Journal articles on the topic 'Sports performance metrics'
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Nindl, Bradley C., Dianna P. Jaffin, Michael N. Dretsch, Samuel N. Cheuvront, Nancy J. Wesensten, Michael L. Kent, Neil E. Grunberg, et al. "Human Performance Optimization Metrics." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29 (November 2015): S221—S245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001114.
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Raysmith, Benjamin, Jenny Jacobsson, Michael Drew, and Toomas Timpka. "What Is Performance? A Scoping Review of Performance Outcomes as Study Endpoints in Athletics." Sports 7, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7030066.
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Purpose: This review set out to summarise, define, and provide future direction towards the use of performance outcome measures as endpoints in research performed at international benchmark events in athletics. Methods: Scoping review methodology was applied through a search of the PubMed and Sports Discus databases and a systematic article selection procedure. Articles that met the inclusion criteria underwent triage for further quantitative and qualitative analysis. A concept chart was generated to describe the methods by which performance had been measured and introduce descriptive labels for theoretical and practical application. Results: None of 2972 articles primarily identified from the database search met the triage standards for quantitative data extraction. Eleven articles were included in a qualitative analysis. The analysis identified the common methods by which performance has been measured, reported and analysed. The resulting concept chart collates labels from the qualitative analysis (categories, themes, and constructs) with sports practice labels (performance metrics, framework, and analysis). Conclusions: The state of knowledge concerning methods to employ performance metrics as endpoints in studies performed at major competitions in athletics has been summarised. Constructing a methodology that combines the performance metric variables (continuous and ordinal) that are currently utilised as endpoints remains a challenge.
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Petersen, Alexander M., and Orion Penner. "Renormalizing individual performance metrics for cultural heritage management of sports records." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 136 (July 2020): 109821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109821.
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Favorov, Oleg V., Eric Francisco, Jameson Holden, Olcay Kursun, Laila Zai, and Mark Tommerdahl. "Quantification of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury via Cortical Metrics: Analytical Methods." Military Medicine 184, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2019): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy411.
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Abstract Mild traumatic brain injuries are difficult to diagnose or assess with commonly used diagnostic methods. However, the functional state of cerebral cortical networks can be rapidly and effectively probed by measuring tactile-based sensory percepts (called cortical metrics), which are designed to exercise various components of cortical machinery. In this study, such cortical metrics were obtained from 52 college students before and after they experienced sports-related concussions by delivering vibrotactile stimuli to the index and middle fingertips. Performance on four of the sensory test protocols is described: reaction time, amplitude discrimination, temporal order judgment, and duration discrimination. The collected test performance data were analyzed using methods of uni- and multivariate statistics, receiver operated characteristic (ROC) curves, and discriminant analysis. While individual cortical metrics vary extensively in their ability to discriminate between control and concussed subjects, their combined discriminative performance greatly exceeds that of any individual metric, achieving cross-validated 93.0% sensitivity, 92.3% specificity, 93.0% positive predictive value, and 92.3% negative predictive value. The cortical metrics vector can be used to track an individual’s recovery from concussion. The study thus establishes that cortical metrics can be used effectively as a quantitative indicator of central nervous system health status.
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Melcher, Carolin, Andreas Korge, Michael Cunningham, Kevin T. Foley, and Roger Härtl. "Metrics Development for Minimal Invasive Unilateral Laminotomy for Bilateral Decompression of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis With and Without Spondylolisthesis by an International Expert Panel." Global Spine Journal 10, no. 2_suppl (April 2020): 168S—175S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2192568219893675.
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Study Design: Prospective study. Objectives: To develop, operationally define, and seek consensus from procedure experts on the metrics that best characterize a reference approach to the performance of a minimally invasive unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (ULBD) for lumbar spinal stenosis. Methods: A Metrics Group consisting of 3 experienced spine surgeons (2 neurosurgeons, 1 orthopedic surgeon), each with over 25 years of clinical practice, and an educational expert formed the Metrics Group that characterized a lumbar decompression surgery for spinal stenosis as a “reference” procedure. In a modified Delphi panel, 26 spine surgeons from 14 countries critiqued these metrics and their operational definitions before reaching consensus. Results: Performance metrics consisting of 6 phases with 42 steps, 21 errors, and 17 sentinel errors were identified that characterize the procedure. During the peer review, these were evaluated, modified, and agreed. Conclusions: Surgical procedures can be broken down into elemental tasks necessary for the safe and effective completion of a reference approach to a specified surgical procedure. Spinal experts from 16 countries reached consensus on performance metrics for the procedure. This metric-based characterization can be used in a training curriculum and also for assessment of training and performance in clinical practice.
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Green, Gary, Keshia M. Pollack Porter, Anton Kvit, Stan Conte, John D’Angelo, Alex Valadka, and Frank C. Curriero. "Examining Batting Performance After a Sports-Related Concussion Among Major League Baseball Position Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520987232.
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Background: An ongoing challenge in sports-related concussion (SRC) is determining full recovery. This study examines performance metrics in baseball after an SRC and provides a template for assessment of return-to-performance parameters. Purpose: To determine whether batting performance returns to baseline after an SRC. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Participants were all Major League Baseball (MLB) position players with confirmed SRCs that occurred during the 2011-2015 seasons. A retrospective review and assessment of performance metrics before and after injury were conducted as defined relative to the number of plate appearances (PAs) to yield reliable performance statistics. Seven batting metrics were considered as outcomes in longitudinal regressions: batting average, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, on-base plus slugging, bases on balls, strikeouts, and home runs. Metrics were calculated for each player 60, 30, and 14 days before their SRCs, as well as for the 14, 30, and 60 days after returning to play. Other variables controlled for included defensive position, player age at the time of SRC, number of days missed, mechanism of injury, whether the player completed a rehabilitation stint, and year in which the mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) occurred (2011-2015). Results: A total of 77 MTBI case events occurred in MLB position players over 5 seasons. These injuries resulted in a mean 11.4 days lost to injury. For all performance metrics using 60 or 30 days before MTBI as baseline, no statistically significant differences were found in batting performance. In total, 63 events met PA criteria before injury. Varying the PA cutoff thresholds to be more inclusive or more restrictive yielded similar regression results. For the 48 events that met PA criteria before and after injury, most performance metrics showed no significant performance change after MTBI and, in some events, a slight though mostly nonsignificant performance improvement after MTBI. Conclusions: MLB position players who are medically cleared to return to play after an SRC perform at the same offensive performance levels as their preinjury statistics when an adequate number of PAs is used to compare performance before and after injury.
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Rahutomo, Faisal, Trisna Ari Roshinta, Erfan Rohadi, Indrazno Siradjuddin, Rudy Ariyanto, Awan Setiawan, and Supriatna Adhisuwignjo. "Open Problems in Indonesian Automatic Essay Scoring System." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.44 (December 1, 2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.44.26974.
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This paper presents open problems in Indonesian Scoring System. The previous study exposes the comparison of several similarity metrics on automated essay scoring in Indonesian. The metrics are Cosine Similarity, Euclidean Distance, and Jaccard. The data being used in the research are about 2,000 texts. This data are obtained from 50 students who answered 40 questions on politics, sports, lifestyle, and technology. The study also evaluates the stemming approach for the system performance. The difference between all methods between using stemming or not is around 4-9%. The results show Jaccard is the best metric both for the system with stemming or not. Jaccard method with stemming has the percentage error lowest than the others. The politic category has the highest average similarity score than lifestyle, sport, and technology. The percentage error of Jaccard with stemming is 52.31%, Cosine Similarity is 59.49%, and Euclidean Distance is 332.90%. In addition, Jaccard without stemming is also the best than the others. The percentage error without stemming of Jaccard is 56.05%, Cosine Similarity is 57.99%, and Euclidean Distance is 339.41%. However, this percentage error is high enough to be used for a functional essay grading system. The percentage errors are relatively high, more than 50%. Therefore this paper explores several ideas of open problems in this issue. The openly available dataset can be used to develop better approaches than the standard similarity metrics. The approaches expose are ranging from feature extraction, similarity metrics, learning algorithm, environment implementation, and performance evaluation.
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McKay, Alannah K. A., Trent Stellingwerff, Ella S. Smith, David T. Martin, Iñigo Mujika, Vicky L. Goosey-Tolfrey, Jeremy Sheppard, and Louise M. Burke. "Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451.
