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Academic literature on the topic 'Spray research'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Spray research"

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Janna, William S. "Research Needs: Industrial Spray Processes, Spray Drying, and Heat Transfer." Applied Mechanics Reviews 41, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3151870.

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A survey of researchers and of manufacturers of spraying, drying, and spray heat transfer equipment was conducted. Those that responded provided descriptions of processes and devices that need developmental attention. Several of these problems are described here (eg, a unifying theory of how atomization takes place; a method of evaluating the performance of a spray used to dissolve air in water to enhance mass transfer processes; a comprehensive model for predicting heat transfer from high pressure sprays; etc). It is concluded that many research topics can be gleaned from industry as needs develop and innovative ways are found for sprays to replace conventional methods.
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Gous, S. F., T. M. Withers, and A. J. Hewitt. "A new pest management research facility Scions largescale precision track sprayer." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5724.

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A new large scale precision track sprayer has been developed and evaluated for spray deposition and pesticide application research under controlled conditions The spray room is fitted with a 4 m wide electrically driven boom suspended 4 m above ground running on a 12 m long Ibeam It is fitted with 9 independently controlled shut off valves and nozzles Sprays can be applied to live plant canopies up to 3 m tall within a 2 m times; 3 m sample area The number location and type of nozzle on the boom can be altered as can spray liquid pressure and boom speed in order to simulate a wide range of spray application scenarios Calibration of the largescale precision track sprayer has been undertaken for a range of droplet spectra from extremely coarse to very fine This paper documents the calibration results and discusses the potential use of this facility for pesticide application research
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Raghu, P., N. Nallusamy, and Pitchandi Kasivisvanathan. "Spray Characteristics of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels for Various Injection Timings under Non Evaporating Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.682.

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Fuel spray and atomization characteristics play a vital role in the performance of internal combustion engines. Petroleum fuels are expected to be depleted within a few decades, finding alternative fuels that are economically viable to replace the petroleum fuel has attracted much research attention. In this work spray characteristics such as spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and spray area were investigated for Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME), Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and diesel fuel. The KOME and JOME sprays were characterized and compared with diesel sprays at different injection timings. The macroscopic spray properties were acquired from the images captured by a high speed video camera employing shadowgraphic and image processing techniques in a spray chamber. The experimental results showed that biodiesel fuels had different features compared with diesel fuel after start of injection (ASOI). Longer spray tip penetration, larger spray area and smaller spray cone angle were observed for biodiesel (JOME, KOME) due to its higher density and viscosity than that of diesel fuel.
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Stężycki, P., M. Kowalski, A. Jankowski, and Z. Sławinski. "Laser Research of the Fuel Atomization Process of Internal Combustion Engines." Science & Technique 19, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-1-34-42.

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The paper presents test methods (mechanical, electrical and optical) for the fuel spray research in combustion engines. Optical methods, imaging and non-imaging can be used in laboratory and engine tests. Imaging methods include flash photography and holography. Their use is limited to testing droplet dimensions larger than 5 µm. Imaging methods have an advantage over non-imaging ones because they allow the droplet to be seen at the point and time where its measurement is required. Non-imaging methods can be divided into two groups: the first, which counts and measures, individual droplets one at a time, and the second, which measures a large number of droplets simultaneously. Exemplary results of research of droplet size distribution in fuel sprays are shown. In tests of atomized fuel spray, in conditions reflecting the conditions of the internal combustion engine, the size of droplets, their distribution in the spray and the velocity of individual droplets are presented. To determine the quality of the fuel spray, two substitute diameters Sauter (D32) and Herdan (D43) were selected, the first of which refers to heat transfer and the second to combustion processes. Laser research equipment including Particle Image Velocimetry laser equipment (PIV), Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) and Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) were applied for testing fuel spray distribution for two kind of fuel. The atomization process from the point of view of combustion and ignition processes, as well as emission levels, is characterized by the best substitute diameter D43, which value is close to the median volume. The most harmful droplets of fuel in the spray are large droplets. Even a few such droplets significantly change the combustion process and emission of toxic exhaust components, mainly NOx.
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Taylor, D. R., A. N. Fisher, A. Smith, M. Watling, A. Knight, and N. Y. Gabrail. "Pharmacokinetic and local tolerability profiles of three potential fentanyl nasal spray formulations developed for breakthrough cancer pain compared with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e20554-e20554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e20554.

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e20554 Background: The nasal route offers the ability to enhance fentanyl delivery and better match the rapid onset and short duration (30–60 min) of breakthrough cancer pain compared with standard oral delivery. However, conventional nasal fentanyl solutions can be associated with variable, and sometimes supratherapeutic maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax). To optimise rapid absorption and delivery, three novel nasal spray formulations have been developed: fentanyl pectin nasal spray (FPNS), fentanyl chitosan nasal spray (FChNS), and fentanyl in chitosan-poloxamer 188 solute (FChP). Methods: This phase I, open-label, crossover study was conducted in 18 healthy adult volunteers to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of the three new nasal fentanyl formulations with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC). Subjects were dosed on four occasions, separated by a >3-day washout period, under naltrexone blockade, with the nasal sprays (each containing fentanyl citrate 100μg in 100μL) and OTFC 200μg according to a randomized sequence. Venous plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured before and up to 24 hours post-dose. Local nasal tolerability was assessed by a clinician and a reactogenicity questionnaire. Results: Compared with OTFC, mean AUCs∞ for all three nasal sprays were significantly higher (P<0.05) and bioavailability significantly greater (FPNS 132%; FChNS 154%, FChP 122%). Median tmax (FPNS 19.8min; FChNS 10.2min, FChP 15.6min) were significantly (P<0.001) reduced (OTFC 90min) and mean Cmax significantly increased with all nasal sprays compared with OTFC. Of the three nasal sprays, FPNS had the lowest nasal reactogenicity symptom incidence. Conclusions: Compared with OTFC, all three fentanyl nasal spray formulations demonstrated enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles appropriate for breakthrough cancer pain as evidenced by significantly increased systemic exposure and reduced times to peak plasma values. FPNS exhibited the most favourable tolerability profile. [Table: see text]
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Liu, Ming. "Analysis and Research of Water Sprays in Civil Aircraft." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2410, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2410/1/012001.

