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Journal articles on the topic 'Sports – Physiologie'

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Published: 1 February 2025

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1

Raynaud, E., C. Fédou, M. Solère, and A. Orsetti. "Physiologie de l'épitestostérone." Science & Sports 12, no. 1 (January 1997): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0765-1597(97)80066-4.

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2

Kirkendall, Donald T. "Physiologie Aspects of Gymnastics." Clinics in Sports Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 1985): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)31256-4.

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3

Harichaux, P. "La plongée en apnée. Physiologie et médecine." Science & Sports 18, no. 2 (April 2003): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0765-1597(03)00078-9.

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4

Chaussain, M., J. Walker, and R. Jolibois. "Physiologie de l'exercice musculaire chez l'enfant sain." Science & Sports 3, no. 2 (August 1988): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0765-1597(88)80011-x.

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5

Corbé, C. "Œil et sport. Physiologie et moyens d’exploration. Mise au point CAT devant les lésions oculaires dues aux sports." Science & Sports 26, no. 6 (December 2011): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2011.10.004.

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6

Clavert, P., J. F. Kempf, and J. L. Kahn. "Anatomie normale et physiologie du LB." Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Réparatrice de l'Appareil Moteur 93, no. 8 (December 2007): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-1040(07)79299-1.

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7

Hildebrandt, G. "Grundlagen einer therapeutischen Physiologie der Kur." Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin 42, no. 05 (1990): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1062237.

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8

Meßlinger, K. "Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Schmerzentstehung." Manuelle Medizin 40, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00337-001-0116-1.

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9

Dufour, Michel. "La main de masseur : anatomie et physiologie…" Kinésithérapie, la Revue 20, no. 222 (June 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kine.2020.03.005.

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Auzou, Pascal. "Anatomie et physiologie de la déglutition normale." Kinésithérapie, la Revue 7, no. 64 (April 2007): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1779-0123(07)70368-6.

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11

Rongieres, M. "Anatomie et physiologie de l’articulation trapézométacarpienne humaine." Chirurgie de la Main 23, no. 6 (December 2004): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.main.2004.09.002.

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12

Schmidt, M. "Angewandte Physiologie/Das Bindegewebe des Bewegungsapparates verstehen und beeinflussen." Fuß & Sprunggelenk 2, no. 3 (January 2004): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10302-004-0123-3.

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13

Saraceno, Marco. "Moteur humain et premier instrument : le corps qui « marche » dans l’œuvre d’Angelo Mosso." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 108 (2020): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019041.

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L’article étudie l’importance de l’expérience de la marche dans l’œuvre du psychophysiologiste italien Angelo Mosso (1846–1910), internationalement connu pour ses recherches sur la fatigue et précurseur de la physiologie de l’exercice en altitude. Dans son œuvre, la marche apparaît sous différentes formes, en consonance avec sa conception de la science du mouvement. D’un côté, le physiologiste se sert des marches forcées des militaires comme expérience « grandeur nature » pour étudier les effets de la fatigue sur les fonctions organiques ; d’un autre côté, le psychologue se sert de son vécu de marcheur pour étudier le rapport entre modification physiologique et « sensations internes » ; enfin, la marche en montagne revient constamment dans les textes du réformateur social comme exemple d’une « fatigue positive ». À partir de la figure de Mosso, l’article s’interroge sur la place du « corps qui marche » dans le développement de la psychophysiologie à la fin du positivisme. D’un côté, le corps qui marche est objectivé et mesuré comme exemple du rendement énergétique ; de l’autre il est exalté et mythifié comme rempart romantique contre la dégénérescence du corps sédentaire et mécanisé de la ville industrielle. Enfin, entre ses deux extrêmes, on voit émerger une réflexion sur l’effort comme « instrumentalisation de soi ».
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14

Schürer, R. "Anatomie, Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Bandscheiben – eine Literaturübersicht." Manuelle Medizin 46, no. 1 (January 12, 2008): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00337-007-0564-3.

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15

Franz, A., F. Berndt, J. Raabe, J. F. Harmsen, R. Krauspe, C. Zilkens, and M. Behringer. "Physiologie des Blood Flow Restriction Training: Lokale und Systemische Effekte von Krafttraining unter venöser Blutflussrestriktion." Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology 35, no. 2 (June 2019): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orthtr.2019.04.037.

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16

Rannou, F., M. A. Mayoux-Benhamou, S. Poiraudeau, and M. Revel. "Disque intervertébral et structures voisines de la colonne lombaire : anatomie, biologie, physiologie et biomécanique." EMC - Rhumatologie-Orthopédie 1, no. 6 (November 2004): 487–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emcrho.2003.11.007.

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17

Prochazka, A. "Haltung und Bewegung beim Menschen. Physiologie, Pathophysiologie, gangentwicklung und sporttraaining (Human posture and movement, physiology, pathophysiology, development of gait and sports training)." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 66, no. 3 (March 1987): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(87)90090-3.

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18

Guerrin, F., G. Milbled, Y. Riou, M. Dutoit, H. Loquet, and A. Ramery. "Physiologie et physiopathologie de la planche à voile (EMG sur simulateur, conséquences ventilatoires du harnais, pathologie du saut de vague)." Science & Sports 2, no. 4 (December 1987): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0765-1597(87)80077-1.

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19

Heral, O. "L’enseignement de la physiologie de la phonation à la faculté de médecine de Paris à l’époque de Napoléon III." Journal de Réadaptation Médicale : Pratique et Formation en Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation 31, no. 2 (June 2011): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrm.2011.01.002.

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20

Dölken, Mechthild. "Was muss ein Manualtherapeut über die Physiologie des Bindegewebes und die Entwicklung einer Bewegungseinschränkung wissen?" Manuelle Medizin 40, no. 3 (June 2002): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00337-002-0138-3.

