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1
Griffin, Ronald C., M. Edward Rister, Michael R. Parker, and Garry N. McCauley. "Economic Prospects for Sprinkle Irrigating Rice in Texas." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, no. 1 (July 1988): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025693.
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AbstractThe economic feasibility of investing in sprinkler irrigation technology for rice production is investigated using linear programming and capital budgeting to identify the net annual benefits and net present value, respectively. Groundwater and both flat rate and volumetrically priced surface water sources of irrigation water are analyzed. Under typical practices occurring in rice production operations in the Texas Rice Belt, sprinkler irrigation technology is not profitable at current water costs. Producers using volumetrically priced surface water have the greatest incentive to consider sprinkler irrigation, but water prices must increase by over 250 percent for the investment in a sprinkler irrigation system to become attractive. Yield reductions associated with sprinkle-irrigated rice are a significant disincentive. For equivalent flood- and sprinkle-irrigated rice yields, an increase in water prices of over 175 percent is required before the investment in a sprinkler irrigation system becomes economically feasible.
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CHERNYKH, A. G. "DETERMINATION OF THE VELOCITY AND FLOW RATE OF THE AEROSOL JET IN CIRCULAR SELF-PROPELLED SPRINKLERS." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 71, no. 2 (2024): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2024-71-2-59-69.
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Circular self-propelled sprinkler systems are highly efficient equipment for watering crops by sprinkling. Considering the diameter of irrigation, uniformity and productivity of the installation largely depend on the parameters and relative location of sprinklers on the main pipeline of the sprinkler machine, the assessment of the parameters of artificial rain for compliance with the set values for irrigation conditions requires appropriate theoretical and practical studies. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to theoretically calculate and experimentally confirm the results obtained characterizing the speed and performance of the aerosol jet at the outlet of the sprinkler in the fine sprinkling system, in relation to the main pipeline of the self-propelled sprinkler. (Materials and methods) The ballistic theory of the motion of droplets in the air in the Frene-Serre coordinate system perpendicular to the irrigation plane was used to construct a mathematical model of the motion of an aerosol jet. A set of sprinklers located on the main pipeline of a wide-scope circular sprinkler machine of the T-L Irrigation company was considered as an object of research. (Results and discussion) A mathematical model has been proposed for calculating the movement of an aerosol sprinkler jet in the air, which makes it possible to bring the volume flow rate of the sprinkler to an equivalent diameter and wetting depth in the irrigation plane. It has been shown that the data obtained make it possible to predict for a given set of sprinklers the depth of irrigation per unit of irrigated surface in the plane of the figure formed by two circles determined by the circular motion of two adjacent support trolleys of the machine. (Conclusions) It was determined that in order to bring the uniformity coefficient of circular sprinklers to a normalized value, when compiling appropriate mathematical models of the irrigation process, further adaptation of the movement of a single drop in the air to the parameters of artificial rain formed by the spray jet of the sprinkler is required.
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Kozinskaya, O. V., M. A. Denisova, V. S. Bocharnikov, O. V. Bocharnikova, N. V. Kuznetsova, T V Repenko, and M. P. Meshcheryakov. "Studying waters of the Volgo-Don canal for the purpose of irrigation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 996, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/996/1/012009.
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Abstract The data on the quality of water for irrigation and measures to improve the uniformity of distribution of artificial rain along the water pipeline of the sprinkler in order to increase the quality of irrigation are given. It has been established that the uniformity of irrigation is affected by the quality of water, in particular the presence of small particles and impurities in it, which clog the sprinklers, leading to the cessation of water supply to the irrigated area. Plants do not get enough moisture, resulting in lower yields. Studies on the uniformity of the distribution of the rain layer when irrigating with the Don-K sprinkler showed that after the installation of a water purification system in front of the water pipeline input, a more uniform distribution of rain was observed along the water-conducting belt of the farm. The content of undissolved impurities decreased by a factor of 10, and the irrigation rate increased by 15%.
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R.P. JANGIR B.L. JAT and M.S. RATHORE. "Comparative efficacy of sprinkler and surface methods of irrigation in cumin (Cuminum cyminum) under arid western Rajasthan conditions." Indian Journal of Agronomy 52, no. 1 (October 10, 2001): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v52i1.4898.
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A field study was undertaken during winter seasons of 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Mandor-Jodhpur to compare the efficacy of sprinkler method of irrigation with conventional check-basin method and to work out an appropri- ate irrigation schedule and the operating time for sprinklers. The pooled results revealed that application of five irrigations through sprinklers operated for 3 hr produced seed yield (41 1 kg/ha) on a par with that of recom- mended irrigation schedule applied through conventional irrigation method, but it saved water up to 41 per cent with higher WUE (0.260 kg seed/m3) and net returns (Rs 16,558Iha). Further increase in irrigation frequency (six irrigations) did not cause significant impact on cumin productivity and net returns.
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Feibert, Erik B. G., Clinton C. Shock, and Lamont D. Saunders. "A Comparison of Onion Production Under Sprinkler, Subsurface Drip, and Furrow Irrigation." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 839A—839. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.839a.
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Onion yield and grade were compared under sprinkler, subsurface drip, and furrow irrigation in 1992, 1993, and 1994. Furrow-irrigated onions were planted on two double rows on 1.12-m-wide beds at 352,000 seeds/ha. Sprinkler- and drip-irrigated onions were planted in nine single rows on a 2.24-m-wide bed at 432,100 seeds/acre. Drip plots had three drip lines buried 0.10 m deep in each 2.24-m bed. Soil water potential at 0.2-m depth was measured by tensiometers and granular matrix sensors (Watermark Model 200SS, Irrometer Co., Riverside, Calif.). Furrow irrigations were started when the soil water potential at the 0.2-m depth reached –25 kPa. Drip-irrigated onions had soil water potential at the 0.2-m depth kept wetter than –25 kPa by daily replacement of crop evapotranspiration (Etc). Sprinkler irrigations were started when the accumulated Etc reached 25 mm. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in significantly higher onion yield than furrow irrigation in 1993 and 1994. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in higher marketable onion yield than furrow irrigation in 1993. Drip irrigation resulted in significantly higher onion yield than furrow irrigation every year. Drip irrigation resulted in higher marketable onion yield than furrow irrigation in 1992 and 1994. Marketable onion yield was reduced in 1993 due to rot during storage.
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Oliveira, Gabriel Q. de, Adriano S. Lopes, Leandro H. Jung, Norton H. Rego, and Jean C. L. de Oliveira. "Initial development of two eucalyptus hybrid submitted to irrigation." Engenharia Agrícola 33, no. 6 (December 2013): 1099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162013000600003.
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The eucalyptus offers several advantages compared to other forestry species and, by using the irrigation can increase productivity and decrease production time. The objective of the present study was to evaluate two hybrid eucalyptus (Grancam and Urograndis), no irrigation, dripping and micro sprinkler irrigated at 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after transplanting (DAT). The experiment was conducted at the experimental irrigation area in the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the municipality of Aquidauna - State of MS, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, split plot with four blocks and two replications within each block, and the plots were composed by irrigation treatments (dripping, micro sprinkler irrigate and dry) and the subplots the hybrids (Grancam and Urograndis).The total area of the experiment had 3 hectares, where each plot consisted of 1 ha. It was evaluated plant height, stem diameter and canopy, stem basal area, the relationship between height and stem diameter, the relationship between height and canopy diameter and stem volume. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Irrigation systems and dripping sprinkle provide greater plant height, stem diameter, canopy diameter, stem basal area and stem volume.
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Ogbuchiekwe, Edmund J., and Milton E. McGiffen. "Efficacy and Economic Value of Weed Control for Drip and Sprinkler Irrigated Celery." HortScience 36, no. 7 (December 2001): 1278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.7.1278.
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Economic analyses compared the returns of weed control methods for drip and sprinkler irrigated celery (Apium graveolens L. `Sonora'). The nine treatments included an untreated control, cultivation as needed for weed control, a pre-emergent herbicide (trifluralin), and six post-emergent herbicides. The effect of each treatment on weed control, yield, crop value, cost of control, costs for additional hand-weeding, net return, and dollar investment (marginal rate of return) was determined. The treatments that reduced weed populations under drip and sprinkler irrigation also increased yield, net returns, and rate of returns. Effective weed control reduced the additional costs of hand-hoeing the weeds not killed by herbicides, resulting in greater net return. The net returns of weed control were even greater when celery was drip irrigated than when sprinklers were used. In 1998, the sprinkler irrigated field returned $1148 to $3921/ha, compared with -$5984 for the untreated control. Net returns for drip irrigation were much higher, ranging from $3904 to $9187/ha compared with -$8320 for the untreated control. Net returns were also higher in 1999, ranging from $2466 to $5389 when weeds were controlled compared with a net loss of $5710 for the untreated control in the sprinkler irrigated field. The returns on the drip-irrigated field were much higher, from $6481 to $8920 when weeds were controlled, compared with -$8046 for the untreated control. The associated returns for every dollar invested (marginal rate of return) in the non-dominated treatment (more return and lower cost) ranged from 52% to 156% for sprinkler irrigation, and 59% to 144% for drip irrigation in 1998. In 1999, the rate of return for each dollar invested ranged from 104% to 324% for sprinkler and 2.4% to 321% for drip irrigated fields.