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Abstract In the process of designing a new type of civil aircraft, the main manufacturer needs to obtain the type certificate, including the water spray test. Using the method of engineering estimation at the beginning of the design, we can effectively find the potential design problems in the initial stage and reduce the risk of subsequent tests. This paper studies water sprays under different runway water depths, tire parameters and speeds, obtains the basic track of the water sprays and determines the risk of the water sprays in compliance of civil aircrafts. It finds out the causes of the water sprays, analyzes them, and guides the model design.
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Huang, Jian. "Research on Water Sprays Shielding Device for Transport Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 707 (December 2014): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.317.

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Water sprays shielding device for transport vehicle, by use of its own power system and storage devices, make the gases within the air tank filling the water storage tank, and jet out from the small hole of roof-shaped spray tube, by means of cyclone atomizing, to form water sprays wall with shielding effect at the top and around the transport vehicle, In order to eliminate exposure symptoms for transport vehicle in the optical, infrared and radar band, to improve the battlefield viability of transport vehicles.
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Shao, Jun Yi, and Dong Wang. "The Integration of New Technology Research on Composite Inorganic Fiber Acoustic Insulation Spray in Engineering Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2239.

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Composite inorganic fiber spray technology was based on high-strength interfacial agent, then sprayed an appropriate mixed proportion of ultrafine diameter (D <4μm) composite inorganic fibers, adhesives, cement and other raw materials through a dedicated spray equipment on the building roof (ceiling) or flank, which formed a homogeneous, porous, durable and eco-friendly cover layer. The key technology is combined composite inorganic fiber sprays’ adhesive, mixing, porous, insulation and acoustic fireproof mechanism with three key technology working principles " high-strength interfacial agent sector coverage ", " composite inorganic fibers + adhesive multiple mixed spray " and " continuous overall seamless fireproof insulating layer ", to achieve integrate engineering effects of insulation, fastness, energy-efficient, sound-absorbing and homogeneous coverage. The new technology solves acoustic insulation problems of public buildings with fireproof requirements as: underground garage ceiling, elevator shafts and fire passage, etc.
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Wang, Chang Yuan, Fu Shui Liu, and Xiang Rong Li. "Research on the Characteristic of Diesel Elastic-Plate Impingement Spray." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 1910–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1910.

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A series of experimental research results on the characteristic of diesel elastic-plate impingement spray using High Speed Photography camera are presented in this paper. The experiments were carried out in a constant volume chamber specially designed, which can hold a high ambiance pressure. The special fixed device was designed so that the elastic-plate can be fixed on the spray path, meanwhile the spray incident angle and height can be changed. The free jet spray and elastic-plate impingement spray was compared under the same experimental condition including different injection pressure and different background pressure. Experimental research showed that impingement spray droplets diffuse more quickly than free jet spray.
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Wang, Chang Yuan, Fu Shui Liu, and Xiang Rong Li. "Research on the Characteristic of Diesel Elastic-Plate Impingement Spray." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.116.

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A series of experimental research results on the characteristic of diesel elastic-plate impingement spray using High Speed Photography camera are presented in this paper. The experiments were carried out in a constant volume chamber specially designed, which can hold a high ambiance pressure. The special fixed device was designed so that the elastic-plate can be fixed on the spray path, meanwhile the spray incident angle and height can be changed. The free jet spray and elastic-plate impingement spray was compared under the same experimental condition including different injection pressure and different background pressure. Experimental research showed that impingement spray droplets diffuse more quickly than free jet spray.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spray research"

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Bailey, D. A. "Effects of XE-1019 Spray Concentration of Chrysanthemums." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215855.

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Plants of Chrysanthemum moifolium Ramat. 'Ovaro' received 0, 10, 20, or 30 mg-liter ⁻¹ XE-1019 applied as a 204 ml-m⁻² foliar spray. Treatments did not affect time from start of short days to bloom or inflorescence height lunge. Inflorescence height and inflorescence display diameter both were reduced with increasing concentration of XE-1019.
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Bailey, D. A. "Spray Carrier Volume Effects on XE-1019 and Chrysanthemums." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215856.

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Plant of Chysanthemum morífolium Rymat. 'Ovaio' received 0, 102, 204, 304 or 408 ml-m⁻² of 0, 40, 20, 13.3, and 10 mg-liter⁻¹ XE-1019, respectively. No treatment affected time from start of short days to bloom or inflorescence display diameter. All XE-1019 treatments resulted in shorter plants than controls did. No carrier volume effect on plant height was observed. The inflorescence height range per pot decreased with increasing carrier volume. The greater inflorescence height uniformity achieved with the high carrier volume is beneficial and warrants further investigation.
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Bailey, D. A. "Spray Carrier Volume and Irrigation Method Effects on XE-1019 Efficacy on Poinsettias." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215833.

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Plants of Euphorbia pulchenima Wind. 'Gutbier V-14 Glory Annette Hegg Dark Red', and 'Annette Hegg Brilliant Diamond' were treated with 37 iw a.i. of XE-1019 applied in 102, 204, or 408 ml-m⁻² foliar sprays. Half of the plants received overhead irrigation and the remaining received soil-surface irrigations. No spray carrier volume effect or irrigation effect was observed for final plant height, bract canopy diameter, or for days from start of short days to bloom. The results obtained do not support the hypothesis that spray carrier volume or irrigation method affect the efficacy of XE-1019 on poinsettias.
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Chen, Chaoyue. "Research and realization of assistant off-line programming system for thermal spraying." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0303/document.

