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GRABINER, MARK D., and ROGER M. ENOKA. "Changes in Movement Capabilities with Aging." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 23 (1995): 65???104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00003677-199500230-00005.
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Heckman, C. J. "Active Conductances in Motoneuron Dendrites Enhance Movement Capabilities." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 31, no. 2 (April 2003): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200304000-00008.
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Lutz, Jonas, Daniel Memmert, Dominik Raabe, Rolf Dornberger, and Lars Donath. "Wearables for Integrative Performance and Tactic Analyses: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010059.
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Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have reduced drastically in size, cost, and power consumption, while improving accuracy. The combination of different sensor technologies is considered a promising step in the monitoring of athletes. Those “wearables” enable the capturing of relevant physiological and tactical information in individual and team sports and thus replacing subjective, time-consuming and qualitative methods with objective, quantitative ones. Prior studies mainly comprised sports categories such as: targeting sports, batting and fielding games as well as net and wall games, focusing on the detection of individual, non-locomotive movements. The increasing capabilities of wearables allow for more complex and integrative analysis expanding research into the last category: invasion sports. Such holistic approaches allow the derivation of metrics, estimation of physical conditions and the analysis of team strategic behavior, accompanied by integrative knowledge gains in technical, tactical, physical, and mental aspects of a sport. However, prior and current researchers find the precise measurement of the actual movement within highly dynamic and non-linear movement difficult. Thus, the present article showcases an overview of the environments in which the wearables are employed. It elaborates their use in individual as well as team-related performance analyses with a special focus on reliability and validity, challenges, and future directions.
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Mocrousov, Elena. "Stabilometrical Studies of Children’s Functional Movement Status for their Selection for Table Tennis in the Modern Context." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/spes-2019-0003.
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Summary Modern sport is characterized by rapid growth of records and achievements, and related significant intensification of training and competitive loads requires a scientifically grounded search for talented young people, who can cope with heavy sports loads, high rates of sports development and sports achievements. At the same time, search and selection of talented children for sports to begin their sports development should be based on scientific achievements in the field of pedagogy, psychology, physiology, sports training and other special subjects which give an appropriate idea about specifics of the status and development of the organism, its functional and movement capabilities. Exploring the problems of today’s youth, and the origins of table tennis, we can state that at the present stage table tennis can be an effective means of physical education of the younger generation of the Republic of Moldova, not only for sports development but also for the education of the socially and morally healthy young people. Sports practice of athlete’s development requires knowledge and records of indicators of their present and prospective physical, functional and psychomotor status, which dynamics and forecast allow planning athletic performance. The material for publication provides research findings on stabilometrical studies of functional movement status of children participating in sports selection for table tennis. At the same time, stabilometric criteria of children selection for table tennis serve an effective assessment of their physical condition, based on their previous movement experiences. Applied stabilometrical tests for studying and assessing the functional movement skills are quite adequate to the due age development of the explored children and they allow to perform efficient sports selection at a high level. Applying these tests in the process of sports selection of children for table tennis will allow us to identify often outwardly hidden visual, hearing, proprioceptive, and vestibular distortions and necessary psychomotor status allowing to control their own motor actions.
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Zipp, Sarah, Tavis Smith, and Simon Darnell. "Development, Gender and Sport: Theorizing a Feminist Practice of the Capabilities Approach in Sport for Development." Journal of Sport Management 33, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0126.
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Sport for development (SFD) research and practice has become more critically examined recently, with many scholars calling for better understanding of how and why sport might contribute to the global development movement. Developing and refining theoretical approaches is key to unpacking the complexities of SFD. Yet, theory development in SFD is still relatively young and often relies on oversimplified theory of change models. In this article, the authors propose a new theoretical approach, drawing upon the capabilities approach and critical feminist perspectives. The authors contend that the capabilities approach is effective in challenging neoliberal ideologies and examining a range of factors that influence people’s lived experiences. They have woven a “gender lens” across the capabilities approach framework, as feminist perspectives are often overlooked, subjugated, or misunderstood. The authors also provide an adaptable diagrammatic model to support researchers and practitioners in applying this framework in the SFD context.
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Wilson, Ricky, Matt Dicks, Gemma Milligan, Jamie Poolton, and David Alder. "An examination of action capabilities and movement time during a soccer anticipation task." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 102 (2018): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019001.
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This study examined the anticipation responses of twenty skilled youth players who were assigned to either a change of direction (CODG) or small-sided games group (SSGG). Action capabilities were assessedviaa countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), 20 m sprint, 5 m acceleration and arrowhead change of direction (COD) test. Anticipation was measuredviaa soccer-specific anticipation test (SSAT), which required participants to anticipate the actions of an opposing player and intercept a pass. Pre- and post-intervention testing procedures were identical for both groups. Following training there was an overall improvement in CMVJ performance (p < 0.05,r = 0.52) for both training groups and this improvement was correlated with movement initiation in the SSAT (r = 0.61,p < 0.05). The novel findings of this study highlight that different training modes can potentially have a positive impact on anticipation performance. Further investigation focussing on an examination of the relationship between training, anticipation, and action capabilities in sport is warranted for the development of research and applied perspectives in expertise.
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Franchini, Emerson, and Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela. "Developing flexibility for combat sports athletes." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 16, no. 1s (March 23, 2021): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v16i1s.7005.
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The range of motion of a joint is extremely important in combat sports, especially when there is a need to execute a certain motor gesture with maximum range of movement, as in throwing techniques such as uchi-mata in judo, certain types of guards in Brazilian jiu-jitsu or the high kicks common in a variety of striking combat sports. Therefore, in this chapter, we will discuss the elements related to flexibility response during training sessions or combat sports competitions, flexibility tests commonly used for these athletes, and the monitoring and control of the evolution of flexibility in athletes. We will also present the means and methods used for the development of flexibility and longitudinal studies on the development of flexibility in combat sports athletes. Finally, this chapter supports based on the evidence the inclusion of flexibility development within training sessions is an important consideration to maximize performance and other physical capabilities that may be affected both acutely or in the long-term by flexibility.
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Schmidt, Rebecca. "The Carbon Footprint of the Games – International Climate Change Law and the Olympics." AJIL Unbound 114 (2020): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.71.
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Olympic Games do not happen in a vacuum or a sports bubble. They are embedded in both local and global realities of a social, economic, and environmental nature. Environmental factors, in particular, have impacted the Olympic Movement for several decades. In this context, climate change is a more recent, yet increasingly important, issue on the agenda. This essay examines the Olympic Movement's multi-level climate change policy. Based on the goals established in the Paris Agreement, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) launched the Sports for Climate Action Initiative in 2018. In the context of the Olympics, this Initiative is implemented through the interplay between the IOC and actors at the local, host city level. Consequently, the system is highly dependent on local organizers’ capabilities to meet the Initiative's ambitious targets, as well as on the IOC's willingness and ability to take an active role in steering and supporting host cities in this process.
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Alikhanov, V. "The Unity of Sport and Morality in Theoretical and Practical Training in Boxing." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/69/48.
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The article shows that although sports and morality are perceived as separate concepts, there is a common point that unites the two areas, and there is a system of rules that constitute human and interpersonal relationships. Both concepts emerged as a result of the interaction of human relationships. Exercises and physical education classes in certain sports help students to form interests and play a major role in their social development. The main topic of the article is the physiological features of the moral boxer’s activity. Boxing is a non-cyclical form of sport, i. e. in boxing, the movement of the upper extremities is carried out with a certain intensity. Boxing is a sport of speed-speed-stroke. Therefore, the boxer must be able to use all the functional capabilities of the body, both during training and competition. In the process of training, both motor qualities (strength, endurance, speed) increase and improve, as well as physiological developmental processes take place in its vegetative functions: blood circulation, respiration, digestion and other systems. In boxing, the strength of long muscles, endurance and activity are of particular importance. In this regard, both the boxer and his coach must have a thorough knowledge of the general physiological and biochemical processes of the body.
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Barker, Dean, Gunn Nyberg, and Hakan Larsson. "Exploring Movement Learning in Physical Education Using a Threshold Approach." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 39, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2019-0130.