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Throughout the sport-science and sports-medicine literature, the term “elite” subjects might be one of the most overused and ill-defined terms. Currently, there is no common perspective or terminology to characterize the caliber and training status of an individual or cohort. This paper presents a 6-tiered Participant Classification Framework whereby all individuals across a spectrum of exercise backgrounds and athletic abilities can be classified. The Participant Classification Framework uses training volume and performance metrics to classify a participant to one of the following: Tier 0: Sedentary; Tier 1: Recreationally Active; Tier 2: Trained/Developmental; Tier 3: Highly Trained/National Level; Tier 4: Elite/International Level; or Tier 5: World Class. We suggest the Participant Classification Framework can be used to classify participants both prospectively (as part of study participant recruitment) and retrospectively (during systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses). Discussion around how the Participant Classification Framework can be tailored toward different sports, athletes, and/or events has occurred, and sport-specific examples provided. Additional nuances such as depth of sport participation, nationality differences, and gender parity within a sport are all discussed. Finally, chronological age with reference to the junior and masters athlete, as well as the Paralympic athlete, and their inclusion within the Participant Classification Framework has also been considered. It is our intention that this framework be widely implemented to systematically classify participants in research featuring exercise, sport, performance, health, and/or fitness outcomes going forward, providing the much-needed uniformity to classification practices.
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Oved, Nadav, Amir Feder, and Roi Reichart. "Predicting In-Game Actions from Interviews of NBA Players." Computational Linguistics 46, no. 3 (November 2020): 667–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00383.
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Sports competitions are widely researched in computer and social science, with the goal of understanding how players act under uncertainty. Although there is an abundance of computational work on player metrics prediction based on past performance, very few attempts to incorporate out-of-game signals have been made. Specifically, it was previously unclear whether linguistic signals gathered from players’ interviews can add information that does not appear in performance metrics. To bridge that gap, we define text classification tasks of predicting deviations from mean in NBA players’ in-game actions, which are associated with strategic choices, player behavior, and risk, using their choice of language prior to the game. We collected a data set of transcripts from key NBA players’ pre-game interviews and their in-game performance metrics, totalling 5,226 interview-metric pairs. We design neural models for players’ action prediction based on increasingly more complex aspects of the language signals in their open-ended interviews. Our models can make their predictions based on the textual signal alone, or on a combination of that signal with signals from past-performance metrics. Our text-based models outperform strong baselines trained on performance metrics only, demonstrating the importance of language usage for action prediction. Moreover, the models that utilize both textual input and past-performance metrics produced the best results. Finally, as neural networks are notoriously difficult to interpret, we propose a method for gaining further insight into what our models have learned. Particularly, we present a latent Dirichlet allocation–based analysis, where we interpret model predictions in terms of correlated topics. We find that our best performing textual model is most associated with topics that are intuitively related to each prediction task and that better models yield higher correlation with more informative topics. 1
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McCullough, Brian P., Jamee Pelcher, and Sylvia Trendafilova. "An Exploratory Analysis of the Environmental Sustainability Performance Signaling Communications among North American Sport Organizations." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051950.
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Sport organizations across North America promote and claim deep commitments to environmental issues through sustainability performance signaling. These signals are conveyed through external associations or memberships (e.g., Green Sports Alliance) or internally (e.g., environmental reports and communications). However, researchers have not explored this communication strategy as it relates to environmental initiatives in sport nor compared environmental communications of sport organizations from the major professional sport leagues in North America. We analyzed the websites of 147 North American sport organizations and their associated venue websites for environmental performance signaling communications. We found that only one sport organization featured an environmental report on its website, and 42 sport organizations highlighted environmental initiatives through dedicated webpages on the respective team or venue’s website. Predominately, these communications focused on fan engagement initiatives (i.e., awareness, participation) but lacked goal setting, measurement metrics, or performance summaries. We discuss these themes, the implications, and recommendations for how sustainability performance signaling can be better leveraged in the North American sport sector.
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Lutz, Jonas, Daniel Memmert, Dominik Raabe, Rolf Dornberger, and Lars Donath. "Wearables for Integrative Performance and Tactic Analyses: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010059.
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Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have reduced drastically in size, cost, and power consumption, while improving accuracy. The combination of different sensor technologies is considered a promising step in the monitoring of athletes. Those “wearables” enable the capturing of relevant physiological and tactical information in individual and team sports and thus replacing subjective, time-consuming and qualitative methods with objective, quantitative ones. Prior studies mainly comprised sports categories such as: targeting sports, batting and fielding games as well as net and wall games, focusing on the detection of individual, non-locomotive movements. The increasing capabilities of wearables allow for more complex and integrative analysis expanding research into the last category: invasion sports. Such holistic approaches allow the derivation of metrics, estimation of physical conditions and the analysis of team strategic behavior, accompanied by integrative knowledge gains in technical, tactical, physical, and mental aspects of a sport. However, prior and current researchers find the precise measurement of the actual movement within highly dynamic and non-linear movement difficult. Thus, the present article showcases an overview of the environments in which the wearables are employed. It elaborates their use in individual as well as team-related performance analyses with a special focus on reliability and validity, challenges, and future directions.
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Teske, Lucas G., Edward C. Beck, Garrett S. Bullock, Kristen F. Nicholson, and Brian R. Waterman. "Lower Extremity Biomechanics Predicts Major League Baseball Player Performance." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 232596712110152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211015237.
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Background: Although lower extremity biomechanics has been correlated with traditional metrics among baseball players, its association with advanced statistical metrics has not been evaluated. Purpose: To establish normative biomechanical parameters during the countermovement jump (CMJ) among Major League Baseball (MLB) players and evaluate the relationship between CMJ-developed algorithms and advanced statistical metrics. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: MLB players in 2 professional organizations performed the CMJ at the beginning of each baseball season from 2013 to 2017. We collected ground-reaction force data including the eccentric rate of force development (“load”), concentric vertical force (“explode”), and concentric vertical impulse (“drive”) as well as the Sparta Score. The advanced statistical metrics from each baseball season (eg, fielding independent pitching [FIP], weighted stolen base runs [wSB], and weighted on-base average) were also gathered for the study participants. The minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated for each CMJ variable to establish normative parameters. Pearson coefficient analysis and regression trees were used to evaluate associations between CMJ data and advanced statistical metrics for the players. Results: A total of 151 pitchers and 138 batters were included in the final analysis. The MDC for “load,” “explode,” “drive,” and the Sparta Score was 10.3, 8.1, 8.7, and 4.6, respectively, and all demonstrated good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.75). There was a weak but statistically significant correlation between the Sparta Score and wSB ( r = 0.23; P = .007); however, there were no significant correlations with any other advanced metrics. Regression trees demonstrated superior FIP with higher Sparta Scores in older pitchers compared with younger pitchers. Conclusion: There was a positive but weak correlation between the Sparta Score and base-stealing performance among professional baseball players. Additionally, older pitchers with a higher Sparta Score had statistically superior FIP compared with younger pitchers with a similar Sparta Score after adjusting for age.
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James, Lachlan P., Haresh Suppiah, Michael R. McGuigan, and David L. Carey. "Dimensionality Reduction for Countermovement Jump Metrics." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0606.
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Purpose: Dozens of variables can be derived from the countermovement jump (CMJ). However, this does not guarantee an increase in useful information because many of the variables are highly correlated. Furthermore, practitioners should seek to find the simplest solution to performance testing and reporting challenges. The purpose of this investigation was to show how to apply dimensionality reduction to CMJ data with a view to offer practitioners solutions to aid applications in high-performance settings. Methods: The data were collected from 3 cohorts using 3 different devices. Dimensionality reduction was undertaken on the extracted variables by way of principal component analysis and maximum likelihood factor analysis. Results: Over 90% of the variance in each CMJ data set could be explained in 3 or 4 principal components. Similarly, 2 to 3 factors could successfully explain the CMJ. Conclusions: The application of dimensional reduction through principal component analysis and factor analysis allowed for the identification of key variables that strongly contributed to distinct aspects of jump performance. Practitioners and scientists can consider the information derived from these procedures in several ways to streamline the transfer of CMJ test information.
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Bosquet, Audrey, Caitlin Mueller, and A. E. Hosoi. "Body Scan Processing, Generative Design, and Multiobjective Evaluation of Sports Bras." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 6126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176126.