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La technologie de programmation hors-ligne permet la génération de la trajectoire complexe en projection thermique. Dans le laboratoire du LERMPS, une extension logicielle appelée « Thermal Spray Toolkit » (T.S.T.) a été développée pour assister la programmation hors-ligne dans le domaine de projection thermique. Cependant, les efforts sont encore attendus pour améliorer sa fonctionnalité. Donc, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer l'application de la programmation hors-ligne en projection thermique. Selon la procédure d'application, les travaux de cette thèse se composent de trois parties.Premièrement, les efforts sont dévoués à l'amélioration du module « PathKit » dans T.S.T., afin d'optimiser la fonctionnalité de la génération de la trajectoire. L'algorithme pour la génération de la trajectoire sur le substrat courbe a été étudié pour assurer le pas de balayage constant. Une nouvelle trajectoire « spirale d'Archimède » a été développé pour réparer les défauts par la projection à froid. La réparation sur une pièce d'aluminium avec un défaut a été réalisé pour valider la trajectoire spirale d'Archimède. Deuxièmement, les modélisations ont été développées pour simuler l'épaisseur du dépôt en 2D et en 3D. Puis, Ils sont intégrés dans le logiciel RobotStudioTM comme un module individuel dit « ProfileKit ». Dans le « ProfileKit 2D », il peut évaluer les effets des paramètres opératoires sur le profil du dépôt et puis optimiser les paramètres. Dans le « ProfileKit 3D », l'épaisseur du dépôt peut être simulée selon la trajectoire du robot et la cinématique du robot.Les fonctionnalités sont validées par un dépôt de forme trapézoïdal élaboré par la projection à froid avec les pas debalayage variés.Dernièrement, l'analyse cinématique du robot a été étudiée pour optimiser la performance du robot pendant le processus de projection. Afin de mieux évaluer la performance du robot, un paramètre « overall parameter » (OP), la moyenne pondérée d'écart-type de la vitesse articulaire est introduit pour mesurer la complexité de la trajectoire du robot. Ensuite, l'optimisation du montage de la torche ainsi que l'optimisation de la disposition de la pièce sont étudiées par l'analyse cinématique du robot et le paramètre OP. Le résultat montre que l'optimisation cinématique peut efficacement améliorer la performance du robot pour maintenir la vitesse prédéfinie
The offline programming technology provides the possibility to generate complex robot trajectories in thermal spray process. In the laboratory of LERMPS, an add-in software called “Thermal SprayToolkit” (T.S.T.) has been developed to assist the offline programming in the field of thermal spray.However, efforts are still expected to improve the functionality of this software. The aim of this study is to improve the application of offline programming technology in the thermal spray process. According to the procedure of the offline programming in thermal spray, the work of this thesis consists of three parts.Firstly, efforts have been dedicated to improve the module “PathKit” in T.S.T., which aim to improve the functionality of trajectory generation. The algorithm of trajectory generation for the curved substrate surface was improved to maintain a constant scan step. A novel Archimedean spiral trajectory was developed for damage component recovery application by cold spray. The experiment of an Al5056 coating depositing on a manually manufactured workpiece with a crater defect was carried out to validate the effects of spiral trajectory with adapted nozzle speed.Secondly, numerical models were developed to simulate the coating thickness distribution in 2D and 3D, and then integrated in the RobotStudio™ as an individual module named “ProfileKit”. In the “ProfileKit 2D”, it is able to evaluate the effects of operating parameters on coating profile and optimize the parameters. In the “ProfileKit 3D”, coating thickness distribution can be simulated based on the nozzle trajectory and robot kinematics data. The functionalities were validated by the trapezoid coldsprayed coating.At last, kinematic analysis was used to provide the optimization methods for a better robot performance in thermal spraying. In order to better evaluate the robot performance, an overall parameter (OP) that is the weighted mean of standard deviation of joint speed, was introduced to measure the complexity of a robot trajectory. Afterwards, the optimal nozzle mounting method as well as the optimal workpiece placement were investigated by the kinematic analysis and the overall parameter. The result shows that the kinematic optimization can effectively improve the robot performance to maintain the predefined speed
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Jiang, Shuang. "Bacterial leaching from dairy shed effluent applied to a fine sandy loam under flood and spray irrigations." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/668.

