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Journal articles on the topic 'SPRAD'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Timus, D. M., and M. M. Popescu. "The energy sprad of some radiation fields used in activation analysis." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 220, no. 2 (June 1997): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02034846.

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2

Saraiva Neto, Pery. "Seguros para riscos ambientais e o problema da delimitação da infortunística ambiental em um cenário de riscos difusos e complexos: aspectos jurídicos no Brasil." Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de seguro 27, no. 48 (July 3, 2018): 105–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.ris48.spra.

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Partindo-se de noção de crise ambiental e da constatação de que o Estado, a sociedade e as empresas vêm criando mecanismos para propiciar o desenvolvimento sustentável, pondera-se que no âmbito jurídico aparecem como importante solução os instrumentos econômicos de proteção ambiental, dentre os quais sobressai-se o Seguro Ambiental. Demonstra-se que, embora de forma ainda tênue, o seguro ambiental vem progredindo no Brasil, fruto não de uma obrigatoriedade legal, mas isto sim de uma evolução gradual e adequada às exigências do mercado. Diante deste contexto, preocupando-se com a inserção e consolidação do seguro ambiental de forma apropriada, rentável e duradoura, ressalta-se que o seguro ambiental deve estar devidamente ajustado às modernas construções legais, jurisprudenciais e doutrinárias sobre responsabilidade civil ambiental. Discorre-se sobre as peculiaridades relacionadas aos riscos e danos ambientais, analisando destacadamente a forma como a jurisprudencia do Superior Tribunal de Justiça vem enfrentando as questões de litigiosidade em matéria ambiental. Conclui-se que o Direito Ambiental que vem sendo implementado pelos Tribunais vem empregando significativas inovações em matéria de responsabilidade civil ambiental, tanto do direito material quanto processual, o que é um cenário de incertezas, fator que dificulta a implementação das técnicas securitárias. São apresentados os principais elementos relacionados à técnica securitária, ressaltando-se a necessidade de os seguros atuarem em cenários jurídicos estáveis e previsíveis. Tais pressupostos, se demonstra, não estão presentes no Direito brasileiro. O modelo legal europeu de asseguração de riscos ambientais é analisado, destacando-se a previsibilidade e segurança possíveis, a partir de marcos legais claros sobre responsabilidades ambientais. Por fim demonstram-se as potencialidades e os benefícios da inserção do seguro ambiental no sistema de tutela do meio ambiente, notadamente como instrumento com vantagens preventivas e reparatórias.

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3

Markvorsen, Steen. "A Finsler geodesic spray paradigm for wildfire spread modelling." Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications 28 (April 2016): 208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2015.09.011.

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4

Khaleghi, Hassan, Sajad Yazdanparast, MohammadReza Keshtkar, and Zahra Firouznia. "DEVELOPMENT OF A SPREAD SUBMODEL FOR SPRAY/WALL IMPACTION." Atomization and Sprays 28, no. 10 (2018): 857–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.2018027237.

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5

OYAGI, Hiroshi, Osamu MORIUE, Masato MIKAMI, and Naoya KOJIMA. "Fundamental Research on Flame Spread Behaviors of Fuel Spray in Microgravity." Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2004.I (2004): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2004.i.135.

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6

Rashid, M., and Y. G. Karagama. "Study of microbial spread when using multiple-use nasal anaesthetic spray." Rhinology journal 49, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino10.283.

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Background: Current economic constraints have led to the emergence of reusable anaesthetic sprays with replacement nozzles (Xylocaine) as an alternative to disposable anaesthetic solutions (Co-phenylcaine) for rhinological procedures. The former costs 213.84 per year vers12,047.69 for the latter, at equivocal doses. However, research regarding the sterility of such instruments is limited. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine whether bottles of Xylocaine could pose a risk of cross-infection to patients. Methods: Two techniques were used. The first was to introduce nozzles into methylene blue and fluorescein dyes, and then analysing the anaesthetic solutions using spectrophotometry for assessment of colour change indicating retrograde contamination. The second method involved spraying Xylocaine into cultures of Staphylococcus aureus with concurrent nozzle changes. This was repeated over a 36-day-period. Sterility checks were performed on the Xylocaine before and after inoculation into the culture. Results: None of the anaesthetic solutions showed the presence of dyed saline following spectrophotometric analysis. No S. aureus was isolated from any of the 30 spray bottles cultures over the 36-day trial period. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that using the Xylocaine spray with disposable nozzles for each patient should not pose a cross infection risk to patients.