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Sports bras are critical to the comfort and performance of female athletes, yet mechanical models of sports bras are generally not used to guide their design. Typically, assessing any sports bra’s performance requires time-consuming and expensive biomechanical testing, which limits the number of designs considered. To more broadly advance knowledge on how different design properties of sports bras affect their performance, this paper presents a new design framework to explore and evaluate the sports bra design space. The framework incorporates methods for body scan analysis, fast simulation, design generation, and performance evaluation. Using these methods together enables the rapid exploration of hundreds, or thousands, of designs—each one having been evaluated on key metrics related to sports bra performance, namely, range of motion and average pressure. With this framework, designers can potentially discover a diverse set of new, high-performing sports bra concepts, as well as gain insights into how design decisions affect performance.
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Buckley, Thomas A., Kelsey N. Bryk, Kathryn L. Van Pelt, Steven P. Broglio, Stephen A. East, Scott L. Zuckerman, and Andrew W. Kuhn. "Concussion and National Hockey League Player Performance: An Advanced Hockey Metrics Analysis." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 5 (April 1, 2019): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-200-18.
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Context Postconcussion deficits in neurocognitive performance and postural control may persist at the time of return to sport participation. How these deficits, if present, affect athletic performance is largely unknown, with prior studies showing mixed results. Objective To evaluate postconcussion National Hockey League player performance using advanced hockey metrics over short- (5 games), medium- (10 games), and long-term (remainder of the season) seasonal performance. Design Retrospective cohort study. Patients or Other Participants National Hockey League players who sustained a sport-related concussion (SRC; n = 93) and returned during the same season and players (n = 51) who missed time for non–injury-related reasons. Main Outcome Measure(s) Six performance metrics were used: (1) points per 60 minutes, (2) Corsi percentage, (3) personal Fenwick shooting percentage, (4) scoring chances per 60 minutes, (5) penalty difference, and (6) PDO (not an acronym but sometimes referred to as SVSP% [save percentage shooting percentage]). Performance was compared using 2 (group) × 2 (time) repeated-measures analyses of variance for 3 time windows: (1) ±5 games, (2) ±10 games, and (3) the remainder of the season postconcussion. Alpha values were set at a conservative .01 to account for the lack of independence among dependent variables. Results No significant interactions were present for any of the 6 dependent variables at any of the 3 time windows. Overall, none of the secondary variables differed. Conclusions Using advanced, sport-specific metrics, we found that National Hockey League players did not display worse seasonal performance during 3 postinjury time frames after they sustained an SRC. Whereas laboratory studies have identified lingering neurologic deficits after concussion, our results suggest that these deficits, if present, either do not translate to worse athletic performance or were not captured by these 44 metrics. Further, prospective efforts are needed to accurately quantify performance after SRC among professional hockey players.
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Leidersdorf, Eric, Jacob Rauch, Trent Reeves, Leah Borkan, Javan Francis, Luke Storey, Eduardo Oliveira De Souza, Marcus Elliott, and Carlos Ugrinowitsch. "Reliability and Effectiveness of a Lateral Countermovement Jump for Stratifying Shuffling Performance Amongst Elite Basketball Players." Sports 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10110186.
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Though research suggests that basketball players spend approximately 31% of game actions shuffling laterally, limited data are available on the kinetic factors that separate fast and slow shufflers. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1.) Examine the reliability of kinetic metrics from a single-leg Lateral Countermovement Jump (LCMJ) (2.) Determine if kinetic metrics from the LCMJ can stratify above (i.e., “fast”) or below (i.e., “slow”) median shuffling performance. Twenty professional basketball players participated in the reliability study (21.7 ± 3.5 years, 1.98 ± 0.1 m; 89.9 ± 10.9 kg). One hundred seven professional and thirty-three collegiate basketball players (N = 140) (22.7 ± 3.5 years, 2.0 ± 0.1 m; 98.4 ± 11.9 kg) participated in the experimental study examining the ability of LCMJ kinetics to stratify shuffling performance. Reliability was assessed using Bland–Altman plots, coefficients of variation (CVs), typical errors (TEs), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Anthropometric and LCMJ kinetic differences between fast and slow shufflers were assessed with an independent t-test. Four kinetic metrics (peak vertical force, peak lateral force, relative lateral force, and lateral impulse) met within- and between-session reliability thresholds (CV < 10% and ICC > 0.70). Faster shufflers generated significantly more relative lateral force than their slower counterparts (9.51 ± 0.8 Nx/kg vs. 8.9 ± 0.9 Nx/kg, %Diff 6.3, p < 0.00007, ES = 0.70). Basketball practitioners who have access to triaxial force plates may consider adding the LCMJ into their testing battery, as relative lateral force is a reliable metric that can stratify fast and slow shufflers.
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Gutman, Brian, Christopher Hadley, Jacob Kirsch, Christopher Joyce, Surena Namdari, and Michael Gutman. "Performance in Major League Baseball Pitchers After Surgical Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl4 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00221.
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Objectives: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) can be a career threatening injury for baseball pitchers. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of surgical management for TOS as a function of return to play and quantitative pitching metrics. Methods: Twenty-seven major league baseball pitchers underwent surgical treatment for TOS between January 2001 and December 2017. Analysis of pre and postoperative pitching metrics were used to assess the effect of surgery on 20 pitchers who returned to pitch in Major League Baseball (MLB). All pitching metrics were compared via assessing performance two years prior to surgery and two years after surgery. For 20 pitchers who returned to pitch, MLB pitching metrics of earned run average (ERA), walks plus hits per innings pitched (WHIP), wins above replacement (WAR), strikeouts per nine innings (K/9), average fastball velocity, and strike percentage, were used to assess a pitcher’s ability to return to preoperative performance level. Results: Of the 27 pitchers, 20 pitchers were diagnosed with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) and seven with venous thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS). The average age of onset of TOS was 28.6 years. There was no significant difference between the age of onset between the NTOS and VTOS populations (p=0.272). Of the 27 pitchers, 20 (74.1%) were able to return to MLB play at a mean of 297 days (range, 105-638 days) after surgery. Pitching metrics demonstrated that pitcher ERA remained inferior postoperatively compared to baseline preoperative performance (3.66 vs 4.50, p=0.03). Fastball velocity (p=0.94), strike percentage (p=0.50), and K/9 (p=0.878) were equivalent to pre-injury performance. There was no difference in preoperative pitching metrics between pitchers who were able to return and pitchers who were unable to return to the MLB. Conclusions: About 3/4 of professional pitchers who undergo surgical intervention for TOS are able to return to play at the MLB level. With regards to performance, the majority of metrics were unchanged from prior to surgery, indicating return at a similar functional level.
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Bonny, Justin W. "Using Collective Metrics to Assess Team Dynamics and Performance in eSports." International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgcms.315604.
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A challenge posed by virtual teams is monitoring team interactions remotely. Research with field-based soccer teams provides evidence that measures of collective behavior can be used to assess the dynamics of sports teams. Collective behaviors calculated using the spatial characteristics of teammates as they moved across the field have been found to vary by the state of the soccer match, including ball possession and proximity to a goal. The present study examined whether similar effects were observed with collective metrics calculated from players of a car-soccer eSport video game. A set of matches were retrieved and used to calculate collective behavior metrics based on the placement of teammates within a virtual arena. A subset of metrics varied by team location and ball possession, aligning with and extending previous field-based soccer research, and correlated with team performance. This suggests that collective behaviors can be used to assess aspects of team dynamics within virtual environments.
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Terra, Isabel A., J. P. Wong, Nathaniel J. Holmgren, Aida V. Novoa, and Courtney D. Jensen. "Major League Pitching Performance Is Poorly Predicted By Prevailing Metrics." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000875304.61552.ec.
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Sanaei, Mohammadamin, Nathan C. Sepich, Kristina M. Schaffhausen, and Stephen B. Gilbert. "Metrics for Assessing the Quality of NFL Announcers." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661232.
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Announcers are one of the most important factors that can affect viewers’ enjoyment of televised sports. Discovering metrics for announcer quality would be useful for predicting future announcer performance and possibly lead to improvement of announcers. The authors tried to extract useful metrics for announcer quality by using behavioral coding of American football game videos. Initial data was gathered by watching the first half of twelve NFL football games of CBS, ESPN, NBS, and FOX, and metrics were compared with the number of viewers of the different channels. While non-weighted metrics had no correlation with the number of viewers, weighting the metrics showed that announcers’ excitement building, context building, and real-time visual analysis have the strongest potential correlation with viewers’ enjoyment.
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Campaniço, Ana Teresa, António Valente, Rogério Serôdio, and Sérgio Escalera. "Data’s Hidden Data: Qualitative Revelations of Sports Efficiency Analysis brought by Neural Network Performance Metrics." Motricidade 14, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.15984.