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Land application of wastes has become increasingly popular, to promote nutrient recycling and environmental protection, with soil functioning as a partial barrier between wastes and groundwater. Dairy shed effluent (DSE), may contain a wide variety of pathogenic micro-organisms, including bacteria (e.g. Salmonella paratyphyi, Escherichia coli. and Campylobacter), protozoa and viruses. Groundwater pathogen contamination resulting from land-applied DSE is drawing more attention with the intensified development of the dairy farm industry in New Zealand. The purpose of this research was to investigate the fate and transport of bacterial indicator-faecal coliform (FC) from land-applied DSE under different irrigation practices via field lysimeter studies, using two water irrigation methods (flood and sprinkler) with contrasting application rates, through the 2005-2006 irrigation season. It was aimed at better understanding, quantifying and modelling of the processes that govern the removal of microbes in intact soil columns, bridging the gap between previous theoretical research and general farm practices, specifically for Templeton soil. This study involved different approaches (leaching experiments, infiltrometer measurements and a dye infiltration study) to understand the processes of transient water flow and bacterial transport; and to extrapolate the relationships between bacterial transport and soil properties (like soil structure, texture), and soil physical status (soil water potential ψ and volumetric water content θ). Factors controlling FC transport are discussed. A contaminant transport model, HYDRUS-1D, was applied to simulate microbial transport through soil on the basis of measured datasets. This study was carried out at Lincoln University’s Centre for Soil and Environmental Quality (CSEQ) lysimeter site. Six lysimeters were employed in two trials. Each trial involved application of DSE, followed by a water irrigation sequence applied in a flux-controlled method. The soil columns were taken from the site of the new Lincoln University Dairy Farm, Lincoln, Canterbury. The soil type is Templeton fine sandy loam (Udic-Ustochrept, coarse loamy, mixed, mesic). Vertical profiles (at four depths) of θ and ψ were measured during leaching experiments. The leaching experiments directly measured concentrations of chemical tracer (Br⁻ or Cl⁻) and FC in drainage. Results showed that bacteria could readily penetrate through 700 mm deep soil columns, when facilitated by water flow. In the first (summer) trial, FC in leachate as high as 1.4×10⁶ cfu 100 mL⁻¹ (similar to the DSE concentration), was detected in one lysimeter that had a higher clay content in the topsoil, immediately after DSE application, and before any water irrigation. This indicates that DSE flowed through preferential flow paths without significant treatment or reduction in concentrations. The highest post-irrigation concentration was 3.4×10³ cfu 100 mL⁻¹ under flood irrigation. Flood irrigation resulted in more bacteria and Br⁻ leaching than spray irrigation. In both trials (summer and autumn) results showed significant differences between irrigation treatments in lysimeters sharing similar drainage class (moderate or moderately rapid). Leaching bacterial concentration was positively correlated with both θ and ψ, and sometimes drainage rate. Greater bacterial leaching was found in the one lysimeter with rapid whole-column effective hydraulic conductivity, Keff, for both flood and spray treatments. Occasionally, the effect of Keff on water movement and bacterial transport overrode the effect of irrigation. The ‘seasonal condition’ of the soil (including variation in initial water content) also influenced bacterial leaching, with less risk of leaching in autumn than in summer. A tension infiltrometer experiment measured hydraulic conductivity of the lysimeters at zero and 40 mm suction. The results showed in most cases a significant correlation between the proportion of bacteria leached and the flow contribution of the macropores. The higher the Ksat, the greater the amount of drainage and bacterial leaching obtained. This research also found that this technique may exclude the activity of some continuous macropores (e.g., cracks) due to the difference of initial wetness which could substantially change the conductivity and result in more serious bacterial leaching in this Templeton soil. A dye infiltration study showed there was great variability in water flow patterns, and most of the flow reaching deeper than 50 cm resulted from macropores, mainly visible cracks. The transient water flow and transport of tracer (Br⁻) and FC were modelled using the HYDRUS-1D software package. The uniform flow van Genuchten model, and the dual-porosity model were used for water flow and the mobile-immobile (MIM) model was used for tracer and FC transport. The hydraulic and solute parameters were optimized during simulation, on the basis of measured datasets from the leaching experiments. There was evidence supporting the presence of macropores, based on the water flow in the post-DSE application stage. The optimised saturated water content (θs) decreased during the post-application process, which could be explained in terms of macropore flow enhanced by irrigation. Moreover, bacterial simulation showed discrepancies in all cases of uniform flow simulations at the very initial stage, indicating that non-equilibrium processes were dominant during those short periods, and suggesting that there were strong dynamic processes involving structure change and subsequently flow paths. It is recommended that management strategies to reduce FC contamination following application of DSE in these soils must aim to decrease preferential flow by adjusting irrigation schemes. Attention needs to be given to a) decreasing irrigation rates at the beginning of each irrigation; b) increasing the number of irrigations, by reducing at the same time the amount of water applied and the irrigation rate at each irrigation; c) applying spray irrigation rather than flood irrigation.
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Harper, Sharleen Anne. "Mathematical models for dispersal of aerosol droplets in an agricultural setting : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand." Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/814.

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Agrichemical spray drift is an issue of concern for the orcharding industry. Shelterbelts surrounding orchard blocks can significantly reduce spray drift by intercepting droplets from the airflow. At present, there is little information available with which to predict drift deposits downwind, particularly in the case of a fully-sheltered orchard block. In this thesis, we develop a simple mathematical model for the transport of airborne drifting spray droplets, including the effects of droplet evaporation and interception by a shelterbelt. The object is for the model to capture the major features of the droplet transport, yet be simple enough to determine an analytic solution, so that the deposit on the ground may be easily calculated and the effect of parameter variations observed. We model the droplet transport using an advection-dispersion equation, with a trapping term added to represent the shelterbelt. In order to proceed analytically, we discretise the shelterbelt by dividing it into a three-dimensional array of blocks, with the trapping in each block concentrated to the point at its centre. First, we consider the more straightforward case where the droplets do not evaporate; solutions are presented in one, two and three dimensions, along with explicit expressions for the total amount trapped and the deposit on the ground. With evaporation, the model is more difficult to solve analytically, and the solutions obtained are nestled in integral equations which are evaluated numerically. In both cases, examples are presented to show the deposition profile on the ground downwind of the shelterbelt, and the corresponding reduction in deposit from the same scenario without the shelterbelt.
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Lewer, N. "Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP). Research Report 1." University of Bradford, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3960.

