Journal articles: 'Springs and suspensions'

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Konieczny, Łukasz, and Rafał Burdzik. "Comparison of Characteristics of the Components Used in Mechanical and Non-Conventional Automotive Suspensions." Solid State Phenomena 210 (October 2013): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.210.26.

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The paper presents the comparison of the characteristics of spring and damping components used in conventional and non-conventional automotive suspensions. The conventional suspension is based on steel coil springs and hydraulic dampers with fixed characteristics. As an example, the adaptive non-conventional suspension shows the characteristics of hydropneumatic suspension components (suspension are constantly being developed and is now based on mechatronic control systems of damping characteristics). The paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of these solutions.

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Chang, F., and Z.-H. Lu. "Dynamic model of an air spring and integration into a vehicle dynamics model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 1813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto867.

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It is worthwhile to design a more accurate dynamic model for air springs, to investigate the dynamic behaviour of an air spring suspension, and to analyse and guide the design of vehicles with air spring suspensions. In this study, a dynamic model of air spring was established, considering the heat transfer process of the air springs. Two different types of air spring were tested, and the experimental results verified the effectiveness of the air spring model compared with the traditional model. The key factors affecting the computation accuracy were studied and checked by comparing the results of the experiments and simulations. The new dynamic model of the air spring was integrated into the full-vehicle multi-body dynamics model, in order to investigate the air suspension behaviour and vehicle dynamics characteristics. The co-simulation method using ADAMS and MATLAB/Simulink was applied to integration of the air spring model with the full-vehicle multi-body dynamics model.

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Hua, CR, Y. Zhao, ZW Lu, and H. Ouyang. "Random vibration of vehicle with hysteretic nonlinear suspension under road roughness excitation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 168781401775122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017751222.

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The analysis of random vibration of a vehicle with hysteretic nonlinear suspension under road roughness excitation is a fundamental part of evaluation of a vehicle’s dynamic features and design of its active suspension system. The effective analysis method of random vibration of a vehicle with hysteretic suspension springs is presented based on the pseudoexcitation method and the equivalent linearisation technique. A stable and efficient iteration scheme is constructed to obtain the equivalent linearised system of the original nonlinear vehicle system. The power spectral density of the vehicle responses (vertical body acceleration, suspension working space and dynamic tyre load) at different speeds and with different nonlinear levels of hysteretic suspension springs are analysed, respectively, by the proposed method. It is concluded that hysteretic nonlinear suspensions influence the vehicle dynamic characteristic significantly; the frequency-weighted root mean square values at the front and rear suspensions and the vehicle’s centre of gravity are reduced greatly with increasing the nonlinear levels of hysteretic suspension springs, resulting in better ride comfort of the vehicle.

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Morales, Angel L., Antonio J. Nieto, José M. Chicharro, and Publio Pintado. "A semi-active vehicle suspension based on pneumatic springs and magnetorheological dampers." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 4 (June 7, 2016): 808–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316653004.

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Semi-active and active suspensions can improve both ride comfort and handling compared to passive suspensions. The authors have proposed a suspension comprising a pneumatic system capable of changing the stiffness of the suspension and a semi-active magnetorheological damper capable of controlling the suspension damping. Eight configurations of this magnetorheological/pneumatic suspension result from combining two possible stiffnesses (compliant and stiff) and four possible means of producing damping (constant low, constant high, on-off skyhook control and on-off balance control). The minimization of a cost function, which considers both ride comfort and handling, leads to decision maps which indicate the most appropriate configuration depending on vehicle velocity and two pieces of information about the road: the international roughness index and the curve radius. All this information can be gathered from a GPS system and toggling between set-ups is fast, efficient, and easily done by simply opening or closing pipes in the pneumatic system and modifying the current supply in the magnetorheological dampers. The proposed magnetorheological/pneumatic suspension achieves the same roll angle levels as in a comparable passive vehicle while improving ride comfort by reducing acceleration by up to 30%.

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Luo, R. K., P. W. Cook, W. X. Wu, and W. J. Mortel. "Fatigue design of rubber springs used in rail vehicle suspensions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 217, no. 3 (May 1, 2003): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440903769012920.

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Rubber-to-metal bonded springs are vital antivibration components for rail vehicles. Metacone rubber springs are widely used as a primary spring on a rail vehicle fitted at the wheel axle box. Nowadays the more demanding operating environment has made the design of such components more challenging than ever before. By using an integrated design-simulation-testing procedure it is possible to achieve the maximum fatigue capacity of the suspension components under a very tight space envelope. This note illustrates the procedure to achieve the high performance and the fatigue service life requirements for the suspension components.

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Cheng, Zhongli, Zonghua Li, and Fanqing Kong. "Statistical Linearization of Nonlinear Stiffness in Hydropneumatic Suspension." MATEC Web of Conferences 153 (2018): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815304006.

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Hydropneumatic springs are the elastic components of a vehicle’s suspension. As the nonlinear characteristic of the spring is difficult to express accurately, the statistical linearization method is introduced to analyze the dynamic response of the hydropneumatic spring. The nonlinear stiffness of a hydropneumatic spring is approximated by a quadratic polynomial at the static equilibrium position. Parameters of the hydropneumatic spring, road roughness and vehicle velocity are provided and analytical functions for equivalent stiffness and the dynamic equilibrium position are worked out in this paper. The analytical functions are validated through numerical simulation and are shown to be more accurate than those validated by existing methods. The method proposed here could be used in the design and analysis of hydropneumatic suspensions in future.

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Cole, D. J., and D. Cebon. "Modification of a Heavy Vehicle Suspension to Reduce Road Damage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 209, no. 3 (July 1995): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_203_02.

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A test rig for measuring the quasi-static performance of tandem suspensions in the laboratory is described. Measurements on a standard tandem leaf-spring suspension show it to have high effective stiffness in bounce and poor static load equalization. A method for eliminating the spring-end friction is investigated, and found to improve the performance significantly. A two-dimensional articulated vehicle simulation is validated with measurements from a test vehicle. The simulation is then used to study the effect on dynamic tyre forces of three modifications to the trailer suspension: softer springs; elimination of spring-end friction; and hydraulic dampers. The r.m.s. dynamic loads generated by the trailer axles are predicted to decrease by approximately 31 per cent and the theoretical road damage is predicted to decrease by about 13 per cent. The trailer suspension of the test vehicle is adapted to incorporate the three modifications and the measured reductions in dynamic tyre forces are found to be about half those predicted by the simulation.

