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Journal articles on the topic 'Spotted skink'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Wapstra, E., and R. Swain. "Feeding Ecology of the Tasmanian Spotted Skink, Niveoscincus Ocellatus (Squamata: Scincidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 2 (1996): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960205.

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The feeding ecology of the spotted skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus, was examined over a 6-month period, from October to March, with additional data from one sample in midwinter. The investigation considered feeding activity, dietary composition and foraging strategy. Feeding activity,measured by stomach fullness, was unrelated to age, sex or reproductive status and showed little variation during the warmer months; in winter feeding was greatly reduced. N. ocellatus exhibits flexible foraging behaviour; a wide variety of terrestrial arthropods is taken opportunistically in accordance with a wide ranging foraging strategy. However, the consistent occurrence of cryptic and hidden prey indicates that active search foraging is also utilised. No evidence for ambush predation was found and, unlike many other small skinks, few arboreal or aerial prey are included in the diet, even though the habitat is rock scree and woodland where such prey abound. No evidence for any in a specific partitioning of diet based on kind or size of prey was obtained although a slight, but significant, correlation exists between maximum prey size and lizard size.

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2

MELZER, SABINE, TRENT BELL, and GEOFF B. PATTERSON. "Hidden conservation vulnerability within a cryptic species complex: taxonomic revision of the spotted skink (Oligosoma lineoocellatum; Reptilia: Scincidae) from New Zealand." Zootaxa 4300, no. 3 (August 3, 2017): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4300.3.2.

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The diverse skink fauna of New Zealand comprises 40 described species within the single genus Oligosoma Girard, 1857. Cryptic species are common among New Zealand skinks, leaving numerous species undescribed. We used molecular phylogeny together with morphological analyses to distinguish four species in the spotted skink, Oligosoma lineoocellatum (Duméril & Duméril 1851), species complex. These are O. lineoocellatum sensu stricto, which is confined to the centre of the South Island, O. prasinum sp. nov. from the Lake Tekapo region, O. elium sp. nov. from the northern half of the South Island, and O. kokowai sp. nov. from the northern South Island, Cook Strait, and the North Island. Despite significant genetic differences, the morphological similarity of these species made it challenging to resolve their taxonomic identity. Three of the four species previously recognised as a single, widespread taxon are now recognised as threatened with extinction by a combination of invasive predatory mammals and land use change.

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3

Yuni, Luh P. E. K., Susan M. Jones, and Erik Wapstra. "Thermal biology of the spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus, along an altitudinal gradient." Australian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 4 (2018): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo18014.

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Body temperatures in ectotherms are strongly affected by their thermal environment. Ectotherms respond to variation in the thermal environment either by modification of behavioural thermoregulation to maintain their optimal body temperature or by shifting their optimal body temperature. In this study, the body temperatures of males of three populations of spotted snow skinks, Niveoscincus ocellatus, living along an altitudinal gradient (low, mid, and high altitude) were studied in the field and laboratory in spring, summer, and autumn, representing the full activity period of this species. The environmental variation across both sites and seasons affected their field active body temperatures. At the low and mid altitude, N. ocellatus had a higher mean body temperature than at the high altitude. Animals achieved their thermal preference at the low and mid altitude sites in all seasons. At the high altitude, however, N. ocellatus struggled to reach its preferred body temperatures, especially in autumn. The lower body temperature at the high-altitude site is likely due to limited thermal opportunity and/or an effect of avoiding the costs associated with increased intensity of basking.

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4

Ganesh, S. R. "On the poorly-known White-spotted Skink Lygosoma albopunctatum (Gray, 1846) (Reptilia: Scincidae) with further topotypical records and notes on the type locality." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 9 (September 26, 2017): 10662. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3376.9.9.10662-10668.

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The White-spotted Skink Lygosoma albopunctatum, a rarely recorded lizard, has been re-sighted from its type locality: Madras in the Coromandel Coastal Plains. Morphological details and field notes on the findings are elaborated. Since many past surveys in and around Madras, and in southern India generally, did not record this species, lack of consensus about its existence in southern India had developed, leading to published misconceptions about its distribution. These are highlighted and corrected herein. The species is also illustrated in life based on topotypical examples.

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5

Goldberg, Stephen R., Charles R. Bursey, and L. Lee Grismer. "Gastrointestinal Helminths of the Spotted Forest Skink,Sphenomorphus scotophilus(Squamata: Scincidae), from Peninsular Malaysia." Comparative Parasitology 85, no. 1 (January 2018): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-85.1.83.

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6

Worth, JRP, CP Burridge, GM While, and E. Wapstra. "Development of 13 microsatellite loci in the spotted snow skink Niveoscincus ocellatus (Squamata: Scincidae)." Conservation Genetics Resources 3, no. 2 (November 11, 2010): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-010-9343-x.