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Prado, Giuliani, Alberto Colombo, and Antônio C. Barreto. "Water distribution model for center pivot end gun sprinklers." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 7 (July 2019): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n7p477-483.
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ABSTRACT End gun sprinklers can increase the irrigated area by center pivot irrigation systems without a substantial investment. This study was carried out at the Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG state, Brazil, and aimed to describe and validate a water distribution model for center pivot end gun sprinklers. The gun sprinkler PLONA-RL250®, attached at the end point of a center pivot, was used to evaluate the model in field tests. The sprinkler working conditions considered were nozzle diameters of 14 x 6 mm, working pressure of 292 kPa, and four asymmetric wetted angle adjustments (95 + 20º; 90 + 90º; 60 + 60º; 45 + 45º). These tests were carried out for wind speed lower than 0.9 m s-1. The measured and simulated irrigation depths showed an average absolute difference of 0.65 mm and determination coefficients from 71.55 to 89.37%. Based on the confidence coefficient (c = 0.82) the model can be classified as very good (0.76 ≤ c ≤ 0.85). Sprinkler wetted angle adjustment of 110º (95 + 20º) resulted in uniform water distribution and, for effective radius of throw between 70 to 90% of the gun sprinkler´s radius of throw, this working condition resulted in Christiansen’s uniformity greater than 80%.
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Souza, Elves Almeida, Eugênio Ferreira Coelho, Marcelo Rocha Santos, and Diego Magalhães Melo. "Agronomic performance of ‘BRS Princesa’ banana under fertigation and mulching." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 979–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3p979.
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Banana is one of the most produced fruit crops in Brazil and has great economic, social and nutritional importance. Factors such as water availability and well-managed fertilization are fundamental to achieving profitable yields. The aim of this study was to examine the agronomic performance and water use efficiency of ‘BRS Princesa’ banana under combinations of irrigation systems, fertilization methods and mulching, during three production cycles. The experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with four replicates. Treatments consisted of a combination of the localized irrigation system, fertilization strategy and mulching, as follows: Drip irrigation with manual fertilization; Micro-sprinkler irrigation with manual fertilization; Drip fertigation with mulch; Drip fertigation without mulch; Micro-sprinkler fertigation with mulch; and Micro-sprinkler fertigation without mulch. The plants were irrigated every three days, using three 4-L h-1 drippers per plant or a 64-L h-1 micro-sprinkler for every four plants. The following variables were analyzed: number of leaves, plant height, pseudostem circumference, number of hands, hand yield, water and nutrient (nitrogen and potassium) use efficiency and earliness. The micro-sprinkler system provided a greater pseudostem circumference without the presence of mulch. Plants under micro-sprinkler fertigation with mulching grew taller. The banana yield was higher when fertigation was used than with manual fertilization, regardless of the irrigation system. Plants grown in mulched soil were more productive than those grown in bare soil. The use of mulch increased water, nitrogen and potassium use efficiency when compared with cultivation in bare soil. Drip-irrigated plants showed earlier production than those irrigated with micro-sprinklers.
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Evett, Steven R., Gary W. Marek, Paul D. Colaizzi, David Brauer, and Terry A. Howell. "Are Crop Coefficients for SDI Different from Those for Sprinkler Irrigation Application?" Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13920.
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HighlightsCrop coefficients for SDI scheduling for grain corn should be reduced by ~10% from those used for sprinkler irrigation.FAO 56 methods to calculate crop coefficients for surface drip irrigation under full-cover plastic mulch were applicable to SDI.A recent drought-resistant corn hybrid appeared to begin rapid leaf area development about 10 days earlier than older hybrids.A recent drought-resistant corn hybrid appeared to finish earlier than older hybrids by about 15 days.Abstract. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) has become an important irrigation application method in the U.S. Southern High Plains where pan evaporation exceeds 2,400 mm per year. Early research comparing SDI with spray sprinklers showed that SDI was over-applied when scheduling irrigations using crop coefficients developed using sprinkler irrigation. Thus, crop coefficients developed using SDI may be smaller than those developed using sprinkler irrigation. Grain corn was grown for two years on large, precision weighing lysimeters at Bushland, Texas, with two lysimeters irrigated by SDI and two by mid-elevation spray (MESA) irrigation. Data used in this study were for fields irrigated to replenish soil water in the top 1.5 m of the soil to field capacity, as indicated by weekly neutron probe readings (100% replenishment). Crop coefficients developed for SDI (Kc_SDI) were compared with those developed for MESA (Kc_MESA) using ASCE standardized reference ET equations. The value of Kc_SDI ranged from 0.83 to 0.89 of Kc_MESA for the two years. Values of Kc_SDI remained consistently less than Kc_MESA even after maximum leaf area index was reached, indicating that considerable evaporative loss from the soil surface occurred with MESA irrigation even after full canopy cover. When we shortened the initial period after planting from 30 to 20 d and followed FAO 56 recommendations for surface drip irrigation under full-cover plastic mulch, we calculated basal Kc (Kcb) values (ETo basis) that were reasonably close to our Kc values for SDI for the crop development and early mid-season periods but were greater than our data for the later mid-season and late season periods. Keywords: Crop coefficient, FAO56, MESA, SDI, Sprinkler irrigation, Subsurface drip irrigation.
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Karpenko, Serhii, Yurii Lebedenko, Hanna Rudakova, and Antonina Rudakova. "Modeling of the scheme of location of active raining equipment of the closed irrigation system." System technologies 2, no. 133 (March 1, 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1562-9945-2-133-2021-10.
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The purpose of the study is to develop a procedure for determining the parameters of the layout of active sprinkler equipment in closed irrigation systems. This paper presents the importance of transforming agricultural production into a highly developed sector of the economy which is impossible without reducing its dependence on adverse climatic conditions. The introduction of modern computer-integrated technologies, including precision farming, due to the need for economic use of visible and energy resources, is considered. Closed irrigation systems with the use of reclamation equipment such as universal sprinklers have become widespread. The existing fleet of efficient sprinklers will consist of 64% of frigate sprinklers. The article considers a complex of sprinklers, which will consist of eight irrigation fields, the total number of sprinklers in the system is eight. The article discusses in detail the principle of operation of the presented closed irrigation system, namely the system of water supply pipelines to sprinklers, and equipment that controls the operation of this system, such as booster pumps, hydrants, transformers, valves, communication lines. The article considers the process of calculating the total number of options for connecting sprinklers. In the considered system 4 sprinkler installations which are connected and disconnected in pairs can be in work at the same time. Consider problems that arise in the system due to pressure jumps in the hydraulic system. Schematically, the options for placing active sprinkler equipment are presented. The possibility of specifying the structure of the connection scheme of active sprinkler equipment using a matrix is considered. The procedure of definition of parameters of the scheme of placement of the active sprinkler equipment is offered. Timely switching of modes of operation of the pumping equipment of ZSS, is possible in the presence of correctly working control system, the confirmed efficiency. The work must be based on the results of computer simulations.
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S.M., Shahmaliyeva. "Requirements for agricultural production and environmental management in the conditions of the Republic of Azerbaijan." Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 2 (2016): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2016-02-005.
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The article was justified the development and introduction of irrigated agriculture watersaving technologies aimed at improving the efficiency of irrigation water use. With the advent of irrigated land in the village Gilyazi of modern sprinkler technologies, there was a need for its adaptation soil and climatic conditions of the region, which was the basis for carrying out research work on the sciencebased technologies with modern irrigation sprinkler Valley machines and circular front steps. Found that machines with circular Valley, there are two modifikacija: towed and nabukera (stationary) system of Valley. The number of support trucks: abuccima – up to 24 towed up to 9. Machine length, m: abuccima – to 857, towed up to 457. Water consumption 6...220 l/s (conditional limitation). The pressure at the hydrant...to 0.13 MPa 1.0 (although 1.0 MPa is very high pressure and normal pressure is in the range of 0.4...0.5 MPa). The average intensity of precipitation: 60...100 mm/h or 1...of 1.67 mm/min (sometimes more or less. depends on average rate of irrigation and type of sprinklers). Was done scientific justification on the selection of sprinklers Valley for irrigation of agricultural crops in the Khizi district of Azerbaijan Republic. Described terms of conducting research. The main limitations on the conditions of use of machines such as Valley.
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Zadorozhniy, R. N., and I. V. Romanov. "Enhancing Irrigation Efficiency Through the Selection of Sprinkler Machine Design." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 17, no. 4 (December 19, 2023): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2023-17-4-82-86.
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The expansion of agricultural production implies an accelerated pace of development of water supply systems in agricultural areas. Water is consumed during animal breeding, primary processing of raw materials, preparation of liquid fertilizers, for household and other needs. Large volumes of water are spent on preparing liquid fertilizers when growing crops and irrigating fields. To increase moisture reserves in the root layer of the soil and increase land fertility, it is necessary to carry out irrigation measures. Sprinkling is one of the most common methods of irrigation. Taking into account the characteristics of the terrain, the type of agricultural products grown, as well as the security of a particular farm, you should choose certain sprinkler machines that will ensure high irrigation efficiency. Sprinklers can be classified according to their principle of operation, type and type, as well as according to the transformation of water flow. (Research purpose) Improving irrigation efficiency by selecting the optimal parameters of sprinklers based on local conditions. (Materials and methods) The object of the study was sprinkling machines, their performance and technical characteristics, as well as the features of the relief. The following research methods were used: analysis of literary sources; logical analysis of existing experimental data on irrigation processes; evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of specific machines and equipment; statistical data processing. (Results and discussion) The paper describes the design and operation of various sprinklers, provides irrigation schemes and calculations of its intensity. Shortcomings of specific irrigation schemes and types of sprinklers were identified, and ways to eliminate them were proposed. (Conclusions) The choice of irrigation scheme depends on the area of the site and its topography. Depending on the budget of the farm, you can choose the most optimal type of sprinkler.
