Journal articles: 'Spring bloom'

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Chiswell, Stephen M., Karl A. Safi, Sylvia G. Sander, Robert Strzepek, Michael J. Ellwood, Angela Milne, and Philip W. Boyd. "Exploring mechanisms for spring bloom evolution: contrasting 2008 and 2012 blooms in the southwest Pacific Ocean." Journal of Plankton Research 41, no. 3 (January 9, 2018): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbz017.

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AbstractObservations from two research cruises made in 2008 and 2012 to east of New Zealand are put into context with satellite data to contrast and compare surface chlorophyll a evolution in the two years in order to explore mechanisms of phytoplankton bloom development in the southwest Pacific Ocean. In 2008, surface chlorophyll a largely followed the long-term climatological cycle, and 2008 can be considered a canonical year, where the autumn bloom is triggered by increasing vertical mixing at the end of summer and the spring bloom is triggered by decreasing vertical mixing at the end of winter. In contrast, 2012 was anomalous in that there was no autumn bloom, and in early spring there were several periods of sustained increase in surface chlorophyll a that did not become fully developed spring blooms. (In this region, we consider spring blooms to occur when surface chlorophyll a exceeds 0.5 mg m-3). These events can be related to alternating episodes of increased or decreased vertical mixing. The eventual spring bloom in October was driven by increased ocean cooling and wind stress (i.e. increased mixing) and paradoxically was driven by mechanisms considered more appropriate for autumn rather than spring blooms.

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Record, Nicholas R., William M. Balch, and Karen Stamieszkin. "Century-scale changes in phytoplankton phenology in the Gulf of Maine." PeerJ 7 (May 2, 2019): e6735. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6735.

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The phenology of major seasonal events is an important indicator of climate. We analyzed multiple datasets of in situ chlorophyll measurements from the Gulf of Maine dating back to the early 20th century in order to detect climate-scale changes in phenology. The seasonal cycle was consistently characterized by a two-bloom pattern, with spring and autumn blooms. The timing of both spring and autumn blooms has shifted later in the year at rates ranging from ∼1 to 9 days per decade since 1960, depending on the phenology metric, and trends only emerged at time scales of >40 years. Bloom phenology had only weak correlations with major climate indices. There were stronger associations between bloom timing and physical and chemical variables. Autumn bloom initiation correlated strongly with surface temperature and salinity, and spring bloom with nutrients. A later spring bloom also correlated with an increased cohort ofCalanus finmarchicus, suggesting broader ecosystem implications of phytoplankton phenology.

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Mignot, A., R. Ferrari, and K. A. Mork. "Spring bloom onset in the Nordic Seas." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 16 (August 21, 2015): 13631–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-13631-2015.

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Abstract. The North Atlantic spring bloom is a massive annual growth event of marine phytoplankton, tiny free-floating algae that form the base of the ocean's food web and generates a large fraction of the global primary production of organic matter. The conditions that trigger the onset of the spring bloom in the Nordic Seas, at the northern edge of the North Atlantic, are studied using in-situ data from five bio-optical floats released above the Arctic Circle. It is often assumed that spring blooms start as soon as phytoplankton cells daily irradiance is sufficiently abundant that division rates exceed losses. The bio-optical float data instead suggest the tantalizing hypothesis that Nordic Seas blooms start when the photoperiod, the number of daily light hours experienced by phytoplankton, exceeds a critical value, independently of division rates. This bloom behavior may be explained by realizing that photosynthesis is impossible during polar nights and phytoplankton enters in a dormant stage in winter, only to be awaken by a photoperiodic trigger. While the first accumulation of biomass recorded by the bio-optical floats is consistent with the photoperiod hypothesis, it is possible that some biomass accumulation started before the critical photoperiod but at levels too low to be detected by the fluorometers. Thus more precise observations are needed to test the photoperiod hypothesis.

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Dickman, Steven. "The flowers that bloom next spring." Nature 339, no. 6223 (June 1989): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/339325c0.

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Tracy, Sarah J. "Buds Bloom in a Second Spring." Qualitative Inquiry 22, no. 1 (September 10, 2015): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800415603397.

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Brody, Sarah R., and M. Susan Lozier. "Characterizing upper-ocean mixing and its effect on the spring phytoplankton bloom with in situ data." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 6 (February 4, 2015): 1961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv006.

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Abstract Since publication, the Sverdrup hypothesis, that phytoplankton are uniformly distributed within the ocean mixed layer and bloom once the ocean warms and stratifies in spring, has been the conventional explanation of subpolar phytoplankton spring bloom initiation. Recent studies have sought to differentiate between the actively mixing section of the upper ocean and the uniform-density mixed layer, arguing, as Sverdrup implied, that decreases in active mixing drive the spring bloom. In this study, we use in situ data to investigate the characteristics and depth of active mixing in both buoyancy- and wind-driven regimes and explore the idea that the shift from buoyancy-driven to wind-driven mixing in the late winter or early spring creates the conditions necessary for blooms to begin. We identify the bloom initiation based on net rates of biomass accumulation and relate changes in the depth of active mixing to changes in biomass depth profiles. These analyses support the idea that decreases in the depth of active mixing, a result of the transition from buoyancy-driven to wind-driven mixing, control the timing of the spring bloom.

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Mignot, Alexandre, Raffaele Ferrari, and Kjell Arne Mork. "Spring bloom onset in the Nordic Seas." Biogeosciences 13, no. 11 (June 15, 2016): 3485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3485-2016.

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Abstract. The North Atlantic spring bloom is a massive annual growth event of marine phytoplankton, tiny free-floating algae that form the base of the ocean's food web and generates a large fraction of the global primary production of organic matter. The conditions that trigger the onset of the spring bloom in the Nordic Seas, at the northern edge of the North Atlantic, are studied using in situ data from six bio-optical floats released north of the Arctic Circle. It is often assumed that spring blooms start as soon as phytoplankton cells daily irradiance is sufficiently abundant that division rates exceed losses. The bio-optical float data instead suggest the tantalizing hypothesis that Nordic Seas blooms start when the photoperiod, the number of daily light hours experienced by phytoplankton, exceeds a critical value, independently of division rates. The photoperiod trigger may have developed at high latitudes where photosynthesis is impossible during polar nights and phytoplankton enters into a dormant stage in winter. While the first accumulation of biomass recorded by the bio-optical floats is consistent with the photoperiod hypothesis, it is possible that some biomass accumulation started before the critical photoperiod but at levels too low to be detected by the fluorometers. More precise observations are needed to test the photoperiod hypothesis.