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yes
The NLW database illustrates the extensive and eclectic literature regarding NLWs which covers the last few decades. It currently contains over 250 entries. It is important to have access not only to the more recent material, but also to earlier sources since many of the general debates and controversies have already been rehearsed, and lessons learnt from them are still relevant today. Yet, it is also vital to follow new developments of NLWs closely because rapidly changing technology is producing weapons whose implications for integration into military and civil police forces have yet to be clearly defined and understood. Of particular interest are not only NLW applications for war fighting, but opportunities for deployment in peace enforcement and peace keeping missions. These technologies span many bases including: psycho-chemicals; unmanned weapons platforms and delivery systems; biogenetics; acoustic and microwave weapons; biological and chemical weapons; laser systems; kinetic energy ballistics; dual purpose (lethal/non-lethal) weapons; and, sprays and foams which inhibit movement. The database will keep up to date on these developments and future reports will highlight new issues and debates surrounding them. With these rapid technological advances come a series of associated dangers and concerns including: the ethics of use; implications for weapons control and disarmament treaties; military doctrine; public accountability and guidelines; dangers of misuse and proliferation; and, research and development strategies. Using the database, and drawing from military and non-military sources, this report will select the main current issues and debates within the non-lethal community. Bearing in mind that many operations undertaken by military forces are now more akin to policing actions (such as peace support operations) there are lessons to be learnt by military units from civil police experience. There still remains a tension between perceived benign and malign intent both in NLW operational use and non-lethal research and development.
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Davison, N., and N. Lewer. "Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP). Research Report No. 4." University of Bradford, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3973.

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Non-lethal weapons (NLWs) are explicitly designed and primarily employed to incapacitate personnel or material whilst minimising collateral damage to property and the environment. Existing NLWs include rubber and plastic bullets, entangling nets, chemical sprays such as OC and CS gas, and electrical stunning devices such as the `Taser¿ gun. New NLWs are on the way, which will include acoustic and microwave weapons, non-lethal landmines, malodorants, and sophisticated weapons developed through rapid advances in neuroscience and the genomics revolution. Most analysts would agree that there is a `legitimate¿ role for non-lethal weapons, both for civil and military applications. However there is considerable disagreement as to the operational effectiveness of NLWs, and the threat such weapons pose to arms conventions and international law. As usual, a balance has to be achieved where the benign advantages of developing and deploying non-lethal weapons are not outweighed by their more malign effects. In particular, emerging non-lethal technologies offer an increasing opportunity for the suppression of civil dissent and control of populations ¿ these are sometimes referred to as the `technologies of political control¿. There is a continuing need for sustained and informed commentary to such developments which highlights the impact and threats that these technologies pose to civil liberties and human rights. Because the last BNLWP Report was produced in August 2001, this edition is somewhat longer than usual so that key developments since then can be highlighted and summarised. Future BNLWRP reports will be published three times a year, and we welcome material to be considered for inclusion.
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Davison, N., and N. Lewer. "Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP). Research Report No. 5." University of Bradford, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3997.

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Two recent detailed reports, by the U.K Northern Ireland Office (NIO) - January 2004 1 and the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) - February 2004 2, provide further insights into current policy and technology developments in the U.K. and U.S. The NIO report is the 4th and final report of a U.K wide Steering Group set up by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in Summer 2000, with the objective: To establish whether a less potentially lethal alternative to baton rounds is available; and to review the public order equipment which is presently available, or could be developed, in order to expand the range of tactical options available to operational commanders. 3 In her foreword to the report Jane Kennedy, Minister of State for Northern Ireland notes that: Despite a protracted and international search for a commercially available product, we have been unable to find anything that meets the criteria of an acceptable, potentially less lethal alternative to the baton round currently in service which provides an effective capability that does not expose officers and the public to greater risk in violent public disorder.4 The NIO Report has sections looking at the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) programme on the development of less lethal technologies (particularly the Attenuating Energy Projectile and the Discriminating Irritant Projectile); commercial off the shelf product evaluations and update (12 Gauge Sock Round Assessment); Water Cannon; the U.K. use of less lethal technologies (with a focus on L21A1 baton rounds, CS sprays and the Taser). The report also contains a section entitled `The Management of Conflict¿ which discusses the dynamics of crowd behaviour. For a critical response to the NIO report see that from Dr. Brian Rappert.5 The CFR report provides a strong endorsement for non-lethal weapons. A key finding states: Wider integration of nonlethal weapons into the U.S. Army and Marine Corps could have reduced damage, saved lives, and helped to limit the widespread looting and sabotage that occurred after the cessation of major conflict in Iraq. Incorporating NLW capabilities into the equipment, training and doctrine of the armed services could substantially improve U.S. effectiveness in conflict, post-conflict, and homeland defense. 6 Interestingly, in describing the nonlethal capability sets (NLCS) which have been deployed in Kosovo and Iraq, and which help to provide a continuum of force between ¿don¿t shoot¿ and ¿shoot¿ 7, the CFR seems to distinguish between NLWs (rubber balls [grenades and shotgun munitions], bean bags, riot shields, Tasers, net entanglers, and caltrops), and equipment such as flash-bang grenades, laser dazzlers, and bullhorns of which it states ¿It is important to note that these are not weapons but non-lethal capabilities¿ 8 The CFR recommends expanded deployment of NLWs in the armed services, longer ranges for non-lethal payloads using precision delivery and fusing systems, and further development of millimetre-wave area-denial system (HPM weapons such as VMADS) and the advanced tactical laser (ATL). The report also argues for the need to have a bigger Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD) or a new Non-lethal Joint Program Office (NLJPO) and for Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP) ¿ Research Report 5 (May 2004) 2 closer links with the Joint Forces Command (JFCOM). In the opinion of the authors the JNLWD should also have more access into classified programmes throughout all branches of the armed services so as not to duplicate non-lethal development initiatives. To stimulate incorporation of NLWs throughout the U.S. Armed Services the CFR advocates two approaches: (1) top-down planning in the Defense department and (2) creation of demand for these [NLWs] weapons from the field as personnel gain experience with prototype equipment. 9 They argue there is a need for the top-level military and civilian leadership to be educated about NLW capabilities, not only for warfighting and peacekeeping, but also in `homeland defence in isolating a hot zone in the aftermath of a biological attack' 10. We will be referring again to both the NIO and CFR publications in other sections of this report.
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Паламарчук, Петро Васильович, Петр Васильевич Паламарчук, and P. V. Palamarchuk. "Оцінка процесів навантаженості та роботоздатності елементів металоконструкцій вентиляторних обприскувачів класу ОВП-2000." Thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. Івана Пулю, 2010. http://elartu.tstu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/544.