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Jobbágy, Ján, Matúš Bulla, and Tatiana Bullová. "Application and Efficiency of Micro Sprinkler Irrigation." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2023-0002.
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Abstract In the presented paper, we evaluated the quality of work and the economics of use of irrigation system consisting of micro-sprinklers. The experiment took place on the football field in countryside of southwest Slovakia. The original irrigation system was replaced with a modern one, using a control unit, rainfall sensor, in-ground distribution pipes and micro-sprinklers. The irrigation system consisted of components forming the main and detailed irrigation equipment for irrigating an area of 4,272 m2. The water source was a drilled well with a depth of 80 m. Detailed irrigation equipment consisted of sector micro sprinklers of two types. We monitored 13 rotary micro-sprinklers on the given playground in total. During the measurements, we proceeded according to the international standard ISO 7749-2, while the rain measuring containers were distributed into eight beams. The value of the quality of the work of individual sprinklers, expressed by the coefficient of uniformity of spraying, reached a maximum of 78.18%, but with total coverage it was higher than 90%. Anova statistical analysis did not show a significant dependence of the quality of work on the type of micro-sprinkler (for micro-sprinklers A1, A2 A3: F = 2.95, P >0.05; for micro-sprinklers B, C: F = 0.35, P >0.05). From the viewpoint of evaluating the economic return, the investment proved to return within the period of 4.2 years.
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O’Shaughnessy, Susan A., Steven R. Evett, Paul D. Colaizzi, Manuel A. Andrade, Thomas H. Marek, Derek M. Heeren, Freddie R. Lamm, and Jacob L. LaRue. "Identifying Advantages and Disadvantages of Variable Rate Irrigation: An Updated Review." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 6 (2019): 837–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13128.
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Abstract. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) sprinklers on mechanical move irrigation systems (center pivot or lateral move) have been commercially available since 2004. Although the number of VRI, zone or individual sprinkler, systems adopted to date is lower than expected there is a continued interest to harness this technology, especially when climate variability, regulatory nutrient management, water conservation policies, and declining water for agriculture compound the challenges involved for irrigated crop production. This article reviews the potential advantages and potential disadvantages of VRI technology for moving sprinklers, provides updated examples on such aspects, suggests a protocol for designing and implementing VRI technology and reports on the recent advancements. The advantages of VRI technology are demonstrated in the areas of agronomic improvement, greater economic returns, environmental protection and risk management, while the main drawbacks to VRI technology include the complexity to successfully implement the technology and the lack of evidence that it assures better performance in net profit or water savings. Although advances have been made in VRI technologies, its penetration into the market will continue to depend on tangible and perceived benefits by producers. Keywords: Center pivots, Crop water use efficiency, Irrigation, Management zones, Moving sprinkler irrigation systems, Precision irrigation, Sensor based systems.
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VanDerwerken, Joseph E., and Darlene Wilcox-Lee. "Influence of Plastic Mulch and Type and Frequency of Irrigation on Growth and Yield of Bell Pepper." HortScience 23, no. 6 (December 1988): 985–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.6.985.
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Abstract A field study was designed to evaluate the effects of various irrigation methods, raised beds, and plastic mulch on yield and fruit quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of soil matric potential and monitored by Hg manometer tensiometers and soil moisture blocks. Trickle-irrigated plots were watered at soil matric potentials of −0.025 and −0.075 MPa, and sprinkled plots at −0.075 MPa. The combination of black polyethylene mulch and irrigation produced maximum yields, but frequency of irrigation had little effect on yield when peppers were mulched. High frequency trickle irrigation (irrigated 15×) and trickle irrigation of a lesser frequency (irrigated 5×) resulted in similar yields when peppers were mulched. The use of mulch without irrigation had a large effect on yield: yields from plots that were mulched but not irrigated were similar to yields from plots that were sprinkler-irrigated but not mulched. The percentage of marketable fruit was substantially reduced in the absence of irrigation or mulch, because of the high incidence of both solar injury and blossom-end rot.
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Zhuravleva, L. A., and N. V. Tkhuan. "Reduced rutting of wide-grip sprinklers." Izvestia MGTU MAMI 1, no. 4 (2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/2074-0530-2020-46-4-38-45.
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During the process of irrigation, when moving sprinklers across the field, the wheels of the run-ning supports create a track. As the number of passes increases, so does the depth of the track. At the end of the irrigation season, it can reach 0.3-0.45 m, lead to slipping wheels and excessive wa-tering. The intensity of the process of rutting and reducing the coupling properties of the running systems of sprinkler machines is further increased in the presence of free, not absorbed water, caus-ing the formation of runoff on the track. The greatest depth of the track by the end of the season in the last undercarriages occurs due to the increase in the intensity of irrigation and the diameter of the drops of sprinklers located at the end of the pipeline. The choice of running systems should be made taking into account the characteristics of irrigated surfaces, rational ratios of span lengths, di-ameters of pipelines and sprinkler arrangement schemes. The aim of the study is to consider the im-pact of the irrigation process on the bearing properties of the soil and the formation of a track. The article presents theoretical dependences for determining the depth and width of the track for two-wheeled and three-wheeled undercarriages of wide-grip sprinkler machines. Field studies were con-ducted on “Kuban-LK1M” (Cascade) and “CASCADE” sprinkler machines. The article presents the dependence of the track depth on the number of the undercarriages with a soil bearing capacity of 110-125 kPa. The research made it possible to determine the approximate zones of application of wheel systems, depending on the bearing capacity of the soil. Analysis of the data shows that it is advisable to equip sprinklers with narrow pneumatic wheels on soils of increased strength. On soils with low bearing capacity and significant irrigation rates from 600 m3 / ha - wide-profile pneumatic tires 18-24; 23-26, 21.3-24 for “Kuban-LK1”, “Kuban-LK1M” (KASKAD), KASKAD with a pro-file width of 0.30-0.54 m, including the installation of wider tires at the end part of the machines. In addition, in conditions of low soil strength, it is possible to use tires on sprinklers with smaller profile widths than the recommended ones, but for reduced span lengths or a reduced diameter of the water pipeline.
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Chen, Rui, Hong Li, Jian Wang, and Chao Chen. "Effects of Plate Structure and Nozzle Diameter on Hydraulic Performance of Fixed Spray Plate Sprinklers at Low Working Pressures." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 1 (2021): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13958.
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HighlightsThe hydraulic performance of fixed spray plate sprinklers (FSPS) was evaluated at low working pressures.The effects of geometric structure on the hydraulic performance of FSPS were studied.A model was developed for estimating the application depth and uniformity of FSPS under a linear-move system.The recommended values of the most effective sprinkler combination spacing for FSPS are given.Abstract. Reducing the working pressure of sprinklers can effectively reduce the energy consumption of sprinkler irrigation systems. Fixed spray plate sprinklers (FSPS) have a simple structure, and their working pressure has potential to be reduced to 40 kPa. To evaluate the hydraulic performance of FSPS at low pressure, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of working pressure, plate structure, and nozzle diameter on sprinkler flow rate, wetted radius, and water application distribution. Two plates (FSPSB and FSPSY) and five nozzles were used in the tests. The cumulative water application depth and irrigation uniformity coefficient were calculated under a linear-move system. The results show that sprinklers with larger nozzle diameters and higher working pressures produce greater coefficients of discharge. The wetted radius gradually increases with the increase in working pressure and nozzle diameter. Two empirical equations for estimating the wetted radius of the two plates are proposed. The FSPSB has a concave trajectory structure that produces a longer wetted radius than the FSPSY, which has a flat trajectory structure. Along the wetted radius, the water application rate increases and then decreases, with a peak value at a certain distance. For the FSPSB, the peak rate of water application decreases with increasing working pressure. However, the FSPSY shows the opposite trend, with the maximum peak value occurring at the highest working pressure of 250 kPa. The water distribution for a single FSPSB sprinkler is discrete due to the greater water dispersal caused by the deeper grooves in the plate. In contrast, a single FSPSY sprinkler provides a more uniform water distribution. The irrigation uniformity of the FSPSY is higher than that of the FSPSB. The recommended values for the most effective sprinkler combination spacings for FSPSB and FSPSY are given in this article. The results may be useful for selecting appropriate sprinklers in hydraulic design procedures. Keywords: Cumulative spray water depth, Irrigation uniformity, Sprinkler irrigation, Water distribution, Working condition.
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Watson, D. J., and G. Drysdale. "Irrigation practices on north-east Victorian dairy farms: a survey." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 12 (2005): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03231.
