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Academic literature on the topic 'Spot blotch'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Spot blotch"

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Zanão Júnior, Luiz Antônio, Renildes Lúcio Ferreira Fontes, Paulo Henrique Moreira Coelho, Gaspar Henrique Korndörfer, and Laércio Zambolim. "Soil-applied silicon decreases severity of wheat spot blotch on silicon-deficient soils." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 34, no. 2 (April 2010): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000200013.

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Spot bloth caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is an important wheat desease mainly in hot and humid regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of wheat to different sources and modes of Si application, as related to the severity of wheat spot blotch and plant growth, in two Si-deficient Latosols (Oxisols). An greenhouse experiment was arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial completely randomized design, with eight replications. The treatments consisted of two soils (Yellow Latosol and Red Latosol) and five Si supply modes (no Si application; Si applied as calcium silicate and monosilicic acid to the soil; and Si applied as potassium silicate or monosilicic acid to wheat leaves). No significant differences were observed between the two soils. When Si was applied to the soil, regardless the Si source, the disease incubation period, the shoot dry matter yield and the Si content in leaves were greater. Additionally, the final spot blotch severity was lower and the area under the spot blotch disease progress curve and the leaf insertion angle in the plant were smaller. Results of Si foliar application were similar to those observed in the control plants.
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Jamil, Muhammad, Aamir Ali, Alvina Gul, Abdul Ghafoor, Amir M. H. Ibrahim, and Abdul Mujeeb-Kazi. "Genome-Wide Association Studies for Spot Blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) Resistance in Bread Wheat Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing." Phytopathology® 108, no. 11 (November 2018): 1307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-18-0047-r.

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Spot blotch is a severe biotic menace of wheat caused by Cochliobolus sativus (syn. Bipolaris sorokiniana). Spot blotch is liable to major yield losses in warm humid regions. A genome-wide association study using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) markers was conducted to identify genomic regions associated with spot blotch resistance in a diversity panel of 159 spring wheat genotypes. In total, 87,096 GBS markers covering the whole genome, with an average polymorphism information content value of 0.276, were applied. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis indicated that the LD decay extent was approximately 100 Mbp. The panel was evaluated for disease severity (DS) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) for 2 years. In total, 24 marker-trait associations (MTA) were identified for DS and AUDPC of spot blotch, with 11 on chromosome 5B, 3 on 3A, 2 on 6B, and 1 each on 1A, 2A, 1D, 2D, 4B, 5A, 7A, and 7B. A marker on chromosome 7B significantly explained 14% of the phenotypic variation of spot blotch severity as well as 11% of AUDPC. Five markers—three on chromosome 5B, one on 3A, and one on 7B—were associated with both DS and AUDPC with R2 ranging from 8 to 12%. Significant MTA can be utilized to develop wheat germplasm with resistance to spot blotch.
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Tembo, Batiseba, Julia Sibiya, Pangirayi Tongoona, and Rob Melis. "Genetic Effects of Resistance to Spot Blotch in Selected Wheat Genotypes." Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 6, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/pbg.006.01.2540.

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Spot blotch disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc) Shoemaker causes significant yield and quality losses in warm and humid agro-ecologies of the world. Breeding for resistance is considered to be the most economical and sustainable approach of controlling the disease. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic effect influencing inheritance of resistance to spot blotch in selected wheat genotypes using generation mean analysis to devise a resistance breeding strategy. Populations involving six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BCP1 and BCP2) were developed comprising two selected parental lines, i.e., Loerrie II and 19HRWSN6. Test materials were field evaluated for resistance to spot blotch during the 2014/15 cropping season in Zambia. Additive genetic effects were significant and accounted for 94.79% of the total genetic variation for spot blotch resistance in wheat. Dominance and epistatic effects were not detected. The predominance of additive genetic effects suggests that recurrent selection strategy could boost spot blotch resistance in these population to develop pure line wheat cultivars.
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Jalli, Marja, Janne Kaseva, Björn Andersson, Andrea Ficke, Lise Nistrup-Jørgensen, Antanas Ronis, Timo Kaukoranta, Jens-Erik Ørum, and Annika Djurle. "Yield increases due to fungicide control of leaf blotch diseases in wheat and barley as a basis for IPM decision-making in the Nordic-Baltic region." European Journal of Plant Pathology 158, no. 2 (July 28, 2020): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02075-w.

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Abstract Fungal plant diseases driven by weather factors are common in European wheat and barley crops. Among these, septoria tritici blotch (Zymoseptoria tritici), tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis), and stagonospora nodorum blotch (Parastagonospora nodorum) are common in the Nordic-Baltic region at variable incidence and severity both in spring and winter wheat fields. In spring barley, net blotch (Pyrenophora teres), scald (Rhynchosporium graminicola, syn. Rhynchosporium commune) and ramularia leaf spot (Ramularia collo-cygni) are common yield limiting foliar diseases. We analysed data from 449 field trials from 2007 to 2017 in wheat and barley crops in the Nordic-Baltic region and explored the differences in severity of leaf blotch diseases between countries and years, and the impact of the diseases on yield. In the experiments, septoria tritici blotch dominated in winter wheat in Denmark and southern Sweden; while in Lithuania, both septoria tritici blotch and tan spot were common. In spring wheat, stagonospora nodorum blotch dominated in Norway and tan spot in Finland. Net blotch and ramularia leaf blotch were the most severe barley diseases over large areas, while scald occurred more locally and had less yield impact in all countries. Leaf blotch diseases, with severity >50% at DC 73–77, caused an average yield loss of 1072 kg/ha in winter wheat and 1114 kg/ha in spring barley across all countries over 5 years. These data verify a large regional and yearly variation in disease severity, distribution and impact on yield, emphasizing the need to adapt fungicide applications to the actual need based on locally adapted risk assessment systems.
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Harteveld, D. O. C., O. A. Akinsanmi, K. Chandra, and A. Drenth. "Timing of Infection and Development of Alternaria Diseases in the Canopy of Apple Trees." Plant Disease 98, no. 3 (March 2014): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-13-0676-re.