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Groetsch, Philipp M. M., Stefan G. H. Simis, Marieke A. Eleveld, and Steef W. M. Peters. "Spring blooms in the Baltic Sea have weakened but lengthened from 2000 to 2014." Biogeosciences 13, no. 17 (September 8, 2016): 4959–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4959-2016.

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Abstract. Phytoplankton spring bloom phenology was derived from a 15-year time series (2000–2014) of ship-of-opportunity chlorophyll a fluorescence observations collected in the Baltic Sea through the Alg@line network. Decadal trends were analysed against inter-annual variability in bloom timing and intensity, and environmental drivers (nutrient concentration, temperature, radiation level, wind speed).Spring blooms developed from the south to the north, with the first blooms peaking mid-March in the Bay of Mecklenburg and the latest bloom peaks occurring mid-April in the Gulf of Finland. Bloom duration was similar between sea areas (43 ± 2 day), except for shorter bloom duration in the Bay of Mecklenburg (36 ± 11 day). Variability in bloom timing increased towards the south. Bloom peak chlorophyll a concentrations were highest (and most variable) in the Gulf of Finland (20.2 ± 5.7 mg m−3) and the Bay of Mecklenburg (12.3 ± 5.2 mg m−3).Bloom peak chlorophyll a concentration showed a negative trend of −0.31 ± 0.10 mg m−3 yr−1. Trend-agnostic distribution-based (Weibull-type) bloom metrics showed a positive trend in bloom duration of 1.04 ± 0.20 day yr−1, which was not found with any of the threshold-based metrics. The Weibull bloom metric results were considered representative in the presence of bloom intensity trends.Bloom intensity was mainly determined by winter nutrient concentration, while bloom timing and duration co-varied with meteorological conditions. Longer blooms corresponded to higher water temperature, more intense solar radiation, and lower wind speed. It is concluded that nutrient reduction efforts led to decreasing bloom intensity, while changes in Baltic Sea environmental conditions associated with global change corresponded to a lengthening spring bloom period.

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Lewandowska, Aleksandra M., Maren Striebel, Ulrike Feudel, Helmut Hillebrand, and Ulrich Sommer. "The importance of phytoplankton trait variability in spring bloom formation." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 6 (April 9, 2015): 1908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv059.

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Abstract About 60 years ago, the critical depth hypothesis was proposed to describe the occurrence of spring phytoplankton blooms and emphasized the role of stratification for the timing of onset. Since then, several alternative hypotheses appeared focusing on the role of grazing and mixing processes such as turbulent convection or wind activity. Surprisingly, the role of community composition—and thus the distribution of phytoplankton traits—for bloom formation has not been addressed. Here, we discuss how trait variability between competing species might influence phytoplankton growth during the onset of the spring bloom. We hypothesize that the bloom will only occur if there are species with a combination of traits fitting to the environmental conditions at the respective location and time. The basic traits for formation of the typical spring bloom are high growth rates and photoadaptation to low light conditions, but other traits such as nutrient kinetics and grazing resistance might also be important. We present concise ideas on how to test our theoretical considerations experimentally. Furthermore, we suggest that future models of phytoplankton blooms should include both water column dynamics and variability of phytoplankton traits to make realistic projections instead of treating the phytoplankton bloom as an aggregate community phenomenon.

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Kristiansen, S., T. Farbrot, and LJ Naustvoll. "Spring bloom nutrient dynamics in the Oslofjord." Marine Ecology Progress Series 219 (2001): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps219041.

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11

MacDonald, Clinton C., and K. Wyatt McMahon. "The Flowers that Bloom in the Spring." Cell 113, no. 6 (June 2003): 671–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00426-4.

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12

Platt, Trevor, Csar Fuentes-Yaco, and Kenneth T. Frank. "Spring algal bloom and larval fish survival." Nature 423, no. 6938 (May 2003): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/423398b.

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13

Surridge, Christopher. "The flowers that bloom in the spring." Nature 427, no. 6970 (January 2004): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/427112a.

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14

Fennel, K., I. Cetinić, E. D'Asaro, C. Lee, and M. J. Perry. "Autonomous data describe North Atlantic spring bloom." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 92, no. 50 (December 13, 2011): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011eo500002.

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15

Yin, K., P. J. Harrison, R. H. Goldblatt, M. A. St.John, and R. J. Beamish. "Factors controlling the timing of the spring bloom in the Strait of Georgia estuary, British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 9 (September 1, 1997): 1985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-106.

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We present a conceptual model to illustrate how wind events and the annual migration and grazing of the dominant copepod Neocalanus plumchrus interact and affect the development of the spring bloom. The model was supported by observations made during 1988, 1992, and 1993. For example, in 1992, an El Niño year, the annual freshet of the Fraser River and probably the spring bloom started 1 month earlier. The bloom was interrupted by a wind event in late March. A few days later, its full recovery was interrupted by the peak in zooplankton grazing, and ambient ammonium concentrations increased. In contrast, in 1988, the annual freshet started later (mid-April), and winds remained strong throughout the same period, hindering the development of the spring bloom. The spring bloom was further suppressed by large numbers of zooplankton during April, resulting in a prolonged spring bloom. These observations indicate that interannual variations in winds and the timing of the annual freshet determine the timing and duration of the spring bloom, which in turn, determine the matching of phytoplankton to zooplankton in the Strait of Georgia. The matching or mismatching bears significant implications for food availability for juvenile fish.

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Shiomoto, Akihiro, Koji Asakuma, Han-Dong Hoon, Koichi Sakaguchi, and Kimihiko Maekawa. "An early spring bloom of large diatoms in the ice-covered Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, no. 1 (August 3, 2011): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411000361.