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The north-east region of Victoria is an important water-harvesting catchment for gravity-fed irrigators downstream of Lake Mulwala. Dairy farmers are significant users of irrigation water in north-east Victoria but little was known about their irrigation practices and attitudes. A survey undertaken in 2000 collected data on irrigation practices and attitudes from 92% of the irrigating dairy farmers in the region. It found diversity in many aspects of irrigation amongst the region’s irrigated dairy farms, ranging from the proportion of the farm irrigated to the irrigation system used, and identified areas where improvements to irrigation practices could be made. More than 8 different irrigation systems were used in the region, and flood irrigation was the most commonly used. However, a large proportion (37%) of flood irrigators were contemplating changing to spray irrigation, mostly to long lateral hand move sprinkler irrigation, in an effort to improve water use efficiency. More than 50% of respondents did not meter irrigation water use, and 83% pumped water directly from rivers or creeks, with dams and dragline holes the next most common sources. Irrigation scheduling (when to start irrigating and the frequency of irrigation thereafter) and the amount of water to apply were generally based on knowledge and experience rather than on soil moisture monitoring equipment or use of evaporation rates. Most survey respondents recognised that their irrigation practices could improve and said that they would be interested in information to help them make more informed decisions about irrigation practices.
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Million, Jeff B., and Thomas H. Yeager. "Capture of Sprinkler Irrigation Water by Container-grown Ornamental Plants." HortScience 50, no. 3 (March 2015): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.3.442.
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The capacity for container-grown plants to capture sprinkler irrigation water plays a critical role in adjusting irrigation rates to deliver required amounts of water to the container substrate. The capture factor (CF) used to describe this capacity was defined as the amount of water captured with a plant relative to the amount captured without a plant. A wind-sheltered, irrigation test area was established to measure CF as affected by plant species, plant size, container size, container spacing, and sprinkler type. CF values for 11 marketable-sized, commonly grown plant species ranged from 1 to 4 with highest values exhibited by plant species with an upright, spreading growth habit. CF values increased as plant size increased. Close container spacings (less than one container diameter between adjacent containers) reduced CF when the allotted area outside the container limited the potential amount of water that could be captured. Compared with impact sprinklers, wobbler sprinklers increased irrigation capture 7% for Ligustrum japonicum grown in 27-cm-diameter containers but not in 16-cm-diameter containers. Results showed that CF is a dynamic parameter that depends on canopy size, container size, container spacing, and sprinkler type. A working knowledge of CF is crucial for determining irrigation requirements to maximize sprinkler irrigation efficiency in container nurseries.
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Zhao, Yuxia, Junping Liu, Xingbin Wen, and Yanyan Zhao. "Research on pressure-regulating device based on different combination layouts, slopes and sprinkler interval distances." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2707, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2707/1/012094.
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Abstract To improve the water application uniformity for sprinkler irrigation on sloping land, a new type of pressure-regulating device was designed. The pressure regulation device was installed between the pipe and the inlet of the sprinkler to regulate the pressure gradient. In this study, PIPENET software was used to simulate the installation of pressure regulation device on the corresponding PY10 sprinklers and analyze the working modes of each sprinkler in the irrigation system. The simulation considered factors such as sprinkler combination layout, ground slope and sprinkler interval distance, with average application rate and uniformity coefficient as evaluation criteria. The results showed that the installation of pressure regulation device reduced the pressure difference between each sprinkler. Under these conditions, irrigation uniformity was improved. The research results indicate that integrating different sprinkler layouts, ground slopes and sprinkler interval distances significantly improved the effectiveness of pressure-regulating device installation in hilly areas. This study provided a reference for addressing poor irrigation uniformity in sloping land in hilly areas.
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Lu, Yongzong, Yongguang Hu, Chen Zhao, and Richard L. Snyder. "Modification of Water Application Rates and Intermittent Control for Sprinkler Frost Protection." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 4 (2018): 1277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12596.
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Abstract. To validate the feasibility of an automated frost protection sprinkler system, a sprinkler irrigation system with an optimal water application rate was designed, constructed, and tested in a tea field. A modified calculation model of the water application rate was provided by simulation with different values of airflow velocity, air temperature, air humidity, and spray water temperature. An intermittent control strategy was provided using a modified model that included the start and stop time of the system and adjustment of the water application rate. Tea field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of frost protection based on this control strategy during frost night events. The results showed that a variable water application rate was better suited for frost protection, and the modified intermittent control automatically regulated the water application rate. In early spring and winter heavy frost nights, the canopy temperature (Tc) of the irrigated area remained above -1.2°C and 0°C, respectively, which is higher than the critical damage temperature for tea plants. The Tc of the irrigated area was approximately 2.8°C higher than that of a non-irrigated area. Moreover, the irrigated area with the modified model had a slower temperature rise after sunrise compared with the non-irrigated area, which was beneficial for frost protection. This sprinkler control strategy is an effective frost protection method that could be applied for in tea fields in the Yangtze River region. The calculation and simulation procedure of the water application rate would be applied for constructing sprinklers for different micrometeorological environments. Keywords: Frost protection, Intermittent control, Spraying water temperature, Sprinkler irrigation system, Tea, Water application rate.
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RAVINDER RAJU AMBATI, GAUTAM MAJUMDAR, and A.R. REDDY. "Validation of farm pond size for irrigation during drought." Indian Journal of Agronomy 56, no. 4 (October 10, 2001): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v56i4.4701.
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Field trials were conducted to validate farm pond sizes for supplemental irrigations during 2004-2011 at the Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur (21 09 N, 79 09' E.). Ten farm ponds 200 to 15,120 m3 size re- sulted in a runoff storage of about 60, 75 and 28, 36, 58% (2007, 2010 and 2008, 2009, 2011) in normal and drought years at the end of August month. During actual drought the water availability was 0 and 18% only of the capacity designed in 2011 and 2008 July seedling droughts. Special recharging techniques like opening borewells/percolation tanks etc in under ground storages and using it with sprinkler irrigation during seedling droughts is the only option. Two supplemental irrigations at flowering stage along with application of deficient mi- cronutrients on shallow and medium soils to Bt hybrid cotton ( G. hirsutum L.) resulted in increased seed cotton yield by 50% and 44%, which was verified during 2008 and 2009 seasons in Yeotmal district. The minimum eco- nomical catchment was found to be 21 ha or 0.7 ha m pond size, with which 25% and 50% area could be irri- gated by conventional and alternate furrow/sprinkler irrigation respectively, with a payback period (PBP) of 2 years in Bt hybrid cotton. Rotational soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) could be irrigated to the extent of 16 and 33% catchment area with improved water use efficiency (WUE) from 250 to 500 kg/ha-cm for 1.5 and 3.5 years of pay back period (PBP) under conventional and sprinkler irrigation, respectively, during drought conditions. The same sprinkler and drip irrigation systems could also be used to irrigate subsequent wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] crop with a gravitational well, covering 14 and 57% of catchment area with WUE of 180 kg/ ha-cm with a PBP of 11 and 21 years.
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Ali, E. H., Y. T. Baker, and B. F. Al-Douri. "EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION SYSTEM ON WHEAT PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY USING A STOCHASTIC FRONTIER ANALYSIS." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i2.1542.
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This study was aimed to director wheat production's technical efficiency grown under two irrigation systems(fixed and pivot sprinkler irrigation systems)using random border analysis.Samples were collected randomly from267farmers from Salah Al-Din Governorate/Iraq.The samples were divided into two groups;187farmers used a pivot sprinkler irrigation system with three categories of possession(80,60and120dunums),while the other group used a fixed sprinkler irrigation system with four categories of possession(40,30,20and10dunums).Transcendent production function was used to study the effect of production factors on wheat yield. The results indicated that the mechanization work and the amount of added irrigation water increased by 1% while the wheat yield increased by0.08and0.15%,respectively.The pivot sprinkler irrigation system's technical efficiency averaged0.86,while the fixed sprinkler irrigation system's efficiency was0.84.The technical efficiency and experience increased with the farmers' experience with supplementary irrigation, the cultivated area and age. On the other hand, technical efficiency and experience decreased with the family's size and wheat cultivating experience. Furthermore, farmers who owned mechanization were more efficient than the lessors. The sprinklers' highest productivity was in the pivot sprinkler irrigation system at120dunums and was 108,930 kg. The highest productivity per water unit was0.86in the fixed sprinkler irrigation system of10 and 40 dunums. The efficiency of water use was 86% when the cultivated area was120dunums with the pivot sprinkler irrigation system and87% at40 dunums with the fixed sprinkler irrigation system.
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García Bandala, Martín, Cruz Octavio Robles Rovelo, Carlos Bautista-Capetillo, Julián González-Trinidad, Hugo Enrique Júnez-Ferreira, Miguel Servín Palestina, Hugo Pineda Martínez, Heriberto Morales de Avila, and Maria Ines Rivas Recendez. "Analysis of Irrigation Performance of a Solid-Set Sprinkler Irrigation System at Different Experimental Conditions." Water 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 2641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172641.
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The complexity of assessing the irrigation performance of a solid-set sprinkler irrigation system implies analyzing factors of the sprinkler features, the spacing among sprinklers, the evaluation heights, the meteorological variables and the crop. In this research, a number of solid-set experiments with impact sprinklers were evaluated with different operating conditions and a number of models of irrigation uniformity (CUC) and losses due to drift and wind (WDEL) were assessed at different catch-can heights. Statistical analysis and predictive models were performed for each variable analyzed. The results showed that ND 5035 and SEN 4023 impact sprinklers that presented the lowest variability in water distributions patterns based on the standard deviations of the irrigation depth collected in the catch can (0.85 mm/h). These sprinklers had demonstrated the best CUC values (mean of 86%) with low WDEL averages (lower than 9%). Regarding the CUC analysis, there was a statistically significant difference in measuring the irrigation uniformity from 1 to 2 m catch-can height based on the analysis of 396 solid-set experiments of different research works. Future research could be focused on more experimental conditions analyzing the effects of the irrigation on the crop agronomic development and its yield.