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Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot of apple caused by Alternaria spp. cause annual losses to the Australian apple industry. Erratic control using protectant fungicides is often experienced and may be due to the lack of understanding of the timing of infection and epidemiology of the diseases. We found that Alternaria leaf blotch infection began about 20 days after bloom (DAB) and the highest disease incidence occurred from 70 to 110 DAB. Alternaria fruit spot infection occurred about 100 DAB in the orchard. Fruit inoculations in planta showed that there was no specific susceptible stage of fruit. Leaves and fruit in the lower canopy of trees showed higher levels of leaf blotch and fruit spot incidence than those in the upper canopy and the incidence of leaf blotch in shoot leaves was higher than in spur leaves. Temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall affected leaf blotch and fruit spot incidence. The gained knowledge on the timing of infection and development of disease may aid in the development of more effective disease management strategies.
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Leng, Yueqiang, Rui Wang, Shaukat Ali, Mingxia Zhao, and Shaobin Zhong. "Sources and Genetics of Spot Blotch Resistance to a New Pathotype of Cochliobolus sativus in the USDA National Small Grains Collection." Plant Disease 100, no. 10 (October 2016): 1988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-16-0152-re.

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Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is one of the important barley diseases in the northern Great Plains of the United States and the Prairie Provinces of Canada. The disease has been under control for almost five decades due to the use of durable spot blotch resistance derived from the barley line ND B112. However, the emergence of isolate ND4008 with virulence on ND B112 prompted us to identify new sources of resistance to this new pathotype. In this study, we screened 2,062 barley accessions from the United States Department of Agriculture National Small Grains Collection for spot blotch resistance, and identified 40 barley accessions exhibiting a high level of resistance to isolate ND4008 at the seedling stage. In all, 24 of the barley accessions with seedling resistance also exhibited moderate to high adult plant resistance to ND4008 in greenhouse tests. Seven of the ND4008-resistant barley accessions showed seedling resistance to two other pathotypes (1 and 2) of the pathogen. Genetic study of resistant barley accessions PI 235186, PI 592275, and PI 643242 indicated that a single major dominant gene controls spot blotch resistance to ND4008 in each of these three accessions. These resistant sources are useful for developing barley cultivars with spot blotch resistance to all pathotypes of C. sativus.
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Navathe, Sudhir, Ajeet Kumar Pandey, Sandeep Sharma, Ramesh Chand, Vinod Kumar Mishra, Dinesh Kumar, Sarika Jaiswal, et al. "New Genomic Regions Identified for Resistance to Spot Blotch and Terminal Heat Stress in an Interspecific Population of Triticum aestivum and T. spelta." Plants 11, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 2987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212987.

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Wheat is one of the most widely grown and consumed food crops in the world. Spot blotch and terminal heat stress are the two significant constraints mainly in the Indo–Gangetic plains of South Asia. The study was undertaken using 185 recombinant lines (RILs) derived from the interspecific hybridization of ‘Triticum aestivum (HUW234) × T. spelta (H+26)’ to reveal genomic regions associated with tolerance to combined stress to spot blotch and terminal heat. Different physiological (NDVI, canopy temperature, leaf chlorophyll) and grain traits (TGW, grain size) were observed under stressed (spot blotch, terminal heat) and non-stressed environments. The mean maturity duration of RILs under combined stress was reduced by 12 days, whereas the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was 46.03%. Similarly, the grain size was depleted under combined stress by 32.23% and thousand kernel weight (TKW) by 27.56% due to spot blotch and terminal heat stress, respectively. The genetic analysis using 6734 SNP markers identified 37 significant loci for the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and NDVI. The genome-wide functional annotation of the SNP markers revealed gene functions such as plant chitinases, NB-ARC and NBS-LRR, and the peroxidase superfamily Cytochrome P450 have a positive role in the resistance through a hypersensitive response. Zinc finger domains, cysteine protease coding gene, F-box protein, ubiquitin, and associated proteins, play a substantial role in the combined stress of spot blotch and terminal heat in bread wheat, according to genomic domains ascribed to them. The study also highlights T. speltoides as a source of resistance to spot blotch and terminal heat tolerance.
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BERG, C. G. J. VAN DEN, and B. G. ROSSNAGEL. "EFFECT OF TILT ON SEVERITY OF SPOT-TYPE NET BLOTCH, GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN BARLEY." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-055.

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Spot-type net blotch, incited by Pyrenophora teres f. maculata has become widespread in Saskatchewan. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the fungicide Tilt (propiconazole) on the severity of spot-type net blotch, grain yield and yield components in spring barley. The susceptible cultivar Elrose was subjected to five schedules of foliar application of Tilt at Medstead, Shellbrook and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in 1985 and 1986. The moderately susceptible cultivar Argyle was included in the experiments conducted in 1986. Results show that Tilt controlled spot-type net blotch in Elrose. However, the effective period was limited. A single application did not control spot-type net blotch in cases with rapid disease development. Application of Tilt at Zadoks growth stages 31 and 49 would be required to provide reliable control in a susceptible cultivar. Control of spot-type net blotch increased grain yield. A single application of Tilt increased grain yield up to 23% over the untreated control. In most cases, a double application of Tilt did not increase grain yield over a timely single application. Increased grain yield was associated with increased kernel weight. The correlation coefficient between grain yield and kernel weight ranged from 0.82 to 0.88. Tilt had no effect on a healthy crop of Elrose and the moderately susceptible cultivar Argyle.Key words: Pyrenophora teres f. maculata, Hordeum vulgare L., propiconazole, barley
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Tyryshkin, L. G., and N. A. Tyryshkina. "Resistance to Diseases in Wheat Collection Samples and Somaclonal Variants." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 39, No. 1 (November 23, 2011): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3717-cjgpb.