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7

Greaves, Stephanie N. J., David G. Chapple, Dianne M. Gleeson, Charles H. Daugherty, and Peter A. Ritchie. "Phylogeography of the spotted skink (Oligosoma lineoocellatum) and green skink (O. chloronoton) species complex (Lacertilia: Scincidae) in New Zealand reveals pre-Pleistocene divergence." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45, no. 2 (November 2007): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.008.

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8

Galoyan, Eduard A. "Unstable social structure indicates low diversity of relationships in the spotted forest skink Sphenomorphus maculatus." Amphibia-Reptilia 38, no. 3 (2017): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003118.

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To the date, we hardly understand what and how affects the social structure in animals. Longevity and social stability must be the key factors influencing the relations among individuals. To test this suggestion, I described the spatial and social structures of the spotted forest skinks (Sphenomorphus maculatus) from southern Vietnam in the breeding seasons of 2008 and 2009. This species is known to have short lifespan and low social stability among seasons. No difference between male and female space use was revealed. Home ranges were 107.7 ± 23.68 m2 in males and 78.9 ± 27.27 m2 in females, and these contained core areas and activity centres within them. Home ranges and their parts overlapped among individuals of all sexes and were used by several residents, although not at the same time. Intrasexual and intersexual relationships were agonistic, more aggressive among males, and characterized by hierarchy with males as dominants and females as subordinates. Dominance status in males was supported by aggression in males and by submission in females. Females avoided sexual encounters, and no affiliation between sexes or mate guarding behaviour were revealed. A poor social behavioural repertoire was limited by aggressive and submissive behaviour, and it was difficult to distinguish sexual courtship from agonistic interactions. Hence, social and spatial structures were relatively simple in comparison with other saurian species and low stability of social composition is the most probable reason of such a social simplicity.

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9

Yuni, Luh P. E. K., Susan M. Jones, and Erik Wapstra. "Energy expenditure of the spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus, at two climatic extremes of its distribution range." Journal of Thermal Biology 52 (August 2015): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.07.003.

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10

Wapstra, Erik, Roy Swain, Susan M. Jones, and Julianne O'Reilly. "Geographic and annual variation in reproductive cycles in the Tasmanian spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Squamata : Scincidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 47, no. 6 (1999): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo99038.

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We studied the reproductive cycle of two populations of the spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus, over a three-year period. This species is widespread in Tasmania and its distribution overlaps those of other species in the genus that show two distinct reproductive strategies: annual reproduction that is completed within one season, and biennial reproduction in which females carry advanced embryos throughout winter hibernation. We chose populations representative of the climatic extremes of the species’ distribution, within these areas of overlap. Niveoscincus ocellatus maintains the same basic reproductive strategy in both populations: summer gestation, primary autumn mating with obligate sperm storage by females, secondary mating in spring, and predominantly spring vitellogenesis and ovulation. In both populations all females reproduce annually, suggesting that reproductive frequency is not constrained by availability of energy. However, we found distinct differences in the timing of ovulation and parturition. Females from our subalpine site ovulated approximately one month later than those from our warmer, lowland site; parturition was delayed by the same period so gestation length was unchanged. The delay in ovulation results in gestation proceeding over the warmest months at the cold site. The annual reproductive cycle of this species appears to constrain its distribution to the lower altitudinal/climatic range of alpine Niveoscincus species. There were minor annual differences in the timing of reproductive events at each site, which we attribute to variation in thermal conditions and the amount of precipitation.

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11

Tadepalli, Mythili, Gemma Vincent, Sze Fui Hii, Simon Watharow, Stephen Graves, and John Stenos. "Molecular Evidence of Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Species in Amblyomma albolimbatum Ticks from the Shingleback Skink (Tiliqua rugosa) in Southern Western Australia." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010035.

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Tick-borne infectious diseases caused by obligate intracellular bacteria of the genus Rickettsia are a growing global problem to human and animal health. Surveillance of these pathogens at the wildlife interface is critical to informing public health strategies to limit their impact. In Australia, reptile-associated ticks such as Bothriocroton hydrosauri are the reservoirs for Rickettsia honei, the causative agent of Flinders Island spotted fever. In an effort to gain further insight into the potential for reptile-associated ticks to act as reservoirs for rickettsial infection, Rickettsia-specific PCR screening was performed on 64 Ambylomma albolimbatum ticks taken from shingleback skinks (Tiliqua rugosa) located in southern Western Australia. PCR screening revealed 92% positivity for rickettsial DNA. PCR amplification and sequencing of phylogenetically informative rickettsial genes (ompA, ompB, gltA, sca4, and 17kda) suggested that the single rickettsial genotype detected represented a novel rickettsial species, genetically distinct from but closely related to Rickettsia gravesii and within the rickettsia spotted fever group (SFG). On the basis of this study and previous investigations, it would appear that Rickettsia spp. are endemic to reptile-associated tick species in Australia, with geographically distinct populations of the same tick species harboring genetically distinct SFG Rickettsia species. Further molecular epidemiology studies are required to understand the relationship between these diverse Rickettsiae and their tick hosts and the risk that they may pose to human and animal health.