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Робота виконана у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України. Захист відбудеться «12» жовтня 2010 р. о 1200 годині на засіданні спеціалізованої вченої ради Д 58.052.02 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя за адресою: 46001, м. Тернопіль, вул. Руська, 56, аудиторія 79. З дисертацією можна ознайомитись у бібліотеці Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя за адресою: 46001, м. Тернопіль, вул. Руська, 56.
У дисертаційній роботі на сучасному технічному рівні вирішується завдання дослідження впливу обертових мас приводу на несучі конструкції сільськогосподарських машин. Впроваджено фотоелектричний моментомір, створено математичне обґрунтування обробки цифрового сигналу, записаного реєструючою системою, яке закладено в основу комп’ютерної програми «Krejаtor» для виведення сигналу на екран монітора у формі придатній для статистичної обробки. З використанням розроблених засобів вимірювання проведено дослідження машин ОВП-2000 та ОШУ-50А. Результати досліджень покладено в основу розрахунку консолі кріплення вентилятора методом мінімуму потенціальної енергії деформації. За результатами теоретичних досліджень запропоновано внести зміни в конструкцію консолі, що дозволить знизити її матеріалоємність, та забезпечить нормативний ресурс роботи.
В диссертационной работе на современном техническом уровне решено важную научно-техническую задачу - повышение работоспособности сельскохозяйственных машин, типа вентиляторных опрыскивателей с приводом от ВВП энергосредства. В основу работы положены исследования влияния разницы знакопеременных нагрузок в опорах мультипликатора от привода крутящего момента, а также дисбаланса вращающихся масс вентиляторной установки, что повышает достоверность оценки несущей способности, оптимизацию и необходимую долговечность рассматриваемой конструкции. Разработано научно-техническую методику по определению эксплуатационных кососиметрических знакопеременных нагрузок относительно продольной плоскости симметрии машин типа одноосных ельскохозяйственных прицепов и алгоритм аналитически-экспериментального исследования, сочетающий в себе модифицированный метод минимума потенциальной энергии деформации конструктивных структур со специально сконструированными средствами эксплуатационных исследований реальной динамики нагруженности. Реализованый комплексный подход обеспечил: снижение НДС в лонжеронах консольного крепления вентиляторной установки с 52 МПа до 34 МПа (лонжерон 59) и с 63 МПа до 36 МПа (лонжероны 63). Благодаря достижению упругого равновесия в элементах базовой несущей системы металлоемкость усовершенствованной металлоконструкции снизилась на 8,7%. При нормативном сроке службы опрыскивателей 7 лет и сезонной эксплуатации 300 часов ресурс работы составляет: серийной конструкции -1100 часов; модернизированной -2250 часов (Патент Украины на полезную модель № 48663, от 25.04.2010 г.), что вполне соответствует нормативному сроку службы. Годовой экономический эффект от усовершенствования несущей системы машины ОВП-2000 составляет 3350 грн. на одно изделие.
The research of influence the rotating mass drive over the main constructions of agricultural machines on the modern level is decided in this dissertation work. Photoelectrical momentomir is used, the mathematical study of digital signal processing is created, recorded by the recording system, which laid the basis for the computer program "Krejator" for output a signal on the monitor screen in a form suitable for statistical processing. Such machines as ОВП-2000 and ОШУ-50A are tested using developed means of measuring. The results of research are put in the basis for calculating the console fan fastensng using method of minimum potential energy of deformation. According to the results of theoretical studies modifications to the console consumption are proposed which will help to reduce its material consumption and provide normative resource of work.
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Books on the topic "Spray research"

1

Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE International Congress & Exposition (1997 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Fuel spray studies. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1997.

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Civil Aviation Authority. International cabin water spray research management group: Conclusions of research programme. Cheltenham: Civil Aviation Authority, 1993.

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National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), ed. Characterization of a residential fire sprinkler using phase Doppler interferometry. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2000.

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W, Nyland Ted, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hydrogen no-vent fill testing in a 5 cubic foot (142) liter tank using spray nozzle and spray bar liquid injection. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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W, Nyland Ted, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hydrogen no-vent fill testing in a 5 cubic foot (142) liter tank using spray nozzle and spray bar liquid injection. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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W, Nyland Ted, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hydrogen no-vent fill testing in a 5 cubic foot (142) liter tank using spray nozzle and spray bar liquid injection. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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Kitsos, T. N. The commissioning of a video analysis system for diesel spray research. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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National, Thermal Spray Conference (3rd 1990 Long Beach Calif ). Thermal spray research and applications: Proceedings of the 3rd National Thermal Spray Conference, Long Beach, California, 20-25 May 1990. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International, 1991.

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C, Berndt Christopher, Bernecki Thomas F, and ASM International, eds. Thermal spray coatings: Research, design, and applications : proceedings of the 5th National Thermal Spray Conference, June 7-11, 1993, Anaheim, Calif. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International, 1993.

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DeFrank, Joseph. Risk to nontarget tomatoes from ethephon aerial spray drift. [Honolulu, Hawaii]: HITAHR, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spray research"

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Wang, Z. T., J. L. Wen, X. Y. Wang, T. Q. Luo, and X. N. Song. "Axial Wind-Borne Electrostatic Spray Research." In New Trends in Fluid Mechanics Research, 600. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75995-9_200.