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More than 2000 wheat collection samples were studied for seedling resistance to 4 diseases. Noncoincidence of results obtained after inoculation of leaf segments placed on water solution of benzimidazole (60 ppm) and intact plants was found for 3 foliar diseases (leaf rust – Puccinia recondita, dark brown leaf spot blotch – Bipolaris sorokiniana and septoria glume blotch – Septoria nodorum). Sixty-three entries were resistant to leaf rust; 26 of them have gene for resistance Lr26 (non-effective under field condition), 25 – gene Lr24, 4 – gene Lr19, 8 – gene Lr9 and 2 – gene Lr41. Samples 181-5, Fielder, Butte 66, Raj 1972 and Soisson were moderately resistant to spot blotch; 181-5 – to common root rot and Moking and MN 81330 – to glume blotch. Very high level of partial resistance to 3 diseases was found in late generations of somaclonal lines of weakly and moderately resistant initial genotypes: to leaf rust in lines of cv. Spica, to leaf spot blotch – in lines of 181-5, to common root rot – in that of 181-5 and cv. Vera; moderate resistance to glume blotch was identified in lines of cv. Spica.   
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Neupane, R. B., R. C. Sharma, E. Duveiller, G. Ortiz-Ferrara, B. R. Ojha, U. R. Rosyara, D. Bhandari, and M. R. Bhatta. "Major Gene Controls of Field Resistance to Spot Blotch in Wheat Genotypes ‘Milan/Shanghai #7’ and ‘Chirya.3’." Plant Disease 91, no. 6 (June 2007): 692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-6-0692.

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A number of exotic wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes resistant to spot blotch caused by Cochliobolus sativus are being used to improve the resistance of commercial cultivars in the warm regions of South Asia. The objective of the present study was to determine the inheritance of field resistance to spot blotch in two resistant (R) wheat genotypes, ‘Chirya.3’ and ‘Milan/Shanghai #7’ (MS#7), which were crossed to a susceptible (S) commercial cultivar, ‘BL1473.’ The two resistant genotypes also were crossed to determine allelic relationships for resistance between them. Spot blotch severity was recorded on the parents and on F1, F2, and F3 progenies. The F1 plants from the two crosses between susceptible and resistant genotypes had low disease severity like the resistant parents, indicating that resistance in Chirya.3 and MS#7 is conditioned by dominant gene action. The F2 plants segregated in 3R:1S ratios, and the F2:3 families showed the ratio of 1R:1S:2S, segregating for R and S, suggesting that resistance in the two resistant parents is conditioned by a single, dominant gene. The F1 plants from the cross between the two resistant genotypes were resistant, whereas their F2 progenies segregated in 15R:1S, suggesting that the resistance genes in MS#7 and Chirya.3 are nonallelic. These simply inherited sources of resistance could be useful for improving spot blotch resistance in the warm regions of South Asia and also may offer useful diversity to breeding programs for developing spot-blotch-resistant wheat cultivars in other regions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spot blotch"

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Ruckstuhl, Markus. "Wheat spot blotch fungus /." Zürich, 1997. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=12302.

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Neupane, Anjan. "Identification of Host Resistant Effective against the Barley Spot Form Net Blotch Pathogen." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27372.

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Spot form net blotch (SFNB) caused by Pyrenophora teres f. maculata is a major foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) worldwide. SFNB epidemics have recently been observed in major barley producing countries, suggesting that the local barley cultivars are not resistant and that virulence of the pathogen populations may have changed. Here we attempt to identify sources of resistance effective against diverse isolates of the SFNB pathogen. A total of 2062 world barley core collection accessions were phenotyped using isolates of this pathogen collected in the United States (FGO), Australia (SG1), New Zealand (NZKF2), and Denmark (DEN 2.6). Isolate-specific susceptibility was identified in several of the barley accessions tested, indicating variability in both pathogen virulence and host resistance/susceptibility. Collectively, only 15 barley accessions were resistant across all isolates tested. Future research will involve the characterization of host resistance, pathogen virulence, and the host-pathogen interaction associated with SFNB of barley.
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Jonsson, Rickard. "Breeding for resistance to barley net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) /." Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5814-5.pdf.

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Bovill, Jessica. "Mapping spot blotch & common root rot (causal agent: bipolaris sorokiniana) resistance genes in barley." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2008. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00006178/.