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7

Kim, Sayop, Keun Hee Lee, and Chang Sik Lee. "SC2-2: Numerical simulation of the inter-spray impingement(SC: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.397.

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8

Parnell, S., F. van den Bosch, and C. A. Gilligan. "Large-Scale Fungicide Spray Heterogeneity and the Regional Spread of Resistant Pathogen Strains." Phytopathology® 96, no. 5 (May 2006): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0549.

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Most models for the spread of fungicide resistance in plant pathogens are focused on within-field dynamics, yet regional invasion depends upon the interactions between field populations. Here, we use a spatially implicit metapopulation model to describe the dynamics of regional spread, in which subpopulations correspond to single fields. We show that the criterion for the regional invasion of pathogens between fields differs from that for invasion within fields. That is, the ability of a fungicide-resistant strain of a pathogen to invade a field population does not necessarily imply an ability to spread through many fields at the regional scale. This depends upon an interaction between the fraction of fields that is sprayed and the reproductive capacity of the pathogen. This result is of practical significance and indicates that resistance management strategies which currently target within-field processes, such as the use of mixtures and alternations of fungicides, may be more effective if between-field processes also were targeted; for example, through the restricted deployment of fungicides over large areas. We also show that the fraction of disease-free fields is maximized when the proportion of fields that is sprayed is just below the threshold for invasion of the resistant strain.

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9

Fitriana, Laila, Bawono Widyo Gumelar, Herman Saputro, Tutuko Firdani, Riyadi Muslim, Hengky Aries Ismunandar, Rifqi Arif Zainudin, et al. "Study experimental of flame-spread rate and spread limit distance of bio-solar droplets in microgravity combustion." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 08006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819708006.

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The most important issues in spray combustion science are how to understand the mechanism of the combustion of liquid fuel spray, especially in the flame-spread phenomenon. In spray combustion, combustion is the existence of the group is very important in order to obtain the stable combustion. Therefore, the flame spread among fuel droplets affects the occurrence of stable combustion in the spray combustion engine. This study was focused on phenomenon on diesel combustion engines. This research was conducted to study the behavior of flame spread rate of flame spread and limit the distance of bio-diesel liquid droplets. This research method was used experimental research. Microgravity condition was Obtained through the free fall tower with the height of the tower used is 6 m. Observed droplets suspended was placed on SiC fibers with different distance and droplet size 1 mm. This study observed Also the influence of the flame propagation direction of the burning droplet to the next burning droplets that lies in the direction and perpendicular to the direction of the flame propagation. The results showed that the bio-diesel fuel droplet Igniter (I) could burn next droplet (A)at a distance (S/d0) = 8.

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10

Kook, Sanghoon, Lyle M. Pickett, Mark P. B. Musculus, Kyle Kattke, and Ryan K. Gehmlich. "SC2-4: Liquid-Phase Diesel Spray Penetration during End-of-Injection Transient(SC: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.413.

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11

Zama, Yoshio, Wataru Ochiai, Tomohiko Furuhata, and Masataka Arai. "SP2-2 Velocity distribution inside a diesel spray under high ambient density condition(SP: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.653.

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12

Adam, Abdullah, Tomonori Gomi, Tomoaki Yatsufusa, Yoshiyuki Kidoguchi, and Kei Miwa. "SC1-3: Analysis of Droplet Evaporation Process of Diesel Spray during Ignition Delay Period(SC: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.377.

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13

Newsom, R. B., A. Amara, A. Hicks, M. Quint, C. Pattison, B. R. Bzdek, J. Burridge, C. Krawczyk, J. Dinsmore, and J. Conway. "Comparison of droplet spread in standard and laminar flow operating theatres: SPRAY study group." Journal of Hospital Infection 110 (April 2021): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.01.026.

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14

Zhao, Lan Ming, Hai Bing Hu, Heng Ze Zhao, Jun Qin, and Lan Ming Zhao. "Fire Resistance of High-Rise Building External Wall Using Water Spray Curtain: An Exploration of Fire Protection Design." Advanced Materials Research 935 (May 2014): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.935.265.