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12

ISAKSSON, Caroline, Geoffrey M. WHILE, Mats OLSSON, Jan KOMDEUR, and Erik WAPSTRA. "Oxidative stress physiology in relation to life history traits of a free-living vertebrate: the spotted snow skink,Niveoscincus ocellatus." Integrative Zoology 6, no. 2 (June 2011): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00237.x.

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13

MELZER, SABINE, TRENT BELL, and GEOFF B. PATTERSON. "Erratum: SABINE MELZER, TRENT BELL & GEOFF B. PATTERSON (2017) Hidden conservation vulnerability within a cryptic species complex: taxonomic revision of the spotted skink (Oligosoma lineoocellatum; Reptilia: Scincidae) from New Zealand. Zootaxa, 4300: 355–379." Zootaxa 4350, no. 3 (November 20, 2017): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4350.3.14.

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14

Harris, Stephen N., Jennifer L. Froehly, Stephen L. Glass, Christina L. Hannon, Erin L. Hewett Ragheb, Terry J. Doonan, and David S. Jachowski. "High density and survival of a native small carnivore, the Florida spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius ambarvalis), in south-central Florida." Journal of Mammalogy 102, no. 3 (April 26, 2021): 743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab039.

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Abstract The eastern spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius) is a species of conservation concern across much of its range and has experienced a population decline since the 1940s. Little is known about the Florida spotted skunk (S. p. ambarvalis), a subspecies endemic to peninsular Florida, but previous studies and the frequency of incidental observations suggest that populations of this subspecies might be more abundant than the two eastern spotted skunk subspecies that occur elsewhere. To better understand the status and demography of the Florida spotted skunk, we assessed the density and survival of a population occurring predominantly in dry prairie habitat in south-central Florida. To obtain density estimates, we trapped spotted skunks on a mark–recapture grid over 11 independent 4-day trapping sessions from 2016 to 2018. To obtain survival estimates, we monitored weekly survival of 38 radiocollared spotted skunks (20 collared initially in 2016 and 18 collared initially in 2017) from February 2016 to August 2017. We captured a minimum of 91 unique spotted skunks on 404 occasions on the mark–recapture grid and our density estimates ranged from 6.52 ± 2.93 skunks/km2 to 23.29 ± 7.65 skunks/km2, depending on trapping session, but seasonal differences in density were not significant. The sex ratio of spotted skunks at our site was 1.0M:3.8F. Mean annual survival for all spotted skunks was 0.714 (0.503–0.925, 95% CI), and sex, season, and year did not have significant effects on survival. This survival estimate is the highest reported thus far for any skunk species. Collectively, the density and survival estimates from our study are higher than those of many other mephitids and mustelids of similar size, and these findings reinforce the value of studying locally abundant populations of small carnivores to better inform the conservation, management, and potential restoration of these species in the future.

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15

Lin, Xiaozhan, Changxu Tian, Yang Huang, Hongjuan Shi, and Guangli Li. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes Related to Black-Spotted Pattern Formation in Spotted Scat (Scatophagus argus)." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030765.

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Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is an economically important marine aquaculture and ornamental fish species in Asia, especially in southeast China. In this study, skin transcriptomes of S. argus were obtained for three types of skin, including black-spotted skin (A), non-spotted skin (B) and caudal fin (C). A total of nine complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were obtained by Illumina sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that 1358, 2086 and 487 genes were differentially expressed between A and B, A and C, and B and C, respectively. The results revealed that there were 134 common significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and several key genes related to pigment synthesis and pigmentation, including tyrp1, mitf, pmel, slc7a2, tjp1, hsp70 and mart-1. Of these, some DEGs were associated with pigmentation-related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, such as tyrosine metabolism, melanogenesis, the Wnt signaling pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The results will facilitate understanding the molecular mechanisms of skin pigmentation differentiation in S. argus and provide valuable information for skin coloration, especially the formation of spotted patterns on other marine fish species.

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16

Allen, Maximilian L., L. Mark Elbroch, and Heiko U. Wittmer. "Encounter Competition between a Cougar, Puma concolor, and a Western Spotted Skunk, Spilogale gracilis." Canadian Field-Naturalist 127, no. 1 (July 15, 2013): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v127i1.1410.