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Noerhayati, Eko, Anita Rahmawati, and Satriyo Yoga Wahyudi. "WATER SPREAD TEST ON IOT (Internet of Things) BASED AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM." Journal Innovation of Civil Engineering (JICE) 1, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/jice.v1i1.9057.
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This research is intended to determine the performance of the tools in the sprinkler irrigation system using controls (android). This activity was carried out in an experimental garden in the laboratory Enviro-Hydro of the Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Islamic Malang, covering an area of 80 m². There are two variables used as a reference for sprinkler performance, namely automatic and manual with each valve opening 45°-90°, on 4 sprinklers installed on the land with a distance of 1 m each other. Water flows from 2 tadons that are placed parallel. The method used to analyze the data using the T test which compares the observation results of water distribution from automatic and manual sprinkler openings. The results of measuring the distribution of automatic and manual sprinkler water show that the results are not much different, only a difference of 1% so that the performance of both automatic and manual sprinklers has not different results.
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Zhuravleva, Larisa, and Kristina Semenova. "Justification of technological solutions for irrigation with electrified circular sprinkler machines." E3S Web of Conferences 390 (2023): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339001014.
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Improving the quality of irrigation can be achieved by changing the irrigation rate in accordance with the level of moisture reserves of the field areas at the time of watering, eliminating over-watering and water erosion of soils. The purpose of the presented research was to improve the technological process of irrigation with wide-reach circular sprinkler machines, which ensures the reduction of unproductive water losses, improving the quality of irrigation. The article discusses theoretical studies of irrigation technology with circular sprinkler machines, optimized irrigation modes. Based on the conducted experimental studies, a comparative assessment of the work of sprinklers according to the standard and proposed technology, taking into account the adjustment of irrigation norms, is presented. Comparison of standard and proposed irrigation technologies with sprinkler machines showed that irrigation using the proposed technology allows saving irrigation water up to 10%.
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Nsengimana, Augustin, Jean de Dieu Bazimenyera, Rose Niyonkuru, Jean Nepo Nsengiyumva, and Antoine Karangwa. "Crop Evapotranspiration, Irrigation Water Requirement and Irrigation Scheduling of Soybeans under Sprinkler Irrigation system at Nasho Sector, Rwanda." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 38, no. 1 (April 24, 2023): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v38.1.2819.
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The study aimed to estimate the Crop Water Requirement of Soybean plant under sprinkler irrigation system at Nasho Sector, Rwanda. Experimentally, the study covered the total area of 30mx60m to give 1800m2. It means that each plot contained 10m width versus 60m height with one installed movable sprinkler. While for water collection from nozzles, catch cans were used to collect the discharge rate. After pumping water to sprinklers, the research should pass 15min and record the discharge rate in each experimental plot for 3 catch cans in each sub plots to make 3plots*3 catch cans* 3sub plots and give 27 water samples for whole experimental site. The Cropwat 8 computer packages was used to compute Reference evapotranspiration, Crop water Requirement and irrigation scheduling in sprinkler irrigation installed for soybeans production. The study findings showed that the mean ETo of soybean was found to be 4.79 mm/day. For crop water requirement, it was found that the total of rain fall was 785.2mm while the effective rain fall was found to be 678.8mm for the period of twelve months. For irrigation scheduling, It was found that the total Crop evapotranspiration of soybean was 678.4mm/dec while effective rainfall need per soybean production was found to be 134.9 mm/dec and the Irrigation water requirement per soybean under sprinkler irrigation system was found to be 547mm/dec. It is concluded that that the total amount of water stored in soybean root zone is less than the total needed water and soy beans can suffer from water deficit. For crop water requirement, it was also found that the total of rain fall was higher than effective rain fall stored in root zone for the period of twelve months and these implies higher Crop water need and as results Maximum potential yield for most irrigated soybeans crops in the study area has increased substantially during the irrigated area with sprinkler system. In addition, there is an economic gains in soybean productivity that are attributed to improved plant management, modern irrigation practices associated to better agronomic management practices than those used in the past. It is also recommended that different riser heights may also be studied to observe their effect on the measures of sprinkler irrigation system performance, to cater for the cultivation of other crops.
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Lytov, Mikhail N. "Hydraulic studies of the irrigation module of combined irrigation systems." Land Reclamation and Hydraulic Engineering 14, no. 2 (2024): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31774/2712-9357-2024-14-2-74-93.
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Purpose: to state hydraulic characteristics and determine priority directions for improving the irrigation module design for combined drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation. Materials and methods. The study is based on the joint use of theoretical methods – a well-known mathematical model for calculating the hydraulic characteristics of the irrigation module and experiment, which allows assessing the problem state and scale solutions in any necessary proportions. Results. According to calculations, the uniformity of watering is maintained at an acceptable level at a lower head level in the range of 1.56–1.68 atm when installing six microsprinklers on a drip line. When installing eight sprinklers, the water head along the length of the drip pipeline decreased to an unacceptable 1.39–1.40 atm. Experimental studies have shown that there is only an option with two sprinklers installed on the pipeline above the level of 1.5 atm. Already with the installation of four sprinklers, the water head along the length of the pipeline decreased to 1.45–1.47 atm. At the same time, the variation in the actual microsprinkler performance reached 16 % or more. The discrepancy between experimental and model data is explained by the fact that the calculation model does not fully take into account local resistances that arise when connecting sprinklers. Conclusions. Two main reasons of the increased uneven distribution of irrigation water over the irrigated area have been identified. The first reason is a significant increase in water flow in the irrigation pipeline when emitters and sprinklers work together. The solution to this problem is to develop structures that make it possible to separate the water flow through emitters and through sprinklers in time. The second reason is an increase in local resistance in the water diversion units to the sprinklers. The solution to this problem is to develop special water diversion structures that would be characterized by minimal local resistance.
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Menezes, Paulo L. de, Carlos A. V. de Azevedo, Eduardo Eyng, José Dantas Neto, and Vera L. A. de Lima. "Artificial neural network model for simulation of water distribution in sprinkle irrigation." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, no. 9 (September 2015): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n9p817-822.
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ABSTRACTDetermining uniformity coefficients of sprinkle irrigation systems, in general, depends on field trials, which require time and financial resources. One alternative to reduce time and expense is the use of simulations. The objective of this study was to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate sprinkler precipitation, using the values of operating pressure, wind speed, wind direction and sprinkler nozzle diameter as the input parameters. Field trials were performed with one sprinkler operating in a grid of 16 x 16, collectors with spacing of 1.5 m and different combinations of nozzles, pressures, and wind conditions. The ANN model showed good results in the simulation of precipitation, with Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs) ranging from 0.92 to 0.97 and Willmott agreement index (d) from 0.950 to 0.991, between the observed and simulated values for ten analysed trials. The ANN model shows promise in the simulation of precipitation in sprinkle irrigation systems.
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Karam, Nabila S., and Alexander X. Niemiera. "106 INTERMITTENT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION AFFECTS PLANT GROWTH AND N LEACHING." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 443d—443. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.443d.
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The influence of intermittent and continuous irrigation on the growth, substrate nutrient accumulation and leaching from container-grown marigolds was determined. During a three week period. Tagetes erecta L. `Apollo' in a pine bark substrate received 12 irrigations. Each irrigation allotment was applied intermittently (multiple applications) or continuously (single application). Irrigation occurred when bark reached a targeted water content; irrigation water contained a complete nutrient solution. Leachates were cumulatively collected for each container and analyzed for N; plant dry weight. size, and nutrient composition were determined. Compared to continuously irrigated plants, intermittently irrigated plants had 43% greater root dry weight, 0.7% greater N concentration, and 43% more N leached from the substrate. Shoot mass. size. K, and P concentrations, substrate (pour-through extraction) and leachate N concentration were unaffected by irrigation method. Results demonstrated that. compared to conventional irrigation practices, intermittent irrigation was an effective method to reduce fertilizer effluent and increase N absorption for container-grown plants.
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Yasser Elborolosy, Yara, Harsho Sanyal, and Joseph Cataldo. "Irrigation and Thermal Buffering Using Mathematical Modeling." Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 27, 2024): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jees.v6i1.5959.
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Two methods of irrigation, drip, and sprinkler were studied to determine the response of the Javits green roof to irrigation. The control study was dry unirrigated plots. Drip irrigation consisted of irrigation tubes running through the green roof that would water the soil throughout and sprinkler irrigation used a sprinkler system to irrigate the green roof from above. In all cases, the irrigated roofs had increased the soil moisture, reduced temperatures of both the upper and lower surfaces, reduced growing medium temperatures and reduced air temperatures above the green roof relative to the unirrigated roof. The buffered temperature fluctuations were also studied via air conditioner energy consumption. There was a 28% reduction in air conditioner energy consumption and a 33% reduction in overall energy consumption between dry and irrigated plots. Values of thermal resistance or S were determined for accuracy and for this study, there was little change which is ideal. A series of infra-red and thermal probe measurements were used to determine temperatures in the air and sedum. It was determined that the sprinkler irrigation did a better job than the drip irrigation in keeping cooler temperatures within the green roof. A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to verify the variation in moisture temperatures buffering energy consumption. By getting a p-value < 0.05, it indicates that the model is accurate for prediction and medium temperatures were statistically different.