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Saroma-ko Lagoon, the largest body of water that has complete ice coverage during winter in Japan, was not completely covered by ice in the winter of 2009. This condition is considered to be a result of the progression of global warming. A bloom of large diatoms was observed in the ice-free area between February and April. This early spring bloom seemed to have started in the latter part of January, and lasted for about three months. The maximum chlorophyll-a (Chl a) concentration of about 10 mg m−3 was observed in March, and was similar to the level of 5–20 mg m−3 previously reported for the ordinary spring bloom in Saroma-ko Lagoon. The maximum primary production of 786 mgC m−2 day−1 and the maximum Chl a-specific primary production, an index of the phytoplankton growth rate, were also found in March. Species changes from Thalassiosira spp. to Chaetoceros spp. were observed during the bloom. This early spring bloom could extend into the ordinary spring bloom period. Its duration was obviously longer than that of the spring bloom, which is typically about one month. These results show the phytoplankton condition that could be expected during winter and spring as global warming progresses.

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Mahadevan, Amala, Eric D’Asaro, Craig Lee, and Mary Jane Perry. "Eddy-Driven Stratification Initiates North Atlantic Spring Phytoplankton Blooms." Science 337, no. 6090 (July 5, 2012): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1218740.

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Springtime phytoplankton blooms photosynthetically fix carbon and export it from the surface ocean at globally important rates. These blooms are triggered by increased light exposure of the phytoplankton due to both seasonal light increase and the development of a near-surface vertical density gradient (stratification) that inhibits vertical mixing of the phytoplankton. Classically and in current climate models, that stratification is ascribed to a springtime warming of the sea surface. Here, using observations from the subpolar North Atlantic and a three-dimensional biophysical model, we show that the initial stratification and resulting bloom are instead caused by eddy-driven slumping of the basin-scale north-south density gradient, resulting in a patchy bloom beginning 20 to 30 days earlier than would occur by warming.

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Ferreira, Afonso, Vanda Brotas, Carla Palma, Carlos Borges, and Ana C. Brito. "Assessing Phytoplankton Bloom Phenology in Upwelling-Influenced Regions Using Ocean Color Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040675.

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Phytoplankton bloom phenology studies are fundamental for the understanding of marine ecosystems. Mismatches between fish spawning and plankton peak biomass will become more frequent with climate change, highlighting the need for thorough phenology studies in coastal areas. This study was the first to assess phytoplankton bloom phenology in the Western Iberian Coast (WIC), a complex coastal region in SW Europe, using a multisensor long-term ocean color remote sensing dataset with daily resolution. Using surface chlorophyll a (chl-a) and biogeophysical datasets, five phenoregions (i.e., areas with coherent phenology patterns) were defined. Oceanic phytoplankton communities were seen to form long, low-biomass spring blooms, mainly influenced by atmospheric phenomena and water column conditions. Blooms in northern waters are more akin to the classical spring bloom, while blooms in southern waters typically initiate in late autumn and terminate in late spring. Coastal phytoplankton are characterized by short, high-biomass, highly heterogeneous blooms, as nutrients, sea surface height, and horizontal water transport are essential in shaping phenology. Wind-driven upwelling and riverine input were major factors influencing bloom phenology in the coastal areas. This work is expected to contribute to the management of the WIC and other upwelling systems, particularly under the threat of climate change.

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Cole, Harriet S., Stephanie Henson, Adrian P. Martin, and Andrew Yool. "Basin-wide mechanisms for spring bloom initiation: how typical is the North Atlantic?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 6 (January 7, 2015): 2029–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu239.

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Abstract The annual phytoplankton bloom is a key event in pelagic ecosystems. Variability in the timing, or phenology, of these blooms affects ecosystem dynamics with implications for carbon export efficiency and food availability for higher trophic levels. Furthermore, interannual variability in phytoplankton bloom timing may be used to monitor changes in the pelagic ecosystem that are either naturally or anthropogenically forced. The onset of the spring bloom has traditionally been thought to be controlled by the restratification of the water column and shoaling of the mixed layer, as encapsulated in Sverdrup's critical depth hypothesis. However, this has been challenged by recent studies which have put forward different mechanisms. For example, the critical turbulence hypothesis attributes bloom initiation to a reduction in turbulent mixing associated with the onset of positive net heat fluxes (NHFs). To date, the majority of studies on bloom initiation mechanisms have concentrated on North Atlantic datasets leaving their validity in other subpolar regions unknown. Here, we use chlorophyll output from a model that assimilates satellite ocean colour data to calculate bloom initiation timing and examine the basin-wide drivers of spatial and interannual variability. We find that the date that the NHF turns positive is a stronger predictor for the date of bloom initiation, both spatially and interannually, across the North Atlantic than changes in the mixed layer depth. However, results obtained from the North Pacific and Southern Ocean show no such basin-wide coherency. The lack of consistency in the response of the subpolar basins indicates that other drivers are likely responsible for variability in bloom initiation. This disparity between basins suggests that the North Atlantic bloom initiation processes are unique and therefore that this region may not be a suitable model for a global, theoretical understanding of the mechanisms leading to the onset of the spring bloom.

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Llort, Joan, Marina Lévy, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, and Alessandro Tagliabue. "Onset, intensification, and decline of phytoplankton blooms in the Southern Ocean." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 6 (April 14, 2015): 1971–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv053.

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Abstract The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean (SO) is characterized by a period of rapid accumulation, known as bloom, that is typical of high-latitude regions. Recent studies have illustrated how spatial and temporal dynamics of blooms in the SO are more complex than in other oceans. This complexity is likely related to differences in vertical mixing and the iron availability. In this work, we examine the sensitivity of bloom dynamics to changes in vertical mixing and iron availability using a biogeochemical model. Under idealized physical forcing, we produce seasonal cycles of phytoplankton for an ensemble of SO scenarios and we describe the bloom dynamics in terms of the net biomass accumulation rate. Based on this metric, we define three crucial bloom phases: the onset, the climax, and the apex. For the ensemble of modelled blooms, onsets always occur in winter and can be either bottom-up (increase in productivity) or top-down (decrease in grazing) controlled. Climaxes are mostly found in spring and their magnitudes are bottom-up controlled. Apexes are always found in late spring and strongly top-down controlled. Our results show that while a “strict” onset definition is consistent with a winter onset, the surface spring bloom is associated with the climax of the integrated bloom. Furthermore, we demonstrate that onset phase can be distinguished from climax phase using appropriate bloom detection methods based on surface satellite-based products. The ensemble of these results suggests that Sverdrup's blooming conditions are not indicative of the bloom onset but of the climax. We conclude that the recent bloom onset debate may partly be due to a confusion between what is defined here as the bloom onset and the climax, and that the SO observed complexity is due to the factors that control the climax.