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Loganathan, Vijay, Christopher H. Jenkins, Casey Allen, and James W. Sears. "Laser Enhanced Thermal Spray Coatings." In Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practices III, 239–45. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118984239.ch29.

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Long, Wang, Zhang Ting’an, Lv Guozhi, Zhao Aichun, Ma Sida, and Zhang Weiguang. "Research on activated alumina obtained by spray pyrolysis method." In Light Metals 2016, 103–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48251-4_18.

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Long, Wang, Zhang Ting'an, Lv Guozhi, Zhao Aichun, Ma Sida, and Zhang Weiguang. "Research on Activated Alumina Obtained by Spray Pyrolysis Method." In Light Metals 2016, 103–6. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274780.ch18.

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Cho, Tong Yul, Jae Hong Yoon, Kil Su Kim, K. O. Song, Y. K. Joo, W. Fang, Shi Hong Zhang, Suk Jo Youn, Hui Gon Chun, and Soon Young Hwang. "Friction Behavior of HVOF Thermal Spray Coating of Micron Size WC-Co Powder." In Advanced Materials Research, 1325–28. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-463-4.1325.

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Velasco Manrique, Jorge, Manuel Ignacio González, Carlos Alonso Sastre, Esteban Cañibano Álvarez, and Maria Teresa Fernández Peña. "Research into Novel Coatings on Composites and Technical Polymers, with Tailored Functionalities for the Transport and Biomedical Industries." In Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 98–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_15.

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AbstractThis work presents the methodology and results of the research into pre-treatments for thermal spray processes, applied to composites and technical polymers, as preparatory stage for the subsequent coating (ceramic and metallic) deposition via wire arc spray process. The research methodology includes the study of the thermal degradation of substrate materials, as well as the execution and characterization of mechanical (sand blasting), laser (surface texturing) and chemical (acid and base etching) pre-treatments. The quality of the proposed solutions is evaluated through visual inspection of the samples, optical micrography, surface roughness measurements, and mechanical adhesion testing of the coating. Finally, the selection of the most appropriate coating pre-treatment is made, considering technical and scalability criteria.
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Continillo, G., and W. A. Sirignano. "Unsteady, Spherically-Symmetric Flame Propagation Through Multicomponent Fuel Spray Clouds." In Modern Research Topics in Aerospace Propulsion, 173–98. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0945-4_10.

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Santagata, Gabriella, Evelia Schettini, Giuliano Vox, Barbara Immirzi, Giacomo Scarascia Mugnozza, and Mario Malinconico. "Biodegradable Spray Mulching and Nursery Pots: New Frontiers for Research." In Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, 105–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54130-2_5.

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Sawant, Jitendra P., and Rohidas B. Kale. "Study on Spray-Deposited Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Films: Deposition and Physical Properties." In Advances in Energy Research, Vol. 1, 115–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2666-4_12.

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Balamurugan Rathinam, Duraisamy Subramanian, Upendra Naithani, Frederic Ravet, and Laurent Dutfoy. "Grid Size Optimization for Diesel Injection Spray Nozzle Using CFD Analysis." In Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power – Contemporary Research, 697–712. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2743-4_67.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spray research"

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CHIN, J. "Spray research in BIAA." In 22nd Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1986-1730.

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Gu, Wanyu, Baijing Qiu, and Beifen Zhu. "The Experimental study of the spray distance electrostatic spray." In 2015 International Conference on Intelligent Systems Research and Mechatronics Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isrme-15.2015.345.

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Jia, Jian-yuan, Yong-xian Guo, Wei-dong Wang, and Shao-rong Zhou. "Modeling and Experimental Research on Spray Cooling." In 2008 Twenty-fourth Annual IEEE Semionductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stherm.2008.4509377.

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Glass, S. W., J. P. Lareau, K. S. Ross, S. Ali, F. Hernandez, and B. Lopez. "Magnetostrictive Cold Spray Sensor for Long-Term or Harsh Environment Ultrasound." In ASNT Research Symposium 2019. ASNT, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32548/rs.2019.009.

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Keke, Anete, and Ingmars Cinkmanis. "α-amylase activity in freeze-dried and spray-dried honey." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.017.

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Honey is a naturally supersaturated sugar solution, which tends to crystallize. The crystallization of honey can lead to unwanted fermentation that can have a negative impact to honey quality. The production of honey powder could be an alternative method to prevent honey from fermentation. Honey powder could be used as alternative substitute to liquid honey that would allow to use this product more widely in the food industry. α-amylase activity is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the quality of honey. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of freeze-drying and spray-drying on honey α-amylase activity. Detection of α-amylase activity was carried out by spectrophotometric method. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the content of hydroxymethylfurfural in the powders. The obtained results showed that both drying methods had a negative impact to the enzyme activity in the samples. The lowest activity of α-amylase (8.3 DN) was measured in the spray-dried honey powder. Concentration of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the powders did not exceed required concentration 40 mg kg-1.
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Chan, C. K., L. J. Richter, D. S. Germack, B. R. Conrad, D. A. Fischer, D. M. DeLongchamp, and D. J. Gundlach. "Spray deposited poly-3-hexylthiophene thin film transistors." In 2009 International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdrs.2009.5378131.

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Run, Yan. "Research on Adaptive Control Strategy of Intelligent Spray System." In the 2018 2nd International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3293688.3293698.

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Yan, Run. "Research on Adaptive Control Strategy of Intelligent Spray System." In 2017 International Conference on Computer Technology, Electronics and Communication (ICCTEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icctec.2017.00202.

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Mingjiang, Hu, and Shen Chaoying. "Research on Predicting Fuel Spray Characteristics of Diesel Engine." In 2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicta.2010.304.