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21

Samandar, Saidmurodov. "RELEVANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY." American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/volume03issue12-13.

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The development of sports physiology stands as a crucial cornerstone in comprehending the intricate mechanisms governing human performance in athletic endeavors. This article delves into the profound relevance and significance of sports physiology in deciphering the physiological, biomechanical, and psychological facets underpinning athletes' abilities. It outlines the historical progression of sports physiology, highlighting its pivotal role in optimizing training methodologies, preventing injuries, enhancing performance, and fostering overall athlete well-being. By elucidating the significance of sports physiology, this study emphasizes its contribution to advancing athletic excellence and shaping the future landscape of sports.
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22

Vogel, Kurt, Brianna Larsen, Chris McLellan, and Stephen P. Bird. "Female Athletes and the Menstrual Cycle in Team Sports: Current State of Play and Considerations for Future Research." Sports 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2023): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports12010004.

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Over the past ten years there has been a dramatic rise in female sport participation and accompanying female professional national leagues across multiple sports, yet research has not followed suit. Although there are known variations between female and male physiology, training protocols in female sport are predominantly underpinned by research undertaken in male athletes. The hormonal variability experienced by women across the menstrual cycle, as well as the menstrual cycle variability between women, may contribute to the complexity of conducting rigorous physiological studies, leading to a paucity of robust sports-specific research that can be confidently applied to female athletes. Moreover, barriers exist in female sport that potentially limit the ability to conduct research, including the lack of full-time programs and limited resources. Recently, there has been increased interest in the potential effects of fluctuations in the female sex hormones, progesterone and oestrogen, on sport performance across different phases of the menstrual cycle. However, current research evaluating the menstrual cycle and physical performance (such as strength, speed, aerobic fitness, and athletes’ perception of their performance) have shown inconsistent results. Additionally, methodological design across studies has shown little consistency, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions, which potentially prevents female athletes optimising their physical and sporting performance. It further impacts coaches and sports science researchers in their ability to provide appropriate training recommendations and educational opportunities. It is important to progress in female athlete research with an understanding of how the unique physiology of female athletes may influence their ability to physically perform in their respective sport, which requires representation in sports science research. This paper will provide an overview on current evidence and limitations within menstrual cycle research and provide considerations and directions for future research in this space within team sports.
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23

Kühn, Shafreena, Andrej Wehle, Marcus Kiehlmann, and Ulrich Michael Rieger. "Patientenzufriedenheit nach geschlechtsangleichender Mastektomie in Frau-zu-Mann-transidenten Patienten – eine Analyse unter Verwendung eines modifizierten BREAST-Q-Fragebogens." Handchirurgie · Mikrochirurgie · Plastische Chirurgie 53, no. 06 (December 2021): 564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1640-0295.

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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die Mastektomie ist essenzieller Bestandteil der geschlechtsangleichenden Operationen in der Gruppe Frau-zu-Mann(FM)-transidenter Patienten. Einschlägige Studien zeigen eine hohe Patientenzufriedenheit in dieser Kohorte, allerdings etablierte sich bisher kein standardisiertes Verfahren zur Evaluation der Effektivität. Methoden Anhand des etablierten Breast-Q-Fragebogens entwickelten wir eine modifizierte Version unter Berücksichtigung spezifischer Fragestellungen hinsichtlich FM-transidenter Patienten. Demnach erfolgte die Anpassung aller Fragen, welche gezielt die Physiologie von Cis-Frauen adressieren. Im Sinne eines „One-Group Post-Test Only“-Designs kontaktierten wir Patienten nach stattgehabter Mastektomie im Zeitraum von 1991 bis 2017 und evaluierten die Ergebnisse des Fragebogens von insgesamt 28 Patienten. Letzterer beinhaltet 57 Fragen hinsichtlich der grundlegenden Zufriedenheit mit der Brustregion, ebenso wie spezifische Fragen zur Zufriedenheit mit dem Mamillen-Areola-Komplex und hinterfragt Themen wie Erwartungen, Selbstbewusstsein, Sexualleben und Bedauern nach erfolgter Mastektomie. Ergebnisse Insgesamt zeigte sich ein hohes Maß an Patientenzufriedenheit nach stattgehabter Mastektomie. Alle befragten Patienten würden den Eingriff wiederholen und nur wenige äußerten Bedauern. Konklusion Die Mastektomie spielt eine entscheidende Rolle hinsichtlich geschlechtsangleichender Eingriffe bei Trans-Männern und zeigt eine hohe postoperative Zufriedenheit als Ausdruck einer Lebensqualitätsverbesserung.
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24

Young, Jeffrey L., and Joel M. Press. "The Physiologic Basis of Sports Rehabilitation." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 5, no. 1 (February 1994): 9–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-9651(18)30536-9.

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25

Hoffman, Martin D. "State of the Science—Ultraendurance Sports." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 6 (September 2016): 831–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0472.

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Participation in ultraendurance sports has been increasing in recent years. This participation growth has been associated with an increase in research focused on such events. While the total amount of research related to these sports remains relatively small compared with other sports, the research growth is encouraging. New sources for research funding for ultraendurance sports should advance the science. In addition to continued opportunities with observational studies, promising areas of investigation remain for experimental studies and research that uses ultraendurance-sport environments as models for studies relevant to wider populations. Insight into the breadth of research opportunities in ultraendurance sports can be gained by reviewing the abstracts published online in the International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance from the annual Medicine & Science in Ultra-Endurance Sports Conference that took place this year in Chamonix, France.
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26

Malone, James J. "Sport science internships for learning: a critical view." Advances in Physiology Education 41, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00098.2017.

