes. Moreover, no studies to date have investigated the potential health benefits of concurrent resistance and sprint training in masters athletes. Indeed, the majority of research into age-related declines in sprint performance in masters athletes has examined track sprint runners with no research to date having examined masters cyclists, a growing cohort in masters sport. Furthermore, few studies have examined the effect of either sprint training and/or resistance training on sprint performance and/or health in masters cyclists.

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Wilson, Andrew C. "Acute effects of complex training as a warm-up on vertical jump, standing long jump, and 20-M sprint." 2004. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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Kanaoka, Tomoki. "Foot Placement During Sprinting And Its Effect On Biomechanics Of Sprint Performance In NCAA Division-I Female Track And Field Runners." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10482.

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Chen, Chang-Yu, and 陳昶豫. "The Relationship between Body Composition, Physical Fitness and 40M Sprint of Track and Field Athletes in High School." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7rgvkj.

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碩士 國立彰化師範大學 運動學系 106 This study aimed to investigate the correlations between the sprint speed and the physical and fitness factors of male adolescent track athletes. Speed determinants was found and will be applied to improve the sprint speed of the young athletes. 218 male track athletes of high school were recruited to join this study. Each was subjected to the measurements of height, body composition, sit-and-reach, countermovement jump(CMJ), medicine ball throwing(MBT), hexagon test(HT), visual reaction time(VT) and 40-m sprint time. The data obtained were described by IBM SPSS 20.0 statistical software for descriptive statistical analysis, independent sample T-test, Pearson product correlation analysis, and stepwise regression analysis, with statistical significance set atα=.0.05. The 40-m average second of the junior high athletes was 6.34±0.337 seconds, and that of the senior high school ones was 5.968±0.242 seconds. The T-test of the independent sample found there is a distinctive difference between the high school athletes in terms of age, MBT and 40-m interval seconds. The analysis of the results showed a significant correlation exists in the 8 items of junior high athletes: CMJ, age, hexagon agility test, MBT, height, body fat, sit-and-reach and VT; meanwhile, senior high athletes' 5 related items are CMJ, age, MBT, HT and VT. The stepwise regression analysis of the junior high athletes showed that CMJ, body fat, and MBT were the determinants of the 40-m sprint performance; its explanatory variance R2 is 50.7%, 1.9% and 2.6% respectively and the cumulative explanatory variation is 55.2%. For the determinants of 0-10 meters are selected CMJ and HT, 10-20 meters CMJ, body fat rate and age, 20-30 meters the CMJ and height, and 30-40 meters CMJ, body fat rate and height. As to that of the senior high athletes, CMJ and age are selected, and its explanatory variance R2 is 41.7-54.5% and 5.1-10.4% and the cumulative explanatory variation is 46.8-63.9%. According to the revealed data, we come to a conclusion that the explosive power of the legs and age are the determinants of sprint speed regardless of the sprint distance or the selection of CMJ made by high school athletes. Although the effects of body composition, upper body explosiveness, age, and agility are relatively low, the impact must not be ignored. It is better to enhance the relevant physical fitness according to the features of different sports for achieving the maximum benefit.

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Tsai, Wen-Hsiang, and 蔡文祥. "A Correlation Study of 20-Meter Sprint and Physical and Fitness Factors in Adolescent Male Track and Field Athletes." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/uqsfah.

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碩士 國立彰化師範大學 運動學系應用運動科學碩士班 105 OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the correlations of anthropometric and fitness factors with 20 meter sprint time of young male track and field athletes. In addition, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to decide the predictors of the 20 meter sprint performance. Methods: 92 male track and field athletes (age, 16.3 ± 0.8 years; height, 172.2 ± 5.8 cm; body mass, 64.3 ± 10.9 kg; body mass index, 21.7 ± 3 kg/m2) were recruited from junior and senior high schools. Each of them was subjected to a series of measurements including stature, weight, body fat, vertical jump, flexibility, agility, core strength and 20 meter sprint. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation and stepwise multiple regression by using PASW Statistics (18.0), and the significance level α was set at 0.05. Results: The 20-meter sprint time was significantly and positively correlated with all the measured values except the height and core strength. The stepwise regression analysis selected the vertical jump, body fat, age and core strength as predictors and the explained variance R2 were 41.5%, 10.1%, 3.4% and 2.1%, respectively. The 4 predictors contributed 57.1% variance to the 20-meter sprint. Conclusion: The strongest predictor of the 20 meter sprint is vertical jump. This indicates short distance running demand high power of the lower limbs. Nonetheless, the 4 predictors combined can’t fully explain the variance of 20-meter sprint. Other factors may affect the performance of short distance running. It is suggested that the 20-meter sprint may not be alternatively substituted by other tests in assessing the fitness of young athletes.