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Chen, Xi, Ying Liu, and Hua Zhang. "Finite Element Analysis of Different Flexure Springs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2065.

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Flexure spring suspensions have demonstrated the ability to provide long operating lifetimes for cryocoolers. The good flexure spring need high radial stiffness and high fatigue life. The profile curves are very important for flexure spring. In this paper, based on the finite element analysis software (ANSYS), geometrically nonlinear static structural analysis and nonlinear dynamics structural analysis were made to several different flexure springs. The fatigue strength, axial and radial stiffness, modal frequency were calculated and listed. The different performance between linear flexure spring and spiral flexure spring were discussed, which would provide an advisory opinion for the design and application of flexure spring in space cryocooler.

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Liu, Xiaofu, Jason Z. Jiang, Andrew Harrison, and Xiaoxiang Na. "Truck suspension incorporating inerters to minimise road damage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 10-11 (April 6, 2020): 2693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020905149.

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Road damage caused by heavy vehicles is a serious problem experienced worldwide. This paper investigates the potential for reduction in road damage by incorporating the inerter element into truck suspension systems. Initially, quarter-car, pitch-plane and roll-plane models with two low-complexity inerter-based linear suspension layouts are investigated in the frequency domain. Reductions of the J95 road damage index for each model are identified against conventional parallel spring–damper truck suspension layouts. It is also shown that the proposed suspensions are capable of enhancing the roll stability while keeping the road damage at a given level. Subsequently, the nonlinear relationship between force and displacement as manifested by leaf springs is incorporated into the pitch-plane and roll-plane time-domain models. These confirm the potential advantage of inerter-based suspension layouts for road damage reduction.

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Mallick, P. K. "Static Mechanical Performance of Composite Elliptic Springs." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 109, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225927.

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Composite elliptic spring is a new concept as an application of fiber reinforced plastics in automotive suspensions. It functions in the same vertical deflection mode and packaging space as a steel coil spring and has the potential of saving as much as 50 percent by weight over a steel spring. The unique feature of the elliptic spring is that the fibers are utilized in tension instead of shear, thus avoiding the inherent weakness of a composite material in a coiled configuration. Several elliptic spring elements can be mounted in series to obtain the desired spring rate. In this paper, mechanical performance and failure analysis of composite elliptic springs under static loads are presented. Both thick and thin walled elliptic spring elements constructed from unidirectional E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy tapes were tested in static compression. Interlaminar shear failure is the primary failure mode in these springs. Both failure load and spring rate depend on the thickness of the spring. Joining of spring elements by bolts is also investigated.

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Niculescu, Adrian Ioan, Antoni Jankowski, Miroslaw Kowalski, and Tudor Sireteanu. "Solutions in the Vehicle Suspension." Journal of KONES 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0107.

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AbstractThe paper presents a review of the suspension solutions used on the street vehicle up to the now a days, finalising with presentation of their damping characteristics and with evaluation of their advantages or disadvantages. Long time the suspension systems have been dominated by the classic passive suspensions realized with metallic springs, shock absorbers with constant damping coefficients and anti-roll bars, excepting some luxury and sport cars using semi-active and active suspensions. There are presented some semi-active suspension solutions with continuous or discontinuous damping characteristics adjustment and the evolution of the Citroen and other active suspensions. All of them improve in some matter the performances but all of them have not ability to recuperate energy and has auxiliary energy consumption so last period the electromagnetically shock absorbers are researched, the paper presenting some of them. The paper also presents magneto rheological MR damper, solutions for adjustable passive shock absorbers and solutions for passive shock absorbers with variable damping coefficient with the stroke, e.g. Monroe Sensa Trac, Citroën Solution and VZN solution, with their damping characteristics and performances.

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Dižo, Ján, Miroslav Blatnický, Stasys Steišūnas, and Gediminas Vaičiūnas. "Influence of Suspension Parameters Changes of a Railway Vehicle on Output Quantities." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2019-0003.

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Abstract This article deals with computer analyses of output quantities of a railway vehicle depending on changing of parameters of suspension system. A passenger car was chosen for dynamic analyses. An analysed passenger railway vehicle uses two stage suspension system composed of coil springs and hydraulic dampers. Stiffness of coil springs of primary and secondary suspensions were defined for two states and its influence on output values in terms of quality and quantity was evaluated. As output variables, values of forces in a wheel/rail contact and accelerations in several locations on a wagon body floor were chosen. Values of forces in a wheel/rail contact indicate dynamic response of a railway vehicle running in terms of running safety and values of accelerations serve as important input for evaluation of passenger ride comfort.

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13

Preda, Ion. "Model Based Algorithm for the Study of the Vehicle Suspension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (January 2016): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.247.

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The design of a vehicle suspension system starts with very few input parameters. Simple models are used during initial simulations in order to ensure the desired compromise between comfort and dynamic performance qualities, at different vehicle speeds and loads. That stage leads to the setup of the needed suspension parameters on the model, mainly the stiffness of the suspension springs and tires and the damping coefficient.In an algorithmic way, this paper summarizes design recommendations existing in the field of vehicle suspensions. Based on the procedure in this article, a computer program was implemented in the software MDesign.

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Hu, Yinlong, Kai Wang, Yonghua Chen, and Michael ZQ Chen. "Inerter-based semi-active suspensions with low-order mechanical admittance via network synthesis." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 15 (January 24, 2018): 4233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217744852.