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Purpose: To describe student learning when physical education teacher and students attempted to develop movement capability. Methods: The study reports on the implementation of a 10-lesson pedagogical sequence. Data were generated using observations, interviews, and student diaries with one grade 9 class (26 students aged approximately 15 years) as they developed juggling capabilities. Data were analyzed using the notion of corporeal thresholds. Results: Results show that (a) a “throw–throw–catch–catch” pattern emerged as a corporeal threshold for juggling within the sequence; (b) most learners had crossed the threshold at the outset and were able to experiment with different forms of juggling during the sequence; (c) some students crossed the threshold during the sequence. These students experienced liminal phases, characterized by frustration and an initial feeling that they were juggling in the “wrong” way; and (d) some learners became stuck, pretended to know what to do, and did not cross the threshold during the 10 lessons. Discussion/Conclusion: Three issues related to the threshold approach are discussed: student identity and group membership, the process of learning, and the emotional dimensions of movement learning. This study is concluded with reflections on the implications of the results for scholarship.
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Lockie, Robert G., Samuel J. Callaghan, Corrin A. Jordan, Tawni M. Luczo, Matthew D. Jeffriess, Farzad Jalilvand, and Adrian B. Schultz. "Certain Actions from the Functional Movement Screen Do Not Provide an Indication of Dynamic Stability." Journal of Human Kinetics 47, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0058.
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AbstractDynamic stability is an essential physical component for team sport athletes. Certain Functional Movement Screen (FMS) exercises (deep squat; left- and right-leg hurdle step; left- and right-leg in-line lunge [ILL]; left- and right-leg active straight-leg raise; and trunk stability push-up [TSPU]) have been suggested as providing an indication of dynamic stability. No research has investigated relationships between these screens and an established test of dynamic stability such as the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT), which measures lower-limb reach distance in posteromedial, medial, and anteromedial directions, in team sport athletes. Forty-one male and female team sport athletes completed the screens and the mSEBT. Participants were split into high-, intermediate-, and low-performing groups according to the mean of the excursions when both the left and right legs were used for the mSEBT stance. Any between-group differences in the screens and mSEBT were determined via a one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc adjustment (p < 0.05). Data was pooled for a correlation analysis (p < 0.05). There were no between-group differences in any of the screens, and only two positive correlations between the screens and the mSEBT (TSPU and right stance leg posteromedial excursion, r = 0.37; left-leg ILL and left stance leg posteromedial excursion, r = 0.46). The mSEBT clearly indicated participants with different dynamic stability capabilities. In contrast to the mSEBT, the selected FMS exercises investigated in this study have a limited capacity to identify dynamic stability in team sport athletes.
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Wilkerson, Gary B., Dustin C. Nabhan, and Ryan T. Crane. "Concussion History and Neuromechanical Responsiveness Asymmetry." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 6 (May 12, 2020): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0401.19.
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Context Detection of subtle changes in brain sensorimotor processes may enable clinicians to identify athletes who would derive the greatest benefit from interventions designed to reduce the risk for future injury and progressive neurologic or musculoskeletal dysfunction. Objective To develop a generalizable statistical model for identifying athletes who possess subtle alterations in sensorimotor processes that may be due to previous concussion. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Residential Olympic Training Center sports medicine clinic. Patients or Other Participants A primary cohort of 35 elite athletes and a secondary cohort of 40 elite athletes who performed identical tests the preceding year. Intervention(s) Two upper extremity tests of visual-motor reaction time and 2 tests of whole-body reactive agility were administered. The whole-body tests required lateral or diagonal responses to virtual-reality targets, which provided measures of reaction time, speed, acceleration, and deceleration. Main Outcome Measure(s) Sport-related concussion history, which was reported by 54% (n = 19) of the athletes in the primary cohort and 45% (n = 18) of the athletes in the secondary cohort. Results Univariable analyses identified 12 strong predictors of sport-related concussion history, which we combined to create a composite metric with maximum predictive value. Composite lateral asymmetry for whole-body reactive movements and persisting effects of previous musculoskeletal injury yielded a logistic regression model with exceptionally good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.845) and calibration (predicted-observed probabilities within 7 subgroups: r = 0.959, P = .001). Application of the derived model to compatible data acquired from another cohort of elite athletes demonstrated very good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.772) and calibration (within 8 subgroups: r = 0.849, P = .008). Conclusions Asymmetry in whole-body reactive movement capabilities may be a manifestation of a subtle abnormality in the functional connectivity of brain networks that might be relevant to previously reported associations between sport-related concussion history and musculoskeletal injury occurrence.
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Bergentoft, Heléne. "Running: A way to increase body awareness in secondary school physical education." European Physical Education Review 26, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356336x18814035.
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Research suggests that young people’s understanding of how their bodies move in space and time is deteriorating. The aim of this study was to examine how students learn to analyse sensations and feelings while running. In total, 94 students aged 16–19 years and seven physical education (PE) teachers from two different secondary schools participated in the study. Five different PE lessons were designed, conducted and analysed based on the tenets of variation theory. Two questions guided the investigation: (a) What aspects of the running movement do students discern as critical for increased awareness of body posture in running? (b) In what way do lesson designs and teaching techniques affect students’ identification of critical aspects of body posture in running? The paper provides examples of how embodied exploration of body awareness can be used as an educational means to enhance movement capabilities. Two themes are identified and described: tentative critical aspects of body posture for running, and differences in students’ ways of developing movement capability. The paper concludes with a summary of the main results along with reflections on issues that require further attention.
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Samozino, Pierre, Jean Romain Rivière, Jérémy Rossi, Jean-Benoit Morin, and Pedro Jimenez-Reyes. "How Fast Is a Horizontal Squat Jump?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 7 (August 1, 2018): 910–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0499.
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Velocity strength training requires exercise modalities that allow athletes to reach very high movement velocity, which is limited during vertical movements involving body weight. Purpose: To quantify the mechanical outputs developed during horizontal squat jumps (HSJs), notably the movement velocity, in comparison with vertical squat jumps (SJs) with and without loads. Methods: Thirteen healthy male athletes performed SJs without additional loads (SJ0) and with a load of ∼60% of body mass (SJ60), and during HSJs performed lying on a roller device with (assisted HSJ [AHSJ]) and without (HSJ) rubber-band assistance. Instantaneous lower-limb extension velocity, force, and power output were measured and averaged over the push-off phase. Results: The force was significantly higher during SJ60 than during SJ0, which was higher than during HSJ and AHSJ. Extension velocity was significantly different across all conditions, with 0.86 (0.07), 1.29 (0.10), 1.59 (0.19), and 1.83 (0.19) m·s−1 for SJ60, SJ0, HSJ, and AHSJ conditions, respectively. Differences in force and velocity values between SJ0 and the other conditions were large to extremely large. Differences were observed in power values only between SJ60 and SJ0, SJ60 and AHSJ, and SJ0 and HSJ. Conclusions: HSJ modalities allow athletes to reach very to extremely largely greater lower-limb extension velocities (HSJ +24.0% [16%], AHSJ +42.8% [17.4%]) compared to those achieved during SJ0. HSJ and AHSJ modalities are inexpensive and practical modalities to train limb-extension velocity capabilities, that is, the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce force at high contraction velocities.
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Borges, Paulo Henrique, Sean Cumming, Enio R. V. Ronque, Felippe Cardoso, Ademar Avelar, Leandro Rechenchosky, Israel Teoldo da Costa, and Wilson Rinaldi. "Relationship Between Tactical Performance, Somatic Maturity and Functional Capabilities in Young Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 64, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0190.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between tactical performance, somatic maturity, and functional capabilities in young soccer players. Study participants were 48 soccer players (14.80 ± 1.5 years) belonging to an extension project at the State University of Maringa - Brazil. Anthropometric measurements of body mass, body height, and sitting height were carried out. The number of years to peak height velocity (PHV) was used as an index of maturation. Evaluations of functional fitness included the following tests: sit-and-reach, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, handgrip test, modified abdominal test, and vertical jumps (Counter Movement Jump and Jump Squat). Tactical performance was assessed through the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT). Multiple Linear Regression models were used to estimate the relative contributions of functional and maturational capacities to tactical performance. The results indicated weak associations between the tactical performance indices and somatic maturity, functional capacity, and anthropometric attributes (r < 0.40). The Yo-Yo Test contributed to 36% of the defensive tactic performance variation in the under 13 category. These results suggest that the level of maturity, growth status, and functional fitness have limited impact on tactical performance of young soccer players.