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The fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus)causes the foliar disease spot blotch (SB) and the root disease common root rot (CRR). Spot blotch and CRR are serious disease constraints to barley production in warmer growing regions of the world, with estimated yield losses ranging from 30-70% from SB and 15-30% for CRR. Although chemical treatments may assist incontrolling spot blotch infections, the most effective and environmentally sound means of control for each disease is breeding for varieties with natural resistance. InAustralia, no commercially available varieties offer resistance to either SB or CRR. This study has sought to establish molecular markers that will be useful for selecting for resistance to each of these important fungal diseases.Barley cultivars derived from the breeding line NDB112 have provided durable SB resistance in the North Dakota region of the USA for over 40 years. The robustnessof this resistance had not been determined under Australian environmental conditions or with those B. sorokiniana pathotypes present within Australia. Toelucidate the genetics of resistance, two seedling and two field trials were conducted on an ND11231-12/VB9524 (ND/VB) doubled haploid (DH) population (180 lines).A molecular map of the ND/VB population was curated in order to provide a firm basis for mapping of resistance loci. Composite interval mapping revealed thatdifferent gene combinations are effective at different stages of plant development. Seedling resistance was found to be conditioned by a major locus on the short arm ofchromosome 7H and this region was validated in the related population ND11231-11/WI2875*17. A minor quantitative locus on chromosome 5HS was detected in one of the two seedling trials. However, this region requires further investigation to confirm its association to SB resistance in this population. Field resistance to SB in adult plants was found to be associated with two major quantitative trait loci (QTL)on chromosomes 7HS and 3HS; and a putative third minor QTL on chromosome 2HS. The 7H region is common between seedling and field resistance and is the most important locus for the expression of resistance at both stages of plant development. These findings largely concur with genetic studies of this trait in tworowed barley germplasm in North American environments.Common root rot is a difficult disease to phenotype for, and breeding programs will benefit from the identification of molecular markers linked to resistance. Data wasprovided from field trials of subsets of the population over four years. Using a novel approach combining the efficiency of bulked-segregant analysis with highthroughputDiversity Arrays Technology markers (BSA-DArT), CRR resistance was found to be conditioned by three putative QTL in an unmapped Delta/Lindwall population. QTL were identified on chromosomes 2HS, 4HS, and 7HS. To validatethe trait-linkage associations between the DArT markers and the CRR QTL,microsatellite (SSR) markers known to map to the regions identified by BSA-DArT were used. The 2H and 4H regions were validated using marker regression of the SSR markers in most seedling trials, whereas the 7H QTL, which is proximal to the location of the SB resistance QTL in the ND/VB population, was detected in only one seedling trial.The QTL identified in this study offer potential to combat the foliar and root diseases causes by this fungal pathogen. The chromosomal location of QTL for SB and CRR resistance have been found to differ in the ND/VB and D/L populations,which suggests that resistance to each disease is independently inherited. Further research is required to confirm the hypothesis that it is possible to combineresistance to both diseases into a single genotype. Such allelic combinations would provide elite germplasm that would benefit barley breeding programs world-wide.
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Aris, Virginie Marie. "Use of Weather-based Modeling for Disease Management of Early Leaf Spot of Peanut and Glume Blotch of Wheat." NCSU, 1999. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-19991104-074954.

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Weather based models help time fungicide applications to the periods when the diseases are most likely to occur. The first objective of this work was to compare and adapt weather-based advisories developed for the control of Cercospora arachidicola on peanuts for resistant cultivars. It was achieved by comparing the disease progress curves of the 1997-1999 growing seasons in Lewiston NC, to spray schedules simulated by the Virginia Advisory, the Parvin, Smith and Crosby Advisory (PSC), NC Advisory, and AU-Pnuts Advisory and their adaptations for resistance. Field trials were conducted in 1997, 1998 and 1999 to test adaptations for resistant genotypes based on the NC Advisory. In all three years the leaf spot epidemics started late in the season (September). There was no yield difference due to leaf spot control except in 1999 in Lewiston for the susceptible genotypes (NC 7 and NC 11). All the advisories had a tendency to overspray at the beginning of the season, this might be due to a lack of inoculum at this time. The resistant genotype used for the study, GP-NC 343, did not lose any yield due to leaf spot in any of the tests and therefore did not need to be sprayed. The model that had the best fit to the disease progress curve of the susceptible genotypes was the AU-Pnuts 12/4. The AU-Pnuts advisory 7/3, currently used in the Southeastern US, started spraying to early in the season for NC. The Virginia advisories also oversprayed. The NC advisory and the PSC were considered almost equivalent, and the adaptations for the PSC did not differ from the PSC itself.The second objective was to develop a simulation model to predict epidemics of Stagonospora nodorum on winter wheat. The CERES-Wheat model was used to simulated leaf area indexes (LAI) for the wheat plant throughout the season. The disease model developed in this work simulated the spread of spores onto the plant leaves and heads, infection, the latent period and, lesion extension. The model equations were inferred from the literature and were calibrated with disease assessments made on Coker 9904 during the spring of 1998 in Plymouth NC. For 1998 and 1999, disease increase in the lower leaves took place 20 days after the disease increase was simulated by the model both years. The most effective spray timing corresponded to a period when disease was first observed in the lower leaves, no disease was seen on the flag leaf, and simulated onset of disease on the flag leaf had occurred. A sharp simulated disease increase in the flag leaf compartment may be a very good indicator for a spray recommendation. Combining a disease model to an already existing crop growth model facilitated modeling disease progress. Further work will be needed to fully validate both the CERES-wheat and the S. nodorum models in North Carolina Coastal Plains.

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Ameen, Gazala. "Cloning and Characterization of rcs5, Spot Blotch Resistance Gene and Pathogen Induced Nec3 Gene Involved in Programmed Cell Death in Barley." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29962.