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Sport science has gained vast popularity with students who have an interest in both physiology and the underpinning mechanisms of exercise concerning performance and health. The high numbers of graduates each year, coupled with the low number of graduate positions working in sports, has led to a high level of competition between students. To stand out from the crowd, sport science students may undertake an internship placement as part of their course, designed to enhance theoretical, practical, and soft skills in an applied setting. In the present article, we highlight some of the positives and negatives of sport science internships and ways in which they can be implemented and facilitated. Suggestions have also been provided to make students more aware of the reality of working in professional sports, which includes awareness of the potential for long and unsociable hours of work.
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27

Jullien, Hugues, Valérie Amiard, and Said Ahmaidi. "Le test navette de 20 m adapté au football : un indicateur du potentiel physiologique et des habiletés techniques du joueur." STAPS 21, no. 53 (2000): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/staps.2000.1180.

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La validation d’un test d’évaluation au football est difficile compte tenu de la technicité de ce sport et du nombre de groupes musculaires, mis en jeu. A partir du test Léger Lambert de 20 m par palier d’une minute, un test Léger-foot fut proposé à neuf footballeurs appartenant à une section sport-études. D’une moyenne d’âge de 16 ans, d’une taille de 175 cm ± 6 et d’un poids de 66 kg ± 5, ces sportifs ont une charge d’entraînement de 15 heures hebdomadaire. Respectant parfaitement le protocole d’exécution du Léger et Lambert (1982), ces jeunes devaient enchaîner conduite de balle, dribble, passe et tir. Lors de ce test, on relevait la fréquence cardiaque (Fc), le numéro du palier atteint qui nous indiquait la vitesse maximale aérobie (VMA) et la consommation maximale d’oxygène (V02 max), les valeurs de l’échelle de perception de l’effort de Borg et le nombre de fautes techniques effectuées. Les sujets après avoir réalisé les deux tests, ont réalisé un programme d’entraînement foncier de 6 semaines dont les effets seraient appréciés par les deux tests. A l’issue de ce travail, les deux tests Léger et Lambert (1982) et Léger foot étaient de nouveau proposés aux footballeurs, ce qui nous permettait de comparer les résultats obtenus entre les 2 tests avant et après entraînement. Avant entraînement, on peut remarquer qu’en dehors de la fréquence cardiaque maximale, toutes les valeurs des paramètres physiologiques sont plus élevées au Léger et Lambert (1982) qu’au Léger foot, sauf l’impression d’effort qui est moindre au Léger foot. Après la période d’entraînement, on constate la même évolution entre les deux tests, cependant il apparaît qu’au Léger foot, les progrès sont plus significatifs notamment au niveau de la VMA qui passe de 10 à 11 km.h-1 soit 10 % d’amélioration. Cette VMA représente l’indicateur de terrain pratique pour l’entraîneur, qui dans le cadre de ce test correspond à la physiologie et à la technicité spécifique du footballeur. Le V02 max du test Léger foot s’est significativement amélioré après entraînement (+18%) par rapport à celui du Léger Lambert (+5%). Il est à noter que l’impression d’effort est beaucoup moins élevée au Léger foot qu’au Léger et Lambert (1982) pour un effort fourni beaucoup plus intense. L’objectif du test Léger foot est d’apporter le maximum d’informations utiles et utilisables au joueur et à son entraîneur en respectant la spécificité du football.
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28

Reeves, Nathan E., Carly Ryan, and Kade Davison. "Clinical Exercise Physiology Accreditation: An Audit of Existing Standards." Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31189/2165-6193-12.3.87.

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Abstract Background Health professions such as clinical exercise physiology are founded on a set of standards that outline base level knowledge, skills, and competencies to define the roles and scope of practice of the profession. Despite the practice of clinical exercise physiology having many common features regardless of the country in which it is conveyed, a harmonized set of international standards does not exist. The aim of this study was to systematically audit the professional standards for the 5 countries recognized as having existing national certification systems for clinical exercise physiology. Method: The audit process was conducted using a modified scoping review protocol based on the documentation provided by the American College of Sports Medicine, Exercise and Sports Science Australia, British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, and Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand. Two reviewers independently extracted data from the standards documents, and results were cross-checked by relevant experts from each jurisdiction. Results: Commonality of themes was found for 60% of all content extracted. The overall coverage of themes was 60%, 67%, 76%, 88%, and 98% from New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, respectively. Conclusion: A common core of themes is covered by all current national standards for clinical exercise physiology across the 5 nations audited but only variable coverage in the remaining 40%. These findings are important for understanding the differences in current training and certification of clinical exercise physiology professionals and how this might influence the internationalization of the profession.
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29

Alcaraz, Pedro E., Elena Marín-Cascales, Anthony J. Blazevich, Tomás T. Freitas, Olyvia Donti, Konstantinos Spyrou, and Gregory C. Bogdanis. "SCS 6th Annual Meeting—EEVFA—11th International Congress of Biochemistry and Physiology of Exercise, Athens, Greece, 2023." Sports 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2024): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports12050126.

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On behalf of the Strength and Conditioning Society (SCS) and the Hellenic Society of Biochemistry and Exercise Physiology (EEVFA), we are pleased to present the abstracts of the SCS 6th Annual Meeting and EEVFA—11th International Congress of Biochemistry and Physiology of Exercise. The event was held at the Hellenic Olympic Committee headquarters in Athens, Greece, on 19–22 October 2023, and comprised several invited sessions from international and national speakers on a variety of topics related to biochemistry and exercise physiology, strength and conditioning practices and their application to health, injury prevention and sports performance. These included strength training in high-performance sports, sport science and training–competition load management in elite environments, biochemistry and exercise physiology and prescription, nutrition and biomechanics, among others. The conference also included different practical workshops conducted by renowned academics and practitioners on eccentric training, change of direction ability and strength and power training in professional team-sports, and ergospirometry and exercise prescription in specific populations. Finally, the event disseminated up-to-date strength and conditioning research by providing practitioners and researchers with the opportunity to present their most recent findings. In this regard, all abstracts of the communications presented at the SCS 6th Annual Meeting—EEVFA—11th International Congress of Biochemistry and Physiology of Exercise can be found in this Conference Report.
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Onny Siagian, Ade. "Dampak Bentuk Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw Dan Motivasi Belajar Terhadap Prestasi Belajar di Universitas Bhayangkara." INSPIREE: Indonesian Sport Innovation Review 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53905/inspiree.v2i1.31.