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Brandt, G., and K. W. Wirtz. "Hydrodynamics and light climate structure alongshore phytoplankton blooms in spring." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (May 13, 2009): 4993–5030. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-4993-2009.

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Abstract. Phytoplankton blooms are a recurring phenomenon that have significant impact on annual biogeochemistry and food-web dynamics in many aquatic ecosystems. The causes for their variability, which is high especially in coastal seas, remain poorly understood. We present an example for distinct differences in the spatio-temporal chlorophyll-a (CHL-a) distribution on an interannual scale, integrating high-frequency data from an autonomous measuring device (FerryBox), which operated on an alongshore route in the coastal North Sea. While in one year CHL-a was spatially homogeneous (2004), a bloom only developed in one part of the transect in the following spring period (2005). In this study, we use a one-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking model, which operates along the mean current direction, combined with a NPZ-model to identify the mechanisms controlling interannual bloom variability on an alongshore transect. The model results clearly indicate that in 2004, the local light climate triggered phytoplankton growth, whereas in the following year, advective transport determined the spatial structure of the spring bloom. A pronounced eastward inflow event in 2005 imported a high CHL-a patch into the western half of the study area from the adjacent Southern Bight. It did, however, not last long enough to also spread the bloom into the eastern part, where high turbidity prevented local phytoplankton growth. The model identified two interacting mechanisms, light climate and hydrodynamics that control the alongshore dynamics. Especially the occurrence of a pronounced spring bloom despite unfavourable light conditions in 2005 underlines the need to carefully consider hydrodynamics to understand ecosystem functioning in coastal environments.

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Malick, Michael J., Sean P. Cox, Franz J. Mueter, and Randall M. Peterman. "Linking phytoplankton phenology to salmon productivity along a north–south gradient in the Northeast Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 5 (May 2015): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0298.

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We investigated spatial and temporal components of phytoplankton dynamics in the Northeast Pacific Ocean to better understand the mechanisms linking biological oceanographic conditions to productivity of 27 pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) stocks. Specifically, we used spatial covariance functions in combination with multistock spawner–recruit analyses to model relationships among satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentrations, initiation date of the spring phytoplankton bloom, and salmon productivity. For all variables, positive spatial covariation was strongest at the regional scale (0–800 km) with no covariation beyond 1500 km. Spring bloom timing was significantly correlated with salmon productivity for both northern (Alaska) and southern (British Columbia) populations, although the correlations were opposite in sign. An early spring bloom was associated with higher productivity for northern populations and lower productivity for southern populations. Furthermore, the spring bloom initiation date was always a better predictor of salmon productivity than mean chlorophyll a concentration. Our results suggest that changes in spring bloom timing resulting from natural climate variability or anthropogenic climate change could potentially cause latitudinal shifts in salmon productivity.

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Brandt, G., and K. W. Wirtz. "Interannual variability of alongshore spring bloom dynamics in a coastal sea caused by the differential influence of hydrodynamics and light climate." Biogeosciences 7, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-371-2010.

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Abstract. Timing and spatial distribution of phytoplankton blooms in coastal oceans are highly variable. The interactions of various biological and physical factors leading to the observed variability are complex and remain poorly understood. We present an example for distinct differences in the spatio-temporal chlorophyll a (CHL-a) distribution on an interannual scale, integrating high-frequency data from an autonomous measuring device (FerryBox), which operated on an alongshore route in the coastal German Bight (North Sea). While in one year the distribution of CHL-a was spatially homogeneous (2004), a bloom only developed in one part of the transect in the following spring period (2005). We use a one-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking model, which operates along the mean current direction, combined with a NPZ-model to identify the mechanisms controlling the observed interannual bloom variability on the alongshore transect. Our results clearly indicate that in 2004 the local light climate determined the spatial and temporal dynamics of the spring bloom. In contrast, the import of a water mass with elevated CHL-a concentrations from the adjacent Southern Bight triggered the spring bloom in 2005. The inflow event did, however, not last long enough to spread the bloom into the eastern part of the study area, where high turbidity prevented local phytoplankton growth. The model identifies two interacting mechanisms, light climate and hydrodynamics, that controlled the alongshore dynamics. Especially the occurrence of a pronounced spring bloom despite unfavourable light conditions in 2005 underlines the need to carefully consider hydrodynamics to understand the dynamics of the plankton community in coastal environments.

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Son, Y. T., K. I. Chang, S. T. Yoon, T. Rho, J. H. Kwak, C. K. Kang, and K. R. Kim. "A newly observed physical cause of the onset of the subsurface spring phytoplankton bloom in the southwestern East Sea/Sea of Japan." Biogeosciences 11, no. 5 (March 4, 2014): 1319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1319-2014.

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Abstract. An ocean buoy, UBIM (Ulleung Basin Integrated Mooring), deployed during the spring transition from February to May 2010 reveals for the first time highly resolved temporal variation of biochemical properties of the upper layer of the Ulleung Basin in the southwestern East Sea/Sea of Japan. The time-series measurement captured the onset of subsurface spring bloom at 30 m, and collocated temperature and current data gives an insight into a mechanism that triggers the onset of the spring bloom not documented so far. Low-frequency modulation of the mixed layer depth ranging from 10 m to 53 m during the entire mooring period is mainly determined by shoaling and deepening of isothermal depths depending on the placement of UBIM on the cold or warm side of the frontal jet. The occurrence of the spring bloom at 30 m is concomitant with the appearance of colder East Sea Intermediate Water at buoy UBIM, which results in subsurface cooling and shoaling of isotherms to the shallower depth levels during the bloom period than those that occurred during the pre-bloom period. Isolines of temperature-based NO3 are also shown to be uplifted during the bloom period. It is suggested that the springtime spreading of the East Sea Intermediate Water is one of the important factors that triggers the subsurface spring bloom below the mixed layer.

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Lopez, Ariana, Sophia Mard, and Maximilian Fenner. "Editorial: Spring Issue: Flowers Bloom & Knowledge Blossoms." Amsterdam Law Forum 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37974/alf.329.

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Kaur, Amandeep, Louise Ferguson, Niels Maness, Becky Carroll, William Reid, and Lu Zhang. "Spring Freeze Damage of Pecan Bloom: A Review." Horticulturae 6, no. 4 (November 13, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6040082.