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Upon sensing pathogens, plants initiating defense responses typically resulting in programmed cell death (PCD). PCD effectively subdues biotrophic pathogens but is hijacked by necrotrophs that colonize the resulting dead tissues. We showed that barley wall associated kinase (WAK) genes, underlying the rcs5 QTL, are manipulated by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana to cause spot blotch disease. The rcs5 genetic interval was delimited to ~0.23 cM, representing an ~234 kb genomic region containing four WAK genes, designated HvWak2, Sbs1, Sbs2, and HvWak5. Post-transcriptional gene silencing of Sbs1&2 in the susceptible barley cultivars Steptoe and Harrington resulted in resistance, suggesting a dominant susceptibility function. Sbs1&2 expression is undetectable in barley prior to pathogen challenge; however, specific upregulation of Sbs1&2 occurred in the susceptible lines post inoculation. Promotor sequence polymorphisms were identified in the allele analysis of Sbs1&2 from eight resistant and two susceptible barley lines, which supported the possible role of promotor regulation by virulent isolates contributing to susceptibility. Apoplastic wash fluids from virulent isolates induced Sbs1expression, suggesting regulation by an apoplastic-secreted effector. Thus, the Sbs1&2 genes are the first susceptibility/resistance genes that confer resistance against spot blotch, a disease that threatens barley and wheat production worldwide. The nec3 mutants of barley are hyper-susceptible to many necrotrophs and show distinctive cream to orange necrotic lesions that are induced by infection, representing aberrant PCD. The ?- irradiation induced necrotic mutant, nec3-?1 (Bowman) was confirmed as a nec3 mutant by allelism tests. The F2 progeny of a cross of nec3 x Quest inoculated with B. sorokiniana segregated as a single recessive gene fitting a 3 WT: 1 mutant ratio. The homozygous F2 mutant progeny were genotyped with four SSR and 25 SNP markers at nec3 locus on chromosome 6H, a physical region spanning ~ 16.96 Mb containing 91 high and low confidence annotated genes. Exome capture sequencing of nec3 mutants failed to identify a candidate gene, however, RNAseq analysis identified two candidates in the nec3 region with >three-fold downregulation. We hypothesize that the underlying aberrant PCD mechanism in the nec3 barley mutant facilitates extreme susceptibility to multiple adapted fungal pathogens of barley.
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Aada, Abdallah. "Identification of pathogens and control of spot blotch disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare) by combining plant resistance and biological control." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2148.

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Spot blotch is one of the most important diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Libya and worldwide. The overall aim of this study was to investigate the potential of biological control in combination with disease resistance to control spot blotch without the potential hazards of chemical application. Fungi were isolated from barley plants with spot blotch symptoms from different areas in Libya. As well as the commonly known spot blotch pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus), Bipolaris spicifera (teleomorph Cochliobolus spicifer), Curvularia inaequalis, and Alternaria alternata were identified by their morphology and ribosomal DNA sequences. Bipolaris sorokiniana was the most serious pathogen under the test conditions; the others infected barley but caused less severe symptoms. Spot blotch resistance of barley seedlings was tested under greenhouse conditions with four Libyan cultivars (ACSAD, Nibola, Rehan, and Wadi Utbah) and two UK cultivars (Gaelic and Pastoral). Nibola was the most resistant. The ability of the organisms in three commercial biocontrol products, Trichoderma harzianum T-22 (Trianum), Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 (Actinovate) and Bacillus subtilis QST 713 (Serenade), to control spot blotch individually and in combination was investigated. On agar plates, all three inhibited growth of the pathogens completely on the second day of culture, except that for B. spicifera with S. lydicus there was an inhibition zone and the pathogen grew in the opposite direction. Disease severity was lowest when T. harzianum T-22 was applied individually to the most resistant cultivar, Nibola. Foliar application, soil treatment and seed coating all reduced disease severity. With foliar application, T. harzianum T-22 was more effective when applied at the same time as the pathogen than when applied one week before or four days after. In a field experiment with T. harzianum T-22, foliar application combined with seed treatment suppressed spot blotch more effectively than either method individually.
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Virdi, Simerjot Kaur. "Roles of the TSN1 and TSC2 Genes in Conferring Susceptibility of Durum Wheat to Tan Spot and Septoria Nodorum Blotch." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27628.

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Tan spot is an important disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora triticirepentis. Two common necrotrophic effectors produced by this fungus are Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB, which recognize host sensitivity genes Tsn1 and Tsc2, respectively. In this research, a tetraploid recombinant inbred line population was evaluated for reaction to the Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB-producing isolates 86-124 (race 2) and DW5 (race 5). The results indicated that a compatible Tsc2-Ptr ToxB interaction accounted for 26% of the disease variation, which states that this interaction plays a significant role in the development of tan spot. On the contrary, the Tsn1-Ptr ToxA interaction was not associated with tan spot caused by 86-124. However, evaluation of a ToxA-producing isolate of Parastagonospora nodorum, indicated that the Tsn1- ToxA interaction accounted for 38% of the variation. Therefore, the Tsn1-ToxA interaction played a significant role in the development of septoria nodorum blotch, but not tan spot.
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Kinzer, Kasia Marie. "Characterizing Pyrenophora Teres F. Maculata in the Northern United States and Impact of Spot Form Net Blotch on Yield of Barley." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25318.