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The purpose of the study. To find out: a) The effect of the Jigsaw cooperative learning bentuk on learning achievement in sports physiology. b) The influence of motivation on learning achievement in Sports Physiology. c) The interaction between the Jigsaw cooperative learning bentuk and motivation on learning achievement in Sports Physiology. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from April to December 2019. The population was students of the Department of Sport Science and Sports Coaching, Faculty of Sports and Health, Bhayangkara University Greater Jakarta. The sample is the third semester students consisting of two classes, namely class A as treatment and class B as control. Because the population is small, there is no sampling. Data collection techniques using motivation questionnaires and learning achievement tests. The data analysis technique used two-way analysis of variance. Results. The results The results of the analysis a) The learning achievement of students taught with the Jigsaw cooperative learning bentuk (mean = 60.81) was better than students taught with the conventional bentuk (mean = 60.21) obtained a statistical value of 7.234 with a significance of 0.002. b) The learning achievement of students with high motivation (mean = 71.05) is better than students who study with low motivation (mean = 50.00) obtained a statistical value of 146.905 with a significance of 0.000. c) There is an interaction of influence between learning bentuks and motivation in increasing learning achievement in the Sports Physiology course, the statistical value is 12.342 with a significance of 0.001. Conclusions. So from the results of this study it can be concluded that the Jigsaw type of cooperative learning bentuk is better than the conventional bentuk, and high learning motivation is better than low learning motivation
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31

Mustelin, L., A. Latvala, K. H. Pietiläinen, P. Piirilä, A. R. Sovijärvi, U. M. Kujala, A. Rissanen, and J. Kaprio. "Associations between sports participation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and adiposity in young adult twins." Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 3 (March 2011): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00753.2010.

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Exercise behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity are strongly influenced by genetic factors. By studying young adult twins, we examined to what extent these interrelated traits have shared genetic and environmental etiologies. We studied 304 twin individuals selected from the population-based FinnTwin16 study. Physical activity was assessed with the Baecke questionnaire, yielding three indexes: sport index, leisure-time index, and work index. In this study, we focused on sport index, which describes sports participation. Body composition was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and cardiorespiratory fitness using a bicycle ergometer exercise test with gas exchange analysis. The Baecke sport index was associated with high maximal oxygen uptake adjusted for lean body mass (V̇o2max[adj]) ( r = 0.40), with low body fat percentage (BF%) ( r = −0.44) and low waist circumference (WC) ( r = −0.29). Heritability estimates for the key traits were as follows: 56% for sport index, 71% for V̇o2max[adj], 77% for body mass index, 66% for WC, and 68% for BF%. The association between sport index and V̇o2max was mostly explained by genetic factors (70%), as were both the association between sport index and BF% (71%) and that between sport index and WC (59%). Our results suggest that genetic factors explain a considerable part of the associations between sports participation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity.
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32

Dadelo, Stanislav. "THE ANALYSIS OF SPORTS AND THEIR COMMUNICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CREATIVE INDUSTRIES." Creativity Studies 13, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.12206.

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The emergence of the phenomenon of sports is closely associated with the processes of communication. Sport is a social phenomenon, which solves a number of various tasks. The integrity and popularity of sport promoted the emergence and development of sport industry, integrating all human activities. The sport industry is changing with the changes in social and technological development. It is aimed at satisfying the needs of the society at various levels (i.e. personal, group, social, national and international levels). Sport helps to solve the tasks of personal growth. The analysis of sport and the basic elements of the sport industry allows for assessing the importance and determining the stages of the sport industry’s development. The phenomenon of sport and the associated industry needs a thorough study, including seemingly unrelated areas (i.e. education, physiology, psychology, law, economy, communication, culture, technologies, etc.).
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33

Rotunno, A., D. C. Janse van Rensburg, C. C. Grant, and A. Jansen van Rensburg. "Corticosteroids in sports-related injuries: Friend or Foe." South African Family Practice 58, no. 6 (December 16, 2016): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v58i6.4560.

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Corticosteroids act as potent anti-inflammatory drugs and have been used in various sport settings for the treatment of both acute and chronic injuries. Basic physiology and mechanisms of action for gluco- and mineralocorticoids are discussed. Methods of administration, the action on the inflammatory response, and potential short and long-term side effects of corticosteroid use are also deliberated. More specifically, corticosteroid use in the treatment and management of sport-related injuries are discussed, elucidating on the ethical boundaries and anti-doping regulations pertaining to corticosteroid use in sports, as well as putting forth suggestions for the use of local steroid injections and their contraindications. In conclusion, it was found that, despite some controversy in the use of corticosteroid treatment in the sports environment, little empirical evidence exists that could conclusively rule for or against its use. It is however clear that, if clinically justified, there is a significant role for corticosteroid treatment in the realm of sports injury and notably with a relatively low risk profile, if administered correctly.
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34

de Borja, Celina, Cindy J. Chang, Rhonda Watkins, and Carlin Senter. "Optimizing Health and Athletic Performance for Women." Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 15, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12178-021-09735-2.