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Strick, Peter L., Richard P. Dum, and Jean-Alban Rathelot. "The Cortical Motor Areas and the Emergence of Motor Skills: A Neuroanatomical Perspective." Annual Review of Neuroscience 44, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 425–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050216.
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What changes in neural architecture account for the emergence and expansion of dexterity in primates? Dexterity, or skill in performing motor tasks, depends on the ability to generate highly fractionated patterns of muscle activity. It also involves the spatiotemporal coordination of activity in proximal and distal muscles across multiple joints. Many motor skills require the generation of complex movement sequences that are only acquired and refined through extensive practice. Improvements in dexterity have enabled primates to manufacture and use tools and humans to engage in skilled motor behaviors such as typing, dance, musical performance, and sports. Our analysis leads to the following synthesis: The neural substrate that endows primates with their enhanced motor capabilities is due, in part, to ( a) major organizational changes in the primary motor cortex and ( b) the proliferation of output pathways from other areas of the cerebral cortex, especially from the motor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere.
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Elnaggar, Ragab K., Bader A. Alqahtani, Saud F. Alsubaie, Rania R. Mohamed, and Mohammed F. Elbanna. "Stretch-shortening cycle exercises can efficiently optimize gait-symmetry and balance capabilities in children with unilateral cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial." NeuroRehabilitation 49, no. 1 (August 14, 2021): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-210063.
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BACKGROUND: Children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP) experience an asymmetrical gait pattern and poor balance capabilities. Effective interventions, therefore, are needed to facilitate remediation of these functional issues. OBJECTIVE: This study was set out to investigate the emerging role of stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercises on gait-symmetry and balance in children with UCP. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, 42 children with UCP (age; 8 –12 years) were enrolled and received either standard physical rehabilitation (control group; n = 21) or the SSC exercise program plus physical rehabilitation (SSC group; n = 21). Spatial- and temporal-gait symmetry index (GSI) and specific balance capabilities [reactive balance, directional control, movement synchronization, and sensory organization] were assessed before and after 16 sessions that were carried out twice/week over non-sequential days in an 8-week program. RESULTS: Using the pre-treatment scores as covariates, the post-treatment spatial- (P = 0.006; η p 2 = 0.17) and temporal- GSI (P < .001; η p 2 = 0.46) scores reduced significantly in the SSC group as compared to the control group, suggesting favorable improvement of gait symmetry. Also, all measures of balance (P < 0.05; η p 2 ranged between 0.10 and 0.29) improved remarkably, post-treatment, in SSC group in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSION: The evidence from this study suggests that SSC exercises besides standard physical rehabilitation appear to be effective for improving gait symmetry and boosting balance capabilities in children with UCP.
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Xie, Qiaolian, Qiaoling Meng, Qingxin Zeng, Hongliu Yu, and Zhijia Shen. "An innovative equivalent kinematic model of the human upper limb to improve the trajectory planning of exoskeleton rehabilitation robots." Mechanical Sciences 12, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-661-2021.
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Abstract. Upper limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robots have been attracting significant attention by researchers due to their adaptive training, highly repetitive motion, and ability to enhance the self-care capabilities of patients with disabilities. It is a key problem that the existing upper limb exoskeletons cannot stay in line with the corresponding human arm during exercise. The aim is to evaluate whether the existing upper limb exoskeleton movement is in line with the human movement and to provide a design basis for the future exoskeleton. This paper proposes a new equivalent kinematic model for human upper limb, including the shoulder joint, elbow joint, and wrist joint, according to the human anatomical structure and sports biomechanical characteristics. And this paper analyzes the motion space according to the normal range of motion of joints for building the workspace of the proposed model. Then, the trajectory planning for an upper limb exoskeleton is evaluated and improved based on the proposed model. The evaluation results show that there were obvious differences between the exoskeleton prototype and human arm. The deviation between the human body and the exoskeleton of the improved trajectory is decreased to 41.64 %. In conclusion, the new equivalent kinematics model for the human upper limb proposed in this paper can effectively evaluate the existing upper limb exoskeleton and provide suggestions for structural improvements in line with human motion.
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Sebastian, Kali M., Reuben F. Burch V, and Preston “Stick” Rogers. "Brain Injuries in American Football: Understanding the Injury, Difficulty in Helmet Optimization, and Current Communication Practices – A Narrative Review." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 8, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.8n.4p.34.
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Background: Over 2.7 million people suffer traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) annually in the United States. TBI involves the application and generation of external forces and impulse loads respectively to the head whereby the brain moves relative to the skull. Despite numerous studies, further understanding of TBIs is necessary, requiring consistent attention. Objective: The purpose of this article is to investigate the history of American football helmets and provide an academic and practitioner review as it relates to TBIs. This study is a literature review that also considers perspectives from an autoethnographic frame. Method: An extensive literature review was performed to assess the history of TBI as it relates to American football. This article evaluates helmet design optimization and American football safety as well as an exploration into the sports’ education methods for players and staff alike. Results: Despite developing helmet designs that can better attenuate impact forces, reducing linear and rotational movement, the skull and brain move very differently relative to one another. Helmet designs and tools for measuring forces require further validation techniques to determine resultant forces and movement for the brain. Current biomechanics research lacks sufficient methodology for defining TBI thresholds, making helmet optimization difficult. Conclusion: According to past research, no helmet can eliminate all TBI risk; however, processes are in place lead by the National Football League (NFL) and NFL Players Association to educate players, coaches, and staff at all levels of competition of the protective capabilities of available helmet options.
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Gervasi, Marco, Anna Rita Calavalle, Stefano Amatori, Eugenio Grassi, Piero Benelli, Piero Sestili, and Davide Sisti. "Post‐Activation Potentiation Increases Recruitment of Fast Twitch Fibers: A Potential Practical Application in Runners." Journal of Human Kinetics 65, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0021.
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AbstractTo determine the relationship between fatigue and post-activation potentiation, we examined the effects of sub-maximal continuous running on neuromuscular function tests, as well as on the squat jump and counter movement jump in endurance athletes. The height of the squat jump and counter movement jump and the estimate of the fast twitch fiber recruiting capabilities were assessed in seven male middle distance runners before and after 40 min of continuous running at an intensity corresponding to the individual lactate threshold. The same test was then repeated after three weeks of specific aerobic training. Since the three variables were strongly correlated, only the estimate of the fast twitch fiber was considered for the results. The subjects showed a significant improvement in the fast twitch fiber recruitment percentage after the 40 min run. Our data show that submaximal physical exercise determined a change in fast twitch muscle fiber recruitment patterns observed when subjects performed vertical jumps; however, this recruitment capacity was proportional to the subjects’ individual fast twitch muscle fiber profiles measured before the 40 min run. The results of the jump tests did not change significantly after the three-week training period. These results suggest that pre-fatigue methods, through sub-maximal exercises, could be used to take advantage of explosive capacity in middle-distance runners.
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Hedman, Lois D., and Jane E. Sullivan. "An initial exploration of the perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation to measure arm sensation following stroke." Clinical Rehabilitation 25, no. 11 (March 22, 2011): 1042–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215511399475.