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Pecan is native to the United States. The US is the world’s largest pecan producer with an average yearly production of 250 to 300 million pounds; 80 percent of the world’s supply. Georgia, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Oklahoma, California, Louisiana, and Florida are the major US pecan producing states. Pecan trees frequently suffer from spring freeze at bud break and bloom as the buds are quite sensitive to freeze damage. This leads to poor flower and nut production. This review focuses on the impact of spring freeze during bud differentiation and flower development. Spring freeze kills the primary terminal buds, the pecan tree has a second chance for growth and flowering through secondary buds. Unfortunately, secondary buds have less bloom potential than primary buds and nut yield is reduced. Spring freeze damage depends on severity of the freeze, bud growth stage, cultivar type and tree age, tree height and tree vigor. This review discusses the impact of temperature on structure and function of male and female reproductive organs. It also summarizes carbohydrate relations as another factor that may play an important role in spring growth and transition of primary and secondary buds to flowers.

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Bratbak, Gunnar, Mikal Heldal, Svein Norland, and T. Frede Thingstad. "Viruses as Partners in Spring Bloom Microbial Trophodynamics." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, no. 5 (1990): 1400–1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.56.5.1400-1405.1990.

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Follows, Michael, and Stephanie Dutkiewicz. "Meteorological modulation of the North Atlantic spring bloom." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49, no. 1-3 (January 2001): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(01)00105-9.

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Smetacek, Victor, and Uta Passow. "Spring bloom initiation and Sverdrup's critical-depth model." Limnology and Oceanography 35, no. 1 (January 1990): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1990.35.1.0228.

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Leaf, Robert T., and Kevin D. Friedland. "Autumn bloom phenology and magnitude influence haddock recruitment on Georges Bank." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 8 (June 3, 2014): 2017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu076.

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Abstract The haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) stock on Georges Bank in the Northwest Atlantic is characterized by extremely large recruitment events relative to spawning-stock biomass. Recent work has indicated that the dynamics of the preceding autumn bloom may have explanatory power to describe these events. In this paper, we examine the hypothesis that autumn phytoplankton dynamics affect the recruitment of haddock, examine the temporal and spatial characteristics of the autumn phytoplankton bloom on Georges Bank, and correlate individual sex-specific condition measurements of haddock made in spring to recruitment patterns. Autumn bloom characteristics vary considerably across Georges Bank with earlier-occurring and larger-integral blooms occurring on the northern flank. On average, autumn blooms start on day 273 (29 September) and persist ∼50 days. There was a significant negative correlation detected between bloom start date and recruitment and a significant positive correlation of bloom integral and recruitment. The survivor ratio loge(R/SSB) was positively and significantly correlated with individual condition of females in spring. The analysis of autumn bloom on Georges Bank provides a predictive index for recruitment strength of haddock and has utility for the assessment of this stock.

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Wimalajeewa, DLS, R. Cahill, G. Hepworth, HG Schneider, and JW Washbourne. "Chemical control of bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae) of apricot and cherry in Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 5 (1991): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910705.

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Field trials were conducted during 1982-85, to develop a comprehensive spray program for the control of bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv, syringae) of apricot and cherry. Five spray schedules were evaluated as measures to reduce disease levels. Copper hydroxide at 2.5 g/L in water was applied to apricot, and bordeaux mixture at 6 g copper sulfate + 8 g hydrated lime/L in water was applied to cherry, during autumn, winter and pre-bloom spring. The effectiveness of copper sprays in reducing epiphytic populations of the pathogen during post-bloom spring was also tested. Copper hydroxide was applied to apricot, and a foliar copper nutrient and copper hydroxide were applied to cherry at low concentrations. Most spray schedules tested significantly (P<0.05) reduced canker incidence relative to controls. Excellent control of epiphytic populations of the pathogen on apricot and cherry was achieved with copper sprays applied at post-bloom in spring. A spray schedule consisting of 2 autumn, 1 winter and 2 pre-bloom spring sprays with copper hydroxide on apricot or bordeaux mixture on cherry was successful in reducing canker (>67% reduction) and is recommended for control of the disease. Two applications of copper hydroxide at 1.0 g/L in water in post-bloom spring considerably reduced (>9 1 %) epiphytic populations (P. syringae pv. syringae) on apricot and cherry leaves. Later sprays are recommended for use in combination with the autumn-winter-spring (pre-bloom) spray schedule, especially under excessively wet and cool weather conditions in spring.

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Zhai, Li, Trevor Platt, Charles Tang, Shubha Sathyendranath, and Rafael Hernández Walls. "Phytoplankton phenology on the Scotian Shelf." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 4 (January 4, 2011): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq175.

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Abstract Zhai, L., Platt, T., Tang, C., Sathyendranath, S., and Hernández Walls, R. 2011. Phytoplankton phenology on the Scotian Shelf. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . The impact of physical forcing on seasonal and interannual phytoplankton dynamics was examined using SeaWiFS chlorophyll, AVHRR sea surface temperature (SST), nitrate, and other hydrographic measurements for the Scotian Shelf and Scotian Slope. The spring bloom was characterized by a shifted Gaussian function fitted to seasonal chlorophyll time-series. The background chlorophyll (a constant term in the Gaussian function) is a joint property of the stratification and bio-optics of the mixed layer. Rapid shoaling of the mixed-layer depth in spring promoted the early spring bloom on the middle Scotian Shelf and Slope, triggered when averaged light in the mixed layer reached 15 W m−2. The duration of the spring bloom was prolonged in slope water, resulting in a discontinuity in duration between the shelf and slope water masses. The position of the latitudinal discontinuity in duration was correlated with that of the shelf–slope front in SST. The amplitude of the spring bloom was correlated with the nitrate inventory in the surface layer at the end of winter. The rate of decrease (increase) in chlorophyll after the spring bloom was related to the depletion (resupply) of nitrate in summer. The position of the shelf–slope front influenced the interannual variability of bloom characteristics.

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Mahara, Natalie, Evgeny A. Pakhomov, Jennifer M. Jackson, and Brian Pv Hunt. "Seasonal zooplankton development in a temperate semi-enclosed basin: two years with different spring bloom timing." Journal of Plankton Research 41, no. 3 (January 8, 2018): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbz016.