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In this paper, the semi-active suspension design problem is concerned by proposing a novel design method incorporating inerters, where the overall semi-active suspension is divided into a passive part and a semi-active part. A mechanical network composed of springs, dampers and inerters is employed as the passive part, and a semi-active damper constitutes the semi-active part. For the conventional semi-active suspensions, the passive part is merely a parallel connection of a spring and a damper, and the main focus is on improving the semi-active part by proposing more effective control algorithms. In contrast, in this paper, the main idea is to improve the overall vehicle performance by improving the passive part instead of the semi-active part. Low-order admittance networks are employed in the passive parts, where some low-order positive real admittance functions are optimized, and then realized as specific mechanical networks by using network synthesis. A suboptimal control law, called steepest gradient control, is utilized in the semi-active part for the control of the semi-active damper. The proposed method is illustrated based on a quarter-car model, and numerical simulations based on a quarter-car and full-car model are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. In contrast to the conventional semi-active suspensions without inerters, the proposed method can provide significant improvements (over 10% and 8% improvements for the quarter-car and full-car model cases, respectively) for the overall suspension performance involving ride comfort, suspension deflection, and road holding.

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Roéfero, Luiz Gustavo Pereira, Fábio Roberto Chavarette, Thiago Carreta Moro, and Roberto Outa. "ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE MÉTODOS DE CONTROLE APLICADOS PARA ATENUAÇÃO DE VIBRAÇÕES EM UMA SUSPENSÃO AUTOMOTIVA." Colloquium Exactarum, Vol.11 N.4 11, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ce.2019.v11.n4.e293.

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Automotive suspension is one of the equipment present in a vehicle and is used to preserve its structural integrity. When used, this device uses passive actuation elements (usually springs and dampers) to perform vibration attenuation, however some companies, including Audi, have been using a semi-active control for the same function claiming that there are gains over conventional systems. . Another method commonly used in automotive suspensions is active controls, already applied to Formula 1 by Willians in 1992. This work is dedicated to the study and evaluation of the difference in behavior of an automotive suspension when subjected to each of the three control methods.

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OKURA, Shinsuke, Keiji HASEGAWA, and Takashi GOTOH. "New Technology of Manufacturing for Coil Springs used in Automotive Suspensions." Transactions of Japan Society of Spring Engineers 2005, no. 50 (2005): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5346/trbane.2005.31.

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Abdelkareem, Mohamed AA, Mostafa M. Makrahy, Ali M. Abd-El-Tawwab, ASA EL-Razaz, Mohamed Kamal Ahmed Ali, and MM Moheyeldein. "An analytical study of the performance indices of articulated truck semi-trailer during three different cases to improve the driver comfort." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 232, no. 1 (May 22, 2017): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419317709895.

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Heavy trucks are mostly used for international transportations, with longer highways and long driving hours contributing to corresponding increases in the driver’s fatigue that is related to accidents. Therefore, this study aims to improve the truck ride performance using multistage leaf springs and semi-active suspension for the driver seat. This analytical study describes the influence of the truck main suspensions on the performance indices analytically using MATLAB Simulink for different loading conditions in three case studies: fully laden articulated truck (case A), unladen truck (case B), and empty semi-trailer and a multistage leaf springs is considered after designing the main leaf spring stiffness based on particle swarm optimization (case C). This study exhibits a contribution based on the fact that changing the trailer cargo weight has considerable effects on the natural frequency of the vibration modes of the vehicle system, particularly for articulated carriage. Subsequently, the influence of the dynamic interaction of an articulated vehicle between the semitrailer and the tractor on its ride behavior has been investigated. The model has also predicted the effect of total trailer cargo on performance indices for 13 degrees of freedom model of a 6-axle articulated truck semi-trailer vehicle with a random road excitation. Additionally, a semi-active driver seat suspension based on skyhook strategy and seat passive suspension are compared in terms of the power spectral density and root mean square values. The results showed that the truck ride performance is improved significantly, and all the acceleration responses are suppressed dramatically when a designed multistage leaf spring suspension is considered in case C. The current analysis demonstrated that using specific and adjustable suspension parameters can positively enhance the riding behavior of the unladen vehicle. The results showed that the cab, tractor, and trailer acceleration improved by 22%, 21%, and 28%, respectively, which provides a comfort driving trip essentially for long distance traveling.

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Seto, Kazuto. "Special Issue on Advanced Vehicle Dynamics and, Control." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 7, no. 4 (August 20, 1995): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1995.p0273.

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Various attempts have been made from olden days on vehicles for better riding comfort and for improved maneuverability. Past vehicles have achieved vibration isolation performance, which relaxes impact from road surfaces, by means of link mechanisms and passive suspensions consisting of springs and dampers, as well as basic motion performance such as running, turning, and stopping. However, as far as passenger cars are concerned, a passive suspension has its own limitation, and the contradiction that if riding comfort is to be improved at low speeds, the maneuverability during high-speed operations becomes bad has not been solved. Demand of users has become stronger and stronger for vehicles which satisfy riding comfort and maneuverability at the same time. Moreover, as far as trains are concerned, the past technology has increased the vibration of trains as they are operated at higher speeds; thus a drop in riding comfort has been a cause for preventing high-speed operations. Nevertheless, in line with progress in mechatronic technology, active suspensions have been adopted aggressively in automobiles and trains in recent years, and attempts have been started for improving both riding comfort and maneuverability to satisfy demand of users. Some passenger cars have already appeared which are equipped with an active suspension. A similar trend is found in the case of trains; by the introduction of active suspensions, operations of trains on conventional lines at higher speeds are being started. Under these circumstances, this special issue has been created. Although high performance in vehicles may be achieved by means of active suspensions, the problem of increased energy consumption has become a serious issue, which has been brought to the fore with the bursting of the bubble. This problem seems to be solved by saying how effectively semi-active suspensions may be realized. In this special issue, new trends have been taken up, such as vehicle dynamics, design theory on active suspension systems, reduction of engine vibration by optimum design of hydraulic engine mounts, design of control systems for neural networks of semi-active suspension systems, control of variable structures of suspension systems, predictive control, magnetic levitation suspension, etc. It is hoped that these articles will be useful in future research.

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Hu, C. Y., K. C. Chen, and J. S. Chen. "Dynamic Interaction of a Distributed Supported Guideway and a Asymmetrical Multimagnet Suspension Vehicle with Unbalanced Mass." Journal of Mechanics 26, no. 1 (March 2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100003671.