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In the study of effectiveness and efficiency of an athlete’s performance, intelligent systems can be applied on qualitative approaches and their performance metrics provide useful information on not just the quality of the data, but also reveal issues about the observational criteria and data collection context itself. 2000 executions of two similar exercises, with different levels of complexity, were collected through a single inertial sensor applied on the fencer’s weapon hand. After the signals were split into their key segments through Dynamic Time Warping, the extracted features and respective qualitative evaluations were fed into a Neural Network to learn the patterns that distinguish a good from a bad execution. The performance analysis of the resulting models returned a prediction accuracy of 76.6% and 72.7% for each exercise, but other metrics pointed to the data suffering from high bias. This points towards an imbalance in the qualitative criteria representation of the bad executions, which can be explained by: i) reduced number of samples; ii) ambiguity in the definition of the observation criteria; iii) a single sensor being unable to fully capture the context without taking the actions of the other key body segments into account.
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Fawcett, Tim W., Jack Ewans, Alice Lawrence, and Andrew N. Radford. "Attractiveness is positively related to World Cup performance in male, but not female, biathletes." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 5 (July 10, 2019): 1436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz097.
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AbstractWhole-organism performance capacity is thought to play a key role in sexual selection, through its impacts on both intrasexual competition and intersexual mate choice. Based on data from elite sports, several studies have reported a positive association between facial attractiveness and athletic performance in humans, leading to claims that facial correlates of sporting prowess in men reveal heritable or nonheritable mate quality. However, for most of the sports studied (soccer, ice hockey, American football, and cycling), it is not possible to separate individual performance from team performance. Here, using photographs of athletes who compete annually in a multi-event World Cup, we examine the relationship between facial attractiveness and individual career-best performance metrics in the biathlon, a multidisciplinary sport that combines target shooting and cross-country skiing. Unlike all previous studies, which considered only male athletes, we report relationships for both sportsmen and sportswomen. As predicted by evolutionary arguments, we found that male biathletes were judged more attractive if (unknown to the raters) they had achieved a higher peak performance (World Cup points score) in their career, whereas there was no significant relationship for female biathletes. Our findings show that elite male athletes display visible, attractive cues that reliably reflect their athletic performance.
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Erickson, Brandon J., Peter N. Chalmers, John D’Angelo, Kevin Ma, and Anthony A. Romeo. "Performance and Return to Sport After Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major Tears Among Professional Baseball Pitchers." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 5 (March 21, 2019): 1090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519829086.
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Background: Latissimus dorsi and teres major (LD/TM) tears are becoming an increasingly common cause of injury and disability among professional baseball pitchers. Purpose/Hypothesis: To determine performance and return to sport (RTS) among professional baseball pitchers after LD/TM tears treated operatively and nonoperatively and to compare the RTS rate and performance between pitchers who sustained an LD/TM tear and matched controls. The authors hypothesized a high RTS rate among professional baseball pitchers after LD/TM tears, with no significant difference in RTS rate or performance between cases and controls for operative and nonoperative treatment—specifically, in the primary performance outcome variables of WHIP ([walks + hits] / innings pitched), fielding independent pitching, and wins above replacement. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All professional baseball pitchers who sustained an LD/TM tear between 2011 and 2016 were identified with the Health and Injury Tracking System database of Major League Baseball. Demographic and performance data (before and after injury) were recorded for each player. Performance metrics were then compared between cases and matched controls by operative and nonoperative treatment. Results: Overall, 120 pitchers had a documented LD/TM tear; 42 (35%) were major league players. Most players (n = 107, 89.2%) were treated nonoperatively. Time to return to the same level of competition was 170 ± 169 days (mean ± SD) for pitchers treated nonoperatively and 406 ± 146 days for those treated operatively. The RTS rate among players treated nonoperatively and operatively was identical at 75%. Players treated nonoperatively had no change in fielding independent pitching or wins above replacement after injury but had a higher (ie, worse) WHIP after injury ( P = .039); they also performed significantly worse in several secondary performance metrics, including number of games played per year ( P < .001). Players treated operatively had no change in any measured performance metrics after surgery. No difference existed between cases and controls in the primary performance variables. Conclusion: The majority of LD/TM tears are treated nonoperatively. The RTS rate is 75% for professional baseball pitchers after LD/TM tears treated operatively or nonoperatively. Players treated nonoperatively saw a decline in several performance metrics, while players treated operatively had no significant difference in performance after surgery.
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Andrews, Erickson, Toufic R. Jildeh, Muhammad J. Abbas, Kevin Lindsay-Rivera, Jon Berguson, and Kelechi R. Okoroha. "Concussions in the National Hockey League: Analysis of Incidence, Return to Play, and Performance." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 232596712110520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211052069.
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Background: Concussion injuries are common in professional hockey; however, their effect on player performance remains unclear. Purpose: To quantify the effect of concussions on the performance of position players in the National Hockey League (NHL). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Concussion data from the NHL were collected using publicly available databases for the seasons between 2009-2010 and 2015-2016, coinciding with new NHL concussion rules. Age, body mass index, position, number of concussions during a player’s NHL career, games played, and time on ice were recorded. Basic and advanced performance metrics were collected for 1 season pre- and postconcussion (short-term period) and 3 seasons before and after concussion (long-term period) to assess short- and long-term changes in performance. A control group of players without an identified concussion who competed during the study period was assembled for comparison. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to evaluate pre- to postconcussion data in the short- and long-term settings as well as to compare the cohorts at each time point. Results: Overall, 48 players were identified as having a concussion during the study period. Players missed 17.2 ± 15.1 days (mean ± standard deviation) and 7.5 ± 6.9 games postconcussion. There were no significant differences in any metric when pre- and postconcussion intraseason performance was assessed. Athletes who were concussed demonstrated significantly deceased performance metrics (assists per 60 minutes, points per 60 minutes, Corsi percentage, and Fenwick percentage) in the 3 years after the concussion as compared with the year before injury ( P < .05). However, no difference was found between the concussed group and matched control group in the short- or long-term period. Players with concussion played fewer career games (856.4 ± 287.4 vs 725.7 ± 215.0; P < .05) than did controls. Conclusion: A high rate of NHL players were able to return to play after a concussion injury. Players with concussion did not experience a reduction in performance metrics in the short- or long-term setting when compared with matched controls. The concussed cohort maintained a similar workload up to 3 seasons postconcussion but played in fewer career games when compared with matched controls.
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Ryder, Jeffrey W., Roxanne E. Buxton, Elizabeth Redd, Melissa Scott-Pandorf, Kyle J. Hackney, James Fiedler, Robert J. Ploutz-Snyder, Jacob J. Bloomberg, and Lori L. Ploutz-Snyder. "Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Metrics as Predictors of Functional Task Performance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (May 2011): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000402287.01913.47.
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Chen, Qiao, Jun Xia, and Ping He. "Construction of Online Teaching Mode of College Sports Based on Neural Network Technology." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (September 6, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2718787.
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Online teaching is becoming familiar in recent days for bridging the educational gap and long-distance coverage. The online teaching modes provide better visualization and representation of different subjects, including sports and physical education classes. Data-to-representation provides a better teaching model without interrupting the knowledge-based performance. For leveraging this feature, this article introduces a Conveyance-dependent Teaching Mode (CTM) paradigm. The proposed paradigm employs neural learning to improve the performance of different online sports sessions. This learning assigns rewards for different training modes based on student assessment and data representation. The flawless data and student performance assessments are balanced for improving teaching modes. The reward is updated using the sports curriculum, teacher recommendations, and student interests. Based on the assessment, the rewards are identified using the activation function. This generates the rewards for different sports training sessions improving the data accuracy. Further metrics such as representation, analysis rate, and time factors are verified to improve the performance of the proposed paradigm.
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Anicic, Zdravko, Danica Janicijevic, Olivera M. Knezevic, Amador Garcia-Ramos, Milos R. Petrovic, Dimitrije Cabarkapa, and Dragan M. Mirkov. "Assessment of Countermovement Jump: What Should We Report?" Life 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010190.