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Tandazo Garcés, Juan, Oscar Caicedo Camposano, Carlos Salas Macías, and Viviana Sánchez Vásquez. "Calidad del riego por aspersión subfoliar en cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la finca San Vicente, Los Ríos, Ecuador." La Técnica: Revista de las Agrociencias. ISSN 2477-8982, no. 20 (December 15, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/la_tecnica.v0i20.1384.
Full textAbstract:
Quality of subfoliar sprinkler irrigation in Theobroma Cacao L. in San Vicente farm, Los Ríos, Ecuador
Resumen
Se realizó la evaluación del manejo de un sistema de riego por aspersión subfoliar en el cultivo de cacao, en donde el objetivo fue valorar su comportamiento hidráulico. Se estudiaron tres presiones de trabajo de los aspersores en cinco módulos del sistema. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: presiones al inicio y final de los laterales de riego, caudales en esos mismos sitios, coeficiente de uniformidad de Christiansen, uniformidad de distribución y área regada adecuadamente. Los resultados indican que existe una variación de presión y caudal por encima de lo teórico (20% y 10%). Se evidenció que altos coeficientes de uniformidad no representan la mayor área regada adecuadamente. Las presiones de trabajo estudiadas en los aspersores aseguran altos coeficientes de uniformidad del riego, no obstante, si lo que se desea es alcanzar la mayor área adecuadamente regada se debe operar a 275,79 kPa.
Palabras claves: caudal; uniformidad; presión de trabajo.
Abstract
The evaluation of the management of a subfoliar sprinkler irrigation system in the cocoa crop was carried out, where the objective was to evaluate its hydraulic behavior. Three working pressures of the sprinklers were studied in five modules of the system. The parameters evaluated were: pressures at the beginning and end of the irrigation sides flow at those same sites, Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient, Distribution Uniformity and Adequately Irrigated Area. The results indicate that there is a variation of pressure and flow above the theoretical, that is, of 20% and 10%. It was evidenced that high uniformity coefficients do not represent the largest area irrigated adequately. The work pressures studied in the sprinklers ensure high coefficients of uniformity of irrigation, however, if what is desired is to reach the largest area adequately irrigated, it should be operated at 275.79 kPa.
Keywords: flow; uniformity; pressure head.
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Mohamed, Abdelmoneim Z., R. Troy Peters, Abid Sarwar, Behnaz Molaei, and Don McMoran. "Impact of the Intermittency Movement of Center Pivots on Irrigation Uniformity." Water 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091167.
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A computer model was developed to simulate the varying depths of water applied to the ground due to the intermittent movements of a typical center pivot. The stop–go model inputs include the sprinkler application depth, the sprinkler pattern, that pattern’s wetted radius, the center pivot’s % timer setting, the move cycle time, and the end tower maximum travel speed. The model outputs were the depth of application in the pivot’s movement direction, the distribution uniformity (DU), and the coefficient of uniformity (CU). The results revealed that the pivot circular application uniformity is mostly a function of the move distance as a percent of the sprinklers’ wetted radius. This, in turn, is a function of the percent timer setting, the cycle time, and the end tower travel speed. Due to this, the high-speed center pivots had corresponding lower application uniformities compared to low-speed machines, and sprinklers with larger wetted radii resulted in better uniformity. Shortening the cycle time also resulted in higher uniformity coefficients. Based on these results, it is recommended that the run time be set based on the pivot end-tower’s travel speed and sprinkler wetted radius, such that the end tower move distance is equivalent to the sprinkler wetted radius. This will reduce wear to the tower motors due to the on–off cycling, especially for slow travel settings and for sprinklers with larger wetted radii. The ponding depths at different percent of the move distance, for the potential runoff, were estimated, which were set to be equivalent to the wetted radius.
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JIMÉNEZ, M., J. A. DE JUAN, J. M. TARJUELO, and J. F. ORTEGA. "Effect of irrigation uniformity on evapotranspiration and onion yield." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 2 (January 27, 2010): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960999061x.
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SUMMARYThe main objective of the current study was to analyse how water application through a sprinkler irrigation system influences yield of onion (Allium cepa L.), taking into account water application heterogeneity and the effects on theoretical crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Field experiments were conducted on commercial onion plots, irrigated with a permanent sprinkler irrigation system, located in Albacete, Spain, over two irrigation seasons. Two experimental plots were selected each study year: plot A (PA), in which water was applied heterogeneously by using sprinklers with different nozzle combinations, and plot B (PB, used as the reference plot) in which the four sprinklers were maintained with the same nozzle combinations. Both experimental plots were divided into 25 subplots with the aim of studying the water distribution (measured as Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU)), the impact on the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and the yield obtained. Irrigation was scheduled using a daily simplified water balance method within the root area following the approach of the Food and Agriculture Organization. In the present study, sprinkler irrigation in PA resulted in lower CU (65–82% lower in 2002 and 59–79% lower in 2005) compared with PB (78–92% lower in 2002 and 79–93% lower in 2005). Between 30 May and 18 August 2002, the estimated crop water requirements in PA in the absence of water deficit was 22 mm over the accumulated value of ETc (491 v. 469 mm), while estimated crop water requirements under water deficit were 187 mm below ETc (282 v. 469 mm). In 2005, between 29 May and 25 August, ETa without water deficit was more similar to ETc (458 v. 444 mm) but Eta under water deficit was 242 mm. The greater uniformity of water distribution in PB was translated into a greater uniformity of yield distribution. A smaller range in yield was observed in PB when compared with PA. No statistically significant differences were observed between PA and PB in the crop quality parameters bulb moisture content, total soluble solids, pH and total acidity.
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Elder, R. J., W. N. B. Macleod, K. L. Bell, J. A. Tyas, and R. L. Gillespie. "Growth, yield and phenology of 2 hybrid papayas (Carica papaya L.) as influenced by method of water application." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 5 (2000): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98140.
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Highly variable, outcrossed papaya lines irrigated with overhead sprinklers were grown at Yarwun (151.3˚E, 23.75˚S) in Queensland, Australia. The inherent variability made scientifically based comparative studies impractical. The advent of uniform hybrid papaya lines allowed the testing of 2 of these hybrids under 3 irrigation methods, 2 of which had the potential to greatly reduce water use compared with overhead sprinklers. Yields of 92 t/ha.year were achieved by both papaya Hybrids 29 and 1E. Water application method did not influence yield. About 26% of plants were lost due to the phytoplasma diseases dieback, yellow crinkle and mosaic over the life of the trial. Downward yield fluctuations were related to poor fruit set in winter when pollinators (Family Sphingidae) were not present and growth was slow due to hot dry periods affecting fruit set. The resultant fruit (about 6 months later) were small and reduced in number. Irrigation with overhead sprinklers using saline water (1400–4000 S/cm) damaged leaves and reduced growth of plants. Winter spot was most severe in July, August and September, in Hybrid 29 with overhead irrigation. Height of plants 13 weeks after planting was greater under trickle irrigation due to less damage from the saline water supply than in the overhead sprinkler treatment. Hybrid 29 set fruit at 94.3 cm above ground compared with 117.6 cm for Hybrid 1E.
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Zhang, Kai, Bo Song, and Delan Zhu. "The Influence of Sinusoidal Oscillating Water Flow on Sprinkler and Impact Kinetic Energy Intensities of Laterally-Moving Sprinkler Irrigation Systems." Water 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071325.
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Laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation systems under low pressure experience problems including small spraying range, low uniformity, surface runoff, and low water utilization rate. To solve these problems, experiments were carried out on a laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation system using a Nelson D3000 sprinkler (Nelson Irrigation Co., Walla Walla, WA, USA) under low pressure, sinusoidal oscillating water flow. The sprinkler intensity and impact kinetic energy intensity distribution were investigated for sprinklers both static and in motion. The test data were used to calculate combined sprinkler intensity and impact kinetic energy intensity uniformity for different nozzle spacings, and were compared with constant water pressure test results. It was found that sinusoidal oscillating water flow can effectively increase spraying range, as well as reducing the peak value of the sprinkler intensity and impact kinetic energy intensity. Within an optimal range of amplitude and nozzle spacing, sinusoidal oscillating water flow significantly improves the combined sprinkler intensity, impact kinetic energy intensity uniformity, and the spraying quality of laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation systems under low pressure conditions. When the average water pressure is 100 kPa, the optimal range of amplitude of sinusoidal oscillating flow applied to the laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation system is 50–60 kPa. When the amplitude is 50 kPa, the optimal nozzle spacing is 3.5–4 m; when the amplitude is 60 kPa, the optimal nozzle spacing is 3.5–4.5 m. The related parameters can provide a reference for the application of sinusoidal oscillating water flow in laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation systems.
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Grieve, AM. "Water use efficiency, nutrient uptake and productivity of micro-irragated citrus." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890111.