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To find out practical design of high-rise building external wall fire protection, a preliminary study of water spray curtain was performed. The characteristic of the spray was analyzed through experiments. Basic characteristics such as exponential relationship between discharge rate and working pressure of the nozzle were obtained. The spread behavior of water film on the wall, such as spread width, was tested and analyzed. Feasible design and apply layout of the spray system on external wall was presented. The probable design was proved to be much more energy-saving than traditional sprinklers. In the end, a workable pattern of application was presented and further explained how the design worked and reduced construction energy.

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15

Matsumoto, Yuhei, Jian Gao, Makoto Namba, and Keiya Nishida. "SC1-4: Spray Evaporation and Combustion Characteristics of Group-Hole Nozzle for D.I. Diesel Engines(SC: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.383.

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16

Esmail, Mohamed, Nobuyuki Kawahara, Eiji Tomita, and Mamoru Sumida. "SC3-2: Effect of Nozzle Geometry on Atomization of Transient Spray from Port Fuel Injector(SC: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.429.

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17

Matsumoto, Masashi, Chang Eon-Lee, Daisuke Shigetomi, Masanori Okada, Yoshimitsu Kobashi, and Jiro Senda. "SP1-2 Chemical Thermodynamics Modeling of Vaporization and Ignition Processes in Dual-Component Fuel Spray(SP: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.635.

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18

Villiers, Eugene de, David Gosman, and Henry Weller. "DETAILED INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL SPRAY ATOMISATION USING QUASI-DIRECT CFD SIMULATION(Spray Technologies, Atomization)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2004.6 (2004): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2004.6.295.

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19

Nishijima, Hirokazu, Atsushi Ueno, and Akihiko Azetsu. "SC1-2: Effects of Injection Rate Modulation on the Shape and Inner Structure of Fuel Spray(SC: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.371.

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20

Rosso, Valentina, Cristina Panuzzo, Enrico Bracco, Sonia Carturan, Valentina Campia, Alessandra Favole, Elisabetta Signorino, et al. "Absence of Spred, a Negative Regulator of Tyrosine Kinase Activity, in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 4616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.4616.4616.

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Abstract Abstract 4616 Background: The Sprouty family proteins, including Spred, were originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster as an antagonist of Breathless, the ortholog of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) in mammals. These proteins are inducible inhibitors of signalling induced by receptor tyrosine kinases. Their main function is to deregulate the RAS/MAPK and RAS/RAF/ERK signal pathways by physically interacting. The role of Spread proteins in haematological malignancies is still not been clarified. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate a possible involvement of Spred in maintaining the aberrant TK signalling in patients affected by acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Methods: Bone marrow (BM) cells were collected from 82 AML patients at diagnosis and 10 BM samples from healthy donors as control. In addition 20 patients were analyzed during follow-up at the time haematological remission. All the patients included had been characterized at the cytogenetic level by conventional karyotyping, and screened by reverse transcriptase-PCR for the presence of the most frequent fusion transcripts or mutations. We analysed Spread mRNA expression by RQ-PCR and the protein by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. In addition gain of function experiments were performed by transfecting with Spred coding sequence different leukemic cells lines lacking Spred activity. Results: We found that Spread mRNA levels were significantly decreased in AML compared to healthy subjects (2−DDct = 0,1 in AML compared to 0,6 in controls) (p<0,001). Western blot and immunofluorescence confirmed the Spred downregulation at the protein level. Spread expression did not correlate to FAB subtypes or cytogenetic risk. Interestingly, when patients obtained the complete hematological remission (HR) the levels of Spred mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated to a level similar to healthy subjects (p=0.1 between HR and normal controls). Transfection experiments of Kasumi cell line with Spred coding sequence resulted in a decrease of proliferation of 53%, a colony growth reduction of 50% and a significant increase of apoptosis (p<0.001). Finally, in order to establish the molecular basis for Spred1 deregulation we analyzed the expression levels of miRNA-21 which is a known regulator of Spred and we found a correlation between the expression of miRNA-21 and Spred. Conclusions: A decreased expression and activity of Spred, a negative regulator of TK activity through Ras pathway, is implicated in sustaining the oncogenetic signalling and abnormal proliferation induced by tyrosine kinase proteins in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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21

Foster, G. N. "EFFECTS OF TWO INSECTICIDAL SPRAY PROGRAMMES ON APHIDS AND THE SPREAD OF POTATO LEAFROLL VIRUS." Annals of Applied Biology 108, S1 (April 1986): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.1986.108.s1.24.