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Abstract Purpose of Review The exponential growth of women participating in competitive sports throughout the years was made possible through several initiatives by the International Olympic Committee and the passage and implementation of Title IX as a federal law in the United States. However, this positive trend towards gender equity in sports has not transpired for women in medicine, especially in fields that care for elite athletes. This current review will discuss specific areas that can be tailored to help female athletes prevent injuries and optimize their athletic performance. We will also highlight how increased female team physician representation in sports may help optimize care for female athletes. Recent Findings Female athletes are considered high risk for certain conditions such as ACL tears, patellofemoral pain syndrome, bone stress injuries, sport-related concussions, and sexual violence in sport. Addressing factors specific to female athletes has been found to be valuable in preventing injuries. Strength and conditioning can optimize athletic performance but remains underutilized among female athletes. Although diversity in healthcare workforce has been found to be beneficial for multiple reasons, women remain underrepresented in sports medicine. Increasing female team physician representation may positively impact care for female athletes. Summary Team physicians must understand the physiologic, biomechanical, and anatomic factors that are unique to female athletes in order to tailor injury prevention programs and optimize their athletic performance. Advocating for gender equity in sports medicine to advance representation of women in the field will increase workforce diversity and promote excellence in sports medicine care.
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Aralova, Nataliya, Larisa Shakhlina, Albina Aralova, Svetlana Kalytka, Olga Roda, and Liliya Vasylchenko. "AUTOMATED WORKPLACES FOR FUNCTIONAL DIAGNOSTICS OF ATHLETES." Journal of Automation and Information sciences 4 (July 1, 2021): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34229/1028-0979-2021-4-13.

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One of the most important tasks in modern sport's training for the sport of highest achievements is the ability to control the state of the athlete's body in the process of training and competitive activities. For this purpose, the use of systems registering and analyzing information about the functional capabilities of an athlete in the dynamics of his activity, allows you to provide an individual approach when planning and correcting training loads. This is especially important for medical and pedagogical examination. The development of methods and means for increasing physical performance and, in particular, in the practice of high-performance sports, is one of the most important principles of modern sports medicine, physiology of labor and sports. In the practice of modern sports medicine, when carrying out mass examinations of athletes, the approach based on the proposed A.Z. Kolchinskaya concept on the regulation of the body's oxygen regimes, which allows to give a general characteristic of gas homeostasis, to diagnose the main syndromes associated with disorders of the transport of respiratory gases in the body, to assess the functional state of the body at all stages of the annual cycle of sports training and during the post-exercise recovery period. Since this work is associated with a large number of calculations and subsequent processing of the information received, it is necessary to use modern means of modern information support. Thus, the automated information system (AIS) for the functional diagnostics of athletes allows many times to speed up the processing of data obtained during the examination of athletes, centrally accumulate information for its preprocessing, storage and collective use of the AIS, is equipped with convenient services for graphical and tabular presentation of data, allows analyzing the dynamics of functional the state of athletes in the annual cycle of their training, as well as at the stage of the 4-year training Olympic cycle.
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Cheung, Roy, Andrew Smith, and Del Wong. "H:Q Ratios and Bilateral Leg Strength in College Field and Court Sports Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0045-1.

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H:Q Ratios and Bilateral Leg Strength in College Field and Court Sports PlayersOne of the key components in sports injury prevention is the identification of imbalances in leg muscle strength. However, different leg muscle characteristics may occur in large playing area (field) sports and small playing area (court) sports, which should be considered in regular injury prevention assessment. This study examined the isokinetic hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratio and bilateral leg strength balance in 40 male college (age: 23.4 ±2.5 yrs) team sport players (field sport=23, soccer players; court sport=17, volleyball and basketball players). Five repetitions of maximal knee concentric flexion and concentric extension were performed on an isokinetic dynamometer at two speeds (slow: 60°·s-1and fast: 300°·s-1) with 3 minutes rest between tests. Both legs were measured in counterbalanced order with the dominant leg being determined as the leg used to kick a ball. The highest concentric peak torque values (Nm) of the hamstrings and quadriceps of each leg were analyzed after body mass normalization (Nm·kg-1). Court sport players showed significantly weaker dominant leg hamstrings muscles at both contraction speeds (P < 0.05). The H:Q ratio was significantly larger in field players in their dominant leg at 60°·s-1(P < 0.001), and their non-dominant leg at 300°·s-1(P < 0.001) respectively. Sport-specific leg muscle strength was evident in college players from field and court sports. These results suggest the need for different muscle strength training and rehabilitation protocols for college players according to the musculature requirements in their respective sports.
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Sanborn, Charlotte F., and Catherine M. Jankowski. "Physiologic Considerations for Women in Sport." Clinics in Sports Medicine 13, no. 2 (April 1994): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)30332-x.

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Purbangkara, Tedi, and Asep Pratama. "Student Motivation in Learning Sports Faal Science Courses." Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 1834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33487/edumaspul.v6i2.4459.

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This research is motivated by the many shortcomings that appear, such as students are reluctant to take part in this sport physiology course for various reasons and factors so that both in terms of achieving educational goals, increasing student fitness and developing student movement skills it becomes difficult to fulfill and the learning methods applied. by the lecturer at the location where the activity took place which made students lazy to take part in learning sports physiology courses again, so that students were very enthusiastic and afraid (worried) every time the learning of sports physiology courses took place. This study aims to determine the level of motivation of students at Singaperbangsa Karawang University, Health and Recreational Physical Education Study Program. The design of this research is descriptive research. The method used in this research is a survey method. The population in this study were Semester 3 students at Singaperbangsa University Karawang, Health and Recreational Physical Education Study Program. The subjects used in this study were 100 Semester 3 students. The data collection technique was a questionnaire (questionnaire). The results showed that the level of motivation of Semester 3 students at Singaperbangsa Karawang University Physical Education and Recreation Study Program towards learning sports physiology subjects was in the LESS category with a percentage of 55.45%. Intrinsic motivation with sub-indicators which include Belief, Desire, and Self-confidence has a percentage of 54.84% in the LESS category. For extrinsic motivation with sub indicators which include Environment, Family, and Association has a percentage of 55.98% in LESS.
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Lambert, Victoria, Aaron Carbuhn, Amy Culp, Jennifer Ketterly, Becci Twombley, and Dana White. "Interassociation Consensus Statement on Sports Nutrition Models for the Provision of Nutrition Services From Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in Collegiate Athletics." Journal of Athletic Training 57, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0157.22.