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Gallaher, Emma Louise. "Recovering from repeat sprint activity and elite Australian football training and competition: do compression garments help?" Thesis, 2012. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/22287/.

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Elite athletes constantly search for the edge over their opponent (Applegate and Grivetti 1997). Indeed, athlete training and competition schedules have resulted in a need to fully recover rapidly from such sessions (Dawson, Gow et al. 2005; Cormack, Newton et al. 2008a; Cormack, Newton et al. 2008b; Elias, Varley et al. 2012; Elias, Wyckelsma et al. 2012; Mooney, Cormack et al. 2012). To overcome the stressors from training and competition, sports compression garments which offer low levels of compression, are commonly used to enhance recovery due to their ease of use, accessibility and affordability. Although a substantial body of research exists investigating compression garment use after a variety of exercise stimuli (Kraemer, Bush et al. 1998a; Kraemer, Bush et al. 1998b; Kraemer, Volek et al. 2000; Kraemer, Bush et al. 2001a; Kraemer, Bush et al. 2001b; Chatard, Atlaoui et al. 2004; Kraemer, French et al. 2004; Duffield and Portus 2007; Duffield, Edge et al. 2008; French, Thompson et al. 2008; Montgomery, Pyne et al. 2008a; Montgomery, Pyne et al. 2008b; Davies, Thompson et al. 2009; Duffield, Cannon et al. 2010; Jakeman, Byrne et al. 2010b; Jakeman, Byrne et al. 2010a; Kraemer, Flanagan et al. 2010; De Glanville and Hamlin 2012), their influence on perceptual, biochemical and performance recovery after actual team sport training and competition, where physical contact is a key component, is lacking. Further, the positive physiological actions of compression garments have mostly been established using a medical style garment, which typically exert a greater volume of compression, in clinical settings. Recent research has sought to determine performance, perceptual and physiological differences when wearing compression garments during exercise that offer varying levels of compression, where the level of compression (low, medium, or high) made no difference to performance or physiological measures (Ali, Creasy et al. 2011; Dascombe, Hoare et al. 2011). It remains unknown if differences in recovery, where the garment is worn exclusively post exercise, would occur between a sports (low level of compression) and medical (high level of compression) style garment in team sport scenarios. Thus this thesis investigated the influence of wearing compression garments on perceptual, biochemical and performance variables following repeat sprint exercise on consecutive days in recreationally trained individuals (Chapter 4); following elite Australian football (AF)training (Chapter 5) and competition (Chapter 6). It also included a comparison between a sports (Spo) and medical (Med) style compression garment. A magnitude based effects approach, using effect sizes and the smallest worthwhile change was used to analyse treatment effects.

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Varley, Matthew C. "Acceleration and fatigue in soccer." Thesis, 2013. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/21719/.

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This thesis investigated acceleration in soccer and the ability to improve acceleration capacity using supplementation and a training intervention both separately and in combination. Study one determined the validity and reliability of 5 and 10 Hz global positioning systems (GPS) for measuring instantaneous speed during the acceleration, deceleration and constant speed phase of straight-line running. The criterion measure used to assess GPS validity was instantaneous speed recorded using a tripod-mounted laser. Ten Hz GPS devices were 2-3 times more accurate than 5 Hz when compared to a criterion value for instantaneous speed during tasks completed at a range of speeds (coefficient of variation; 3.1 - 11.3%). Similarly, 10 Hz GPS were up to 6-fold more reliable for measuring instantaneous speed than 5 Hz units (coefficient of variation; 1.9 - 6%). Newer GPS may provide an acceptable tool for the measurement of constant speed, acceleration and deceleration during straight-line running and have sufficient sensitivity for detecting changes in performance in team sport. However, researchers must account for the inherent match-to-match variation reported using these devices.