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Encounter competition occurs frequently over food resources and may include kleptoparasitism, where scavengers usurp prey killed by carnivores. Scavenging may have important adverse effects on carnivores and may result in higher than expected kill rates by predators. Using camera traps placed on a Black-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) carcass killed by a Cougar (Puma concolor) in California, we observed a series of encounters in which a Western Spotted Skunk (Spilogale gracilis) temporally usurped the carcass from the Cougar. The Western Spotted Skunk also successfully defended the carcass when the Cougar returned and attempted to feed. The Spotted Skunk was about 1% of the mass of the Cougar. Our observation is the largest reported size differential of a mammalian species engaging in successful encounter competition.

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17

Kossard, Steven, and Sam Zagarella. "SPOTTED CICATRICIAL ALOPECIA IN DARK SKIN." Australasian Journal of Dermatology 34, no. 2 (August 1993): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-0960.1993.tb00856.x.

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18

Shaffer, Alexandra A., Robert C. Dowler, J. Clint Perkins, Adam W. Ferguson, Molly M. McDonough, and Loren K. Ammerman. "Genetic variation in the eastern spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius) with emphasis on the plains spotted skunk (S. p. interrupta)." Journal of Mammalogy 99, no. 5 (August 10, 2018): 1237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy098.

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19

Harris, Stephen N., Terry J. Doonan, Erin L. Hewett Ragheb, and David S. Jachowski. "Den Site Selection by the Florida Spotted Skunk." Journal of Wildlife Management 84, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21780.

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20

Avrin, Alexandra C., Charles E. Pekins, and Maximilian L. Allen. "Mating behavior of Eastern Spotted Skunk Spilogale putorius Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Mephitidae) revealed by camera trap in Texas, USA." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 18660–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6642.13.6.18660-18662.

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Eastern Spotted Skunks Spilogale putorius are an understudied Vulnerable small carnivore. Here we report a novel capture of Eastern Spotted Skunks mating via a camera trap in central Texas. This detection adds to the minimal natural history knowledge of the species and highlights the utility of camera traps for documenting rarely observed behaviors.

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21

Iwama, Eimei, Taku Fujimura, Yoshiyuki Kusakari, Takahiro Haga, and Setsuya Aiba. "Multifocal BRAFV600E-Mutated Melanoma in situ on the Foot." Case Reports in Dermatology 7, no. 3 (October 30, 2015): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441601.

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Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that originates from melanocytes, and about one half of melanoma cases possess a BRAF mutation. Together with PD-L1 expression, the BRAFV600E mutation is one of the optimal therapeutic targets for the treatment of melanoma. In this report, we describe a case of multifocal melanoma in situ on the foot, which carried the p.V600E mutation in the BRAF gene. Interestingly, the spotted melanoma lesion is demarcated by normal skin, and in all spotted pigmented lesions, there were no signs of dermal invasion of melanoma cells or spontaneous regression. Our case presented atypical clinical features, which might correlate with the local mutations of BRAF gene and the immunological expression of PD-L1.

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22

Franck, Dierk, Marion Dikomey, and Manfred Schartl. "SELECTION AND THE MAINTENANCE OF A COLOUR PATTERN POLYMORPHISM IN THE GREEN SWORDTAIL (XIPHOPHORUS HELLERI)." Behaviour 138, no. 4 (2001): 467–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901750382115.

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AbstractMany Xiphophorus populations include a number of individuals with black spots on body sides or fins. In many cases such spots are composed of extremely large melanophore cells, the so-called macromelanophores. Macromelanophore pattern polymorphism is known in 10 out of 22 Xiphophorus species. In at least 8 species alleles of the macromelanophore determining locus Mdl are intimately linked to a dominant oncogene, ONC-Xmrk, which can give rise to malignant skin tumors (melanoma). We present, for the first time, evidence that macromelanophore pattern polymorphisms may be maintained by selection in a seasonally variable environment. In school-choice experiments single Xiphophorus helleri females spent more time with groups of spotted females than with non-spotted females under turbid, but not under clear water conditions. Similarly, receptive females preferred spotted males in turbid, but not in clear water. Thus, in nature, when the water becomes turbid after heavy rainfalls, school mates and reproductive partners can evidently find each other more easily with the help of macromelanophore spotting patterns. Intrasexual selection seems to be irrelevant because spotted and non-spotted males were equally successful in competition experiments. A genetic hitchhiking scenario is discussed which could explain the fact that the potentially injurious tumor gene ONC-Xmrk has been maintained in the genus Xiphophorus over a period of millions of years by its close linkage to positively selected macromelanophore alleles.