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AbstractThis study investigates the steady state dynamic interactions between a vehicle and guideway of a high-speed ground transportation system based on magnetically levitated (Maglev) vehicles. The guideway is assumed to be made up of identical simply supported beams with single spans and rigid supports. The vehicle is considered two-dimensional, with numerous degrees of freedom representing the passenger cabin and primary and secondary suspensions of the vehicle with lumped masses, linear springs and dampings. The Bernoulli-Euler beam equation is utilized to model the characteristics of a flexible guideway, and the guideway synthesis is based on a modal analysis method. The dynamic behaviors of both vehicle and guideway are then simulated to investigate how the locations of the passenger cabin mass of center and asymmetric suspension characteristics of the vehicle suspensions influence high speed vehicle-guideway interaction. Finally, simulation results are compared. Results of this study provide basic design guidelines for Maglev vehicle-guideway systems.

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Needle, S. A., and M. L. Hull. "An Off-Road Bicycle With Adjustable Suspension Kinematics." Journal of Mechanical Design 119, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826357.

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The purpose of designing and constructing the adjustable dual suspension off-road bicycle presented was to provide a research tool for quantifying and optimizing off-road bicycle performance in three categories: energy efficiency, comfort, and handling. Key variables affecting performance in each category were identified and then the bicycle was designed and constructed so that one variable may be changed at a time. For both the front and rear suspensions, independent modular springs and dampers may be used, so that the travel limit, damper quantities, and spring, quantities can all be independently tested. On the rear suspension, the swingarm pivot point height may be moved along the seat tube from the bottom bracket to 22 cm above the bottom bracket. The swingarm was integrated into a four-bar linkage such that the effective spring and damping rates at any pivot point height were constant as the suspension compressed. For the front suspension a four-bar linkage was also used. The links may be adjusted to change the trajectory of the front wheel as the suspension compresses. Additionally, the shock mounts may be moved to prevent any change in effective spring and damping rates resulting from a change in linkage geometry. To demonstrate the usefulness of the design, an experiment was performed to determine the pivot point height at which the energy dissipated from the rear shock was a minimum. At various pivot point heights, the bike was ridden on an inclined (6 percent grade) treadmill at 23.3 km/hr. Minimum energy was dissipated at a pivot height of 8.4 cm above the bottom bracket.

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Nabagło, Tomasz, Andrzej Jurkiewicz, and Janusz Kowal. "Semi-Active Suspension System for 2S1 Tracked Platform in Application of Improvement of the Vehicle Body Stability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 759 (May 2015): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.759.77.

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In the article, a new solution of a semi-active suspension system is presented. It is based on a sky-hook strategy model. This solution in 2S1 tracked platform is applied to improve body vehicle stability and driving comfort. The solution is applied in two versions of the 2S1 vehicle suspension model. First one is a basic model. This suspension is based on existing construction of the 2S1 platform suspension. It is based on torsion bars. Second one is a modified model, based on spiral torsion springs. In this model a new solution of idler mechanism is applied. It provides constant tension of the tracks. Semi-active suspensions simulations results are compared with results of models with passive versions of the suspension to highlight the improvement level. Simulations are conducted in the Yuma Proving Ground conditions. Results of all models simulations are compared and analyzed to improve stability and comfort level in conditions of the modern battlefield. Stability level is analyzed for weapon aiming tasks. Comfort level is analyzed for the vehicle crew efficiency.

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Kong, Y. S., Mohammed Zaidi Omar, L. B. Chua, and Shahrum Abdullah. "Suspension Parametric Analysis of Conventional Bus through Finite Element Modal Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.163.

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Vehicle dynamic response of urban bus for common manoeuvres enhancing purpose has been investigated. Nowadays, increasing concerns on human driver comfort and emerging demands on suspension systems for off-road vehicles call for an effective vehicle ride dynamics model. This study devotes an analytical effort in developing a comprehensive vehicle ride dynamics simulation model. A bus simulation model which consists of two sets of different parabolic leaf springs and shock absorbers, front and rear axle, one dimensional tyres, anti-roll bars and simplified bus body with assumption the chassis is rigid has been built in finite element (FE) environment. Modal analysis is further to be performed in order to calculate the mode shapes and associated frequencies. Subsequently, suspension parameters analysis has been conducted to identify the sensitivity of every component towards the vehicle vibration behaviour. The related suspension parameters in the sensitivity analysis are parabolic leaf spring stiffness, anti-roll bars bending moment, and shock absorber damping characteristics respectively. The mode shapes and natural frequencies change due to the suspension parameters modification could be obviously visualized through finite element method. The visualization capabilities of the mode shape would provide an insight understanding of vehicle vibration behaviour in which is generally complex. The developed vehicle ride dynamics model could serve as an effective and efficient tool for predicting vehicle ride vibrations, to seek designs of primary and secondary suspensions, and to evaluate the roles of various operating conditions.

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Kumar, Vivek, Vikas Rastogi, and PM Pathak. "Modelling and evaluation of the hunting behaviour of a high-speed railway vehicle on curved track." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, no. 2 (July 29, 2018): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718789531.

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Nowadays, rail transport is a very important part of the transportation network for any countries. The demand for high operational speed makes hunting a very common instability problem in railway vehicles. Hunting leads to discomfort and causes physical damage to carriage components, such as wheels, rails, etc. The causes of instability and derailment should be identified and eliminated at the designing stage of a train to ensure its safe operation. In most of the earlier studies on hunting behaviour, a simplified model with a lower degree of freedom were considered, which resulted in incorrect results in some instances. In this study, a complete bond graph model of a railway vehicle with 31 degrees of freedom is presented to determine the response of a high-speed railway vehicle. For this purpose, two wheel–rail contacts grounded on a flange contact and Kalker’s linear creep theory are implemented. The model is simulated to observe the effects of suspension elements on the vehicle’s critical hunting velocity. It is observed that the critical hunting speed is extremely sensitive to the primary longitudinal and lateral springs. Other primary and secondary springs and dampers also affect the critical speed to some extent. However, the critical hunting velocity is insensitive to vertical suspension elements for both the primary and secondary suspensions. Also, the critical speed is found to be inversely related to the conicity of the wheel.