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Abstract Coastal temperate waters undergo considerable intra- and interannual environmental variations, which is reflected in the dynamic nature of their zooplankton communities. Since zooplankton phenology is dependent on several factors, particularly temperature and spring bloom timing, it is imperative to understand how zooplankton communities may shift under future climate conditions with warmer temperatures and more variable spring bloom initiation. To examine zooplankton phenology and response to shifts in bloom timing, we analyzed fortnightly zooplankton and environmental samples collected in the northern Strait of Georgia (B.C., Canada), a large semi-enclosed temperate basin, in 2015 and 2016. Despite a 5-week difference in spring bloom timing, zooplankton community succession was remarkably similar between years. In both years, biomass peaked within the same calendar week and communities were separated into winter, early spring and summer-autumn assemblages that formed independent of the spring bloom timing. Although some species-level phenological differences were observed between years, predominately delayed population development, zooplankton communities appeared to demonstrate resilience to interannual environmental variations on the whole. If ongoing warming shifts the timing of zooplankton consumers’ life history timing, it could lead to a mismatch with their zooplankton prey resource that exhibits comparatively less interannual variability.

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Daniels, C. J., A. J. Poulton, M. Esposito, M. L. Paulsen, R. Bellerby, M. St John, and A. P. Martin. "Phytoplankton dynamics in contrasting early stage North Atlantic spring blooms: composition, succession, and potential drivers." Biogeosciences 12, no. 8 (April 24, 2015): 2395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2395-2015.

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Abstract. The spring bloom is a key annual event in the phenology of pelagic ecosystems, making a major contribution to the oceanic biological carbon pump through the production and export of organic carbon. However, there is little consensus as to the main drivers of spring bloom formation, exacerbated by a lack of in situ observations of the phytoplankton community composition and its evolution during this critical period. We investigated the dynamics of the phytoplankton community structure at two contrasting sites in the Iceland and Norwegian basins during the early stage (25 March–25 April) of the 2012 North Atlantic spring bloom. The plankton composition and characteristics of the initial stages of the bloom were markedly different between the two basins. The Iceland Basin (ICB) appeared well mixed down to >400 m, yet surface chlorophyll a (0.27–2.2 mg m−3) and primary production (0.06–0.66 mmol C m−3 d−1) were elevated in the upper 100 m. Although the Norwegian Basin (NWB) had a persistently shallower mixed layer (<100 m), chlorophyll a (0.58–0.93 mg m−3) and primary production (0.08–0.15 mmol C m−3 d−1) remained lower than in the ICB, with picoplankton (<2 μm) dominating chlorophyll a biomass. The ICB phytoplankton composition appeared primarily driven by the physicochemical environment, with periodic events of increased mixing restricting further increases in biomass. In contrast, the NWB phytoplankton community was potentially limited by physicochemical and/or biological factors such as grazing. Diatoms dominated the ICB, with the genus Chaetoceros (1–166 cells mL−1) being succeeded by Pseudo-nitzschia (0.2–210 cells mL−1). However, large diatoms (>10 μm) were virtually absent (<0.5 cells mL−1) from the NWB, with only small nano-sized (<5 μm) diatoms (i.e. Minidiscus spp.) present (101–600 cells mL−1). We suggest microzooplankton grazing, potentially coupled with the lack of a seed population of bloom-forming diatoms, was restricting diatom growth in the NWB, and that large diatoms may be absent in NWB spring blooms. Despite both phytoplankton communities being in the early stages of bloom formation, different physicochemical and biological factors controlled bloom formation at the two sites. If these differences in phytoplankton composition persist, the subsequent spring blooms are likely to be significantly different in terms of biogeochemistry and trophic interactions throughout the growth season, with important implications for carbon cycling and organic matter export.

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Daniels, C. J., A. J. Poulton, M. Esposito, M. L. Paulsen, R. Bellerby, M. St. John, and A. P. Martin. "Phytoplankton dynamics in contrasting early stage North Atlantic spring blooms: composition, succession, and potential drivers." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2015): 93–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-93-2015.

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Abstract. The spring bloom is a key annual event in the phenology of pelagic ecosystems, making a major contribution to the oceanic biological carbon pump through the production and export of organic carbon. However, there is little consensus as to the main drivers of spring bloom formation, exacerbated by a lack of in situ observations of the phytoplankton community composition and its evolution during this critical period. We investigated the dynamics of the phytoplankton community structure at two contrasting sites in the Iceland and Norwegian Basins during the early stage (25 March–25 April) of the 2012 North Atlantic spring bloom. The plankton composition and characteristics of the initial stages of the bloom were markedly different between the two basins. The Iceland Basin (ICB) appeared well mixed to > 400 m, yet surface chlorophyll a (0.27–2.2 mg m–3) and primary production (0.06–0.66 mmol C m–3 d–1) were elevated in the upper 100 m. Although the Norwegian Basin (NWB) had a persistently shallower mixed layer (< 100 m), chlorophyll a (0.58–0.93 mg m–3) and primary production (0.08–0.15 mmol C m–3 d–1) remained lower than in the ICB, with picoplankton (> 2 μm) dominating chlorophyll a biomass. The ICB phytoplankton composition appeared primarily driven by the physicochemical environment, with periodic events of increased mixing restricting further increases in biomass. In contrast, the NWB phytoplankton community was potentially limited by physicochemical and/or biological factors such as grazing. Diatoms dominated the ICB, with the genus Chaetoceros (1–166 cells mL–1) being succeeded by Pseudo-nitzschia (0.2–210 cells mL–1). However, large diatoms (> 10 μm) were virtually absent (< 0.5 cells mL–1) from the NWB, with only small nanno-sized (< 5 μm) diatoms present (101–600 cells mL–1). We suggest micro-zooplankton grazing, potentially coupled with the lack of a seed population of bloom forming diatoms, was restricting diatom growth in the NWB, and that large diatoms may be absent in NWB spring blooms. Despite both phytoplankton communities being in the early stages of bloom formation, different physicochemical and biological factors controlled bloom formation at the two sites. If these differences in phytoplankton composition persist, the subsequent spring blooms are likely to be significantly different in terms of biogeochemistry and trophic interactions throughout the growth season, with important implications for carbon cycling and organic matter export.

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Корсак, M. Korsak, Мошаров, Sergey Mosharov, Скоробогатов, A. Skorobogatov, Юсупова, K. Yusupova, Кроленко, and M. Krolenko. "Influence of Solar Physics Factors on the Spring Growth of Phytoplankton in Reservoir." Safety in Technosphere 6, no. 2 (August 21, 2017): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_598d6e6af0ec46.94857569.