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Tamura, Kaori. "Sprint biomechanics of female National Collegiate Athletic Association division track and field athlete." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20662.

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Ptáčníková, Hana. "Trenér sprinterů." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-396187.

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Title: Coach of sprinters Objectives: The aim of the thesis was to assess whether the opinions of the athletic sprint trainers are consistent with what the literature refers to sprint`s training in general and sprint`s training for the U17 category. Next, try to present the model characteristics of a young coach of sprinters. Methods: Eighty five athletic trainers were approached who train at least one sprinter and have at least the 3rd coaching class qualification. I received answers from 41 of them. The survey method was used to determine opinions. The survey was based on previous studied literature. Internet server vypln.to was used for data collection. Coaches were approached by email and facebook. The analyzed data were evaluated verbally, in tables and graphs. Results: All coaches agreed that two-way communication is important not only about training, but also for example about school, family ect. Eighty eight percent of coaches confirmed with the basics of training planning and 98 % of coaches agreed on the importance of training evaluation. However, 53 % of them said that they cooperate with the mentee in planning and only 51 % use special tests to determine the sprinter's training status. More than half of the trainers checked the possibility of organizing the warm-up and regeneration of...

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YANG, JUI-CHI, and 楊瑞琪. "The Effects of Six Weeks of Dietary Education on Body Composition and Athletic Performance in University Sprint Athlete." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/344k4r.

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碩士 國立臺灣體育運動大學 運動健康科學系碩士班 106 Purpose: Sprint is a traditional sport in human history, for sprinters, how to increase muscle strength and reduce body fat to reduce physical quality is a very important subject. Nutrition education for athletes through dietitian in Taiwan, main sport events to be weight divisions, as to sprints of high strength and high explosive have almost not studied. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nutrition counsel for 6 weeks through dietary education on body composition and exercise performance in 24 University sprint athletes. Subject: 24 university sprinters were recruited, randomly divided into nutrition counsel group (NCG) and control group (CG) for 6 weeks. Methods: NCG for the six-week dietary education, included diet record on content, nutrient assessment by a dietitian and diet recommendations, and the weekly nutrition class was conducted one time, CG were not , two groups exercise the same amount. All subjects were tested to underwent body composition analysis, 100 meter sprinting segment speed, maximal hamstring strength before and after investigation, then fill in the food frequency questionnaire, and three days 24 hours food record table. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 statistic software and the significant level was p <.05. Results: After 6 weeks of dietary education, there were significant better in total calorie, carbohydrate, protein and fat uptake in NCG. The effects of reducing body fat percentage and increasing muscle mass were significant better in NCG. The results of the exercise performance, in the 100 meter sprinting segment speed, 100 metre segment stride, maximal hamstring strength, were better than CG. Conclusion: This study indicates that six weeks of dietary education can improves body composition and sprinting performance in university sprint athletes.

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WU, TING-WEI, and 吳頂瑋. "Effect of Hot Spring Immersion on Meridian of Athletes." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6235z3.

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碩士 嘉南藥理大學 觀光事業管理系 104 Domestic road race sports rampant, should have been physically and mentally to get good help, but on the contrary, many people are injured or fatigued muscles after the game because of hoarding affect the future work and life, especially the most common symptoms of plantar fasciitis, so road race before and after the first warm-up, you can start with hot water foot bath, which is a physical therapy, allowing the ligament is looser. (Mr. Guo Zhon Ghe BBC News，2015/7/21) This study uses smart sports watch to understand whether the individual's physical condition during running is the best running posture. Through sports watches understand pace, heart rate, cadence, vertical amplitude and contact time, the above data as the basis for running posture adjustment. Experimental results show that athletes because there are hot springs soak deep warm up muscles staff will get the maximum flexibility, rapid and effective discharge of lactic acid metabolism, reduce muscle soreness movement, harm reduction, and thus achieve the best fast running posture. In this study, subjects are not professional runners. The results are also likely to be prevailing mood and state of health affect. Key words: Health promotion of hot spring, Music therapy, Twelve meridians, Automatic Refelx Diagnostic Komplex, GARMIN 620 Intelligent Sports Watches

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PAN, WEN-SHENG, and 潘文生. "The final time analysis of sprint at 2001 National Athletic Games in R.O.C." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77611098767664305855.