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23

Favacho, Alexsandra Rodrigues de Mendonça, Tatiana Rozental, Simone Berger Calic, Maria Aparecida Mota Scofield, and Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos. "Fatal Brazilian spotless fever caused by Rickettsia rickettsii in a dark-skinned patient." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, no. 3 (June 2011): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822011000300028.

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Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is the most important and frequent rickettsial disease in Brazil. A fatal case of BSF is reported in a 32-year-old black man, who died of irreversible shock after five days of fever, severe headache and abdominal pain with no rash. Spleen, kidney and heart samples collected at autopsy were positive for Rickettsia rickettsii by PCR and sequencing. The authors emphasize the need for a high index of diagnostic suspicion for spotted fever in black patients. Absence of a skin rash should not dissuade clinicians from considering the possibility of BSF and initiating empirical therapy.

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24

Ng, CP, and CH Chung. "Persistent Fever and Exanthema in a Family: A Case Report of Mediterranean Spotted Fever." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 12, no. 2 (April 2005): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790501200210.

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Mediterranean spotted fever (also called Boutonneuse fever) is a notifiable disease in Hong Kong, but its diagnosis can be difficult. We report a case of Mediterranean spotted fever in a middle-aged man who presented with persistent fever, headache, and skin rash. Three weeks ago, his daughter had similar presentations. With a history of similar clinical presentation within family members, the possibility of potential exposure to a common disease vector should be suspected. Establishing an early diagnosis may be possible if this important history is obtained. Early recognition of this disease may lead to early therapeutic intervention, resulting in decreased morbidity and shortened duration of hospital stay.

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25

Arias, Covadonga R., L. Ray, W. Cai, and E. Willmon. "Fish are not alone: characterization of the gut and skin microbiomes of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and Spotted Gar (Lepisosteus oculatus)." SDRP Journal of Aquaculture, Fisheries & Fish Science 2, no. 2 (2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25177/jaffs.2.2.ra.459.

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Plonka, Przemyslaw M., Dominika Michalczyk, Malgorzata Popik, Bori Handjiski, Andrzej Slominski, and Ralf Paus. "Splenic eumelanin differs from hair eumelanin in C57BL/6 mice." Acta Biochimica Polonica 52, no. 2 (June 25, 2005): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2005_3456.

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The presence of melanin in spleens of black C57BL/6 mice has been known for long. Although its origin and biological functions are still obscure, the relation of splenic melanin to the hair follicle and skin pigmentation was suggested. Here, we demonstrated using for the first time electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy that black-spotted C57BL/6 spleens contain eumelanin. Its presence here is a "yes or no" phenomenon, as even in the groups which revealed the highest percentage of spots single organs completely devoid of the pigment were found. Percentage of the spotted spleens decreased, however, with the progress of telogen after spontaneously-induced hair growth. The paramagnetic properties of the spleen eumelanin differed from the hair shaft or anagen VI skin melanin. The splenic melanin revealed narrower signal, and its microwave power saturability betrayed more heterogenous population of paramagnetic centres than in the skin or hair shaft pigment. Interestingly, the pigment of dry hair shafts and of the wet tissue of depilated anagen VI skin revealed almost identical properties. The properties of splenic melanin better resembled the synthetic dopa melanin (water suspension, and to a lesser degree -- powder sample) than the skin/hair melanin. All these findings may indicate a limited degradation of splenic melanin as compared to the skin/hair pigment. The splenic eumelanin may at least in part originate from the skin melanin phagocyted in catagen by the Langerhans cells or macrophages and transported to the organ.

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27

Wilson, Sarah B., Rob Colquhoun, Amy Klink, Taz Lanini, Sarah Riggs, Brett Simpson, Amanda Williams, and David S. Jachowski. "Recent Detections ofSpilogale putorius(Eastern Spotted Skunk) in South Carolina." Southeastern Naturalist 15, no. 2 (June 2016): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.015.0207.

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28

Sprayberry, Tyler R., and Andrew J. Edelman. "Food Provisioning of Kits by a Female Eastern Spotted Skunk." Southeastern Naturalist 15, no. 4 (December 2016): N53—N56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.015.0417.

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29

Johnson, Harald Norlin. "Isolation of Powassan Virus from a Spotted Skunk in California." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23, no. 1 (January 1987): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-23.1.152.

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30

Blanco, María, José Antonio Vázquez, Ricardo I. Pérez-Martín, and Carmen G. Sotelo. "Collagen Extraction Optimization from the Skin of the Small-Spotted Catshark (S. canicula) by Response Surface Methodology." Marine Drugs 17, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17010040.