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Objective: To explore the viability of the perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation to measure light touch sensation in the hands of stroke survivors. Design: Descriptive study. Setting: University research laboratory. Subjects: Twenty-nine adult community-dwelling chronic stroke survivors. Main measure(s): Perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation, stroke rehabilitation assessment of movement, Nottingham sensory assessment for stereognosis, action research arm test, Fugl-Meyer assessment of sensation and motor activity log 14. Results: Perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation mean threshold values were 1.23 (0.6) milliamperes (range 0.5–3.5) for the uninvolved side and 1.68 (0.91) milliamperes (range 0.5–4.5) for the involved side. The perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.896 – uninvolved; 0.829 – involved). There was a statistically significant difference between the perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation mean threshold values for the uninvolved and involved arms ( P = 0.003), but this significance did not hold for subjects who had normal sensation as measured by the Fugl-Meyer assessment of sensation ( P = 0.083). Low to nonexistent correlations were found between the perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation and other measures of sensation, arm movement, activity and participation. Conclusions: The perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation is a reliable and clinically feasible test with the potential to identify sensory capacity in stroke survivors with substantial sensory loss. Electrical sensory thresholds do not reflect overall sensory function or motor capabilities in stroke survivors.
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Hamill, Joseph, George Gorton, and Peter Masso. "Clinical Biomechanics: Contributions to the Medical Treatment of Physical Abnormalities." Kinesiology Review 1, no. 1 (February 2012): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/krj.1.1.17.
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Biomechanics is defined as the application of the laws of mechanics to the study or structure and function of movement. It is a relatively new subdiscipline to the domain of kinesiology. Biomechanics was initially closely associated with the study of sports technique. However, over the years, biomechanics has taken on a much more diverse field of study. In this paper, we will describe the contributions that biomechanics has made to the area of clinical biomechanics research in terms of clinical assessment and outcomes and the design of clinical apparatus. The first example examines a clinical assessment of a cerebral palsy child. The goals of such a clinical assessment are 1) to determine the primary problems with the locomotion capabilities of the individual, 2) to recommend treatment options, and 3) to evaluate treatment outcomes. In the second example, a procedure is described for designing braces for scoliosis patients. For this example, a three-dimensional digital twin is developed using a scanning technique. This example illustrates the research conducted on developing a technique to noninvasively and safely determine the torso deformities resulting from scoliosis. While these examples are but two of a wide variety of examples that could be used, they illustrate the contribution of biomechanics to the clinical world.
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Jacquier-Bret, Julien, Arnaud Faupin, Nasser Rezzoug, and Philippe Gorce. "A New Postural Force Production Index to Assess Propulsion Effectiveness During Handcycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29, no. 6 (December 2013): 798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.6.798.
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The aim of this study was to propose a new index called Postural Force Production Index (PFPI) for evaluating the force production during handcycling. For a given posture, it assesses the force generation capacity in all Cartesian directions by linking the joint configuration to the effective force applied on the handgrips. Its purpose is to give insight into the force pattern of handcycling users, and could be used as ergonomic index. The PFPI is based on the force ellipsoid, which belongs to the class of manipulability indices and represents the overall force production capabilities at the hand in all Cartesian directions from unit joint torques. The kinematics and kinetics of the arm were recorded during a 1-min exercise test on a handcycle at 70 revolutions per minute performed by one paraplegic expert in handcycling. The PFPI values were compared with the Fraction Effective Force (FEF), which is classically associated with the effectiveness of force application. The results showed a correspondence in the propulsion cycle between FEF peaks and the most favorable postures to produce a force tangential to the crank rotation (PFPI). This preliminary study opens a promising way to study patterns of force production in the framework of handcycling movement analysis.
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ARESTOV, SERGEY, ALEXEY KASHCHEEV, and ARTEM GUSHCHA. "COMPARISON OF ENDOSCOPIC AND MICROSURGICAL METHODS IN THE TREATMENT OF LUMBAR DISC HERNIATIONS." Coluna/Columna 16, no. 3 (September 2017): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-185120171603182333.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The development of minimally invasive spine surgery leads us to reflect on the efficiency of new methods compared with older ones. In the case of endoscopic spine surgery, we always seek to compare our results using new techniques with the results of older and trusted microsurgical techniques. Unfortunately, there are few reliable studies measuring endoscopic and microsurgical approaches. We therefore decided to compare our treatment results with those of what are, in our opinion, the best and most thorough studies found. Furthermore, we found no illustrated experience in the usability of endoscopic methods. We therefore analyzed each step of the technique used, according to the practical experience with microsurgical discectomy. Methods: We compared our two-year experience of treatment of 183 patients with lumbar disc herniations using the endoscopic technique, with data reported in the literature on microsurgical minimally invasive methods. Results: Our group achieved good to excellent results in 92.9% of cases (170 patients) compared to 90% reported in the literature. We compared the capabilities of endoscopic discectomy with microsurgical methods, and concluded that the endoscopic method is sufficient to perform any movement inside the surgical field that is microscopically possible. It is also possible to perform any type of spinal cord decompression, with better visualization provided by the endoscope. Conclusions: We conclude that endoscopic microdiscectomy is a good and reliable alternative, with better outcomes and more efficient usage of the approach space.
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Sullivan, Katherine J., Shailesh S. Kantak, and Patricia A. Burtner. "Motor Learning in Children: Feedback Effects on Skill Acquisition." Physical Therapy 88, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20070196.
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Background and PurposeReduced feedback during motor skill practice benefits motor learning. However, it is unknown whether these findings can be applied to motor learning in children, given that children have different information-processing capabilities than adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different relative frequencies of feedback on skill acquisition in children compared with young adults.SubjectsThe participants were 20 young adults and 20 children.MethodsAll participants practiced 200 trials of a discrete arm movement with specific spatiotemporal parameters. Participants from each group (adults and children) were randomly assigned to either a 100% feedback group or a reduced (62% faded) feedback group. Learning was inferred from the performance on the delayed (24-hour) retention and reacquisition tests.ResultsAll participants improved accuracy and consistency across practice trials. During practice, the adults performed with significantly less error than the children. Adults who practiced with reduced feedback performed with increased consistency during the retention test compared with those who practiced with 100% feedback. In contrast, children who received reduced feedback during practice performed with less accuracy and consistency during the retention test than those who received 100% feedback. However, when feedback was reintroduced during the reacquisition test, the children in the reduced feedback group were able to improve their performance comparable to those in the 100% feedback group.Discussion and ConclusionsDuring motor learning, children use feedback in a manner different from that of adults. To optimize motor learning, children may require longer periods of practice, with feedback reduced more gradually, compared with young adults.
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Vanyuk, O. I. "The effectiveness of the use of breathing exercises in training shooters." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(128) (December 28, 2020): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.8(128).07.
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Breathing plays a leading role in ensuring human life processes. Breathing exercises promote the formation of a certain breathing rhythm in accordance with the muscle movements produced. Each sport requires the formation of its optimal functional state. In bullet shooting, an athlete does not experience intense physical exertion, but must show high coordination, attention and psychological stability. The paper presents an assessment of the effectiveness of the use of breathing exercises as a means of recovery for athletes involved in bullet shooting. The functional capabilities of the shooters' respiratory system have been studied. The assessment of the tolerance of hypoxic load An improvement in the functional capabilities of the respiratory system of shooters, an increase in tolerance to hypoxic loads were revealed. In both groups, there is a positive effect of the course of breathing exercises on the functional state of the respiratory system. The shooters showed a higher increase in the indicators of functional tests than those who do not go in for sports. The inclusion of respiratory gymnastics in the process of sports training as a means of recovery is effective. The course use of breathing exercises made it possible to improve the functional capabilities of the shooters' respiratory system, to increase their tolerance to hypoxic loads.
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Nguyen, Anh-Dung, Emma F. Zuk, Andrea L. Baellow, Kate R. Pfile, Lindsay J. DiStefano, and Michelle C. Boling. "Longitudinal Changes in Hip Strength and Range of Motion in Female Youth Soccer Players: Implications for ACL Injury, A Pilot Study." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 26, no. 5 (September 2017): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2015-0197.