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The comparative patterns of water and nutrient uptake, soil salinity and water use efficiency resulting from 2 irrigation systems were studied in a 20-year-old Valencia orange orchard in Sunraysia on the Murray River. A conventional full ground cover system with the sprinklers in the middle of the rows operated at 14 day intervals (peak water demand), was compared with a partial (60-65%) ground cover system using under-tree micro-sprinklers operated at 7-day intervals. Irrigation applications were calculated to replace water depleted from the soil (including a leaching fraction) and were scheduled using tensiometers. During the 4 years of the experiment, approx. 10% less water was applied using micro-sprinklers. The average measured values for the crop coefficients were 0.62 (micro-irrigated) and 0.64 (full ground cover) during midsummer. Measurement of soil water extraction patterns by plant roots showed that only 5% of water use occurred below 1.0 m in under-tree microsprinkler irrigated trees, whereas 17% of water was taken up below this depth by trees irrigated with the mid-row system. Water uptake was limited by water availability rather than root density and declined sharply in mid-row irrigated trees during the second half of the 14-day irrigation cycle, when lower values of soil matric potential and shoot water potential were observed. Root distribution reflected these water uptake patterns with the highest density of fine roots in the 30-60 cm layer. Fertiliser injection with the micro-sprinkler system significantly increased the efficiency of N and P uptake compared with surface application, whereas leaf K levels were lower under micro-irrigation. Soil and plant levels of Na and C1 were low and unaffected by irrigation system during the experiment indicating adequate leaching of salt occurred with both systems. Fruit yield averaged 12% (5 t/ha) higher from micro-irrigated trees due to higher fruit numbers in light crop years. Tree growth was depressed in micro-irrigated trees suggesting a change in the partitioning of photosynthetic energy from vegetative to reproductive growth. The net effect of micro-irrigation was to increase water use efficiency by 22%, from 3.56 to 4.34 t fruit per ML applied water. No adverse effects on orchard productivity were observed following conversion from full to partial wetting of the soil surface. Under-tree micro-irrigation can therefore be recommended as a practical and efficient system for citrus irrigation in the irrigation areas of the Murray River.
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Nigatie, Dereje Bishaw, Megersa O. Dinka, and Tilahun Hordofa. "Effects of Operating Pressure, Nozzle Diameter and Wind Speed on the Performance of Sprinkler in Irrigation System during Water Application." ABC Journal of Advanced Research 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abcjar.v7i2.78.
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Owing to an increasing demand for irrigation water associated with the massive expansion of irrigated sugarcane farms in Ethiopia, there is a need to use the available water efficiently and effectively. Accordingly, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of operating pressure and nozzle size on the field performance of dragline sprinkler system at Wonji/Shoa Sugar Estate. The study was conducted under three wind phases (morning, mid-day and late afternoon) using three operating pressures (250 kPa, 300 kPa and 350 kPa) and two nozzle sizes (4.4 and 4.8 mm). Uniformity measurements were performed using single sprinkler and four sprinklers configurations. An application efficiency of low-quarter of 41% to 80.3% and actual application efficiency of low-quarter of 30.1% to 37.5% were achieved under the respective test combinations. Christiansen’s coefficient of uniformity of 71.7% to 86.3%, and distribution uniformity of 61% to 80.3% were achieved under different test combinations for four sprinklers test. The achievable delivery performance ratio was in the range of 0.81 to 1.18. The experimental results illustrated that, lower operating pressure and higher wind velocity were the major factors responsible for the low water distribution uniformity and efficiency.
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Soloviev, D. A., A. V. Rusinov, M. G. Zagoruyko, D. A. Kolganov, and R. N. Bakhtiev. "Investigation of the movement of multi-support frontal machines." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 979, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/979/1/012059.
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Abstract In present time, the issues of irrigation and mechanization of irrigation have regained their relevance. Automatic, high-performance, multi-support sprinklers are most widely used in modern agriculture. New design solutions allow to reduce the losses on the movement of the machine itself, as well as the negative impact ofthe sprinkler on crops and soil. The article presents a methodology for calculating the characteristics and geometric parameters of wheel propellers used in the sprinkler, providing the minimum resistance to its movement, depending on the type of soil.
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Blaikie, S. J., E. K. Chacko, P. Lu, and W. J. Müller. "Productivity and water relations of field-grown cashew: a comparison of sprinkler and drip irrigation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 5 (2001): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00158.
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Cashew is an emerging crop in the seasonally ‘wet–dry’ tropical regions of northern Australia. In North Queensland flowering and fruiting of cashew coincides with the dry season (May–November). During this period growers sprinkler irrigate at 500 L/tree.week. A 3-year (1996–98) experiment compared this strategy with alternatives, including no irrigation or drip irrigation in which 115 or 230 L/tree.week was applied by drippers placed near the tree trunk and near the canopy drip line throughout the dry season. Measurements of soil water to 1.3 m, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, tree sap flow and yield were made. Data collected in the first 2 years showed that the water requirement of the trees increased progressively as the crop load and evaporative demand increased during the dry season. During the final year of the study, additional sprinkler and drip treatments, in which water applications were progressively increased during the dry season, were introduced. The productivity of cashew in this experiment was strongly influenced by irrigation treatments, ranging (over all years) from 42 to 160 g nut/m 2 canopy surface area. Depletion of plant-available water in the root zone was associated with a reduction in photosynthesis mediated by partial stomatal closure. These effects of soil drying were evident in all irrigated treatments during the mid and late stages of the dry season but were more severe in treatments receiving the least water. When irrigation was withheld until the mid-stage of the dry season the trees had similar yields to those that were irrigated throughout, emphasising the importance of providing adequate irrigation between nut set and harvest. When rainfall from January to September in each year of the study was taken into account, there was a strong linear relationship between nut yield and water applied (rainfall + irrigation), with each extra kilolitre of water applied resulting in about 6 extra g nut/m 2 canopy surface area. This linear relationship was based on water application in the range 25–50 kL per season. It is possible that if the seasonal water application had exceeded 50 kL the marginal response to extra water may have diminished. Using drippers was slightly more efficient than sprinklers, with drip-irrigated trees requiring about 5% less water applied to achieve a given nut yield. In years when rainfall is average, and subject to other economic factors, growers in North Queensland should aim to irrigate about 500 L/tree.week. In years of low rainfall between January and September it is likely that yield will be improved by applying more irrigation water; high rainfall during these months of the year may reduce the irrigation requirement. In all cases growers should be careful to accurately monitor water applications, particularly when the total (from rainfall + irrigation) exceeds 40 kL/tree for the season.
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Zhuravleva, Larisa Anatolyevna, and Van Thuan Nguyen. "The passage of wide-grip sprinkler machines of circular action on wet soils." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 12 (December 29, 2021): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i12pp115-119.
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The efficiency and rational technology of irrigation with wide-coverage sprinklers greatly depends on their passage. As a rule, the reliability of their work is significantly reduced with an increase in irrigation rates and a decrease in their permeability and forced downtime. It’s common practice, that the movement of sprinklers with significant irrigation rates and low soil bearing capacity is not only hampered, but often completely excluded. The article substantiates the main parameters of cross-country ability, presents a generalized criterion of cross-country ability of wide-grip sprinkler machines. It also shows the relationship between the forces of adhesion and resistance to movement with the irrigation rate.
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ZHURAVLEVA, L. A., I. A. POPKOV, and M. S. MAGOMEDOV. "Modeling of water movement in rotating sprinklers of wide-cut irrigation machines." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 3 (2022): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2022-3-48-53.
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Russian and foreign researchers have accumulated considerable experience in the design of various types of sprinklers and sprayers working both on wide-cut irrigation equipment and when spilling flower beds and lawns. The choice of design parameters and modes of operation, as a rule, was based on experimental studies. The dependencies obtained on the basis of this were for specifi c operating conditions, operating modes and the design of the sprinklers themselves. Until that time, there was no generalized calculation methodology, and, consequently, clear recommendations on the applicability of sprinklers in various conditions. The purpose of the study is to simulate the movement of water in rotating sprinklers in order to optimize the design parameters and modes of their operation. The article simulates the process of interaction of the water flow with the elements of the sprinkler having a rotating deflector. The effect of fluid consumption on the size of the drops is presented. An increase in fluid flow leads to an increase in the median diameter of the droplets, which is explained by an increase in the thickness of the liquid film coming off the deflector. The density of irrigation can be adjusted by the width and number of grooves on the deflector, and the size of the irrigated surface by the height of the grooves and the angle of the solution. The trajectory of the grooves on the deflector has a signifi cant impact on the formation of the speed and flight path of water droplets. The analysis shows that water acquires the highest speed when leaving a rotating deflector having grooves of 3-5 mm in size with a fl ow rate of 2-3.5 l / s and small grooves of 1.5-2.5 mm, occupying the area of the entire deflector with a low flow rate of up to 2 l / s. The studies carried out made it possible to simulate the process of interaction of the water flow with the structural elements of the sprinkler and to develop a generalized method of calculation. The obtained dependencies and values of the given parameters were used in the design of the nomenclature series of sprinklers for wide-cut irrigation machines.
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KA, Jayasheel Kumar, Mannaan Akhtar, C. Mohammed Talha, and Gokul VG. "Design of Hybrid Sprinkler: The IOT-Powered Robot for Watering Plants." MATEC Web of Conferences 393 (2024): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439304004.