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Stevanovic, Zoran, Veljko Marinovic, and Branislav Petrovic. "Hazardous substances in karst aquifer waters - one of the results of the operational monitoring of groundwater in Serbia." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique 81, no. 2 (2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp201107010s.

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Hydrogeological survey of wider Majdanpek mining area in the Carpathian mountain arch of eastern Serbia, including open mine pits, tailings sites, and major karstic springs and caves has been undertaken in order to estimate environmental conditions in groundwater body (GWB) ?Krs?sever?, groundwater quality, and to investigate causes of their earlier indicated poor chemical status. Bearing in mind that Majdanpek copper mine field is directly bordering the karst aquifer and delineated GWB ?Krs?sever?, the two karst springs namely Valja Fundata and Kaludjerica were in situmeasured and sampled in high and low-water periods (spring 2019, late autumn 2019 and spring 2020). Sampling and analysis of groundwater were carried out under the frame of project ?Operational Monitoring of Groundwater of the Republic of Serbia?, established by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of Serbia. The field measurements of unstable chemical components and physical properties as well as laboratory analyses confirmed very poor and even hazardous water quality of both surveyed springs Valja Fundata and Kaludjerica. Registered concentrations of some ions, such as Fe2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, SO4 2?are high above maximal permitted level for potable water in Serbia. High turbidity rate also confirms impact of colloidal suspensions from the tailing which is located in karstic blind valley. Leakage of mine water passes through joints, open cavities and even large cave system Valja Fundata. Results of undertaken survey confirm that low-water period results with worse water quality and much higher concentration of hazardous substances than that characterized high-water season when infiltrated rainy water and/or melted snow dilute tailing?s wastewater. Strict application of environmental protection measures and de - sign/construction of the smaller water treatment facility at both surveyed springs should possibly mitigate the impacts of mining activities to karst groundwater and dependant ecosystem.

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Giner, Joan, Daisuke Maeda, Kazuo Ono, Andrei M. Shkel, and Tomonori Sekiguchi. "MEMS Gyroscope With Concentrated Springs Suspensions Demonstrating Single Digit Frequency Split and Temperature Robustness." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 28, no. 1 (February 2019): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2018.2881209.

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CHEN, Liao. "Dynamic Characteristics Fitting of Air Springs and Numerical Analysis of Air Suspensions with Variant Stiffness." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46, no. 04 (2010): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2010.04.093.

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Luo, R. K., W. X. Wu, P. W. Cook, and W. J. Mortel. "An approach to evaluate the service life of rubber springs used in rail vehicle suspensions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 218, no. 2 (March 2004): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409041319597.

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Matejicek, J., P. C. Brand, A. R. Drews, A. Krause, and C. Lowe-Ma. "Residual stresses in cold-coiled helical compression springs for automotive suspensions measured by neutron diffraction." Materials Science and Engineering: A 367, no. 1-2 (February 2004): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.322.

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Lee, Jinho, Wonhee You, Jungyoul Lim, Kwan-Sup Lee, and Jae-Yong Lim. "Development of the Reduced-Scale Vehicle Model for the Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of the Hyperloop." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 3883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133883.

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This study addresses the Hyperloop characterized by a capsule-type vehicle, superconducting electrodynamic suspension (SC-EDS) levitation, and driving in a near-vacuum tube. Because the Hyperloop is different from conventional transportation, various considerations are required in the vehicle-design stage. Particularly, pre-investigation of the vehicle dynamic characteristics is essential because of the close relationship among the vehicle design parameters, such as size, weight, and suspensions. Accordingly, a 1/10 scale Hyperloop vehicle system model, enabling the analysis of dynamic motions in the vertical and lateral directions, was developed. The reduced-scale model is composed of bogies operated by Stewart platforms, secondary suspension units, and a car body. To realize the bogie motion, an operation algorithm reflecting the external disturbance, SC-EDS levitation, and interaction between the bogie and car body, was applied to the Stewart platform. Flexible rubber springs were used in the secondary suspension unit to enable dynamic characteristic analysis of the vertical and lateral motion. Results of the verification tests were compared with simulation results to examine the fitness of the developed model. The results showed that the developed reduced-scale model could successfully represent the complete dynamic characteristics, owing to the enhanced precision of the Stewart platform and the secondary suspension allowing biaxial motions.

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Metallidis, P., G. Verros, S. Natsiavas, and C. Papadimitriou. "Fault Detection and Optimal Sensor Location in Vehicle Suspensions." Journal of Vibration and Control 9, no. 3-4 (March 2003): 337–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107754603030755.

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A statistical system identification methodology is applied for performing parametric identification and fault detection studies in nonlinear vehicle systems. The vehicle nonlinearities arise due to the function of the suspension dampers, which assume a different damping coefficient in tension than in compression. The suspension springs may also possess piecewise linear characteristics. These lead to models with parameter discontinuities. Emphasis is put on investigating issues of unidentifiability arising in the system identification of nonlinear systems and the importance of sensor configuration and excitation characteristics in the reliable estimation of the model parameters. A methodology is proposed for designing the optimal sensor configuration (number and location of sensors) so that the corresponding measured data are most informative about the condition of the vehicle. The effects of excitation characteristics on the quality of the measured data are systematically explored. The effectiveness of the system identification and the optimal sensor configuration design methodologies is confirmed using simulated test data from a classical two-degree-of-freedom quartercar model as well as from more involved and complete vehicle models, including four-wheel vehicles with flexible body.

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31

Aung, Ye Ko Ko, B. M. Simonov, and S. P. Timoshenkov. "Modeling and Study of Various Types of Inertial Mass Suspensions in the Sensitive Elements of Micromechanical Devices." Proceedings of Universities. Electronics 25, no. 5 (October 2020): 440–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24151/1561-5405-2020-25-5-440-451.