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Context:Risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in young female athletes increases with age, appearing to peak during maturation. Changes in hip muscle strength and range of motion (ROM) during this time may contribute to altered dynamic movement patterns that are known to increase risk of ACL injuries. Understanding the longitudinal changes in hip strength and ROM is needed to develop appropriate interventions to reduce the risk of ACL injuries.Objective:To examine the longitudinal changes in hip strength and ROM in female youth soccer players.Design:Longitudinal descriptive study.Setting:Field setting.Participants:14 female youth soccer athletes (14.1 ± 1.1 y, 165.8 ± 5.3 cm, 57.5 ± 9.9 kg) volunteered as part of a multiyear risk factor screening project.Main Outcome Measures:Clinical measures of hip strength and ROM were collected annually over 3 consecutive years. Passive hip internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), abduction (ABD), and adduction (ADD) ROM were measured with a digital inclinometer. Isometric hip ABD and extension (EXT) strength were evaluated using a hand-held dynamometer. Separate repeated-measures ANOVAs compared hip strength and ROM values across 3 consecutive years (P < .05).Results:As youth female soccer players increased in age, there were no changes in normalized hip ABD (P = .830) or EXT strength (P = .062) across 3 consecutive years. Longitudinal changes in hip ROM were observed with increases in hip IR (P = .001) and ABD (P < .001), while hip ADD (P = .009) and ER (P < .001) decreased.Conclusions:Anatomical changes at the hip occur as youth female soccer players increase in age. While there are no changes in hip strength, there is an increase in hip IR and ABD ROM with a concomitant decrease in hip ER and ADD ROM. The resulting asymmetries in hip ROM may decrease the activation and force producing capabilities of the hip muscles during dynamic activities, contributing to altered lower extremity mechanics known to increase the risk of ACL injuries.
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Leonov, Yaroslav. "MODERN PARADIGM OF SPORTS POLICY AS IDEOLOGY OF HEALTHY SOCIETY." Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-4-15.
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The purpose of the article is to deepen general theoretical concepts to ensure a healthy society and to form an actual sports policy. The article examines the role of the state in the formation of the modern stage of society’s development and the need to create a modern paradigm of sports policy, which should be aimed at a person, namely, to strengthen human capital, which is the basis of any social system. Results. Undoubtedly, the degree of development of human capital determines the competitiveness of the labour force and the development of the country’s economy, that is, it is the high level of the demographic resource that is the determining factor. This resource is formed from quantitative and qualitative characteristics: economic, social, and cultural capabilities of the country’s population. Any loss of human resources, regardless of the reason for it, is not only an indicator of internal political instability but also a problem of a geopolitical scale. This is what leads to the destabilization of the situation in society, weakening it, which in turn can pose a great threat to all mankind. The categories “social capital” and “human capital” are analyzed. It is determined that in the process of formation and development of human capital, it is necessary to take into account the role of social capital in it. It is noted that in the totality of the most common components of human capital, the main place should be occupied by the “capital of health”, since it is health, together with education, that determines a person’s ability to fulfill basic social and economic functions, his or her active participation in the process of achieving not only his or her own well-being but the competitiveness of the national economy as well. Thus, the problem of maintaining the health of the nation for any state is one of the most important. Health is a natural value in life, both individual and social. At the same time, the essence of the value of health lies in the fact that only with its existence a person can fully realize his or her potential and feel the fullness of life. Thus, it becomes clear that it is health that is the core of human capital because existence is impossible without it. Achieving these goals involves recognizing the inextricable link between health, community development and poverty reduction. Health promotion is fundamental in mobilizing society to achieve this goal through the necessary advocacy measures and appropriate strategies. It is necessary to note that the term “Physical activity” is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles and which requires energy. The problem of insufficient physical activity indicates that an active lifestyle is critical for health but in our modern world this is an increasingly difficult task. Moreover, physical inactivity is not only a health problem; it also carries huge financial costs for health care and the costs of declining productivity. Note that at the present stage of development of society, insufficient physical activity is one of the main risk factors for death in the world, while its level is growing in many countries, which increases the costs of non-infectious diseases and affects the general health of the population. People who are not physically active enough have a 20% – 30% higher risk of mortality compared to those who lead an active lifestyle. One in four adult men in the world is not physically active enough, and more than 80% of adolescents lack physical activity. The primary responsibility for preventing physical inactivity-related illnesses rests with the national government, which has a central role to play in these activities, but engagement from all sectors of society, international cooperation and joint action are key elements of success. Accordingly, if at the global level there is an understanding that a person can be healthy only with regular physical activity, one should accept this as an indisputable fact and bring it to the consciousness of every person as a truth. Value/originality. Therefore, it is obvious that this task should be solved at the state level through the development and implementation of national sports policy and providing conditions for the development of the sports industry because a healthy person is the basis of a strong, competitive and prosperous country.
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Ivashchenko, Sergii. "Historical process of development the mass physical culture theory in Ukraine." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 7, no. 2 (2020): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/spes-2020-0014.
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This article presents the results of studying the issue of the historical process of development the theory of mass physical culture in Ukraine. Based on the results of the analysis and synthesis of information obtained from domestic and foreign sources of scientific literature, we came to the conclusion that the process of historical development of the theory of mass physical culture in different regions of Ukraine took place with varying degrees of intensity. The analysis of statistical data for many years in different parts of Ukraine indicates that the origin and development of the theory of mass physical culture took place at different times. Historically, the need for such a theory has matured depending on the level of economic development of the region. So, for example, this process proceeded more intensively in those regions of Ukraine where industry and agriculture were more developed. In view of the fact that in these regions there was a high demand for labor, the question arose about maintaining the health of large masses of the population by means of physical culture. Therefore, in the Kharkov, Kiev, Dnieper, Zaporozhe and Lvov regions, wide networks of sports institutions began to develop, and the promotion of mass physical culture events was carried out at a higher level. Scientists have stepped up their activities, developing programs of mass physical education, adapted to the potential capabilities of the inhabitants of these regions and contributing to the strengthening of the health of the population, as well as the development of physical qualities necessary for effective work at enterprises and fields of the country. The most intensive process of involving the broad masses of the population in the movement of mass physical culture took place during the years of intensive construction of industrial facilities and the development of virgin lands.
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Tarasova, H. K. "Changes in the Indicators of Postural Stability of the Body of Athletes Specializing in Ballroom Dancing under the Influence of Training Loads and Competitive Activity." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 4 (September 20, 2021): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.04.237.
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The purpose of the study is to establish changes in the indicators of postural stability of the body of ballroom dancers under the influence of training loads and competitive activity. Materials and methods. With the help of a force plate with biological feedback “Stabilan 01-2” the interaction of athletes with the support was registered, in particular the movement of the common center of pressure of the feet on the support. The standard (with open eyes) and complicated (with closed eyes) Romberg tests were used. The indicators were being recorded for 30 seconds at rest, as well as under the conditions of visual control before and after a typical training session, before and after competitions. The obtained data in two experimental situations were compared with initial data at rest. In total, 25 couples were studied. Couples aged 18-19 years old were studied in the amount of 15 couples, training at the stage of maximum realization of individual capabilities, and 10 couples at the age of 14-15 years old, training at the stage of specialized basic training. All the participants actively train and regularly participate in competitions. Results and discussion. Studies have shown that in the tests, which were carried out, there were obvious differences in posture stability associated with the influence of training and loads used in them. The analysis of the data proved that the test results indicate the regular differences in the indicators of posture stability in accordance with the sports experience of athletes after a training session in comparison with the initial ones (in the so-called state of rest). Athletes aged 18-19 years have a significantly higher quality indicator of balance function than people aged 14-15 years (p <0.01), which in our opinion is explained by dancing experience and adaptive changes that occur in the athlete’s body, because, according to researchers, the higher the specified indicator is, the correspondingly higher the human statokinetic stability is. A separate analysis of female and male representatives indicated less frontal scattering in male athletes aged 18-19 years old compared to girls of this age group (p <0.05). The area of the ellipse when conducting the test with closed eyes also significantly differed in boys from girls, regardless of dancing experience (p <0.05). Comparing the stability indicators of girls in dancing shoes and without them, we stated a regularity of a decrease in the quality of body balance from “more to less”: from maintaining a classical posture with open eyes to the same posture in dancing shoes in a test with closed eyes. The results of the correlation analysis between the indicators of static-dynamic body stability and the sports result of more experienced girl-partners allowed to establish the existence of a connection (r=0.61), which reflects the tendency according to which, with an increase in sports performance, the indicators of the oscillation amplitude of the center of body pressure on the support, its linear velocity of movement, the length of this trajectory both in the sagittal and in the frontal planes, the area of the ellipse decrease, which complements and confirms the data of other authors [6, 10]. Conclusion. Thus, according to the results of the study, it was found that the visual analyzer plays an important role in maintaining balance, which can be seen in the test results of both age groups. Moreover, the greater influence of visual control on the postural stability was stated in girl-partners than in boy-partners. It was also found that the quality of the balance function before and after competitions in older dancers did not change, while in less experienced dancers it decreased by almost 2%, and a comparison of the changes that occurred under the influence of training loads and competitive activity made it possible to establish the presence of adaptation to competitive loads, which manifested in a very significant improvement in the work of systems of vertical posture support in all age groups
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GIULIANOTTI, RICHARD. "The Sport, Development and Peace Sector: A Model of Four Social Policy Domains." Journal of Social Policy 40, no. 4 (December 13, 2010): 757–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279410000930.