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The purpose of the present study was (i) to explore the reliability of the most commonly used countermovement jump (CMJ) metrics, and (ii) to reduce a large pool of metrics with acceptable levels of reliability via principal component analysis to the significant factors capable of providing distinctive aspects of CMJ performance. Seventy-nine physically active participants (thirty-seven females and forty-two males) performed three maximal CMJs while standing on a force platform. Each participant visited the laboratory on two occasions, separated by 24–48 h. The most reliable variables were performance variables (CV = 4.2–11.1%), followed by kinetic variables (CV = 1.6–93.4%), and finally kinematic variables (CV = 1.9–37.4%). From the 45 CMJ computed metrics, only 24 demonstrated acceptable levels of reliability (CV ≤ 10%). These variables were included in the principal component analysis and loaded a total of four factors, explaining 91% of the CMJ variance: performance component (variables responsible for overall jump performance), eccentric component (variables related to the breaking phase), concentric component (variables related to the upward phase), and jump strategy component (variables influencing the jumping style). Overall, the findings revealed important implications for sports scientists and practitioners regarding the CMJ-derived metrics that should be considered to gain a comprehensive insight into the biomechanical parameters related to CMJ performance.
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Erickson, Brandon J., Peter N. Chalmers, John D’Angelo, Kevin Ma, Christopher S. Ahmad, and Anthony A. Romeo. "Performance and Return to Sport After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Olecranon in Professional Baseball Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 8 (May 20, 2019): 1915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519844479.
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Background: The results of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of stress reactions and fractures of the olecranon among professional baseball players with regard to return to sport (RTS) are unknown. Purpose/Hypothesis: To determine the RTS rate and performance of professional baseball players after ORIF of acute, displaced olecranon fractures and olecranon stress fractures and to compare the RTS rate and performance with that of matched controls. The authors hypothesized that there is a high rate of RTS among professional baseball players after ORIF of acute, displaced olecranon fractures and olecranon stress fractures with no significant difference in rate of RTS or performance between cases and controls. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All professional baseball players who underwent ORIF of the olecranon between 2010 and 2016 were included. Demographic and performance data (before and after surgery) for each player were recorded. Performance metrics were then compared between cases and a group of matched controls. Results: Overall, 52 professional baseball players (mean ± SD age, 22.6 ± 3.6 years) underwent ORIF of an olecranon fracture. The majority of players sustained a primary olecranon stress fracture (73%) that was fixed with 1 screw (60%), with an overall RTS rate of 67.5%. No difference in RTS rate existed between matched controls and the cases. No significant difference existed between the primary pre- and postoperative performance metrics (ie, change in performance) for pitchers who underwent ORIF of an acute, displaced olecranon fracture or ORIF of a primary olecranon stress fracture. No significant difference existed between pitchers who underwent ORIF of a primary olecranon stress fracture and matched controls in any of the primary performance metrics. Three cases and 2 controls underwent ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction later in their careers after olecranon ORIF. Conclusion: Professional baseball players who undergo ORIF of an olecranon fracture (acute, displaced, or stress) have an RTS rate of 67.5% (57.6% to the same or higher level), which is no different from natural attrition among matched controls. No decline in performance metrics was seen among players who were able to RTS when compared with their preoperative performance or the performance of matched controls.
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Lienhart, R., M. Einfalt, and D. Zecha. "Mining Automatically Estimated Poses from Video Recordings of Top Athletes." International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 94–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2018-0005.
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Abstract Human pose detection systems based on state-of-the-art DNNs are about to be extended, adapted and re-trained to fit the application domain of specific sports. Therefore, plenty of noisy pose data will soon be available from videos recorded at a regular and frequent basis. This work is among the first to develop mining algorithms that can mine the expected abundance of noisy and annotation-free pose data from video recordings in individual sports. Using swimming as an example of a sport with dominant cyclic motion, we show how to determine unsupervised time-continuous cycle speeds and temporally striking poses as well as measure unsupervised cycle stability over time. The average error in cycle length estimation across all strokes is 0.43 frames at 50 fps compared to manual annotations. Additionally, we use long jump as an example of a sport with a rigid phase-based motion to present a technique to automatically partition the temporally estimated pose sequences into their respective phases with a mAP of 0.89. This enables the extraction of performance relevant, pose-based metrics currently used by national professional sports associations. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of our mining algorithms, which can also be applied to other cycle-based or phase-based types of sport.
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Bradley, Paul S., and Jack D. Ade. "Are Current Physical Match Performance Metrics in Elite Soccer Fit for Purpose or Is the Adoption of an Integrated Approach Needed?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0433.
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Time–motion analysis is a valuable data-collection technique used to quantify the physical match performance of elite soccer players. For over 40 years, researchers have adopted a “traditional” approach when evaluating match demands by simply reporting the distance covered or time spent along a motion continuum of walking through to sprinting. This methodology quantifies physical metrics in isolation without integrating other factors, and this ultimately leads to a 1-dimensional insight into match performance. Thus, this commentary proposes a novel “integrated” approach that focuses on a sensitive physical metric such as high-intensity running but contextualizes this in relation to key tactical activities for each position and collectively for the team. In the example presented, the integrated model clearly unveils the unique high-intensity profile that exists due to distinct tactical roles, rather than 1-dimensional “blind” distances produced by traditional models. Intuitively, this innovative concept may aid coaches’ understanding of the physical performance in relation to the tactical roles and instructions given to the players. In addition, it will enable practitioners to effectively translate match metrics into training and testing protocols. This innovative model may well aid advances in other team sports that incorporate similar intermittent movements with tactical purpose. Evidence of the merits and application of this new concept is needed before the scientific community accepts this model as it may well add complexity to an area that conceivably needs simplicity.
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Erickson, Brandon J., Peter N. Chalmers, John D’Angelo, Kevin Ma, and Anthony A. Romeo. "Performance and Return to Sport After Ulnar Nerve Decompression/Transposition Among Professional Baseball Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 5 (March 18, 2019): 1124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519829159.
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Background: Isolated ulnar nerve decompression/transposition is an uncommon surgical procedure among professional baseball players. Purpose/Hypothesis: To determine performance and rate of return to sport (RTS) among professional baseball players after isolated ulnar nerve decompression/transposition, including those who required decompression/transposition after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR), and to compare outcomes between cases and matched controls. The authors hypothesized a high rate of RTS among professional baseball players undergoing isolated ulnar nerve decompression/transposition with no difference in RTS rate or performance between cases and controls as related to earned run average, WHIP ([walks + hits]/innings pitched), wins above replacement, and on base + slugging percentage. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Utilizing the injury database of Major League Baseball, we identified all professional baseball players who underwent isolated ulnar nerve decompression/transposition between 2010 and 2016. De-identified demographic and performance data (before and after surgery) for each player were recorded from Major League Baseball records. Performance metrics were then compared between cases and matched controls. Results: The study included 52 players; 83% were pitchers; and 14 underwent prior UCLR. Most surgical procedures (92%) were anterior subcutaneous transpositions. Overall, 62% of players were able to successfully RTS, and 56% returned to the same or higher level. There was no significant difference between cases and controls in the majority of pre- and postoperative performance metrics—specifically, earned run average, WHIP, wins above replacement, and on base + slugging percentage. When players who had UCLR before ulnar nerve decompression/transposition were compared with controls with a history of UCLR but no subsequent ulnar nerve decompression/transposition, the only performance difference of all the recorded metrics was that cases allowed more walks per 9 innings (4.4 vs 2.8, P = .011). Conclusion: Anterior subcutaneous transposition is the most common surgical procedure among professional baseball players to address ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Players have a 62% rate of RTS, which is lower than expected for this nonreconstruction or repair procedure. For players who successfully RTS, performance metrics versus matched controls remained the same except for allowing significantly more walks per 9 innings. Postoperatively, pitchers with UCLR before ulnar nerve decompression/transposition who had a successful RTS performed the same as matched controls with prior UCLR without subsequent ulnar nerve decompression/transposition.
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Coyne, Joseph O. C., Aaron J. Coutts, Robert U. Newton, and G. Gregory Haff. "Relationships Between Different Internal and External Training Load Variables and Elite International Women’s Basketball Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0495.
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Purpose: To investigate the relationships between internal and external training load (TL) metrics with elite international women’s basketball performance. Methods: Sessional ratings of perceived exertion, PlayerLoad™/minute, and training duration were collected from 13 elite international-level female basketball athletes (age 29.0 [3.7] y, stature 186.0 [9.8] cm, body mass 77.9 [11.6] kg) during the 18 weeks prior to the International Basketball Federation Olympic qualifying event for the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. Training stress balance, differential load, and the training efficiency index were calculated with 3 different smoothing methods. These TL metrics and their change in the last 21 days prior to competition were examined for their relationship to competition performance as coach ratings of performance. Results: For a number of TL variables, there were consistent significant small to moderate correlations with performance and significant small to large differences between successful and unsuccessful performances. However, these differences were only evident for external TL when using exponentially weighted moving averages to calculate TL. The variable that seemed most sensitive to performance was the change in training efficiency index in the last 21 days prior to competition (performance r = .47–.56, P < .001 and difference between successful and unsuccessful performance P < .001, f2 = 0.305–0.431). Conclusions: Internal and external TL variables were correlated with performance and distinguished between successful and unsuccessful performances among the same players during international women’s basketball games. Manipulating TL in the last 3 weeks prior to competition may be worthwhile for basketball players’ performance, especially in internal TL.