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Collegiate athletic programs are increasingly adding nutrition services to interdisciplinary sports medicine and sports performance departments in response to scientific evidence highlighting nutrition's integral role in supporting athletic performance and overall health. Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) specializing in sports dietetics (ie, sports RDNs) and credentialed Board-certified Specialists in Sports Dietetics (CSSDs) are the preferred nutrition service providers for these programs. Their extensive training and proficiency in medical nutrition therapy, education and behavioral counseling, food-service management, exercise physiology, physical performance, and administration, as defined by the “Standards of Practice and “Standards of Professional Performance” for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in Sports Nutrition and Human Performance,” make these practitioners uniquely qualified to deliver the breadth of care required in the collegiate setting. Therefore, this document, guided by a multidisciplinary panel, introduces 4 sports nutrition models through which any collegiate athletic program can deliver sports RDN-directed nutrition services. In each model, the most effective staffing and scope of service are indicated and reviewed. In addition, recommended organizational structures for sports RDNs are provided that best support the delivery of the model's nutrition services in a variety of collegiate athletic programs and organizational settings. Lastly, future research initiatives and nutrition interventions to help improve the standard of care through these sport nutrition models are explored.
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Agarwal, Bela, Shrutika Dilip Parab, Oshin Amberkar, and Rajani Mullerpatan. "Effect of 12-week sports intervention programme on physical fitness and sports performance in individuals with spinal cord injury." Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67 (March 29, 2023): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_332_2022.

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Objectives: Inactivity in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) results in low physical fitness, cardiopulmonary endurance and poor quality of life. Sports participation is known to enhance physical fitness. Therefore, the present study evaluated effect of a structured, 12-week MGM Sports Intervention for Sports Intervention Program for SCI (SPISI) on physical fitness and throw-ball performance in individuals with SCI. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at MGM School of Physiotherapy and Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation centre in Navi Mumbai, India. Following ethical approval, 15 individuals with SCI (80% males and 20% females mean age 33.1 ± 7.2 years) were recruited. Upper-extremity explosive power (medicine-ball-throw), agility (t-test), cardiorespiratory endurance (incremental shuttle wheelchair propulsion test) and ball-throwing capacity (maximal-pass test) were evaluated pre- and post-12-week sports intervention programme (SPISI). The protocol involved strength training of upper extremity training at 50% 1 repetition maximum and participation in throw-ball sport. Results: Following training, increase in upper extremity explosive power (11%), cardiopulmonary endurance (5%), agility (8%) and ball-throwing capacity in distance (7%) (P < 0.05) was observed. The large effect size was observed for sports performance (maximal-pass test distance-Cohen’s d 1.261), moderate for cardiorespiratory endurance (incremental wheelchair propulsion test distance Cohen’s d 0.517) and upper extremity explosive power (medicine-ball throw distance 0.593). Increment in all outcome variables was greater than minimal clinically important difference. Conclusion: Sports intervention programme (SPISI) for 12 weeks brought about minimal clinically important difference in upper-extremity explosive power, agility, cardiorespiratory endurance and sport-specific performance and should be included as an integral component of rehabilitation of individuals with SCI.
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Timchyk, S. G., and V. O. Dmitriev. "Exercises for fitness in physical education classes at the Department of Athletics." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 6(137) (June 22, 2021): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.6(137).26.

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Fitness is, first of all, a healthy way of life. Fitness is a person's response to the growth of life. The desire to be in shape is a natural desire, especially relevant now that illness and bad habits have become a real luxury. Fitness - a chance to change the quality of life without radicalism and excessive effort; the most perfect training system to date, which has absorbed all the most effective methods of "body education" (Medina EN 2000). There is no single and final definition of fitness. There is still a discrepancy even in the spelling of the word "fitness". The English language often uses the expression "To be fit", which can be translated as "to be in shape". In the textbook (Hawley ET, Franks BD 2000) "Health Fitness" you can read the following definition of different categories of fitness: general fitness - is the pursuit of optimal quality of life, including social, mental, spiritual and physical components. The term "positive health" is also used. Physical culture, being one of the facets of general culture, largely determines human behavior at work, in education, in everyday life, in communication. The development of physical culture and sports is one of the most important components of a strong social policy that can ensure the real implementation of humanistic ideals, values and norms, open a wide space for identifying people's abilities, meeting their interests and needs. Nowadays, sport has become more and more part of people's lives. Deep study of human physiology makes theoretical justifications in sports. Trainings are thought over so that they most organically fit into the general vital activity of a human body. Classes began not only to be guided by the principle of "do no harm", but also seeks to bring the greatest benefit to man. Probably, it is possible to notice that one of theoretically the most substantiated kinds of sports now becomes fitness. It should also be noted that fitness is a sport that, in addition to physical satisfaction, brings moral satisfaction. Nowadays, sport has become more and more part of people's lives. Deep study of human physiology makes theoretical justifications in sports. Trainings are thought over so that they most organically fit into the general vital activity of a human body. Classes began not only to be guided by the principle of "do no harm", but also seeks to bring the greatest benefit to man. Probably, it is possible to notice that one of theoretically the most substantiated kinds of sports now becomes fitness. It should also be noted that fitness is a sport that, in addition to physical satisfaction, brings moral satisfaction.
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Eichberg, Henning. "Laughter in popular games and in sport. The other health of human play." Gesnerus 70, no. 1 (November 11, 2013): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07001009.