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22

Ismailov, Murad, Jean-Bernard Blaisot, Jean-Baptiste Dementhon, and Tomio Obokata. "SC1-1: Experimental Evaluation of Spray Dynamics and Its Evaporation Generated by Diesel Twin Jet Injection Nozzle(SC: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.363.

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23

Ahmed, Fatma, Nobuyuki Kawahara, Eiji Tomita, and Mamoru Sumida. "SC4-1: Spray Behavior near the Nozzle of a DISI Multi-Hole Injector Using Phase Doppler Anemometer(SC: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.445.

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24

Mehta, Pramod S., S. Rajkumar, and Shamit Bakshi. "SP1-1 Modeling Spray and Mixing Processes in High Pressure Multiple-injection CRDI Engines : Modeling CRDI Engines(SP: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.628.

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25

Kato, Akira, Katsuya Matsuura, Takahiro Katano, Shigenori Haraguchi, and Yasuhiro Yoshimi. "SP3-3 Influence of Orifice Diameter on Spray and Combustion using a Fast Diesel Common Rail Injector(SP: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.686.

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26

Cano, I. G., S. Dosta, J. R. Miguel, and J. M. Guilemany. "Metaestabilidad estructural a través de proyección térmica." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 46, no. 3 (June 30, 2007): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2007.v46.i3.243.

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27

Kang, Sagar Singh. "Dermal Spray Formulation of Meloxicam." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 23, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 1739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i4/pr190504.

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28

Kitaguchi, Koji, Soichi Hatori, Tsukasa Hori, and Jiro Senda. "SP1-3 Effect of KH-MTAB Breakup Model on LES of Diesel Spray under High Ambient Density Condition(SP: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.641.

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29

Ohsawa, Katsuyuki, Kazuhiro Kitamura, Motoki Hiratsuka, Tetsuya Oda, and Takahiro Sumi. "SP2-1 Analysis of Needle Eccentricity Effects on Internal Flow and Spray Characteristics of Enlarged VCO Diesel Injector(SP: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.647.

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30

Masuda, Yutaka, Takayuki Hirose, Hirohide Furutani, and Yasuhide Watanabe. "SP3-2 Influence of Ambient Condition and Nozzle Hole on Spray and Combustion Characteristics in Medium Speed Engines(SP: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.680.

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31

Wang, Zhen, and Shu Ping Zhang. "The Performance-Based Fire Protection Study on Fire Spread of Logistics Centers." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1171.

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This paper analyzes the fire hazard of logistics centers, puts forward to prevent the spread of fire has important significance on study the horizontal spread of fire performance under different fire scene of a project example by using the methods of calculation and numerical simulation. Provide a reference on the spray system and shelf location settings for such construction.

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32

Valentine, G., M. Auriemma, G. Caputo, and F. E. Corcione. "Near Nozzle PIV Measurements and Droplets Size Pattern of a GDI Swirled Spray(Spray Technologies, Atomization)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2004.6 (2004): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2004.6.287.

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33

Sato, Kiyotaka, Tadashi Tadokoro, Keiya Nishida, Hideaki Yokohata, and Masahisa Yamakawa. "SC3-3: Mixture Formation Process of Wall-Impinging Spray by D.I. Gasoline Injector : Comparison between Experiment and CFD Calculation(SC: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.437.

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34

Zhou, Ai Ping, and De Sheng Wang. "Study on the Intake Wind Performance Experiment of the Pipe with High Pressure Spray." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.115.

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By the intake wind performance experiment study of the pipe with high pressure spray, it is pointed out that under experimental conditions the intake wind efficiency of the pipe with high pressure spray is closely related to the spray nozzle and the pipe's structure and the size.The relationship between pipe's intake wind volume and spray nozzle's water consumption is linear, and the relationship between spraying spread angle and the hydraulic pressure becomes nonlinear.The main parameters of reducing dust equipment with high pressure spray is the intake wind volume and controlled zone.Under the conditions of certain structure, the adjustment of hydraulic pressure will make the equipment with high pressure spray run under the optimum condition of the highest intake wind efficiency.