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Coffman, Colt A., Jacob J. M. Kay, Kat M. Saba, Adam T. Harrison, Jeffrey P. Holloway, Michael F. LaFountaine, and Robert Davis Moore. "Predictive Value of Subacute Heart Rate Variability for Determining Outcome Following Adolescent Concussion." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010161.
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Objective assessments of concussion recovery are crucial for facilitating effective clinical management. However, predictive tools for determining adolescent concussion outcomes are currently limited. Research suggests that heart rate variability (HRV) represents an indirect and objective marker of central and peripheral nervous system integration. Therefore, it may effectively identify underlying deficits and reliably predict the symptomology following concussion. Thus, the present study sought to evaluate the relationship between HRV and adolescent concussion outcomes. Furthermore, we sought to examine its predictive value for assessing outcomes. Fifty-five concussed adolescents (12–17 years old) recruited from a local sports medicine clinic were assessed during the initial subacute evaluation (within 15 days postinjury) and instructed to follow up for a post-acute evaluation. Self-reported clinical and depressive symptoms, neurobehavioral function, and cognitive performance were collected at each timepoint. Short-term HRV metrics via photoplethysmography were obtained under resting conditions and physiological stress. Regression analyses demonstrated significant associations between HRV metrics, clinical symptoms, neurobehavioral function, and cognitive performance at the subacute evaluation. Importantly, the analyses illustrated that subacute HRV metrics significantly predicted diminished post-acute neurobehavioral function and cognitive performance. These findings indicate that subacute HRV metrics may serve as a viable predictive biomarker for identifying underlying neurological dysfunction following concussion and predict late cognitive outcomes.
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Kotsifaki, Argyro, Sam Van Rossom, Rod Whiteley, Vasileios Korakakis, Roald Bahr, Vasileios Sideris, and Ilse Jonkers. "Single leg vertical jump performance identifies knee function deficits at return to sport after ACL reconstruction in male athletes." British Journal of Sports Medicine 56, no. 9 (February 8, 2022): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104692.
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ObjectivesVertical jump performance (height) is a more representative metric for knee function than horizontal hop performance (distance) in healthy individuals. It is not known what the biomechanical status of athletes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) is at the time they are cleared to return to sport (RTS) or whether vertical performance metrics better evaluate knee function.MethodsStandard marker-based motion capture and electromyography (EMG) were collected from 26 male athletes cleared to RTS after ACLR and 22 control healthy subjects during single leg vertical jumps (SLJ) and single leg drop jumps (SLDJ). Performance outcomes, jump height and the Reactive Strength Index, were calculated. Sagittal plane kinematics, joint moments and joint work were obtained using inverse dynamics and lower limb muscle forces were computed using an EMG-constrained musculoskeletal model. Muscle contribution was calculated as a percentage of the impulse of all muscle forces in the model. Between-limb and between-group differences were explored using mixed models analyses.ResultsJump performance, assessed by jump height and Reactive Strength Index, was significantly lower in the involved than the uninvolved limb and controls, with large effect sizes. For the ACLR group, jump height limb symmetry index was 83% and 77% during the SLJ and SLDJ, respectively. Work generation was significantly less in the involved knee compared to uninvolved limb and controls during the SLJ (p<0.001; d=1.19; p=0.003, d=0.91, respectively) and during the SLDJ (p<0.001; d=1.54; p=0.002, d=1.05, respectively). Hamstrings muscle contribution was greater in the involved compared to the uninvolved limb and controls, whereas soleus contribution was lower in the involved limb compared to controls.ConclusionsDuring vertical jumps, male athletes after ACLR at RTS still exhibit knee biomechanical deficits, despite symmetry in horizontal functional performance and strength tests. Vertical performance metrics like jump height and RSI can better identify interlimb asymmetries than the more commonly used hop distance and should be included in the testing battery for the RTS.
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Balsalobre-Fernández, Carlos, and Lorena Torres-Ronda. "The Implementation of Velocity-Based Training Paradigm for Team Sports: Framework, Technologies, Practical Recommendations and Challenges." Sports 9, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9040047.
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While velocity-based training is currently a very popular paradigm to designing and monitoring resistance training programs, its implementation remains a challenge in team sports, where there are still some confusion and misinterpretations of its applications. In addition, in contexts with large squads, it is paramount to understand how to best use movement velocity in different exercises in a useful and time-efficient way. This manuscript aims to provide clarifications on the velocity-based training paradigm, movement velocity tracking technologies, assessment procedures and practical recommendations for its application during resistance training sessions, with the purpose of increasing performance, managing fatigue and preventing injuries. Guidelines to combine velocity metrics with subjective scales to prescribe training loads are presented, as well as methods to estimate 1-Repetition Maximum (1RM) on a daily basis using individual load–velocity profiles. Additionally, monitoring strategies to detect and evaluate changes in performance over time are discussed. Finally, limitations regarding the use of velocity of execution tracking devices and metrics such as “muscle power” are commented upon.
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Lapinski, Michael, Carolina Brum Medeiros, Donna Moxley Scarborough, Eric Berkson, Thomas J. Gill, Thomas Kepple, and Joseph A. Paradiso. "A Wide-Range, Wireless Wearable Inertial Motion Sensing System for Capturing Fast Athletic Biomechanics in Overhead Pitching." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 3637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173637.
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The standard technology used to capture motion for biomechanical analysis in sports has employed marker-based optical systems. While these systems are excellent at providing positional information, they suffer from a limited ability to accurately provide fundamental quantities such as velocity and acceleration (hence forces and torques) during high-speed motion typical of many sports. Conventional optical systems require considerable setup time, can exhibit sensitivity to extraneous light, and generally sample too slowly to accurately capture extreme bursts of athletic activity. In recent years, wireless wearable sensors have begun to penetrate devices used in sports performance assessment, offering potential solutions to these limitations. This article, after determining pressing problems in sports that such sensors could solve and surveying the state-of-the-art in wearable motion capture for sports, presents a wearable dual-range inertial and magnetic sensor platform that we developed to enable an end-to-end investigation of high-level, very wide dynamic-range biomechanical parameters. We tested our system on collegiate and elite baseball pitchers, and have derived and measured metrics to glean insight into performance-relevant motion. As this was, we believe, the first ultra-wide-range wireless multipoint and multimodal inertial and magnetic sensor array to be used on elite baseball pitchers, we trace its development, present some of our results, and discuss limitations in accuracy from factors such as soft-tissue artifacts encountered with extreme motion. In addition, we discuss new metric opportunities brought by our systems that may be relevant for the assessment of micro-trauma in baseball.
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Morse, Kyle W., Ajay Premkumar, Andrew Zhu, Rachelle Morgenstern, and Edwin P. Su. "Return to Sport After Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 232596712110035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211003521.
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Background: Femoroacetabular impingement and degenerative hip osteoarthritis (OA) affect athletes across a wide variety of sports. Hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) has emerged as a surgical treatment for active individuals with end-stage hip OA to provide pain relief and allow return to high-impact activities. Return to professional sports after HRA has not been well characterized. Purpose/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to report on a series of elite athletes in a variety of sports who underwent HRA. We hypothesized that professional and elite-level athletes would be able to return to sports after HRA for end-stage hip OA. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A retrospective case series was conducted on professional athletes who underwent HRA at a single institution between 2007 and 2017. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon using the posterolateral approach. Athletes’ return to play and sport-specific performance statistics were obtained using self-reported and publicly available data sources. Athletes were matched to an age- and performance-based cohort to determine changes in performance-based metrics. Results: Eight professional athletes were identified, including 2 baseball pitchers, 1 ice hockey defenseman, 1 foil fencer, 1 men’s doubles tennis player, 1 basketball player, 1 ultramarathoner, and 1 Ironman triathlete. All 8 patients returned to sports; 6 of 8 (75%) patients were able to return for at least 1 full season at a professional level after surgery. There were no significant differences between performance statistics for athletes who returned to play and their preoperative performance measures for the years leading up to surgery or the age- and performance-matched cohort. Conclusion: HRA remains a surgical alternative for end-stage hip OA in young, high-impact, active patients. While the primary goals of surgery are pain control and quality of life improvement, it is possible to return to elite-level sporting activity after HRA.