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AbstractThis paper examines the ‘sport, development and peace’ (SDP) sector which has grown substantially at a global level over the past decade. The SDP sector is located conceptually within the broader ‘global civil society’, a highly contested policy field that features diverse political actors and ideologies. The main discussion sets out four ideal-types within the SDP policy domain that tend to be associated with specific institutions: first, neo-liberal social policies, as embodied by private or commercial interests, such as transnational corporations and forms of ‘corporate social responsibility’; second, ‘developmental interventionist’ policies associated with non-governmental and community-based organisations; third, ‘strategic developmentalist’ policies associated with national and international governmental organisations, and sport federations; and, fourth, social justice policies associated with new social movements and critical NGOs. Each of these domains is examined in detail. Three main types of interrelationship across the domains are then identified. The paper concludes by arguing for a more sophisticated understanding of sport's policy capabilities, stronger cross-domain partnerships and a renewal of the SDP sector through a fresh focus on social justice issues.
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Levkova, Margarita, Alina Misjura, Evgeny Gusinets, Margarita Levkova, Alina Misyura, and Evgeny Gusinets. "DETERMINATION OF SENIOR PRESCHOOLERS' LEVEL OF THE COGNITIVE COMPONENT OF PERSONAL PHYSICAL CULTURE." Sports Bulletin of the Dnieper 1 (2020): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32540/2071-1476-2019-1-289.
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Physical education is the main objective of physical education in preschool educational institutions of the Republic of Belarus. This is an integral part of the successful improvement of a diversified personality, both in the field of physical culture and in the connection with other areas of life. In this regard, the issue of increasing the level of formation of physical education knowledge, an integral part of the cognitive component of personal physical education, is currently very relevant in the education system at all its levels. The modern system of preschool and general secondary education in the field of physical education is aimed at creating knowledge and ideas about physical culture among pupils as a part of the general human culture, revealing and developing child’s physical abilities and, in general, increasing pupils’ interest in sports. Currently, new views and theoretical and methodological approaches to the problem of physical education of preschoolers are emerging. Many experts in this field believe that it is possible to form an interest in physical culture in special conditions of kindergarten or out-of-school visits to sports sections. Other researchers see a solution to this problem in increasing the number of physical education classes or in educating the physical culture of the individual in a home environment. However, there is no generally accepted position in this regard. Purpose: to determine the physical needs, motives and values for physical culture of elementary schoolchildren attending day-care centers. Materials and methods: the organization of the study is represented by conducting a diagnostic questionnaire through test tasks developed by the authors, compiled taking into account the age characteristics of older preschool children on the basis of the Preschool Center for the Development of a Child in Chechersk. Results: the results of the study revealed the general level of formation of the cognitive component of personal physical education of older preschool children, as well as the most learned types of five basic physical education knowledge in boys and girls of preschool age: about physical exercise, health, personal hygiene, physical opportunities, the Olympic movement. Girls were found to have a higher overall level of physical education than boys in testing physical capabilities and the Olympic knowledge. Conclusion: without a balanced system of physical education knowledge a child cannot be an active and interested participant in physical education. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, it is very important for a teacher to understand not only the structure and content of this most important component of personal physical culture, to know the mechanisms for its formation, but also to possess the method of its diagnosis. Keywords: cognitive component; senior preschoolers; physical education knowledge; personal physical education; physical culture of the individual; physical education environment; physical education thinking.
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Moneva, Elena, and Iva Barova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR STUDENTS FROM THE UNWE TABLE TENNIS AND MASS AEROBICS CLASSES." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 30, no. 2 (March 20, 2019): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3002473m.
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Our university`s sports program is aimed at maintaining the high mental and physical fitness of the students. It also serves to monitor the overall physical condition and development as well as the psychophysical capacities of the students from the non-specialized higher schools and the relation between the different types of practiced sports and the observed changes in some specific personal qualities: the degree of concentration and stability of attention.[ 7]. The problem related to investigating attention is becoming ever more relevant and the very essence of the attention process is based on such components as concentration and stability. [1,4]. Table tennis is an entertaining, generally accessible sport which can be practiced by people of all ages. Mass aerobics is pastime that involves multiple steps and movements performed continuously in a certain sequence and different intensities , in the rhythm of the music. The tools, employed in classical aerobic gymnastics include general physical exercises, a variety of steps in coordination with hand movements as well as exercises targeted at different body muscle groups and stretching exercises. [6]. Playing table tennis and practicing aerobics has a proven positive impact on the individual`s physical development, speed, agility and endurance of the movements and serves to enhance the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. In addition, it has a positive effect on the psychological development: stability and mental concentration, quickness of mind and willpower plus the modeling of behavioral patterns of higher morality and the ability to control one`s emotions and self-control.[9] It is for these reasons that at the beginning and the end of the 2017/2018 academic year we have decided to make a comparison between the development of some psychological indicators found in our female students who are actively playing table tennis and mass aerobics as a part of the curriculum in the "Physical Education and Sports" discipline at the University of National and World Economy. On the basis of the results we have found that the methods of table tennis and aerobics training are adequate and contribute to the more effective education of the students in the physical education and sports education process at the University of National and World Economy. Table tennis students are better at both levels of concentration and stability.
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Murad, Fatin Adira, and Azlan Ahmad Kamal. "The Impact of E-Learning on University Students’ Learning of Sport Skill Subjects During the Covid-19 Pandemic." European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences 30, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/ejsbs.300.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly altered the education system globally shutting down face-to-face (f2f) learning in order to prevent the spread of the disease. The Malaysian government implemented Movement Control Order (MCO) starting in March 2020 creating a new norm for Malaysian citizens’ working, educational and social environments. Work from Home (WFH) became part of the new norm for most working people with university students having no choice but to continue their education via Open and Distance Learning (ODL). Thus, this study investigates the impact of e-learning among university students studying sport skill subjects during this pandemic. An online survey was distributed to 152 students in their second to seventh semester majoring in Physical and Health Education to (1) investigate the well-being of students during online classes (2) identify the effectiveness of sport skill subjects learned online among the students and (3) study the relationship between online lectures and the effectiveness of learning sport skill subjects. A descriptive research design was used to describe the effects of e-learning among the students. The findings revealed that students did not suffer any psychological distress during online classes but indicated a lack of confidence in their capabilities in executing the skills in real life. No significant correlation was revealed between lecturing online and the effectiveness of learning sport skill subject learned among the students.
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Sergienko, Y. P., O. M. Lavrentiev, V. Y. Gaevyy, O. V. Starovoit, and T. M. Stepura. "The use of non-traditional health system in physical culture by taijiquan." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(128) (December 28, 2020): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.8(128).38.
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In the article the impact of regular taijiquan practice on the health level of people of different ages is considered. The practical experience of teachers of martial arts school „Peresvit‟ and scientific researches with the use of east sports and health technologies are analyzed and generalized. They will allow effectively and purposefully to improve physical, mental and spiritual health of human, applying various forms and methods of physical education, which will contribute to the formation of sustainable motivation for a healthy lifestyle. The pedagogical research was conducted from September, 14 to November 20, 2020 on the basis of the „All-Ukrainian Federation of Free Fight and Contact Martial Arts in Mixed Martial Arts‟. Except of physical education and involvement in the sports culture, people find new friends, gain knowledge about healthy lifestyles, the peculiarities of relationships between people, the life values, that help in solving problems outside the gym, and, as a result, improve health level, strengthen confidence in their own abilities and become healthy and successful people.