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In microelectromechanical devices and systems (MEMS), capacitive micromechanical accelerometers (MMA) are used in airbag systems, machine vibration monitoring, navigation, seismology, microgravity measurements, etc. The most important structural elements of the sensing element are suspensions, through which the inertial mass is connected to a fixed frame. To ensure reliable operation and stability of sensor parameters, it is necessary to take into account the results of external factors already at the design stage of the sensor structure, especially its sensitive element, and at subsequent stages of the life cycle. In this work, the characteristic structures of suspension elements, which are made of silicon with different crystallographic orientations, are investigated and the results of modeling their most important parameters are presented. The simulation has been performed using the ANSYS program. The natural frequencies of inertial mass oscillations, residual mechanical stresses in the structural elements of silicon sensitive element with different crystallographic orientations have been calculated upon impact (up to 10 000 g). The natural vibration frequency changes and the dynamics of the change in the residual mechanical stress in the suspension elements with a temperature change in the range from +150 to –150 °C for a short time interval of 10 s, which corresponds to thermal shock, investigated. The results of studies of residual mechanical stresses arising upon impact and natural frequencies of inertial mass oscillations have been made it possible to develop recommendations on the choice of the design of suspension elements made of silicon, providing high sensitivity and stability of MMA parameters. It has been established that the use of folded springs with a rectangular or round cross-sectional shape with a suspension element thickness of 40 μm provides the highest temperature stability of the parameters. The results obtained are useful for developing real designs of MMA and other micromechanical devices

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32

Huang, Yingbo, Jing Na, Xing Wu, Guan-Bin Gao, and Yu Guo. "Robust adaptive control for vehicle active suspension systems with uncertain dynamics." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 4 (December 12, 2016): 1237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331216678312.

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This paper proposes a new robust adaptive law for adaptive control of vehicle active suspensions with unknown dynamics (e.g. non-linear springs and piece-wise dampers), where precise estimation of essential vehicle parameters (e.g. mass of vehicle body, mass moment of inertia for the pitch motions) may be achieved. This adaptive law is designed by introducing a novel leakage term with the parameter estimation error, such that exponential convergence of both the tracking error and parameter estimation error may be proved simultaneously. Appropriate comparisons with several traditional adaptive laws (e.g. gradient and σ-modification method) concerning the convergence and robustness are presented. The mitigation of the vertical and pitch displacements can be achieved with the proposed control to improve the ride comfort. The suspension space limitation and the tyre road holding are also studied. A dynamic simulator consisting of commercial vehicle simulation software Carsim® and Matlab® is built to validate the efficacy of the proposed control scheme and to illustrate the improved estimation performance with the new adaptive law.

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Bartolozzi, R., and F. Frendo. "Stiffness and strength aspects in the design of automotive coil springs for McPherson front suspensions: a case study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 225, no. 10 (July 4, 2011): 1377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407011403853.

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34

Pintado, P., C. Ramiro, M. Berg, A. L. Morales, A. J. Nieto, J. M. Chicharro, J. C. Miguel de Priego, and E. García. "On the mechanical behavior of rubber springs for high speed rail vehicles." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 20 (September 27, 2017): 4676–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546317732206.

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There are many engineering design problems that call for rubber components as the best solution. Vulcanized rubber has found its way into all sorts of devices, from the universal automobile pneumatic tire to the ubiquitous compliant bushing. Some high-speed rail vehicle suspensions make use of rubber, not only in the air spring itself, but also in the auxiliary spring. The mechanical characteristics of this component influence vehicle dynamics and, therefore, accurate spring models with which to conduct dynamic analysis would make for powerful design tools. Nevertheless, the mechanical behavior of rubber defies simple modeling on account of stress relaxation, creep, set, viscosity, internal friction, and nonlinear stress–strain relations. Despite the advances in the micromechanical understanding of these phenomena, as well as in the macroscopic modeling of rubber spring behavior, there is ample room for refinement, and this is precisely the goal of this paper. The mechanical behavior of a particular rubber spring for high speed rail vehicles has been characterized. The results reveal the necessary components of the model, and suggest the appropriate procedure for parameter extraction. Our model proposal consists of three elements in parallel: a nonlinear elastic spring; a “soft friction” element; and a Maxwell viscous component. The characterization procedure takes into account both stress relaxation and nonlinear elasticity. The proposed model accurately reproduces experimental results and may then be used with confidence in any type of numerical simulation. Nevertheless, for this statement to be true, the problem of “numerical softening” potentially induced by soft friction models should be resolved. The paper will show that a trailing moving average filter, seamlessly tied to the model, wipes out the softening effect.

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Černý, Ivo, Ivan Fürbacher, and Rayner M. Mayer. "Possibilities of the Use of Springs Made from Long-Fiber Glass Reinforced Composites in the Suspensions of Road and Rail Freight Vehicles." Key Engineering Materials 230-232 (October 2002): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.230-232.251.

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36

Shi, Xiao Hui, Hong Li Gao, and Ming Heng Xu. "Optimization Design of Automobile Suspension Springs Based on BP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 42 (November 2010): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.42.82.

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In order to optimize the arithmetic of the automobile suspension springs, the optimization algorithm of spring stress model based on BP neural networks was proposed. The various models of suspension spring were aggregated and analyzed, the parallel genetic algorithm for the suspension springs was proposed in this paper as well. And the spring models can be optimized fast and efficiently by the algorithm. Aiming at different models, the maximum stress point and the distribution law are given by means of experimental verifications. A new stress analysis method and a new estimate rule for the design of automotive suspension springs are provided by this method.

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37

Radu, Carmen Elisabeta, Edward Rășchitor, and Iosif Tempea. "Comparative Analysis for the Anti-Vibration Isolation of a Foundation in the Case of an Elevating Mechanism." Advanced Engineering Forum 42 (September 7, 2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.42.91.