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Lin, Zhen, Shengkai Liang, Xiaoqin Mo, Xihong Wang, and Jinye Xie. "Research on Influencing Factors of Plant Target Precision Spray." In 2022 6th International Conference on Robotics and Automation Sciences (ICRAS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icras55217.2022.9842009.

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Reports on the topic "Spray research"

1

Pickett, Lyle M., and Scott A. Skeen. Spray Combustion Cross-Cut Engine Research DOE VT Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1482863.

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Boy, Jeffrey H., Ashok Kumar, Patrick March, Paul Willis, and Herbert Herman. Construction Productivity Advancement Research (CPAR) Program: Cavitation- and Erosion-Resistant Thermal Spray Coatings. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada329272.

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Mudge, Christopher R., Kurt D. Getsinger, and Benjamin P. Sperry. Simulated Herbicide Spray Retention on Floating Aquatic Plants as Affected by Carrier Volume and Adjuvant Type. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44540.

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Foliar delivery of herbicides is a common means for plant management in aquatic environments. Though this technique is decades old, little is known about vegetative spray retention relative to this application method. A more complete understanding of maximizing herbicide retention could lead to improved plant management while simultaneously decreasing pesticide load in aquatic environments. Therefore, outdoor mesocosm experiments were conducted in 2020 to evaluate the effect of adjuvant type on foliar spray retention in waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms]. Additionally, the effect of carrier volume on spray retention in waterhyacinth, waterlettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.), and giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell) was documented. Spray deposition did not differ among the nine adjuvants tested; however, spray retention was reduced 6% to 11% when an adjuvant was excluded from the spray solution. The effect of carrier volume on spray retention in waterhyacinth, waterlettuce, and giant salvinia was also investigated. Decreases in spray retention were most sensitive to increased carrier volume in waterhyacinth, followed by giant salvinia and waterlettuce. Among species, spray retention potential, as determined by intercept estimates, was greatest in waterlettuce and giant salvinia regardless of carrier volume. Asymptotes estimates for waterhyacinth, waterlettuce, and giant salvinia were 33%, 46%, and 79% spray retention, respectively. In other words, spray retention was the lowest and remained relatively constant at these values for the high carrier volumes tested (935 and 1,870 L ha⁻¹), which were likely due to the presence of pubescence on leaves and flatter leaf architecture represented by waterlettuce and giant salvinia compared to the glabrous vertical leaves of waterhyacinth. Future research will evaluate these concepts under field condition.
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Arnold, Joshua, and Harold Winnie. DTPH56-15-H-CAAP06 Mitigating Pipeline Corrosion using a Smart Thermal Spraying Coating System. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011767.

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Lin, Lanchao. Thermal Management Research for Power Generation. Delivery Order 0002 - Volume 2: Closed-Loop Spray Cooling of High-Power Semiconductor Lasers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413471.

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Yamashita, Hayato, Takashi Suzuki, Hiroshi Matsuoka, Koji Kitano, and Makoto Mashida. Research of the DI Diesel Spray Characteristics at High Temperature and High Pressure Ambient~Quantitative Analysis of Fuel Vapor Concentration. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0225.

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Madrzykowski, Daniel, and Nicholas Dow. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 1. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/jegf7178.

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This study was designed to be an initial step to investigate the potential of low flow nozzles as part of a retrofit flashover prevention system in residential homes with limited water supplies. Not all homes have water supplies that can meet the needs of a residential sprinkler system. Current alter- natives, such as including a supplemental tank and pump, increase the cost of the system. These homes could benefit from an effective fire safety system with lower water supply requirements. The experiments in this study were conducted in a steel test structure which consisted of a fire room attached to a hallway in an L-shaped configuration. Three types of experiments were conducted to evaluate nozzles at different flow rates and under different fire conditions. The performance of the nozzles was compared to the performance of a commercially available residential sprinkler. The first set of experiments measured the distribution of the water spray from each of the nozzles and the sprinkler. The water spray measurements were made without the presence of a fire. The other two sets of experiments were fire experiments. The first set of fire experiments were designed to measure the ability of a water spray to cool a hot gas layer generated by a gas burner fire. The fire source was a propane burner which provided a steady and repeatable flow of heat into the test structure. Two water spray locations were examined, in the fire room and in the middle of the hallway. In each position, the burner was shielded from the water spray. The results showed that for equivalent conditions, the nozzle provided greater gas cooling than the sprinkler. The tests were conducted with a fire size of approximately 110 kW, and water flow rates in the range of 11 lpm (3 gpm) and 19 lpm (5 gpm). The second set of fire experiments used an upholstered sofa as the initial source of the fire with the water spray located in the same room. As a result of the compartment size and water spray distribution, the nozzle flowing water at 23 lpm (6 gpm) provided more effective suppression of the fire than the sprinkler flowing 34 lpm (9 gpm) did. The nozzle was similarly effective with the ignition location moved 1.0 m (3.2 ft) further away. However, the nozzle failed to suppress the fire with a reduced water flow rate of 11 lpm (3 gpm). The results of this limited study demonstrate the potential of low flow nozzles, directly flowing water on to the fuel surface, with the goal of preventing flashover. Additional research is needed to examine larger room sizes, fully furnished rooms, and shielded fires to determine the feasibility of a reduced water flow flashover prevention system.
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Holterman, H. J., and D. C. de Hoog. Research on spray nozzles from the Agrotop TDXL series for drift reduction classification : TDXL 80-015, TDXL 80-02 and TDXL-D 110-02. Wageningen: Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Agrosystems Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/589156.

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9

Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.

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Abstract:
The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.
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Settles, G. S. Research On HVOF Thermal Sprays. Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895627.

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