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The small-spotted catshark is one of the most abundant elasmobranchs in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Although its landings are devoted for human consumption, in general this species has low commercial value with high discard rates, reaching 100% in some European fisheries. The reduction of post-harvest losses (discards and by-products) by promotion of a full use of fishing captures is one of the main goals of EU fishing policies. As marine collagens are increasingly used as alternatives to mammalian collagens for cosmetics, tissue engineering, etc., fish skins represent an excellent and abundant source for obtaining this biomolecule. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of chemical treatment concentration, temperature and time on the extractability of skin collagen from this species. Two experimental designs, one for each of the main stages of the process, were performed by means of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The combined effect of NaOH concentration, time and temperature on the amount of collagen recovered in the first stage of the collagen extraction procedure was studied. Then, skins treated under optimal NaOH conditions were subjected to a second experimental design, to study the combined effect of AcOH concentration, time and temperature on the collagen recovery by means of yield, amino acid content and SDS-PAGE characterization. Values of independent variables maximizing collagen recovery were 4 °C, 2 hours and 0.1 M NaOH (pre-treatment) and 25 °C, 34 hours and 1 M AcOH (collagen extraction).

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31

Sousa Almeida, Raquel, Petra M. Pego, Maria João Pinto, and João Matos Costa. "A Rare Case of Mediterranean Spotted Fever and Encephalitis." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2016 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2421540.

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Mediterranean spotted fever is a tick-borne zoonotic disease caused byRickettsia conorii. It is transmitted by the dog tickRhipicephalus sanguineus. It usually presents as a benign self-limited disease characterized by a skin rash, high fever, and, sometimes, a characteristic ulcer at the tick bite site calledtache noir. The course of this disease is usually benign, although severe manifestations have been previously described, mainly in adults. Neurological manifestations are very unusual. We present a case of Mediterranean spotted fever with encephalitis to highlight the importance of clinical suspicion, mainly in endemic areas, the potential severity of this disease, and the need of early initiation of therapy in order to prevent severe complications.

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Colomba, Claudia, Laura Saporito, Pietro Colletti, Giovanni Mazzola, Raffaella Rubino, Diego Pampinella, and Lucina Titone. "Atrial fibrillation in Mediterranean spotted fever." Journal of Medical Microbiology 57, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/002162-0.

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Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is a tick-borne acute febrile disease caused by Rickettsia conorii and characterized by fever, maculo-papular rash and a black eschar at the site of the tick bite (‘tache noir’). We describe the case of a 58-year-old man affected by MSF who developed atrial fibrillation. The patient presented himself to the hospital after 7 days of fever, malaise and severe headache. Cardiac auscultation revealed a chaotic heart rhythm and an electrocardiogram confirmed atrial fibrillation with a fast ventricular response. Diagnosis of MSF was made after the appearance of a maculo-papular skin rash, and treatment with oral doxycycline was started. An immunofluorescence antibody test confirmed R. conorii infection. The patient recovered after 7 days of treatment. Cardiac arrhythmia is a rare complication of MSF. Inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. R. conorii is an intracellular bacterium which could trigger atrial fibrillation. Our patient was previously healthy and had no reported history of cardiac disease. This suggests that heart function should be monitored in MSF patients even in the absence of underlying risk factors.

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Berria, Matthew, and Rodney A. Mead. "Retention and Metabolic Fate of [3H]-Melatonin in the Spotted Skunk." Journal of Pineal Research 8, no. 2 (March 1990): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.1990.tb00673.x.

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Bakker, Victoria J., Dirk H. Van Vuren, Kevin R. Crooks, Cheryl A. Scott, Jeffery T. Wilcox, and David K. Garcelon. "SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF THE ISLAND SPOTTED SKUNK ON SANTA CRUZ ISLAND." Western North American Naturalist 66, no. 4 (October 2006): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[456:ssotis]2.0.co;2.

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Wood, William F., Christopher G. Morgan, and Alison Miller. "Volatile components in defensive spray of the spotted skunk,Spilogale putorius." Journal of Chemical Ecology 17, no. 7 (July 1991): 1415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00983773.

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May, Ron, Mark DeSantis, and Rodney A. Mead. "The suprachiasmatic nuclei and retinohypothalamic tract in the western spotted skunk." Brain Research 339, no. 2 (July 1985): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(85)90109-x.

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37

Cordier, Charlotte, Pierre Tattevin, Caroline Leyer, Marine Cailleaux, Didier Raoult, and Emmanouil Angelakis. "Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae infection, Sri Lanka." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 11, no. 08 (September 5, 2017): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.8743.