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Pyrenophora teres f. maculata causes spot form net blotch (SFNB) on barley and was recently documented in North Dakota. The impact of SFNB on barley, the genetic diversity of the pathogen, and virulence structure are unknown for the state. Yield and quality loss in North Dakota due to SFNB was investigated over eleven year-sites, and simple linear regression of percent yield loss on adjusted percent disease using year-site means of treatments predicted a 0.77% increase in yield loss for every 1% increase in disease. When virulence of isolates of P. teres f. maculata collected from geographically diverse regions in the northern United States was evaluated on differential barley genotypes, few isolates were identical in terms of virulence patterns, and the virulence profile of a population from Idaho differed from other populations. To understand population structure and genetic diversity, SNPs of 140 isolates were generated using genotyping-by-sequencing for analysis of population genetics and structure. Evidence for sexual recombination in each population includes the ratio of mating-type idiomorphs that do not significantly differ from a 1:1 ratio; low index of association values for most populations; and high variation within and low variation among populations. Association mapping detected forty-five significant marker-trait associations of SNPs associated with virulence or avirulence across 19 P. teres f. maculata scaffolds using 82 isolates of P. teres f. maculata from diverse areas in the northern United States. The most significant marker, 01700_198, was found on P. teres f. maculata-scaffold 8 when the population was challenged with four different barley lines. This research demonstrates that SFNB causes significant yield loss; that high diversity exists in the pathogen, with respect to virulence and population genetics; and that association mapping can be used to identify virulence/avirulence marker-trait associations to fill gaps in our understanding of host-parasite genetic interactions in this pathosystem.
American Malting Barley Association
Triticeae CAP
North Dakota Barley Commission
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Sun, Qun. "Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Host Resistance to Stem Rust, Leaf Rust, Tan Spot, and Septoria Nodorum Blotch in Cultivated Emmer Wheat." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24881.

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Cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) is a good source of genes for resistance to several major diseases of wheat. The objectives of this study were to use genome-wide association analysis to detect genomic regions in cultivated emmer germplasm harboring novel resistance genes to four wheat diseases: stem rust, leaf rust, tan spot, and Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). A natural population including 180 cultivated emmer accessions with a high level of geographic diversity was assembled as the association-mapping panel. This cultivated emmer panel was evaluated phenotypically by scoring reactions to stem rust, leaf rust, tan spot, and SNB and was genotyped using a 9K SNP Infinium array. After filtering for missing data points and minor allele frequency (MAF), 4,134 SNPs were used for association analysis using 178 emmer accessions. Based on principle component (PC) analysis, five subpopulations strongly associated with geographic origins were suggested by the first three PCs. Genome-wide association analysis revealed that 222, 42, 146, and 42 SNPs were significantly associated with resistance to stem rust, leaf rust, tan spot, and SNB, respectively, at the significant level of 1 percentile. Among the significant SNPs at the significant level of 0.1 percentile, ten, one, nine, and one co-located with known genes or QTL associated with resistance to the four diseases, respectively. The remaining significant SNPs were located in the genomic regions where no known resistance genes have been identified for the four diseases. This evidence suggests that some of the emmer wheat accessions carry novel genes conferring resistance to the four diseases. Additionally, 14, three, eight, and five LD blocks harboring at least one significant SNP were identified and might harbor putative QTL related to resistance to the four diseases, respectively. These studies provide information about the genomic regions in cultivated emmer that are associated with resistance to stem rust, leaf rust, tan spot, and SNB. Results from these studies provide guidance for selecting emmer accessions when decisions are being made about the parents that will be used for the development of new resistant germplasm and mapping populations for identifying novel genes conferring resistance to major wheat diseases.
Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)
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Books on the topic "Spot blotch"

1

Jonsson, Rickard. Breeding for resistance to barley net blotch (pyrenophora teres). Alnarp: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2001.

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Crous, Pedro W. Mycosphaerella spp. and their anamorphs associated with leaf spot diseases of Eucalyptus. St. Paul, Minn: APS Press, 1998.

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Gott, Jim. Bits and Blots of t'Owd Spot: Memories of Ripon -'Places and Faces' -1900-50. Thirsk): Crakehill P., 1987.

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Arterburn, Stephen. Walking into walls: 5 blind spots that block God's work in you. Brentwood, Tenn: Worthy Publishing, 2011.

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Corey, Russell. Spot Dot Blot. Independently Published, 2019.

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Corey, Russell. Spot Dot Blot Visit Hawaii. Independently Published, 2019.

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Corey, Russell. Spot Dot Blot Visit Florida. Independently Published, 2019.

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Corey, Russell. Spot Dot Blot Visit California. Independently Published, 2019.

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Entraineur de Chien: Bloc-Notes Chien Chien Sport Cadeau. Independently Published, 2020.

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Handball: Cadeau de Boule de Bloc-Notes de Sport. Independently Published, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spot blotch"

1

He, Xinyao, Navin C. Gahtyari, Chandan Roy, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Gurcharn Singh Brar, and Pawan Kumar Singh. "Globally Important Non-rust Diseases of Wheat." In Wheat Improvement, 143–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_9.

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AbstractWhile the three rusts are the most predominant wheat diseases in the global scale, various other diseases dominate in different geographical regions. In this chapter, some major non-rust diseases of wheat with global and/or regional economic importance are addressed, including three spike diseases (Fusarium head blight, wheat blast, and Karnal bunt), four leaf spotting diseases (tan spot, Septoria nodorum blotch, spot blotch, and Septoria tritici blotch), and several root diseases.
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Gupta, Vikas, Sonia Sheoran, Charan Singh, B. S. Tyagi, Gyanendra Pratap Singh, and Gyanendra Singh. "Breeding for Spot Blotch Resistance in Wheat." In New Horizons in Wheat and Barley Research, 307–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4449-8_13.

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Ayliffe, Michael, Ming Luo, Justin Faris, and Evans Lagudah. "Disease Resistance." In Wheat Improvement, 341–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_19.