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Roe, Allison K., Joseph A. Gil, and Robin N. Kamal. "Performance Metrics in Hand Surgery: Turning a Blind Eye Will Cost You." Journal of Hand Surgery 45, no. 3 (March 2020): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.09.011.
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Ramesh, M., and K. Mahesh. "Sports Video Classification Framework Using Enhanced Threshold Based Keyframe Selection Algorithm and Customized CNN on UCF101 and Sports1-M Dataset." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (December 8, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3218431.
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The computer vision community has taken a keen interest in recent developments in activity recognition and classification in sports videos. Advancements in sports have a broadened the technical interest of the computer vision community to perform various types of research. Images and videos are the most frequently used components in computer vision. There are numerous models and methods that can be used to classify videos. At the same time, there no specific framework or model for classifying and identifying sports videos. Hence, we proposed a framework based on deep learning to classify sports videos with their appropriate class label. The framework is to perform sports video classification using two different benchmark datasets, UCF101 and the Sports1-M dataset. The objective of the framework is to help sports players and trainers to identify specific sports from the large data source, then analyze and perform well in the future. This framework takes sports video as an input and produces the class label as an output. In between, the framework has numerous intermediary processes. Preprocessing is the first step in the proposed framework, which includes frame extraction and noise reduction. Keyframe selection is carried out by candidate frame extraction and an enhanced threshold-based frame difference algorithm, which is the second step. The final step of the sports video classification framework is feature extraction and classification using CNN. The proposed framework result is compared with pretrained neural networks such as AlexNet and GoogleNet, and then the results are also compared. Three different evaluation metrics are used to measure the accuracy and performance of the framework.
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Tuszynksi, Taylor, Erin Wesolowski, Monica Fowler, John Spurlock, Kyle Flack, and Tammy Stephenson. "Relationship Between Body Composition And Sport-specific Performance Metrics In Ncaa Di Female Volleyball Players." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 7S (July 2020): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000686636.85016.37.
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Pengelly, Michael, Nathan Elsworthy, Joshua Guy, Aaron Scanlan, and Michele Lastella. "Player Chronotype Does Not Affect In-Game Performance during the Evening (>18:00 h) in Professional Male Basketball Players." Clocks & Sleep 3, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep3040044.
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Sport-specific skills display diurnal variation across various team sports such as badminton and tennis serving accuracy and soccer dribbling, volleying, and chipping execution. However, the effects of athlete chronotype on in-game sport-specific skill performance according to time of day across team sports is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effect of player chronotype on in-game basketball performance during evening games. Professional male basketball players (n = 11) completed a morningness–eveningness questionnaire and were categorized according to chronotype (morning-type: n = 4; neither-type: n = 6; evening-type: n = 1). Box score data from the 2019/20 season were utilized to determine individual in-game performance during evening games played after 18:00 h. Composite metrics (i.e., effective field goal percentage, offensive rating, defensive rating, and player efficiency) were used as indicators of player performance. Non-significant (p ≥ 0.21) differences were evident between M-types and N-types for most performance measures. Small to very large effects were observed in the number of rebounds favoring M-types, and three-point shots attempted and made, assists, and steals favored N-types. In-game performance appeared to not be affected by chronotype (i.e., M-type vs. N-type) in evening games among professional male basketball players. The lack of observed effect between chronotype and in-game performance suggest coaching staff may not need to consider player chronotype when developing a match strategy or assigning player roles if largely dealing with M-types and N-types. However, to ensure the greatest specificity, coaching staff may endeavor to schedule habitual training times in line with that of competition in an effort to align player circadian rhythms to games.
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Perrey, Stéphane. "Training Monitoring in Sports: It Is Time to Embrace Cognitive Demand." Sports 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10040056.
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Appropriate training burden monitoring is still a challenge for the support staff, athletes, and coaches. Extensive research has been done in recent years that proposes several external and internal indicators. Among all measurements, the importance of cognitive factors has been indicated but has never been really considered in the training monitoring process. While there is strong evidence supporting the use of cognitive demand indicators in cognitive neuroscience, their importance in training monitoring for multiple sports settings must be better emphasized. The aims of this scoping review are to (1) provide an overview of the cognitive demand concept beside the physical demand in training; (2) highlight the current methods for assessing cognitive demand in an applied setting to sports in part through a neuroergonomics approach; (3) show how cognitive demand metrics can be exploited and applied to our better understanding of fatigue, sport injury, overtraining and individual performance capabilities. This review highlights also the potential new ways of brain imaging approaches for monitoring in situ. While assessment of cognitive demand is still in its infancy in sport, it may represent a very fruitful approach if applied with rigorous protocols and deep knowledge of both the neurobehavioral and cognitive aspects. It is time now to consider the cognitive demand to avoid underestimating the total training burden and its management.
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Sanfilippo, Jennifer, Diane Krueger, Bryan Heiderscheit, and Neil Binkley. "Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Body Composition in NCAA Division I Athletes: Exploration of Mass Distribution." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 11, no. 5 (July 26, 2019): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119861572.
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Background: Body composition assessment is frequently used in sports medicine and athletic performance environments to assess change in response to strength training and nutrition programs. However, to effectively do so requires knowledge regarding expected body composition values relative to sport and sex. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used to evaluate body composition, although its utility in relationship to specific sports, performance, or rehabilitation is not clearly defined. Hypothesis: Body composition metrics and distribution of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate athletes will vary based on sport and sex. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A convenience sample of 337 athletes (229 men and 108 women) participating in football, wrestling, soccer, hockey, basketball, golf, softball, or volleyball was evaluated. DXA-measured total body composition, including bone mineral density (BMD), % lean mass, % fat, and regional distribution, were compared by sex, sport, and with an age-matched National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) population. Results: Men had higher BMD, lower % fat (16.4% vs 25.2%) and higher % lean mass (79.2% vs 70.6%) ( P < 0.001). Regional composition varied by sport and sex, with women having a greater proportion of lean mass at the trunk and men in their arms ( P < 0.0001). Leg lean mass was distributed similarly between sexes (35%). Overall, the normative group (NHANES) had lower BMD and higher percentage fat. Conclusion: DXA-measured body composition and lean mass distribution varies by sport and sex in Division I athletes. The observed difference to the NHANES population emphasizes challenges in identifying appropriate comparison populations, reinforcing the need to compare athletes with their own baseline. Clinical Relevance: These findings establish a framework to investigate the relevance of these variances and determine the utility of body composition analysis in elite athletes.
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Lehra, Colbert, Othmane Omalekb, Sam Osborne, Zachary Warren, David Saucier, Reuben F. Burch V, John Ball, and Harish Chanderd. "Wearable Applications in Rugby for Performance Quantification and Player Health Assessment: A Brief Review." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.10n.2p.1.
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Background: Wearable technology use in sports has amassed increased attention in recent years. Technological advancements have provided less labor-intensive methods for practitioners and athletes to track kinematic movements, workload metrics, and biometric markers to assess performance and safety. As such, wearables research has spread to a variety of sports; however, the specific wearable technologies used in the rugby codes—rugby league and rugby union—have not been reviewed. Objective: Herein, we present a review that aims to understand the use of wearable technology for performance demand quantification and player health assessment in rugby league and rugby union. Method: We classify extant scientific wearable literature into four research categories: Prehabilitation (preventative rehabilitation), Performance, Rehabilitation, and Data Analysis. Results: Eighteen articles were found using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and were grouped into these four research categories. Through this review process, Global Positioning System or GPS-based wearables were found to be utilized more when compared to all other wearable devices associated with peer-reviewed studies for the sport of rugby. In general, wearables were found to be used to support player and practitioner efforts to promote health and ensure peak performance prior to competition. Wearables were also used to determine injury severity and mitigation strategies—such as collision monitoring—and to develop positional activity profiles. Conclusion: Data collected through wearable technology may enhance rugby conditioning programs by enabling the tracking of numerous aspects of training performance and safety in competitive match play. Future research is warranted for standardization of player evaluation and injury predictive modeling.
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Diaz, Connor C., Enrico M. Forlenza, Ophelie Z. Lavoie-Gagne, Derrick M. Knapik, Avinaash Korrapati, Jorge Chahla, and Brian Forsythe. "Acromioclavicular Joint Separation in UEFA Soccer Players: A Matched-Cohort Analysis of Return to Play and Player Performance From 1999 to 2018." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 232596712110262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211026262.