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Introduction. Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae was recently reported as a common rickettsiosis in France. Current serological evidence suggests the presence of scrub typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiosis in Sri Lanka. We detected a human case of R. sibirica mongolitimonae in Sri Lanka. Methodology. A skin biopsy of the eschar was tested for the presence of Rickettsia spp. using qPCR assay targeting a 109-bp fragment of a hypothetical protein and by PCR amplification and sequencing targeting the ompA gene. Results. A 30-year-old woman who had just returned from travel to a jungle in Sri Lanka was evaluated as an outpatient for fever. Examination revealed an enlarged axillary lymph node, a maculopapular rash and an eschar at her left flank and a skin biopsy of the eschar was performed. The skin biopsy was positive for the presence of Rickettsia spp. by qPCR and PCR amplification and sequencing targeting the ompA gene revealed R. sibirica mongolitimonae. Immunofluorescence assay on an acute serum sample for spotted fever group rickettsial antigens (Rickettsia conorii conorii, R. sibirica mongolitimonae, Rickettsia felis) and typhus group rickettsiae (Rickettsia typhi) was negative. The patient was treated by oral doxycycline (200 mg/day) for one week. Conclusions. R. sibirica mongolitimonae should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with suspected rickettsiosis in, or returning from, Sri Lanka.

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Kurokawa, Ichiro, Makoto Kondo, and Shigehiro Akachi. "Early diagnosis of Japan spotted fever by PCR using skin samples." Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 19, no. 4 (2013): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10156-012-0529-x.

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CROOKS, KEVIN R., DAVID K. GARCELON, CHERYL A. SCOTT, JOHN E. DEPUE, JEFFERY T. WILCOX, ROBERT B. KIMSEY, and DIRK H. VAN VUREN. "Ectoparasites of a Threatened Insular Endemic Mammalian Carnivore: The Island Spotted Skunk." American Midland Naturalist 151, no. 1 (January 2004): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2004)151[0035:eoatie]2.0.co;2.

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May, Ron, and Rodney A. Mead. "Evidence for Pineal Involvement in Timing Implantation in the Western Spotted Skunk." Journal of Pineal Research 3, no. 1 (January 1986): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.1986.tb00720.x.

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Jones, Krista L., Dirk H. Van Vuren, Mary Brooke McEachern, Kevin R. Crooks, Jerry W. Dragoo, and Bernie May. "Spatial and Genetic Organization of the Island Spotted Skunk,Spilogale gracilis amphiala." Southwestern Naturalist 58, no. 4 (December 2013): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-58.4.481.

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Knudsen, Kathy L., and Delbert L. Kilgore. "Temperature regulation and basal metabolic rate in the spotted skunk, Spilogale putorius." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 97, no. 1 (January 1990): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(90)90717-7.

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Berria, Matthew, Mark Desantis, and Rodney A. Mead. "Testicular response to melatonin or suprachiasmatic nuclei ablation in the spotted skunk." Journal of Experimental Zoology 255, no. 1 (July 1990): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402550110.

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Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H., and Jansen Zuanon. "Description of a new species of Parancistrus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Xingu, Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 3, no. 4 (December 2005): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252005000400014.

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Parancistrus nudiventris, new species, is described and compared with the congener P. aurantiacus. The new species has only been recorded from rio Xingu and can be distinguished from P. aurantiacus by having a naked abdomen (plated in P. aurantiacus), the presence of bluish dots in living specimens or spotted in preserved specimens (uniformly dark or clear brown or mottled, never spotted in P. aurantiacus), larger interbranchial distance (39-56% in HL vs. 24.9-39.5% in P. aurantiacus), narrower interorbital distance (26.8-38% in HL vs. 38.5-43.1% in P. aurantiacus). Parancistrus nudiventris also has buccal teeth more conspicuous than in P. aurantiacus. Main skeletal differences include the presence of a strong condyle on the lateral ethmoid for articulation with the metapterygoid in P. nudiventris (not seen in P. aurantiacus); anguloarticular processes short in P. nudiventris (long in P. aurantiacus); opercle with odontodes, partly exposed in P. nudiventris (completely embedded in skin in P. aurantiacus).

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Schattner, Ami, and Ina Dubin. "Mediterranean spotted fever associated with leucocytoclastic vasculitis and acute pancraeatitis." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 2 (February 2021): e238440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-238440.

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A young healthy gardener became febrile with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea followed by palpable purpura, mostly on the legs and buttocks with associated arthralgia. Dehydration, azotemia and hyponatraemia resolved with fluid replacement. Tests demonstrated acute pancreatitis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, microscopic haematuria and proteinuria. He improved with doxycycline, but bipedal pitting oedema and punctate rash involving the soles/hands appeared. Microbiological tests revealed positive IgM and IgG serology for rickettsiae spotted fever. Skin biopsy of the purpura confirmed leucocytoclastic vasculitis, positive for Rickettsiae conorii by PCR amplification. Palpable purpura is a rare important manifestation of Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF), due to either secondary leucocytoclastic vasculitis or associated Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), which best explains the distribution of the rash, arthralgia, gastrointestinal symptoms, and microhaematuria not usually seen in R. conorii infections. Likewise, the patient’s acute pancreatitis may be interpreted as a rare presentation of HSP or a seldom-encountered feature of MSF.