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AbstractWheat plants are infected by diverse pathogens of economic significance. They include biotrophic pathogens like mildews and rusts that require living plant cells to proliferate. By contrast necrotrophic pathogens that cause diseases such as tan spot, Septoria nodurum blotch and spot blotch require dead or dying cells to acquire nutrients. Pioneering studies in the flax plant-flax rust pathosystem led to the ‘gene-for-gene’ hypothesis which posits that a resistance gene product in the host plant recognizes a corresponding pathogen gene product, resulting in disease resistance. In contrast, necrotrophic wheat pathosystems have an ‘inverse gene-for-gene’ system whereby recognition of a necrotrophic fungal product by a dominant host gene product causes disease susceptibility, and the lack of recognition of this pathogen molecule leads to resistance. More than 300 resistance/susceptibility genes have been identified genetically in wheat and of those cloned the majority encode nucleotide binding, leucine rich repeat immune receptors. Other resistance gene types are also present in wheat, in particular adult plant resistance genes. Advances in mutational genomics and the wheat pan-genome are accelerating causative disease resistance/susceptibility gene discovery. This has enabled multiple disease resistance genes to be engineered as a transgenic gene stack for developing more durable disease resistance in wheat.
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Pal Singh, Devendra. "Host Resistance to Spot Blotch (Bipolaris Sorokiniana) in Wheat and Barley." In Management of Wheat and Barley Diseases, 327–39. Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017.: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315207537-11.

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Aggarwal, Rashmi, Shweta Agrawal, Malkhan Singh Gurjar, Bishnu Maya Bashyal, and M. S. Saharan. "Biology and Management of Spot Blotch Pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana of Wheat." In Fungal Biology, 3–26. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_1.

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Chand, Ramesh, Sudhir Navathe, and Sandeep Sharma. "Advances in breeding techniques for durable resistance to spot blotch in cereals." In Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals, 435–73. London: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003180715-16.

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Franckowiak, Jerome D., and Gregory J. Platz. "Breeding barley for durable resistance to net and spot forms of net blotch." In Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals, 567–86. London: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003180715-20.

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Zhou, Hao, and Brian J. Steffenson. "Genome-Wide Association Mapping Reveals Genetic Architecture of Durable Spot Blotch Resistance in US Barley Breeding Germplasm." In Advance in Barley Sciences, 257–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4682-4_22.

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Dijkstra, Jeanne, and Cees P. de Jager. "Dot-Blot Hybridisation (Nucleic Acid Spot Hybridisation)." In Practical Plant Virology, 413–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72030-7_63.

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Block, Katharina. "Leibphänomenologie." In 10 Minuten Soziologie, 31–44. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839457108-003.

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Katharina Block folgt in ihrem Beitrag »Leibphänomenologie: Surfen mit Google als Erfahrung des Unverfügbaren« einer Alltagsbeobachtung und nimmt diese zum Anlass einer leibphänomenologischen Analyse von Mensch-Technik-Interaktionen. Die Beobachtung ist, dass es im Umgang mit digitalen Technologien zu Erfahrungen des Unverfügbaren kommt, d.h. der Erfahrungsgehalt zeichnet sich wesentlich durch Unkontrollierbarkeit und Unsicherheit aus. Ursächlich dafür scheint u.a. die Intransparenz algorithmischer Datenverarbeitung zu sein sowie das eigene Nicht-Wissen darüber, was digitale Technologie eigentlich kann. Diese Beobachtung stellt Block zudem in einen gesellschaftstheoretischen Kontext, denn die Problematisierung von Mensch-Technik-Interaktionen als Erfahrungen des Unverfügbaren, ist nur sinnvoll, wenn man sie vor dem Hintergrund des (spät-)modernen Selbstverständnisses betrachtet, ein autonomes Selbst zu sein. Erst dadurch wird verständlich, warum der Umgang mit digitalen Technologien Erfahrungen des Unverfügbaren erzeugen kann.
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Conference papers on the topic "Spot blotch"

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"The association mapping of quantitative resistance loci to net blotch and spot blotch in barley." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-149.

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"Development of DNA markers for the selection of spring barley varieties that are resistant to spot blotch." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-171.

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Parenteau, Thomas, Geoffrey Guindeuil, and Laurent Decoret. "CFD Modeling for the TOTAL E&P Angola PAZFLOR Subsea Field Cold Spot Management Plan." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84113.

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The PAZFLOR field is located in Block 17, deep offshore Angola, and is one of the largest offshore/subsea development operated by TOTAL E&P Angola (TEPA). As part of the SURF package scope of work, flow assurance analyses had to be performed to verify the global thermal integrity and operability of the subsea architecture. In particular, a cold spot management study was carried out to ensure that adequate insulation was implemented on all the SURF equipment to achieve the project specified thermal performances. The purpose of the cold spot management plan is to complete the general Flow Assurance study mainly using OLGA software by performing a detailed flow and thermal analyses, using dedicated CFD simulations, for each subsea singularities identified as potentially creating a local cold or hot spot. Hot spots could lead to an accelerated ageing of some of the equipment materials, whereas cold spot could lead to a quicker cooldown time than required creating a local risk of wax or hydrate plug formation. The Pazflor SURF cold spot management plan has combined detailed CFD modeling and full scale thermal testing to validate the equipment insulation design and check via a validated simulation the exact thermal behavior under subsea conditions. An extensive amount of subsea elements have been studied such as Rigid Pipe-in-Pipe (PIP) waterstops, flexible IPB riser, pipeline In Line Tee structure piping and valves, Field Joint Coating with anode pad, flexible end-fittings and thermal insulation covers amongst other things. This paper will detail the CFD simulations performed, present the comparison between the simulation results and the full scale thermal tests and draw conclusions on the benefit of such cold spot analyses for future projects.
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Stefanov, Yu P., R. A. Bakeev, and G. G. Kocharyan. "Block displacement in the presence of a friction spot." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHYSICAL MESOMECHANICS. MATERIALS WITH MULTILEVEL HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE AND INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0034777.