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Background: Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) separation injuries are uncommon in professional soccer players, threatening future performance and team contributions. Data regarding return to play (RTP) in professional soccer players after ACJ separation are limited. Purpose: To determine the rate, time to RTP, and player performance after ACJ separation in soccer players from the top 5 professional European leagues when compared with a retrospective, matched cohort of uninjured players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Professional soccer players suffering ACJ separation injuries between 1999 and 2018 were identified and were matched to uninjured players (2 controls to 1 injured player) by position, height, age, season year, and length of time played. Information on date of injury, timing to RTP, and player performance metrics (minutes played, games played, goals scored, assists made, and points per game) were collected from transfermarkt.co.uk, uefa.com , fifa.com , official team websites, public injury reports, and press releases. Change in performance metrics for the 4 seasons after the season of injury were based on metrics 1 season before injury. Univariate comparisons were performed using independent 2-group t tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests when normality of distributions was violated. Results: A total 59 soccer players with ACJ separation injuries were identified. Mean age at injury was 24.6 ± 5.3 years. Of these, 81% of the players returned to play, with 69% returning within postinjury season 1. Mean time to RTP was 49.8 ± 24.3 days (5.9 ± 4.1 games). Two players suffered recurrent ACJ separation injuries in their professional soccer careers. There were no significant differences between athletes who sustained ACJ injuries versus control athletes in the number of games played, minutes per game per season, goals scored, assists, or points in the 4 seasons after injury. Defenders played fewer minutes and recorded fewer assists during postinjury season 1 when compared with control athletes. Conclusion: Of the 59 elite soccer players who sustained ACJ separation injuries during the study period, 81% returned to elite competition. Performance metrics were similar to preinjury levels and matched, uninjured control players.
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Forlenza, Enrico M., Ophelie Z. Lavoie-Gagne, Yining Lu, Connor C. Diaz, Jorge Chahla, and Brian Forsythe. "Return to Play and Player Performance After Achilles Tendon Rupture in UEFA Professional Soccer Players: A Matched-Cohort Analysis of Players From 1999 to 2018." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 232596712110241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211024199.
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Background: Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) is a potentially career-ending injury in professional athletes. Limited information exists regarding return to play (RTP) in professional soccer players after this injury. Purpose: To determine the RTP rate and time in professional soccer players after ATR and to evaluate player performance relative to matched controls. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We evaluated 132 professional soccer players who suffered an ATR between 1999 and 2018. These athletes were matched 2:1 to uninjured controls by position, age, season of injury, seasons played, and height. We collected information on the date of injury, the date of RTP, and player performance metrics (minutes played, games played, goals scored, assists made, and points per game) from official team websites, public injury reports, and press releases. Changes in performance metrics for the 4 years after the season of injury were compared with metrics 1 season before injury. Univariate comparisons were performed using independent-sample, 2-group t tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests when normality of distributions was violated. Results: The mean age at ATR was 27.49 ± 4.06 years, and the mean time to RTP was 5.07 ± 2.61 months (18.19 ± 10.96 games). The RTP rate was 71% for the season after injury and 78% for return at any timepoint. Overall, 9% of the injured players experienced a rerupture during the study period. Compared with controls, the injured players played significantly less (-6.77 vs -1.81 games [ P < .001] and -560.17 vs -171.17 minutes [ P < .05]) and recorded fewer goals (-1.06 vs -0.29 [ P < .05]) and assists (-0.76 vs -0.02 [ P < .05]) during the season of their Achilles rupture. With the exception of midfielders, there were no significant differences in play time or performance metrics between injured and uninjured players at any postinjury timepoint. Conclusion: Soccer players who suffered an ATR had a 78% RTP rate, with a mean RTP time of 5 months. Injured players played less and demonstrated inferior performance during the season of injury. With the exception of midfielders, players displayed no significant differences in play time or performance during any of the 4 postinjury seasons.
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Mitchell, Lachlan J. G., Ben Rattray, Paul Wu, Philo U. Saunders, and David B. Pyne. "Responsiveness and Seasonal Variation of a 12 × 25-m Swimming Test." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 7 (August 1, 2019): 966–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0745.
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Purpose: Critical speed (CS) and supra-CS distance capacity (D′) are useful metrics for monitoring changes in swimmers’ physiological and performance capacities. However, the utility of these metrics across a season has not been systematically evaluated in high-level swimmers. Methods: A total of 27 swimmers (mean [SD]: 18 females, age = 19.1 [2.9] y, and 9 males, age = 19.5 [1.9] y) completed the 12 × 25-m swimming test multiple times (4 [3] tests/swimmer) across a 2-y period. Season-best times in all distances for the test stroke were sourced from publicly available databases. Swimmers’ distance speciality was determined as the event with the time closest to world record. Four metrics were calculated from the 12 × 25-m test: CS, D′, peak speed, and drop-off %. Results: Guyatt responsiveness index values were calculated to ascertain the practically relevant sensitivity of each 12 × 25-m metric: CS = 1.5, peak speed = 2.3, D′ = 2.1, and drop-off % = 2.6. These values are modified effect sizes; all are large effects. Bayesian mixed modeling showed substantial between-subjects differences between genders and strokes for each variable but minimal within-subject changes across the season. Drop-off % was lower in 200-m swimmers (14.0% [3.3%]) than in 100-m swimmers (18.1% [4.1%], P = .003, effect size = 1.10). Conclusions: The 12 × 25-m test is best suited to differentiating between swimmers of different strokes and events. Further development is needed to improve its utility in quantifying meaningful changes over a season for individual swimmers.
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Passfield, Louis, Juan M. Murias, Massimo Sacchetti, and Andrea Nicolò. "Validity of the Training-Load Concept." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0536.
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Training load (TL) is a widely used concept in training prescription and monitoring and is also recognized as as an important tool for avoiding athlete injury, illness, and overtraining. With the widespread adoption of wearable devices, TL metrics are used increasingly by researchers and practitioners worldwide. Conceptually, TL was proposed as a means to quantify a dose of training and used to predict its resulting training effect. However, TL has never been validated as a measure of training dose, and there is a risk that fundamental problems related to its calculation are preventing advances in training prescription and monitoring. Specifically, we highlight recent studies from our research groups where we compare the acute performance decrement measured following a session with its TL metrics. These studies suggest that most TL metrics are not consistent with their notional training dose and that the exercise duration confounds their calculation. These studies also show that total work done is not an appropriate way to compare training interventions that differ in duration and intensity. We encourage scientists and practitioners to critically evaluate the validity of current TL metrics and suggest that new TL metrics need to be developed.
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McConnell, Evan P., and Robin M. Queen. "Correlation of Physical Performance and Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty." Foot & Ankle International 38, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100716672656.
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Background: Functional recovery following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is assessed with patient-reported metrics, but physical performance tests may allow for a more accurate assessment of patient function. We quantified correlations between patient-reported measures and physical performance tests in patients after TAA to determine the usefulness of physical performance tests in post-TAA assessment. Methods: In total, 140 patients with end-stage ankle osteoarthritis were assessed prior to TAA and again at 12 and 24 months postoperatively. At each time point, the visual analog scale (VAS), Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI), American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS), Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA), and Short-Form 36 (SF-36) scores were collected, as well as walking speed, Four-Square Step Test (FSST) times, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) balance scores. Results: All but 1 (SF-36 general health component) of the patient-reported outcomes improved significantly from preoperative assessment to both 1 and 2 years postoperatively ( P < .001 in all cases). Walking speed, FSST times, and balance scores improved significantly across time ( P < .001 in all cases). Walking speed was moderately correlated with total SF-36 scores at both 1 and 2 years postoperatively ( P < .001 in both cases), both components of the SMFA at 1 year postoperatively ( P < .001 in both cases), and total AOFAS scores at 2 years postoperatively ( P = .001). Conclusion: The lack of strong correlations between the 2 sets of metrics indicates that they provide different information about a patient’s recovery following TAA. Therefore, it is important to include both sets of metrics in post-TAA assessments to better understand operative success and functional recovery. Level of Evidence: Level IV, cohort study.
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Reckziegel, D., R. Jabakhanji, M. Abdallah, A. V. Apkarian, and T. J. Schnitzer. "Performance-based metrics and their reorganization before and after knee replacement surgery." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 28 (April 2020): S455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2020.02.711.
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