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The article gives the results of retrospective statistical analysis, which justify the presence of statistical dependencies between the dates of the beginning and the peak values of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Uchinsk reservoir and the intensity of total solar radiation in the range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), as well as the value of the integral indices of the activity of the Sun (Wolf number), in the period preceding of phytoplankton bloom. It is found, that the greater the magnitude of the fluxes of solar radiation in the PAR range will get the surface of the reservoir for 28 days of February this year, the later will be observed peaks of the spring phytoplankton bloom.A positive correlation between the parameters of the light regime (the sum of PAR) and the period of the onset of the algae “bloom” in the reservoir is apparently related to the photoinhibition of phytoplankton development directly under the ice, which leads to a later development of the spring “bloom”.The verification of the obtained regression equation showed a good correspondence of actual and calculated dates of spring “bloom” for a ten-year period. A negative correlation was found between the values of Wolf numbers (in February and the average annual values of the current year) and the dates of the spring peaks of phytoplankton bloom, which can be explained by the stimulating nature of the effect of the intensity of natural magnetic fields on the development of phytoplankton.The results of the investigations are of undoubted interest for the analysis of the influence of the light factor and the integral activity of the Sun on the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the reservoir, as well as for an accurate forecast of the onset of spring phytoplankton bloom in drinking-water reservoirs in planning water treatment and water treatment activities.

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Sournia, A., J. L. Birrien, J. L. Douvillé, B. Klein, and M. Viollier. "A daily study of the diatom spring bloom at Roscoff (France) in 1985. I. The spring bloom within the annual cycle." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 25, no. 3 (September 1987): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(87)90078-3.

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Raudenbush, Zane, and Steven J. Keeley. "Springtime Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Control with Seven Postemergence Herbicides Applied at Three Anthesis Stages." HortScience 49, no. 9 (September 2014): 1212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.9.1212.

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Although spring is not considered the optimal time for herbicidal control of most cool-season broadleaf weeds in turfgrass, spring applications are often required. Most new postemergence broadleaf herbicides combine several active ingredients, possibly resulting in synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects. Therefore, as new herbicides become available, information is needed about their performance when applied in the spring. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of spring application timing on dandelion control with seven commercially available postemergence herbicides. Products were applied at their lowest labeled rate for dandelion control at three spring application timings, which coincided with dandelion anthesis stages (pre-, peak-, or post-bloom). A grid was used to determine percent dandelion control at several rating dates. The 2010 site had a denser turfgrass stand with smaller dandelions and was irrigated more frequently compared with the 2011 site. In 2010, all herbicides gave 98% or greater control at 30 days after treatment (DAT) when applied post-bloom; when applied pre- or peak-bloom, control was 80% or greater for all herbicides except for two products applied peak-bloom. At pre- and peak-bloom, products combining a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor with a 2,4-D ester formulation were superior to most other herbicides. When evaluated at the end of the growing season in 2010, all herbicides provided 89% or greater control at all three timings. In 2011, with a less dense turfgrass stand, larger dandelions, and less frequent irrigation, control was more variable and shorter-lived among herbicides. When applied pre-bloom, all products containing 2,4-D provided 87% or greater control 60 DAT. Post-bloom application generally gave similar control to the pre-bloom timing. Peak-bloom application resulted in the poorest overall control at 60 DAT, but products combining a PPO inhibitor with a 2,4-D ester formulation performed better than most other herbicides. By the end of the season, dandelion regrowth caused reduced overall control at all timings, but overall control was poorest when applied at peak-bloom. In summary, peak-bloom applications should be avoided, especially if dandelion pressure is high. Products combining PPO inhibitors with ester forms of 2,4-D were most effective across all spring application timings. Products containing amine forms of 2,4-D may provide effective control if applied pre- or post-bloom.

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Parker, Michael L. "Bloom Thinning of Peaches with Gibberellic Acid in the Southeast." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 514b—514. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.514b.

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Thinning peach fruit in the spring of the year is one of the most labor- and capital-intensive operations for peach growers in the southeast. In addition, fruit size can be negatively affected if peach thinning is delayed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of gibberellic acid (4% GA3, Ralex—Abbott Labs) in June to reduce peach bloom the following spring. Ralex was applied in June 1995 and 1996 to `Contender' peaches. Bloom density was evaluated in Spring 1996 and 1997 from long and short shoots from the higher and lower portions of the tree's canopy. Applications in 1995 were to trees with a crop load while applications in 1996 were to trees without a crop due to a spring freeze. Bloom densities in 1997 were 300% greater than bloom densities in 1996. The five rates of material evaluated were 0, 59, 79, 99, and 119 g/ha. In 1996, bloom density was significantly reduced with Ralex applications with the greatest reduction with the 99 and 119 g/ha application rates. However, in 1997 only slight differences were detected between all treatments with no difference between the control and 79-g/ha rate.

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40

Dong, K., KØ Kvile, NC Stenseth, and LC Stige. "Associations between timing and magnitude of spring blooms and zooplankton dynamics in the southwestern Barents Sea." Marine Ecology Progress Series 668 (June 24, 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13740.

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During the past decades, many high-latitude marine systems have experienced a strong warming trend with poorly understood consequences for trophic coupling and ecosystem functioning. A key knowledge gap is how timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms influence higher trophic levels. We investigated associations between timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms and dynamics of 3 size fractions of mesozooplankton from 1998 to 2019. The study focused on the southwestern Barents Sea, an Arctic shelf sea area that is dominated by relatively warm Atlantic waters and which remains ice-free year-round. Results showed that an early spring bloom (late April to early May) was associated with high biomass of medium-sized (1-2 mm) zooplankton in areas ‘downstream’ of the phytoplankton bloom, along the prevailing currents. Conversely, a late spring bloom was associated with high biomass of small-sized (0.180-1 mm) zooplankton, with no spatial shift. High peak magnitude of the bloom (>5 mg chl a m-3) was associated with low zooplankton biomass, suggesting either top-down control or that the zooplankton utilized intense and presumably short blooms inefficiently. For small- and large-sized (>2 mm) zooplankton, the relationship was nonlinear, as zooplankton biomass was also low when bloom peak magnitude was very low (<4 mg chl a m-3). Our findings imply that if phytoplankton blooms in the region occur earlier, this will increase the biomass of medium-sized zooplankton that are important prey for planktivorous fishes. Moreover, our study highlights that increased biomass of phytoplankton does not necessarily translate into increased zooplankton biomass.