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Mikavica, Branka, and Aleksandra Kostic-Ljubisavljevic. "Pricing and bidding strategies for cloud spot block instances." In 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/mipro.2018.8400073.

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Suroto, Bambang Joko, Masahiro Tashiro, Sana Hirabayashi, Sumitomo Hidaka, Masamichi Kohno, Koji Takahashi, and Yasuyuki Takata. "A Photographic Study on the Effects of Hydrophobic-Spot Size and Subcooling on Local Film Boiling." In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2013-73069.

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The effects of hydrophobic circle spot size and subcooling on local film boiling phenomenon from the copper surface with single PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) hydrophobic circle spot at low heat flux has been investigated. The experiments were performed using pure water as the working fluid and subcooling ranging from 0 and 10K. The heat transfer surfaces are used polished copper block with single PTFE hydrophobic circle spot of diameters 2, 4 and 6 mm, respectively. A high-speed camera was used to capture bubble dynamics and disclosed the sequence of the process leading to local film boiling. The result shows that local films boiling occurs on the PTFE circle spot at low heat flux and was triggered by the merging of neighboring bubbles. The study also showed that transition time required for change from nucleate boiling regime to local film boiling regime depends on the diameter of the hydrophobic circle spot and the subcooling. A stable local film boiling occurs at the smallest diameter of hydrophobic spot. Subcooling cause the local film boiling occur at negative superheat and oscillation of bubble dome.
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Chen, Long, Xiaoping Li, and Ruben Ruiz. "Cloud workflow scheduling with on-demand and spot block instances." In 2017 IEEE 21st International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cscwd.2017.8066736.

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Mersch, John P., Jeffrey A. Smith, George E. Orient, Peter W. Grimmer, and Jhana Gearhart. "Calibration Strategies and Modeling Approaches for Predicting Load-Displacement Behavior and Failure for Multiaxial Loadings in Threaded Fasteners." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10521.

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Abstract Multiple fastener reduced-order models and fitting strategies are used on a multiaxial dataset and these models are further evaluated using a high-fidelity analysis model to demonstrate how well these strategies predict load-displacement behavior and failure. Two common reduced-order modeling approaches, the plug and spot weld, are calibrated, assessed, and compared to a more intensive approach — a “two-block” plug calibrated to multiple datasets. An optimization analysis workflow leveraging a genetic algorithm was exercised on a set of quasistatic test data where fasteners were pulled at angles from 0° to 90° in 15° increments to obtain material parameters for a fastener model that best capture the load-displacement behavior of the chosen datasets. The one-block plug is calibrated just to the tension data, the spot weld is calibrated to the tension (0°) and shear (90°), and the two-block plug is calibrated to all data available (0°–90°). These calibrations are further assessed by incorporating these models and modeling approaches into a high-fidelity analysis model of the test setup and comparing the load-displacement predictions to the raw test data.
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Sauciuc, Ioan, Ravi Prasher, Je-Young Chang, Hakan Erturk, Gregory Chrysler, Chia-Pin Chiu, and Ravi Mahajan. "Thermal Performance and Key Challenges for Future CPU Cooling Technologies." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73242.

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Over the past few years, thermal design for cooling microprocessors has become increasingly challenging mainly because of an increase in both average power density and local power density, commonly referred to as “hot spots”. The current air cooling technologies present diminishing returns, thus it is strategically important for the microelectronics industry to establish the research and development focus for future non air-cooling technologies. This paper presents the thermal performance capability for enabling and package based cooling technologies using a range of “reasonable” boundary conditions. In the enabling area a few key main building blocks are considered: air cooling, high conductivity materials, liquid cooling (single and two-phase), thermoelectric modules integrated with heat pipes/vapor chambers, refrigeration based devices and the thermal interface materials performance. For package based technologies we present only the microchannel building block (cold plate in contact with the back-side of the die). It will be shown that as the hot spot density factor increases, package based cooling technologies should be considered for more significant cooling improvements. In addition to thermal performance, a summary of the key technical challenges are presented in the paper. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference.
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Kim, Min-Hwan, Nam-il Tak, Jae Man Noh, and Goon-Cherl Park. "CFD Analysis on the Influence of Coolant Distribution Blocks on the Core Hot Spot Temperature in a Prismatic Very High Temperature Reactor." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44627.

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Two design options of core distribution block (CDB) for a cooled-vessel design in the Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) were developed and the influence on the core hot spot was investigated by the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, CFX-11. Isothermal CFD analyses were performed to estimate the coolant flow variation at the inlet of the coolant channel. The results predicted about 5% of the maximum velocity deviation when applying the core pressure drop of NHDD PMR200. A unit-cell CFD model was used to access the effect of the velocity deviation on the core hot spot. The unit-cell analyses were carried out for the velocity deviation of 0%, 5%, and 10%. Not only a constant power but also a local maximum power profile was considered. According to the results, the maximum fuel temperature was increased by about 30°C for the velocity deviation of 10% but still below the normal operation limit of 1250°C.
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Reports on the topic "Spot blotch"

1

Toutin, Th, and Y. Carbonneau. Adjustement de bloc d'images : examples avec SPOT, Landsat-7 et IKONOS. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219805.

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Toutin, Th. Compensation par segment et bloc d'images panchromatiques et multi-bandes de SPOT. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219983.

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