Every year the federation conducts sports and health activities for school students in various picturesque places of Ukraine and the world, where everyone can demonstrate their results. And the best students have the opportunity to visit the legend, wrapped by the legends, the abode of the spirit of Martial Arts - the Shaolin Temple.
A woman (n = 10) aged 30-35 years took part in the pedagogical experiment. The control measurement took place simultaneously for all participants. According to the internship program, a training program was developed, which included classes for two months on a schedule of Monday, Wednesday and Saturday for 1 hour and 30 minutes.
The work plan is as follows:
study and practice of basic exercises and basic movements of taijiquan;
breathing and meditation in taijuan and tea ceremonies;
performance of previously developed and studied movements in the complex;
watching the movie "The Grandmaster".
This technique and its application is aimed at the formation of basic physical and mental qualities, the impact on certain functional systems of the body, the activation of their backup capabilities and aims to expand knowledge on the construction of training sessions with different groups of the population, regardless of their knowledge in the field of physical education and sports and the ability to form a training load by means of taijiquan.
After the training course, a pedagogical study was conducted in the direction of:
anthropometric data (weight, height, age);
risk assessment of cardiovascular diseases, authors Zapisochny A.Z, Dushanin S.A. 1980 (physical activity, ideal weight, blood pressure, etc.);
assessment of physical performance by Ruffier test.
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Lum, Danny, G. Gregory Haff, and Tiago M. Barbosa. "The Relationship between Isometric Force-Time Characteristics and Dynamic Performance: A Systematic Review." Sports 8, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8050063.
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The purpose of this article was to review the data on the relationship between multi-joint isometric strength test (IsoTest) force-time characteristics (peak force, rate of force development and impulse) and dynamic performance that is available in the current literature. Four electronic databases were searched using search terms related to IsoTest. Studies were considered eligible if they were original research studies that investigated the relationships between multi-joint IsoTest and performance of dynamic movements; published in peer-reviewed journals; had participants who were athletes or active individuals who participate in recreational sports or resistance training, with no restriction on sex; and had full text available. A total of 47 studies were selected. These studies showed significant small to large correlations between isometric bench press (IBP) force-time variables and upper body dynamic performances (r2 = 0.221 to 0.608, p < 0.05) and significant small to very large correlation between isometric squat (ISqT) (r2 = 0.085 to 0.746, p < 0.05) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) (r2 = 0.120 to 0.941, p < 0.05) force-time variables with lower body dynamic performances. IsoTest force-time characteristics were shown to have small to very large correlations with dynamic performances of the upper and lower limbs as well as performance of sporting movements (r2 = 0.118 to 0.700, p < 0.05). These data suggest that IsoTest force-time characteristics provide insights into the force production capability of athletes which give insight into dynamic performance capabilities.
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Fishchenko, Iakiv, and Liudmyla Kravchuk. "Kinesitherapy application features in patients after pectus excavatum repair." Perioperaciina Medicina 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/prmd.v2i2.4.
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Surgical treatment of “pectus excavatum” by Nuss technique is a safe procedure that is successfully used in young people. However, after surgery, these patients face complications that limit their ability to engage in physical labor or sports.
Aim. Develop a rehabilitation program for patients who underwent surgical correction of pectus excavatum using Nuss technique.
Material and methods. 85 patients with pectus excavatum deformity were examined and underwent minimally invasive correction according to Nuss technique.
Results. In 82 (96,47 %) patients we managed to achieve the perfect cosmetic result. In 78 (91,76 %) patients we used one fixator, in 5 (5,88 %) – 2 fixators, and in 2 (2,35 %) patients – 3 fixators. Among the complications, 17 (20 %) patients had pneumothorax, 3 (3,53 %) – hemothorax followed by pleural puncture, pneumonia was diagnosed in 2 (2,35 %) patients, pleural effusion – in 2 (2,35 %), empyema – in 1 (1,18 %), sulfur – in 1 (1,18 %), deep infection – in 1 (1,18 %). One patient (1,18 %) underwent a second operation due to the dislocation of the fixator.
Conclusions. In the postoperative period, it is recommended to avoid bending or rotating the body, limit participation in sports activities during the first 3 months after the operation. During the first 8 weeks, patients were recommended to perform breathing exercises with a small amplitude (for the prevention of respiratory complications), and 3 months after surgery – exercises to strengthen postural and abdominal muscles, to improve the amplitude of movements in the shoulder joints. The use of exercises helps to reduce the risk of post operative complications and improve the functional capabilities of patients with pectus excavatum in a shorter time.
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Mikhalev, Vladimir, Elena Reutskaya, and Pavel Pinyagin. "Standards for physical fitness of biathletes during the period of sport skills perfectionм." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 7, no. 4 (December 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2019-7-4-43-50.
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The purpose – perfection of the techniques for controlling speed-strength capabilities and endurance of the rotator cuff muscles of biathletes during the period of sport skills perfection. Research methods and organization. The study involved 204 biathletes aged 15-17. We tested the speed- strength abilities and endurance of rotator cuff muscles with the Skierg Concept2 ski ergometer (USA). Research results. Significant changes in the endurance of rotator cuff muscles of biathletes occur in the age period from 15 to 16 years. The change in speed-strength abilities of female biathletes, in contrast to male biathletes, occurs against the background of an increase in the number of ski pole movements per minute. We processed the obtained data using the method of determining the boundaries of confidence intervals. Based on the data processed, we developed the standards for assessment of the speed-strength abilities and strength endurance of rotator cuff muscles of biathletes during the period of sport skills perfection with the Skierg Concept2 ski ergometer (USA). We tested applicability of the developed standards for speed-strength abilities and strength endurance of rotator cuff muscles in a one-year educational experiment. Conclusion. We proposed a methodology for testing speed-strength abilities and strength endurance of rotator cuff muscles with the Skierg Concept2 ski ergometer (USA) in the framework of our study. The developed stand- ards for assessing speed-strength abilities and strength endurance of rotator cuff muscles of biathletes during the period of sport skills perfection help to identify strong and weak points of fitness and to predict the possibility of achieving certain results by individual parameters.
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Nuryadi, Achmad. "PENGARUH LATIHAN HEXAGONAL OBSTACLE TERHADAP PENINGKATAN DAYA LEDAK POWER OTOT TUNGKAI." WAHANA 69, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/wahana.v69i2.1065.
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Power is the power and speed of muscle contraction is dynamic and explosive and involvesthe expenditure of maximum muscle strength in the fastest time. Explosive power is one componentof physical condition that is needed in sports. This is supported by the opinion of Sukadiyanto(2011: 128) power is the result of times between strength and speed. To that end, the sequence toincrease power is given after the athlete is trained element of strength and speed. According toRiaydi, (2010) explosive power is a person's ability to use maximum capabilities deployed in theshortest time. The obstacle hexagonal jump is done quickly so that the movements performed areexplosive or abrupt so as to have an effect on the increase of explosive muscle limb power. Theresult of statistical analysis showed that the mean for the treatment group was 2.90 while the meanfor the control group was 1.55 this indicated that the mean group of threatment was greater than thecontrol group. While the results of the threatment group analysis is known that the t-test value is11.599 with the standard deviation of 1.119 and for the control group that the t-test value is 9.131with the standard deviation of 0.759, thus there is indeed the effect of obstacle hexagonal exerciseon increasing the muscle explosive power ) leg muscles.
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Vaskevich, S., and V. Shkondya. "The use of innovative technologies in basketball." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 6(126) (July 20, 2020): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.6(126).06.