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To study the vibrations of a Multiparker lift lift model, use various models for the lifting mechanism. In order to increase the number of parking spaces in the center of the Romanian capital, it is intended to design a parking lot on several levels above the Dâmbovița river, which would include two elevators for lifting and lowering cars. One of the elevators works as a system of translating cam and roller translating follower and thus, due to transmitting the torque from the electric drive motor to the cam, respectively changing the travel direction at the end of the route, upon starting and stopping, vibrations may occur within the elevator. This system must be supported on a foundation in order to achieve anti-vibration isolation. There are several possibilities to achieve this anti-vibration isolation, among which one can mention the elastic suspensions mounted on springs, rubber mats or standardized elastic rubber elements

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38

Bogdevičius, Marijonas, and Raimundas Junevičius. "DYNAMIC PROCESSES OF THE RETROFITED REAR SUSPENSION OF THE VEHICLE." TRANSPORT 19, no. 6 (December 31, 2004): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2004.9637985.

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The main aim of the investigation is to design rear suspension and to improve the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle. Three types of rear suspensions that consist of a leaf spring, a hydraulic and a pneumatic damper, an air spring are designed. The dynamic models of the quarter car with these rear suspensions are presented. Random disturbance of particular road surface is played back by using a spectral density and Monte Carlo method. Natural frequencies of rear suspension are presented. The dependence of standard deviations of the first, the second and the third derivates of particular random displacements on the vehicle speed is obtained. Dynamic characteristics of three rear suspensions are compared and the best rear suspension is determined.

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39

Bagaria, William J., Ron Doerfler, and Leif Roschier. "Nomograms for the design of light weight hollow helical springs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 23 (August 25, 2016): 4388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216665416.

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The helical spring is a widely used element in suspension systems. Traditionally, the springs have been wound from solid round wire. Significant weight savings can be achieved by fabricating helical springs from hollow tubing. For suspension systems, weight savings result in significant transportation fuel savings. This paper uses previously published equations to calculate the maximum shear stress and deflection of the hollow helical spring. Since the equations are complex, solving them on a computer or spreadsheet would require a trial-and-error method. As a design aid to avoid this problem, this paper gives nomograms for the design of lightweight hollow helical springs. The nomograms are graphical solutions to the maximum stress and deflection equations. Example suspension spring designs show that significant weight savings (of the order of 50% or more) can be achieved using hollow springs. Hollow springs could also be used in extreme temperature situations. Heating or cooling fluids can be circulated through the hollow spring.

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40

Lahlal, A., Jean Michel Sprauel, and H. Michaud. "Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Residual Stress Induced by Elastic-Plastic Bending, Tension or Torsion Loading." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.331.

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In this work a complete analytical model of elastic-plastic bending, tension and / or torsion has been developed to simulate the manufacturing of leaf springs and coil suspensions. A special procedure was also implemented to simulate mechanical surface treatments such as shot peening. These models allow predicting the plastic strains and residual stresses induced by successive loadings of the part. Our approach required first defining the mechanical behaviour of the material. The constitutive laws of the employed steels were therefore identified starting from cyclic loops recorded for tests carried out at various imposed strains. These laws were introduced in the plasticity model to simulate the different steps of manufacturing: forming of the part, presetting operations, shot peening, elastic-plastic shake down produced by the first cycles of fatigue. In order to validate the model, residual stress maps were also characterized by X-Ray diffraction. However, to retrieve the maximum of information from this kind of measurement, the experimental data has been analysed through a global method which processes the whole acquired diffraction peaks at once.

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Радин, Сергей, Sergey Radin, Евгений Сливинский, Evgeniy Slivinskiy, Татьяна Митина, and Tatyana Mitina. "ROD OSCILLATION INVESTIGATION OF ADAPTIVE TORSION SPRING FOR SPRING SUSPENSION OF SIX-WHEEL LOCOMOTIVE BOGIES." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20250.

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In modern locomotive design to reduce a dynamic effect upon a track there are widely used jaw and lawless six-wheel bogies supplied with a spring suspension using laminated springs, cylindrical spiral springs of compression and pneumatic springs. A considerable drawback of all known designs of spring suspension for rolling-stock is that all of them apart from a pneumatic one have no possibility for self-regulation in an automatic mode of their rigid characteristics de-pending on external dynamic impacts of track unevenness upon the latter. There is developed in Bunin State University of Yelets a promising inventionleveled structure of an adaptive torsion spring suspension excluding such a drawback and a number of computa-tions was carried out for the substantiation its rational design values.

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42

Evseev, Kirill B., Aleksander B. Kartashov, Idris Z. Dashtiev, and Aleksey V. Pozdeev. "Analysis viscoelastic properties of fiber-reinforced composite spring for the all-terrain vehicle." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 02039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822402039.

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For today’s composite materials have many advantages over steel materials. The composite materials take the main part in modern automobile constructions. Suspension system is the main automobile part. Components of suspension system are made of metal. Therefor suspension system have a high weight that have a negative effect for all of vehicle especially for vehicle dynamics and stability properties. The main part of suspension system is a spring element. Coil springs are the most widely used spring type for independent wheel suspension for trucks and passengers vehicles. Using composite springs can less vehicle weight especially less unspring masses. It is one of the main features of composite materials. Another feature is viscoelastic properties and hysteresis effect. That can be give excellent noise and vibration properties for vehicles.

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Sugahara, Y., A. Kazato, R. Koganei, M. Sampei, and S. Nakaura. "Suppression of vertical bending and rigid-body-mode vibration in railway vehicle car body by primary and secondary suspension control: Results of simulations and running tests using Shinkansen vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 223, no. 6 (May 22, 2009): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544097jrrt265.

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To improve ride comfort in railway vehicles, the suppression of vertical bending vibration and rigid-body-mode vibration in the car body is essential. In this paper, a system is proposed that aims to reduce bending and rigid-body-mode vibration simultaneously by introducing damping control devices in the primary and secondary suspensions. The technique involves a control system of primary vertical dampers and air springs; the former are used to suppress the first bending mode vibration; the latter, to suppress the rigid-body-mode vibration. The results of both simulations and vehicle running tests on the Sanyo—Shinkansen line demonstrate that this system reduced vertical vibrations in the bogies and the car body using the sky-hook control theory. In the running tests in particular, the system reduced the vertical vibration acceleration PSD peak value in the first bending mode to almost 20 per cent and in the rigid body mode to almost 50 per cent compared with the case when the system was not used. As a result, the ride quality level LT (a widely used index of ride comfort in Japan) decreased by at least 3 dB, indicating greater ride comfort.