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Edworthy, Amanda B. "Avian hosts, prevalence and larval life history of the ectoparasitic fly Passeromyia longicornis (Diptera : Muscidae) in south-eastern Tasmania." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 2 (2016): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo15060.

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Blood-sucking fly larvae are widespread parasites of nestling birds, but in many systems we lack knowledge of their basic biology. This study reports the first observation of an endemic Tasmanian fly species, Passeromyia longicornis (Diptera : Muscidae), parasitising the forty-spotted pardalote (Pardalotus quadragintus), another Tasmanian endemic. Because the forty-spotted pardalote is an endangered and declining songbird, P. longicornis is a species of interest to conservation biologists. Its larval form is an obligate, subcutaneous parasite of nestling birds, but before this study, there were just two published records of the species infesting avian hosts, and little known about its ecology or life cycle. This study documented hosts, prevalence, and larval life history of P. longicornis by locating and monitoring nests and ectoparasites of the forest bird community in south-eastern Tasmania. I also reared P. longicornis larvae in captivity to determine the length of the pupal stage in relationship to ambient temperature. Hosts of P. longicornis included forty-spotted pardalotes (87% prevalence across nests), striated pardalotes (Pardalotus striatus) (88% prevalence), and New Holland honeyeaters (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae) (11% prevalence). Both pardalote species were new host records. P. longicornis larvae burrowed under the skin of nestlings where they developed for 4–7 days, feeding on nestling blood. When fully grown, larvae dropped into the surrounding nest material and formed pupae. Length of the pupal stage was 14–21 days, and declined with increasing ambient temperature. Median parasite abundance was 15 larvae in infested forty-spotted pardalote nests and 11 larvae in infested striated pardalote nests. Nestling mortality was frequently associated with ectoparasite presence. This study provides the first survey of P. longicornis hosts, prevalence and life cycle, and shows that this species is likely a major player in the ecology of pardalotes, and possibly other forest bird species in Tasmania.

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Ternullo, Maurizio. "The Butterfly diagram leopard skin pattern." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S273 (August 2010): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311015237.

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AbstractA time-latitude diagram where spotgroups are given proportional relevance to their area is presented. The diagram reveals that the spotted area distribution is higly dishomogeneous, most of it being concentrated in few, small portions (“knots”) of the Butterfly Diagram; because of this structure, the BD may be properly described as a cluster of knots. The description, assuming that spots scatter around the “spot mean latitude” steadily drifting equatorward, is challenged. Indeed, spots cluster around at as many latitudes as knots; a knot may appear at either lower or higher latitudes than previous ones, in a seemingly random way; accordingly, the spot mean latitude abruptly drifts equatorward or even poleward at any knot activation, in spite of any smoothing procedure. Preliminary analyses suggest that the activity splits, in any hemisphere, into two or more distinct “activity waves”, drifting equatorward at a rate higher than the spot zone as a whole.

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Stewart, Adam, and Krispin Hajkowicz. "Heterogeneity in skin manifestations of spotted fever group rickettsial infection in Australia." Australasian Journal of Dermatology 59, no. 4 (May 16, 2018): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12828.

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Marvin, Glenn A., and Victor H. Hutchison. "Avoidance Response By Adult Newts (Cynops Pyrrhogaster and Notophthalmus Viridescens) To Chemical Alarm Cues." Behaviour 132, no. 1-2 (1995): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00315.

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AbstractMany fishes and aquatic invertebrates use chemical alarm cues to avoid predation, however relatively little is known about the occurrence of chemical alarm cues in amphibians. We tested the response of adult fire-bellied newts (Cynops pyrrhogaster) and red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) to chemical cues from damaged tissues of newts and other salamanders. Both species avoided chemical cues from a conspecific skin extract. Notophthalmus viridescens also avoided chemical cues from C. pyrrhogaster skin extract, but the converse was not true. Neither species avoided chemical cues from a conspecific viscera extract, plethodontid salamander (Desmognathus and Plethodon) skin extracts, or a conspecific skin extract which had been heated. These results indicate that the avoidance behaviour is an alarm response to chemical cues released from damaged newt skin and is not a general response to chemical cues from damaged salamander tissue. This study provides the best evidence to date for an avoidance response by caudate amphibians to chemical alarm cues.

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Crooks, Kevin R., D. K. Garcelon, Cheryl A. Scott, Jeffery T. Wilcox, Steven F. Timm, and Dirk H. Van Vuren. "Hematology and Serum Chemistry of the Island Spotted Skunk on Santa Cruz Island." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39, no. 2 (April 2003): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-39.2.460.

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