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35

Santoso, Eko Budi. "ANALISIS PENGARUH TRANSACTION COST TERHADAP HOLDING PERIOD SAHAM BIASA." Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Keuangan 4, no. 2 (August 1, 2008): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/jrak.2008.42.147.

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The moin pwpose of this sndy is to test the effect of transaction cost totntdins period of common stock This srudy iwestigates whether investorswith longer (shorter) hwestment time horizon lold common stockswith higher (owe) bid-qsk spred as a prory of tronsaction cost. Besides,thk study also added two independent voiables such as marketvalue and variance ofrefirn-The statistical method ued in this study is two-stage least square regressionsbecause the itnestorb tnlding period md the bid-ask spreadfor each stoch are simultoteously determined. The result shows that bidask spred related positivefu ord significott to holding period. The bidask spread, morket yalue, and varianee of return have a significant Kqruords: Trqtsaction Cost, Bid-Ask Spread, Holding Period, Market Value, Variance of Return

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36

Amagai, Kenji, and Masataka Arai. "Evaporation and Fuel Vapor Distribution in a Diesel Spray Impinging on a Hot Wall(Spray Technologies, Mixture Formation)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2004.6 (2004): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2004.6.561.

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37

Ramadhan, Mohamad Lutfi, Pither Palamba, Fahri Ali Imran, Engkos Achmad Kosasih, and Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho. "Experimental study of the effect of water spray on the spread of smoldering in Indonesian peat fires." Fire Safety Journal 91 (July 2017): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.012.

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38

Kuti, Olawole Abiola, Jingyu Zhu, Keiya Nishida, Xiangang Wang, and Zuohua Huang. "SP3-1 Spray, Ignition and Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel and Diesel Fuels Injected by Micro-Hole Nozzle under Ultra-High Injection Pressure(SP: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.674.

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39

Tahmasebi, Mona, Roslan Abdul Rahman, Musa Mailah, and Mohammad Gohari. "Active Force Control Applied to Spray Boom Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.616.

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Distribution pattern of spray boom in fields is affected by several parameters which one of the important reasons is horizontal and vertical vibrations because of unevenness surfaces. Spray boom movements lead to decrease of spread efficiency and crop yield. Generally, active suspension is employed to control and attenuate the vibration of sprayer booms because these suspensions reduce the high frequency vibration of spray booms thanks to irregularities soil. In this research, a proportional-integral-derivative controller with active force control is used to remove undesired rolling of spray boom. Simulation results depict that the proposed scheme is more effective and accurate than PID control only scheme. The AFC based scheme shows the robustness and accuracy compared to the PID controller.

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40

Park, Hee-bum, Yung-jin Kim, Sang-ki Park, and Ki-hyung Lee. "SP2-3 Injection rate and spray characteristics of a piezo injector for multiple injection : Experimental study of a piezo injector through visualization test(SP: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.659.

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41

Khoat, Ho Trong, Ji Tea Kim, Tran Dang Quoc, Ji Hyun Kwark, and Hong Sun Ryou. "A Numerical Analysis of the Fire Characteristics after Sprinkler Activation in the Compartment Fire." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 3099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123099.

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Understanding fire characteristics under sprinkler spray is valuable for performance-based safety design. However, fire characteristics during fire suppression by sprinkler spray has seldom been studied in detail. In order to present a fire suppression model by sprinkler spray and determine the fire characteristics after sprinkler activation in a compartment, a numerical analysis was conducted using a fire dynamics simulator (FDS). A simple fire suppression model by sprinkler spray was calibrated by comparing ceiling temperatures from experimental data. An extinguishing coefficient of 3.0 was shown to be suitable for the fire suppression model. The effect of sprinkler spray on the smoke layer during fire suppression was explained, revealing a smoke logging phenomenon. In addition, the smoke, which spread under the influence of the sprinkler spray, was also investigated. The temperature, velocity, and mass flow rate of the smoke layer through the doorway was significantly reduced during fire suppression compared to a free burn case.

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42

Liu, Yun Zhong, and Yuan Yuan Li. "Numerical Simulation of Thermal History in a Novel Spray Forming Process." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 1171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1171.