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41

Miller, WD, and LW Harding Jr. "Climate forcing of the spring bloom in Chesapeake Bay." Marine Ecology Progress Series 331 (February 16, 2007): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps331011.

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Kuhn, Angela M., Katja Fennel, and Jann Paul Mattern. "Model investigations of the North Atlantic spring bloom initiation." Progress in Oceanography 138 (November 2015): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.004.

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Lee, HO, KH Choi, and MS Han. "Spring bloom of Alexandrium tamarense in Chinhae Bay, Korea." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 33 (2003): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame033271.

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Paulsen, ML, K. Riisgaard, M. St John, TF Thingstad, and TG Nielsen. "Heterotrophic nanoflagellate grazing facilitates subarctic Atlantic spring bloom development." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 78, no. 3 (February 22, 2017): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01807.

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Azumaya, Tomonori, Yutaka Isoda, and Shinichiro Noriki. "Modeling of the spring bloom in Funka Bay, Japan." Continental Shelf Research 21, no. 5 (March 2001): 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(00)00091-1.

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Tammilehto, Anna, Phillip C. Watts, and Nina Lundholm. "Isolation by Time During an Arctic Phytoplankton Spring Bloom." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 64, no. 2 (September 14, 2016): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12356.

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Fang, Xiaoqi, and Ulrich Sommer. "Overwintering effects on the spring bloom dynamics of phytoplankton." Journal of Plankton Research 39, no. 5 (August 31, 2017): 772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbx046.

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Simon, Heike, Yvonne A. Lipsewers, Helge-Ansgar Giebel, Karen H. Wiltshire, and Meinhard Simon. "Temperature effects on aggregation during a spring diatom bloom." Limnology and Oceanography 59, no. 6 (October 12, 2014): 2089–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.6.2089.

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49

Miladinova, Svetla, Adolf Stips, Diego Macias Moy, and Elisa Garcia-Gorriz. "Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability of the Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Black Sea Inner Basin." Oceans 1, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): 251–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans1040018.

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We explore the patterns of Black Sea phytoplankton growth as driven by the thermohaline structure and circulation system and the freshwater nutrient loads. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the phytoplankton blooms is examined using hydrodynamic simulations that resolve mesoscale eddies and online coupled bio-geochemical model. This study suggests that the bloom seasonality is homogeneous across geographic locations of the Black Sea inner basin, with the strongest bloom occurring in winter (February–March), followed by weaker bloom in spring (April–May), summer deep biomass maximum (DBM) (June–September) and a final bloom in autumn (October–November). The winter phytoplankton bloom relies on vertical mixing of nitrate from the intermediate layers, where nitrate is abundant. The winter bloom is highly dependent on the strength of the cold intermediate layers (CIL), while spring/summer blooms take advantage of the CIL weakness. The maximum phytoplankton transport across the North Western Shelf (NWS) break occurs in September, prior to the basin interior autumn bloom. Bloom initiation in early autumn is associated with the spreading of NWS waters, which in turn is caused by an increase in mesoscale eddy activity in late summer months. In summary, the intrusion of low salinity and nitrate-rich water into the basin interior triggers erosion of the thermocline, resulting in vertical nitrate uplifting. The seasonal phytoplankton succession is strongly influenced by the recent CIL disintegration and amplification of the Black Sea circulation, which may alter the natural Black Sea nitrate dynamics, with subsequent effects on phytoplankton and in turn on all marine life.

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Son, Y. T., K. I. Chang, S. T. Yoon, Y. B. Kim, T. Rho, C. K. Kang, and K. R. Kim. "Time-series measurements of biochemical and physical properties in the southwestern East/Japan Sea during the spring transition in 2010." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2013): 7831–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-7831-2013.

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Abstract. An ocean buoy, UBIM, deployed during the spring transition from February and May, 2010 reveals for the first time highly-resolved temporal variation of biochemical properties of the upper layer of the Ulleung Basin in the southwestern East/Japan Sea. Meteorological data shows the typical spring transition occurred during the mooring period, weakening of wind speed, increase in shortwave radiation, and change in total heat flux from net cooling to net heating. Power spectrum of chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) peaks at semidiurnal tidal, near-inertial, diurnal, and subtidal frequencies. The diurnal variation of CF is characterized by high CF during the daytime and low CF at night. Dissolved oxygen and CF are correlated with high (low) dissolved oxygen accompanied by high (low) CF, indicating the dissolved oxygen is mainly determined by biological activities. The time series measurement captured the onset of subsurface spring bloom at 30 m, and collocated temperature and current data gives an insight into a mechanism that triggers the onset of the spring bloom not documented so far. The entire mooring period can be divided into pre-bloom period from the beginning of the mooring to early April, and bloom period afterwards. Mean CF values during the pre-bloom and bloom periods are 0.9 μg L−1 and 1.9 μg L−1, respectively. Mean mixed layer depth (MLD) shoaled from 22 m during the pre-bloom period to 15 m during the bloom period. Despite of the increase in shortwave radiation, average PAR values at 20 m show lower value during the bloom period as compared to that during the pre-bloom period. Low-frequency modulation of MLD ranging from 10 m to 53 m during the entire mooring period is mainly determined by shoaling and deepening of isothermal (isopycnal) depths. Temperature structure in the upper 110 m is characterized by alternating uplifting and lowering of isotherms, which is caused by the placement of the mooring site on the cold (cyclonic) or warm side of the frontal jet, the East Korean Warm Current. The frontal variability is thought to be due to the low-frequency path variatio of the East Korean Warm Current. The occurrence of the spring bloom at 30 m is concomitant with the appearance of colder East Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW) at buoy UBIM that results in the subsurface cooling and the shoaling of isotherms to the shallower depth levels than those occurred during the pre-bloom period. It is suggested that the springtime spreading of the ESIW is one of the important factors that triggers the onset of subsurface spring bloom below the mixed layer. The time lag between the peaks of CF and the occurrence of the shallowest isothermal depths is about several days, which appears to be the timescale for the growth of phytoplankton.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Spring bloom'

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