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Durali, Mohammad, and Baabak Shadmehri. "Nonlinear Analysis of Train Derailment in Severe Braking." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 125, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1541669.

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A nonlinear comprehensive model has been developed in this paper to study the train derailment and hunting in severe braking conditions. The train consists of cars each having 40 dof, connected to each other by couplers and buffers. The car model is nonlinear and three-dimensional and includes nonlinear springs and dampers of primary and secondary suspensions, dry friction between different parts such as car body and side bearers, center-plate parts, wheelset bearings and bogie frames, and also clearances and mechanical stops. Nonlinearities of wheel and rail profiles, pressure build-up delay in brake circuit, and nonlinearities of connecting parts have also been included in the model. A complete set of equations has been derived for the train. The equations are solved numerically for different car weight configurations when severe brake is applied. Derailment coefficient is determined for several train make-ups and tendency of the wheels towards derailment is investigated. Optimum configuration of cars in a light-heavy set, and critical derailment velocity can be determined to minimize the tendency of train derailment. The results are in excellent agreement with the field experience.

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45

Rajesh, S., and G. B. Bhaskar. "Response of Composite Leaf Springs to Low Velocity Impact Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.47.

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Leaf springs are the traditional suspension elements, occupying a vital position in the automobile industry. This paper deals us the replacement of existing steel leaf spring by composite leaf spring. The dimensions of existing middle steel leaf spring of commercial vehicle (Tata ace mini truck) were taken and fabricated using a specially designed die. Single leaf of the suspension springs, each made up composite with bidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), bidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and hybrid glass-carbon fiber reinforced plastic (G-CFRP), was fabricated by hand layup process. It is to be mentioned here that the cross sectional area of the composite spring same as the metallic spring. A low velocity impact test rig was fabricated in the laboratory with loading set up. The composite leaf springs were tested with the low velocity impact test rig. By using the low velocity impact test rig, the deflection due to various drop height were measured.

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46

Nugroho, Pipit Wahyu. "Analisis Getaran Kendaraan Sistem Satu Roda dalam tinjauan Dua Derajat Kebebasan." Jurnal Energi dan Teknologi Manufaktur (JETM) 2, no. 01 (June 30, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jetm.v2i01.34.

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The comfort of the vehicle passenger of the vehicle and its stability are the important variables that are always needed by everyone who uses transportation. In order to achieve this goal, the suspension of the vehicle will play an important role because its function is to isolate passengers from the effects of excitation from outside the vehicle and also to control the wheels attached to the road surface. Therefore in this study, the influence of various types of suspensions on vehicle vibrations is observed in terms of comfort and stability. The type of suspension in this study is related to the level of suspensión stiffness namely the spring and the damper. Vehicle modeling to be applied in a one-wheeled vehicle with two degrees of freedom. The experimental study is conducted by loading of vehicle body weight and passengers to three type of suspension, soft, medium and hard. Vibration responses to be analyzed on the vehicle equation using Matlab to obtain the acceleration response of the displacement and the defelction. This research obtains a vibration response graph for each type of suspension for some kind of road profile.

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Gopinath, S., R. J. Golden Renjith, and J. Dineshkumar. "Design and fabrication of magnetic shock absorber." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 2 (April 26, 2014): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i2.1831.

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In a vehicle, shock absorber reduces the effect of travelling over rough ground, without shock absorber the vehicle would have a bouncing ride, as an energy is stored in the spring and then released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allow range of suspension movement [1]. Control of excessive suspension movement without shock absorption requires stiffer springs, which would intern gives a harsh ride. Shock absorber allows the use of soft springs while controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to bumps [2]. In this project a new suspension system based on magnetic power which can be used in automobile in future. The suspension system consists of magnets freely moving inside the cylinder with their same poles facing each other. Since the magnetic poles repel each other while moving closer, the up and down spring action is obtained. Keywords: Suspension System, Magnetic Power, Magnetic Poles.

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Sun, Li Qin, and Zhen Cui. "Modeling and Stiffness Characteristic Analysis of the Semi-Active Interconnected Air Suspension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.220.

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Based on structure and working principle of semi-active interconnected air suspension, whole vehicle dynamic model including interconnected air springs system model, damper model, vehicle body and tire model is established. The changes of parameters such as connect pipe diameter, unilateral or bilateral excitation input phase difference that have effect on the air spring stiffness characteristic are simulated when air springs in the interconnected condition. The simulation results show that, interconnection of air springs can reduce the stiffness of air spring, and vehicle ride performance and riding comfortable performance can also be improved effectively.

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Alanoly, J., and S. Sankar. "A New Concept in Semi-Active Vibration Isolation." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 109, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267444.

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Semi-active suspensions can achieve performance close to that of active suspensions with much lower cost and complexity. They use an active damper in parallel with a passive spring. The forces in the damper are generated merely by the modulation of fluid-flow orifices based on a control scheme involving feedback variables. This paper presents an original control strategy employing only directly measurable variables in vehicle applications. The relative displacement and relative velocity across the suspension are the only feedback signals and the damper force can be continuously modulated (as opposed to on-off control). Vibration isolation performance of the new semi-active scheme is compared to semi-active sky-hook suspension, as well as passive and active suspensions.

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Slivinsky, Evgeny, Sergey Radin, Sergey Shubkin, and Sergey Buneev. "Modernization of spring suspension of trailed vehicles." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 07015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127307015.

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This article presents materials related to the development of a promising design of adaptive torsion bar suspension for trailed special and cargo vehicles, both trailers and semi-trailers, designed for the transportation of bulk and general cargo. A number of technical solutions, created at the level of inventions, are proposed, which make it possible to simplify the existing types of spring suspensions, reduce their metal consumption, improve the smoothness of trailed vehicles (TV) and increase their operational reliability due to the operation of suspensions in automatic mode. when they overcome micro and macro unevenness of the roadway. Analytical studies were carried out with the development of a design scheme and a methodology for calculating the design of an adaptive torsion spring for static and dynamic strength.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Springs and suspensions'

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