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Innovative methods for watering plants have been developed as a result of the growing demand for efficient and automated systems in agriculture. The design of a hybrid sprinkler, an IoT-powered robot created specifically for effective and precise plant irrigation, is presented in this study. The suggested system enables autonomous operation and intelligent control by fusing the benefits of conventional sprinklers with those of IoT technology. To continuously monitor the environmental conditions, the hybrid sprinkler integrates a variety of sensors, including soil moisture sensors, temperature sensors, and humidity sensors. A central control unit receives this real-time data and uses sophisticated algorithms to establish the best watering schedule for each plant depending on its individual needs. The hybrid sprinkler's design prioritizes sustainability and energy economy. The robot has a rechargeable battery system, and to increase battery life, it uses energy-saving features like sleep modes and sophisticated power management. In a variety of agricultural and horticultural applications, this system assures optimal watering practises, conserves resources, and fosters healthy plant growth by fusing IoT technology, cutting-edge sensors, precision spraying mechanisms, and remote control capabilities.
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Zhuravleva, Larisa Anatolievna, Vladimir Alexandrovich Solovyov, Andrey Nikolayevich Kuznetsov, Andrey Vladimirovich Kirichenko, and Alexander Petrovich Lonkin. "The results of experimental studies of electrified sprinklers of circular ac-tions on sloping lands." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 29, 2019): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2019i4pp78-81.
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The article deals with the influence of structural and technological parameters of sprinklers and terrain on the uniformity of irrigation water distribution in the field.
They are given characteristics of developed and introduced in manufacture in the Saratov State Vavilov Agrarian University with LLC “Meliorative machines” of the modern domestic wide-cut sprinklers “Kuban-LK1M” (Cascade) and “CASCADE”, as well as the results of experimental studies of operation of machines for irrigation areas with difficult terrain. The data of pressure changes along the water pipeline depending on the terrain slopes are presented. The distribution of the rain layer under the machine spans for the modes of motion of 20 and 40% is obtained. The influence of the terrain and speed of movement of the machine on the efficiency ratio of irrigation is given. The results of tests of sprinklers with frequent placement of sprinklers and pressure regulators are presented. Ways to increase the uniformity of irrigation by sprinkler machines on slope lands are outlined.
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Bocharnikov, V. S., O. V. Kozinskaya, M. A. Denisova, O. V. Bocharnikova, T. V. Repenko, and E. V. Pustovalov. "Effect of the structure of artificial rain on the soil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 965, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/965/1/012008.
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Abstract The quality of irrigation by sprinklers is determined not only by the uniformity of the distribution of the rain layer over the irrigated area. If the water permeability exceeds the intensity of precipitation, then surface runoff does not occur. With an increase in soil moisture, water permeability decreases, and surface runoff increases, contributing to the washout of the fertile layer. The sprinkling machine “Kuban-LS” is installed 18…20 km west of Volgograd, located on the western slope of the Volga Upland. The soil cover has a complex character and is represented by carbonate light chestnut varieties of varying degrees of washout. The data on the effect of artificial rain created by a sprinkler machine on the soil structure and absorption rate are presented. Due to the partial destruction of agronomically valuable soil aggregates, the density of the arable layer from sowing to harvesting the grass mixture after each irrigation increased from 1.10…1.28 to 1.26…1.35 t/m3. The quality of irrigation by sprinklers is determined not only by the uniformity of rain distribution, but also by the conditions for the absorption of irrigation water into the soil. Based on these studies, we offer certain recommendations to reduce the negative impact on the soil.
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S, SURESHA, and SENTHILVEL S. "Hydraulic design and performance evaluation of landscape irrigation systems." Madras Agricultural Journal 90, December (2003): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00166.
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Landscape irrigation systems serve the purpose of lifeline for urban agriculture and horticulture activities such as golf courses, theme parks, airport turfing, traffic islands, surface and rooftop gardening in commercial complexes. A Landscape irrigation system is essentially a pressure irrigation system comprising pop up sprinklers, micro sprinklers and hydrants. The hydraulics involved is very complex due to undulating nature of landscapes. The performance of the pop-up sprinkler used in irrigation of landscaping project (University Auditorium, TNAU) was evaluated. The main analysis examined the relationship between flow-pressure, profile of distribution of water and Christiansen's Uniformity Coefficient (CUC) related with flow pressure. The value of CUC was observed more than 94 percent.
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Ferreira, Larissa Luana Nicodemos, Luis César de Aquino Lemos Filho, Marcílio Macêdo Torres, Raimundo Fernandes de Oliveira Júnior, Clara Nívea Costa do Vale, and Mariuchy Sammara de Brito Paiva Franco. "Spatial variability of available water and micro-sprinkler irrigation in cambisol." Revista Ceres 63, no. 6 (December 2016): 782–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201663060006.
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ABSTRACT The technology of irrigation is vital for agricultural production. Thus, description of spatial patterns of both water application and available water capacity in the soil, as well as their interactions, is essential to maximize efficiency of water use in irrigated areas. The objective of this study was to analyze spatial variability of available water capacity in the soil and water application via irrigation using geostatistics. The experiment was conducted in a commercial mango orchard in Cambisol irrigated by micro sprinkler system, in the municipality of Alto do Rodrigues, RN. Analyses of descriptive statistics and geostatistics were performed using the programs GeoR and GS+. Geostatistics was found suitable for describing the structure of spatial dependence of available water capacity in the soil and the flow rate distributed in the area by sprinklers. Moreover, even with good results for Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) and Distribution Uniformity Coefficient (DU), the area showed spatial variability of flow rate.
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Bakirov, Sergey, Sergey Eliseev, and Elena Ryzhova. "Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Improvement of the Sprinkler Machine with an Accumulator Power Source." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 1, no. 42 (January 2021): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-1-29-33.
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In all operating conditions, electrified sprinklers are provided with energy from a centralized source or a portable diesel generator. The energy efficiency of these power supply methods is characterized by losses of electricity during transmission. Battery power sources of sprinkler machines are used in rare cases, there are no such machines on the agricultural lands of the Volga region. If the battery power source is installed next to the electric drive on a support trolley, then there is no loss of electricity during transmission and there is the possibility of using renewable sources, the cost of electricity is close to zero. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in evaluating the increase in the energy efficiency of a sprinkler machine with a battery power source and renewable energy sources in comparison with traditional energy supply. (Materials and methods) Authors used theoretical and empirical methods of scientific knowledge, namely mathematical analysis, systematic approach, literature analysis, observation. (Results and discussion) The power consumption of irrigation systems fed the cable line from the centralized grid will consist of the energy consumed by the actuators support trucks irrigation systems and the energy consumed for transmission. The increase in the energy efficiency of a sprinkler machine with a battery power source in comparison with a cable line consists in saving energy for transmission. Found that when comparing the line cable from the battery feeding method should take into account the losses in transmission of energy along the entire length of the construction of irrigation machines and energy loss during transmission from the transformer substation to the fixed support irrigation systems. (Conclusions) The energy loss along the length of the sprinkler machine logarithmically depends on the number of sections. In relation to the operating conditions of sprinklers in the Saratov region, it is possible to reduce energy consumption even without taking into account the starting modes from 0.20 to 2.01 percent for water distribution by circular sprinklers.
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Ram, Mangat, B. R. Kamboj, and Neeraj Sharma. "Suitability of Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation in Transplanted and Direct Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Haryana, India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, no. 7 (June 26, 2024): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i74783.
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On-farm trials on rice crop were conducted at farmer field over a span of three years (2018, 2019 and 2020) to assess the effectiveness of micro-irrigation methods (specifically drip and sprinkler irrigation) on water usage and crop yield in rice cultivation. The aim was to compare these methods with the conventional surface irrigation (flooding) method both in transplanted (manually or mechanically) and direct seeded rice so as to determine the feasibility of micro-irrigation in rice to tackle the problem of groundwater depletion in Haryana. In transplanted rice (TPR), grain yield obtained with drip and sprinkler irrigation was statistically similar to that obtained with conventional method. But the yield of direct seeded rice (DSR) increased significantly (15.1- 21.1% increase) when it was irrigated by drip or sprinkler methods than by conventional method. The yield of DSR was significantly lower than that of TPR when it was irrigated by conventional surface flooding method but the DSR yielded at par with TPR when irrigated by drip or sprinkler method. The grain yield of the crop obtained with drip and sprinkler irrigation was at par, irrespective of the crop establishment techniques. Over the conventional irrigation, the drip and sprinkler irrigation saved 54.4-57.2% and 47.4-49.0% of irrigation water, respectively in TPR whereas the saving of irrigation water over the conventional method in DSR was 52.5-53.9% and 38.3-39.3%, respectively. Irrespective of establishment techniques, the highest water use efficiency was achieved with drip irrigation (6.73-9.46 kg/ha/mm), followed by sprinkler irrigation (5.66-7.85 kg/ha/mm) whereas it was the lowest with the conventional irrigation (3.28-3.55 kg/ha/mm). It is evident from the findings that it is feasible to adopt sprinkler irrigation in rice (both in TPR and DSR) as it saved substantial quantity of irrigation water without any penalty in yield and net profit in TPR and even increased the yield and net profit in DSR over the conventional irrigation method. Therefore, sprinkler irrigation can be an effective strategy to manage the depletion of groundwater in Haryana. On the other hand, the drip irrigation, despite saving more water and being comparable to the sprinkler irrigation in respect of its effect on yield, may not be economically viable due to its higher initial cost.