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碩士 國立臺灣師範大學 體育研究所 90 This research is to provide the domestic coaches and contestants the complete score of the largest sprint games in Taiwan. This data includes results actual with expectation that they can predict scores and improve. This research for the Republic of China Year 90 national sports games track and field events only contains the scores for Men’s and Women’s 100m sprint events, Men’s and Women’s 200m sprint events, and Men’s and Women’s 400m sprint events. The Study results were showed as follows: The score among rounds of the Men’s 100m events, the Women’s 100m events, the Men’s 200m events, the Women’s 400m events didn’t reach significant level , but the score among rounds of Men’s 400m events and Women’s 200m events reach P＜.05 significant level. And the trend analysis of Women’s 200m events reached linear trend, P＜.05.The Research also calculates establish the threshold of the score in next(semifinal) and final race. The threshold (of the rematch score) is an average score of all the contestants of preliminary contests. Entering the finals, the estimate threshold score is: Men’s 100m events is the average scores of the best 8 runners in first round, and in the semifinal; Women’s 100m events is the average scores of the best 16 runners in the semifinal; Men’s 200m events is the average scores of the best 8 runners in first round, and in the semifinal; Women’s 200m events is the average scores of the best 8 runners in first round, and in the semifinal; Men’s 400m events is the average scores of the best 16 runners in first round, and about the average scores of the best 8 runners in the semifinal; Women’s 400m events is the average scores of the best 8 runners in first round, and in the semifinal.

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Cheng, Yuk-Chuen, and 鄭毓全. "Reaction Time Analysis of the Sprint Events at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31975828616387900327.

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碩士 國立臺灣師範大學 體育學系 84 1995年世界田徑錦標賽短距離跑反應時間分析摘要研究生：鄭毓全指導教授：許樹淵日期：1996年6月根據1995年世界田徑錦標賽大會所公佈短距離跑選手的反應時間，以不同項目、不同賽次、不同性別加以整理作分類比較，得到結果如下：一、女子組100公尺跑複賽優勝選手在不同賽次反應時間之差異，達 p<0.05顯著水準。二、男子組100公尺跑預賽、次賽和400公尺跑決賽反應時間均比女子組快，達 p<0.05 顯著水準。三、同時參加二項目選手中，男子組100公尺跑預賽反應時間比200 公尺跑快；而女子組則反慢，達p<0.05顯著水準。四、男子組100公尺跑預賽和次賽平均反應時間比400公尺跑快，而女子組100 公尺跑複賽和決賽平均反應時間也比400公尺跑快，達p<0.05顯著水準。五、女子組100公尺跑次賽、男子組100公尺跑預賽和複賽、女子組 200公尺跑預賽和男子組200公尺跑決賽之反應時間與成績呈正相關，相關係數達p<0.05顯著水準。關鍵字：反應時間、賽次、世界田徑錦標賽 Reaction Time Analysis of the Sprint Events at the1995 World Championships in AthleticsAbstractYuk-Chuen ChengJune, 1996 According to the official announcement from the Committee of 1995World Championships in Athletics, the reaction times of the sprintevents'' competitors were arranged and compared with different events,rounds and sexes. The results are as follows:1. The reaction times of competitors who would be qualified through women''s 100 meters semi-final, among different rounds were different, reaching p<0.05 significant level.2. The reaction times of men''s 100 meters first round, second round and 400 meters final, were faster than the women''s, reaching p<0.05 significant level.3. For the competitors who participated in two events, the reaction times of the men''s 100 meters first round were faster than the 200 meters, but for the women''s were slower, reaching p<0.05 significant level.4. The average reaction times of men''s 100 meters first round and second round were faster than the 400 meters, the average reaction times of women''s 100 meters semi-final and final were faster than the 400 meters, both reaching p<0.05 significant level.5. The reaction times of women''s 100 meters second round, men''s 100 meters first round and semi-final, women''s 200 meters first round and men''s 200 meters final, were postively correlated with the results. The correlation coefficients reached p<0.05 significant level.Keywords: Reaction time, round, World Championships in Athletics

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Eynon, Nir. "Genes and elite athletic performance: association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with endurance and sprint phenotypes." Tese de doutoramento, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/24382.

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Eynon, Nir. "Genes and elite athletic performance: association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with endurance and sprint phenotypes." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/92087.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sprint athletes'

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