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Hurling in Cornwall, la soule in Britanny, Shrovetide football in England: Popular games have normally been treated as forerunners of modern sport, sport having regulated the space and the time of the game, the (non-) violence of behaviour, the control of results, the planning, strategy, tactics, techniques and evaluation of the competitive action. This is told as a story of social improvement and progress – and about turning unhealthy wildness into civilized ‘healthy’ sport activity. What sociological analysis of game-playing tended to ignore was the laughter of the participants. With the seriousness of modern sport, as it was established in the nineteenth century, a culture of laughter disappeared. This study tries to counter this mainstream by a pheno - menology of laughter in popular games. A contrasting attention is turned towards the seriousness of sporting competition, the smile in modern sport and fitness, and the ‘underground’ dimension of laughter in modern sports. By comparative analysis, laughter reveals as a bodily discourse about the imperfect human being. It tells an oppositional story about the perfectionism in the order of Western thinking – in sports as well as in health. The bodily ‘physiology’ of laughter, the exploding psychical energy, and the inter-bodily social relations in laughter and play and game point towards the multi - dimensionality of health, as it was formulated by WHO: as “physical, mental, and social well-being”.
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Park, Joon-Hyuk, Chitra Banarjee, Jirui Fu, Cynthia White-Williams, Rachel Coel, Tracy Zaslow, Holly Benjamin, Florianne Silva, Rock Vomer, and George Pujalte. "Youth athletes and wearable technology." F1000Research 13 (November 18, 2024): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156207.1.

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Wearable sensors have become integral tools for monitoring biomechanical and physiologic aspects of athletic training and performance. A prominent trend in fitness technology, wearable devices now measure a variety of health characteristics, including movement and posture, physiologic measures (eg, heart rate and energy expenditure), and fluid and electrolyte losses, to understand an athlete’s physiologic responses during activity. Sleep has proven integral to athletic performance, and sleep monitoring wearable devices (eg, watches, rings, and headbands) use various measures, such as actigraphy and pulse oximetry, to analyze sleep quality. Young athletes benefit from wearable devices during training sessions, where multimodal data are collected and analyzed to assess performance. Wearable devices are also useful for resistance training, biofeedback, and electrical muscle stimulation, providing athletes with tools to optimize their training regimens. Moreover, these devices play a crucial role in athlete safety by monitoring cardiac physiology, head impacts, and muscle rehabilitation after injury. We provide a comprehensive review of current wearable technology and its application in youth athletics, describe where and how these sensors are used to help enhance physiologic, biomechanical, and performance parameters, and discuss future directions for wearable devices to advance sports science and athlete management.
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Bădescu, Delia, Nicoleta Zaharie, Iulian Stoian, Mircea Bădescu, and Cristian Stanciu. "A Narrative Review of the Link between Sport and Technology." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 16265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316265.

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Background: Research on the application of technology in sports in Romania is completely lacking, and the existing studies at the international level have mainly been carried out in recent years. We considered it appropriate to highlight the best practice models of technology application in sports that can be multiplied, adapted, improved, and widely used. The paper aims to identify the use of technology and devices in sports, with an emphasis on their role in training and competitions with the aim of improving sports performance, to provide sports specialists, organizations, and authorities with a wide range of information regarding the connection between sport and technology. The results obtained regarding the application of technology in sports refer mainly to the following: techniques and technologies used in training and competition (portable localization technology and global positioning systems (GPS); Virtual Reality (VR) technology; video analysis; digital technologies integrated into sports training); aspects of sports training targeted through the use of technology (use of technology for athlete health, recovery, and injury management; use of technology for monitoring sports performance and various body indicators); training optimization and ecological dynamics and the sustainable development of sports. Conclusions: Unitary research, at a European or even global level, in a uniform theoretical and practical framework, could lead to much more efficient training with large increases in sports performance. The coaches and specialists working with the athlete determine the specificity of some elements of the training, depending on the characteristics of each athlete. Large clubs could become a factor in generating and disseminating knowledge related to training and competition monitoring, sports performance enhancement, and health, recovery, and injury management. Research directions for the use of technology in sport and the formation of connections with other fields can be extended. For example, combined technologies assisted by specialized software can be used. Creativity must be the starting point for the use and combination of existing technologies in sports and for the creation of new ones. Their creation and use involve the teamwork of athletes, coaches, and specialists from different fields, such as sports, physiology, psychology, biomechanics, informatics, etc.
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Williams, Melvin H. "The Use of Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Sports: Is It an Ethical Issue?" International Journal of Sport Nutrition 4, no. 2 (June 1994): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.2.120.

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As nutritional technology advanced, scientists have been able to synthesize and manufacture all known nutrients, and many of their metabolic by-products, essential to human physiology. Many of these substances are theorized to possess ergogenic potential when take in quantities or forms normally not found in typical foods or diets. Research, although limited in most cases, supports the ergogenicity of some nutrients (e.g., creatine) when consumed in substantial amounts, suggesting such nutrients may function as drugs or nutraceuticals. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) doping legislation stipulates that any physiologic substance taken in abnormal quantity with the intention of artificially and unfairly increasing performance should be construed as doping, violating the ethics of sport performance. Given this stipulation, the IOC and other athletic-governing organizations should consider the legality and ethics underlying the use of ergogenic nutraceuticals in sport.
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Burke, Louise M. "Caffeine and sports performance." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 6 (December 2008): 1319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-130.