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A novel spray forming process was developed to produce large billets, wide plates or thick tubes with excellent microstructures and high cooling rates. Its uniqueness lies in a combination of the wide-range reciprocating movement and the swing scan of a gas atomizer, and the externally forced cooling of substrate during this spray deposition procedure. Its basic concept is that both good sticking and rapid solidification can be achieved if droplets with high liquid fractions impact a cold substrate, spread fully and then deposit on the surface. In order to control and optimize this new process, the thermal histories of droplets and deposits for spray forming of aluminum alloy billets were simulated with a set of new numerical models. Through shortening spray distance and raising melt superheat properly, the liquid fraction of droplets before deposition will increase and their spread on the deposit surface can improve for good sticking. Simulation results show that the optimal liquid fraction of droplets for deposition is about 0.2 higher than that in the conventional Osprey process. Its optimum spray distance is about 0.25m, which is nearly half as that in the Osprey process. In addition, this new process increases the mushy layer area and the specific surface area of heat extraction during deposition. Together with the forced cooling of substrate, it results in higher cooling rates. A high-quality large billet can be obtained by controlling the atomizer movement, the droplet liquid fraction and the deposit surface temperature properly in this new process.

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Kong, Lingyan, Rifei Han, Yang Yang, Jiayi LI, Tianying Xiong, and Tiefan Li. "Fabrication Of Y2O3 Coatings By Cold-Spray." Advanced Materials Letters 10, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2019.2188.

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Hyun, Sung-Su, Hyeon-Jin Jeong, and Seoung-Sik Choi. "Hybrid Spray and Wait Routing Protocol in DTN." Journal of Internet Computing and Services 15, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7472/jksii.2014.15.3.53.

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Min Zhang, Min Zhang, Pengfei Luo Pengfei Luo, Xiaoxue Guo Xiaoxue Guo, Xiang Zhang Xiang Zhang, Dahai Han Dahai Han, and Qing Li Qing Li. "Spread spectrum-based ultraviolet communication with experiments." Chinese Optics Letters 12, no. 10 (2014): 100602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201412.100602.

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Park, Chung-Hwan. "A study on Resistance Performance of the High-speed Planing Craft with Spray Strip." Journal of Korean navigation and port research 32, no. 10 (December 31, 2008): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5394/kinpr.2008.32.10.759.

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Matsunobu, Tetsuro, Hideyuki Suzuki, and Eiji Uchida. "Pagetoid Spread of the Anal Canal Cancer." Nihon Ika Daigaku Igakkai Zasshi 9, no. 4 (2013): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1272/manms.9.188.

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Roh, Kyoung-Min, Hermann Luehr, Sang-Young Park, and Jung-Ho Cho. "The Effect of Equatorial Spread F on Relative Orbit Determination of GRACE Using Differenced GPS Observations." Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 26, no. 4 (December 15, 2009): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.5140/jass.2009.26.4.499.

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Bradbeer, Stephanie, Trevor Renals, Claire Quinn, Daniel Warren, Benjamin Pile, Kate Hills, and Alison Dunn. "The effectiveness of hot water pressurized spray in field conditions to slow the spread of invasive alien species." Management of Biological Invasions 12, no. 1 (2021): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2021.12.1.09.

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Nalewaja, John D., Robert Matysiak, and Thomas P. Freeman. "Spray Droplet Residual of Glyphosate in Various Carriers." Weed Science 40, no. 4 (December 1992): 576–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500058161.

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Scanning electron micrographs of spray droplet residual on wheat, sunflower, and kochia indicated that salts and various adjuvants applied with glyphosate affected deposit crystal content, thickness, and contact with the leaf surface. Spray deposits of glyphosate applied with diammonium sulfate contained distinct crystals, which related to enhanced toxicity of glyphosate applied alone, or to overcoming antagonism of glyphosate toxicity by calcium chloride, when applied to wheat. In general, glyphosate applied with antagonistic calcium chloride salt formed spray deposits that were amorphous, thick, and without crystals. Glyphosate sprayed with nonantagonistic diammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride salts had deposits with crystals and an evenly spread residue beneath the crystals. The various micrographs indicate that the antagonism of glyphosate phytotoxicity by salts may be in part from physical entrapment of glyphosate in the spray deposit. Glyphosate spray droplet residue contact with wheat, sunflower, and kochia surfaces related to observed differences in glyphosate toxicity to these species.

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