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Athletes are among the groups of people who are interested in the effects of caffeine on endurance and exercise capacity. Although many studies have investigated the effect of caffeine ingestion on exercise, not all are suited to draw conclusions regarding caffeine and sports performance. Characteristics of studies that can better explore the issues of athletes include the use of well-trained subjects, conditions that reflect actual practices in sport, and exercise protocols that simulate real-life events. There is a scarcity of field-based studies and investigations involving elite performers. Researchers are encouraged to use statistical analyses that consider the magnitude of changes, and to establish whether these are meaningful to the outcome of sport. The available literature that follows such guidelines suggests that performance benefits can be seen with moderate amounts (~3 mg·kg–1 body mass) of caffeine. Furthermore, these benefits are likely to occur across a range of sports, including endurance events, stop-and-go events (e.g., team and racquet sports), and sports involving sustained high-intensity activity lasting from 1–60 min (e.g., swimming, rowing, and middle and distance running races). The direct effects on single events involving strength and power, such as lifts, throws, and sprints, are unclear. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the range of protocols (timing and amount of doses) that produce benefits and the range of sports to which these may apply. Individual responses, the politics of sport, and the effects of caffeine on other goals, such as sleep, hydration, and refuelling, also need to be considered.
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Wang, Zheng. "Causes and preventive measures of knee injuries in table tennis players." Theoretical and Natural Science 17, no. 1 (December 4, 2023): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/17/20240633.

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Table tennis, as the national sport of China, is widely practiced throughout the country and takes a leading position in the international arena. With the rapid development of table tennis, many excellent athletes have emerged. Since athletes are under high load in training for a long time, sports injuries are almost unavoidable, especially knee injuries, which have the greatest impact on athletes. Therefore, correctly recognizing the causes of knee injuries and mastering the corresponding preventive measures is an important topic. In this paper, we take the literature method and mathematical statistics method as the main research method, combine the knowledge of sports training science and sports physiology to introduce the parts and degree of knee injuries, analyze the causes of knee injuries according to the characteristics of table tennis, and put forward relevant suggestions, so as to help athletes effectively avoid knee injuries, improve the level of competitiveness, and contribute to the development of Chinas table tennis industry.
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Gałązka, Jakub. "The potential usage of thyroid hormones as sport doping - a mini-review." Quality in Sport 8, no. 3 (December 19, 2022): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/qs.2022.08.03.007.

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A thyroid gland is one of the most important organs of a human body. Thyroid hormones, at least in physiological concentration, have anabolic features. The aid of this review is to summarize knowledge on potential usage of thyroid hormones in sport doping. Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in skeletal muscles physiology. The exposition to T3 and T4 may improve myogenesis, muscles regeneration and muscles blood blow. In a long-time perspective, those hormones may help in reducing body weight. According to those mechanisms, thyroid hormones may be considered as a plausible agent in sport doping. However WADA guidelines does not include T3 or T4 in a list o sport doping substances, the debate on their inclusion is on-going, and the physicians should be aware of thyroid hormones effects on human metabolism from sports medicine perspective.
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Best, Russ, Jane M. Williams, and Jeni Pearce. "The Physiological Requirements of and Nutritional Recommendations for Equestrian Riders." Nutrients 15, no. 23 (November 30, 2023): 4977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15234977.

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Equestrian sport is under-researched within the sport science literature, creating a possible knowledge vacuum for athletes and support personnel wishing to train and perform in an evidence-based manner. This review aims to synthesise available evidence from equitation, sport, and veterinary sciences to describe the pertinent rider physiology of equestrian disciplines. Estimates of energy expenditure and the contribution of underpinning energy systems to equestrian performance are used to provide nutrition and hydration recommendations for competition and training in equestrian disciplines. Relative energy deficiency and disordered eating are also considered. The practical challenges of the equestrian environment, including competitive, personal, and professional factors, injury and concussion, and female participation, are discussed to better highlight novelty within equestrian disciplines compared to more commonly studied sports. The evidence and recommendations are supported by example scenarios, and future research directions are outlined.
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Satarasinghe, Praveen, D. Kojo Hamilton, Robert J. Buchanan, and Michael T. Koltz. "Unifying Pathophysiological Explanations for Sports-Related Concussion and Concussion Protocol Management: Literature Review." Journal of Experimental Neuroscience 13 (January 2019): 117906951882412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179069518824125.

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Objective: There is a plethora of theories about the pathophysiology behind a sport-related concussion. In this review of the literature, the authors evaluated studies on the pathophysiology of sport-related concussion and professional athlete return-to-play guidelines. The goal of this article is to summarize the most common hypotheses for sport-related concussion, evaluate if there are common underlying mechanisms, and determine if correlations are seen between published mechanisms and the most current return-to-play recommendations. Methods: Two authors selected papers from the past 5 years for literature review involving discussion of sport-related concussion and pathophysiology, pathology, or physiology of concussion using mutually agreed-upon search criteria. After the articles were filtered based on search criteria, pathophysiological explanations for concussion were organized into tables. Following analysis of pathophysiology, concussion protocols and return-to-play guidelines were obtained via a Google search for the major professional sports leagues and synthesized into a summary table. Results: Out of 1112 initially identified publications, 53 met our criteria for qualitative analysis. The 53 studies revealed 5 primary neuropathological explanations for sport-related concussion, regardless of the many theories talked about in the different papers. These 5 explanations, in order of predominance in the articles analyzed, were (1) tauopathy, (2) white matter changes, (3) neural connectivity alterations, (4) reduction in cerebral perfusion, and (5) gray matter atrophy. Pathology may be sport specific: white matter changes are seen in 47% of football reports, tauopathy is seen in 50% of hockey reports, and soccer reports 50% tauopathy as well as 50% neural connectivity alterations. Analysis of the return-to-play guidelines across professional sports indicated commonalities in concussion management despite individual policies. Conclusions: Current evidence on pathophysiology for sport-related concussion does not yet support one unifying mechanism, but published hypotheses may potentially be simplified into 5 primary groups. The unification of the complex, likely multifactorial mechanisms for sport-related concussion to a few common explanations, combined with unique findings within individual sports presented in this report, may help filter and link concussion pathophysiology in sport. By doing so, the authors hope that this review will help guide future concussion research, treatment, and management.
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