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The article deals with innovative technologies for basketball. Introduction of fitness in the training process of basketball players. The influence of fitness training on the recovery of athletes, the development of strength, endurance, agility and speed of basketball players is studied. The beneficial effect on the athlete's health is accompanied by the development of a stable psyche and strong-willed character of the athlete. Complex physical fitness training increases initiative and sociability of the individual on the court, develops physical qualities and improves the results of the game, and the dynamic process of competition motivates to find creative solutions in difficult situations. Therefore, to win competitions and improve the athletic performance of athletes, it is necessary to use innovative technologies for training basketball players. Fitness programs help to increase the interest and involvement of young people in physical culture and sports. The versatility of a relatively new direction, namely the varieties of fitness, makes it possible to engage in it not only for girls, but also for guys, highly qualified athletes, which makes it possible to diversify classes. It is proved that systematic physical exercises not only improve physical qualities, but also support mental performance at an optimal level, as well as contribute to strengthening the emotional stability of athletes. A condition for the proper development of fitness technologies are uniform requirements for their compilation. These include specific goals and objectives. The choice of fitness tools and methods that have health-improving value, are rationally balanced in orientation, power and volume in accordance with the individual capabilities of each athlete and depend on the priority direction of training is scientifically justified. The complex application of exercises is aimed at the development of aerobic endurance, strength and flexibility, coordination abilities, and regulation of the psychoemotional state of basketball players. Elite athletes are increasingly engaged in yoga and Pilates due to the benefits of strengthening and conditioning the muscles, especially the torso and lower back, which allows them to run, jump, and engage in their chosen sport for longer. Fitness technologies-improve cardio and coordination, develop flexibility, aquafitness classes are very useful in the recovery of athletes after injuries. Fitness will help improve speed and strength through explosive movements that cause muscle fibers to contract quickly.
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Sobko, I. M., O. V. Koliesov, and L. O. Ulaeva. "Method for the development of physical qualities of tennis players 12-13 years old using react balls and stretching." Health, sport, rehabilitation 5, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/hsr.2019.05.02.10.
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<p><strong>The purpose</strong> – to develop and experimentally substantiate the method of developing the physical qualities of tennis players aged 12–13 years old, using React Balls and stretching.</p><p><strong>Material and methods</strong>. The experiment was attended by 28 tennis players 12-13 years old sport school № 3, Severodonetsk, who were divided into control and experimental group of 14 people. The study was conducted within 8 months from August 2018 to March 2019. Before and after the experiment, tennis players' physical fitness was tested (shuttle run 6x8 m, push-ups 30 s, jumps with skipping-rope, running 6 m, running 30 m, long jump from the spot, throwing ball 1 kg, torso inclination forward from a sitting position, circular rotations in the shoulder joint with a gymnastic stick).</p><p><strong>Results</strong><em>. </em>Complexes of exercises with React Balls and stretch exercises for all muscle groups were developed and introduced into the training process of young tennis players. A significant (p<0.05) increase in the flexibility indicators of athletes from the experimental group, as a result of the use of stretch exercises, was determined. It was revealed that doing exercises with React Balls and tennis balls significantly (p <0.05) increased the level of speed and coordination capabilities in the control and experimental groups. According to the test results «running 30 m», «circular rotations in the shoulder joint with a gymnastic stick», «torso inclination forward from a sitting position» in the experimental group, these figures are significantly higher compared with the athletes of the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> It was shown that the use of stretching exercises contributes to the development of greater amplitude of movements, and also forms motor freedom, which affects the development of coordination and speed of movement of a tennis player. It is recommended to use the method of development of physical qualities using React Balls and stretching balls in the training process of young tennis players 12-13 years old.</p>
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Tumkur Anil Kumar, Nakul, Jon L. Oliver, Rhodri S. Lloyd, Jason S. Pedley, and John M. Radnor. "The Influence of Growth, Maturation and Resistance Training on Muscle-Tendon and Neuromuscular Adaptations: A Narrative Review." Sports 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9050059.
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The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the growth, maturation and resistance training-related changes in muscle-tendon and neuromuscular mechanisms in youth, and the subsequent effect on performance. Sprinting, jumping, kicking, and throwing are common movements in sport that have been shown to develop naturally with age, with improvements in performance being attributed to growth and maturity-related changes in neuromuscular mechanisms. These changes include moderate to very large increases in muscle physiological cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle volume and thickness, tendon CSA and stiffness, fascicle length, muscle activation, pre-activation, stretch reflex control accompanied by large reductions in electro-mechanical delay and co-contraction. Furthermore, a limited number of training studies examining neuromuscular changes following four to 20 weeks of resistance training have reported trivial to moderate differences in tendon stiffness, muscle CSA, muscle thickness, and motor unit activation accompanied by reductions in electromechanical delay (EMD) in pre-pubertal children. However, the interaction of maturity- and training-related neuromuscular adaptions remains unclear. An understanding of how different neuromuscular mechanisms adapt in response to growth, maturation and training is important in order to optimise training responsiveness in youth populations. Additionally, the impact that these muscle-tendon and neuromuscular changes have on force producing capabilities underpinning performance is unclear.
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Ivashchenko, Sergii. "Historical Preconditions of the Origin of Self-Olympic Direction of Physical Culture in Ukraine." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/spes-2019-0010.
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Summary This article is devoted to the study of the historical prerequisites for the emergence of such a specific direction of mass physical culture as the self-Olympic movement in Ukraine, in particular, in Kiev, Lvov and Kharkov regions. Based on the results of the analysis of scientific literature, as well as the application of the historical review method, we came to the conclusion that in certain regions of Ukraine in the course of the historical process natural preconditions matured, contributing to the emergence and development of such a specific type of mass physical culture, such as the self-Olympic movement. As a result of studying statistical data accumulated over many years, it was found that in some regions of Ukraine there is a tendency to a gradual increase in the number of children suffering from certain chronic diseases or having certain deviations in their state of health. The use of standard physical training programs for such children is not advisable, since the development of these programs was carried out taking into account the capabilities of healthy children and their use for children with pathological changes in the body can contribute to the progression of their diseases, and in some cases lead to serious complications up to lethal outcome. Thus, it became obvious the need for scientific substantiation, development and use of special physical training programs for children with deviations in health status, aimed at achieving harmonious physical development of sick children, despite the presence of pathological changes in their body. One of the ways to solve this urgent problem was the birth of the so-called self-Olympic movement. The essence of this movement was that in conditions of special centers for self-Olympic education, organized on the basis of medical universities and universities of physical education and sport, medical specialists, as well as physical training instructors systematically conducted with sick children, during who used special complexes of physical exercises. These exercises were designed in such a way as not to aggravate the condition of the sick child and not to increase the risk of complications of the disease, but to help him achieve a state of harmonious physical development, despite the presence of pathological abnormalities in the body. During these activities, each child seeks to achieve the best indicators of their physical development. He seems to be competing not with other athletes, but with his own organism, trying to set his personal records in the fight against the disease. Therefore, this type of activity was called the self-Olympic movement.
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Soltys and Valentyna Benera. "THE PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL CONFORMITY AS THE BASIS OF INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL OF MM EFYMENKO'S AUTHOR'S TECHNOLOGY ON PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOLERS." Scientific bulletin of KRHPA, no. 12 (2020): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37835/2410-2075-2020-12-17.
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The article considers the phylogenetic principle as the core of the general principle of nature in relation to the physical development of preschoolers in normal and with special health capabilities. The phylogenetic logic of human biological formation is reflected in the sequence of individual ontogenetic development of the child, which proves the basic biogenetic law of Haeckel - Mueller. The methodological basis of Mykola Yefimenko's technology is this phylogenetic-ontogenetic sequence of formation of basic movements, which provides a fundamentally new approach to the physical development of preschool children. Physical education classes according to the innovative approach should start with lying-horizontal starting positions (lying, on all fours, sitting) and gradually become more complicated to vertical positions standing, walking, climbing, running and jumping. It is this evolutionary method of practice in the physical education of preschoolers will ensure the implementation of the main didactic principles: from simple - to complex, from easy - to difficult, gradual, consistent, imitation. A kind of evolutionary gymnastics should become not only an algorithm for conducting any form of physical education of preschoolers (from morning gymnastics awakening - to a sports holiday), but be the methodological basis of the whole system of planning physical development of children from nursery to senior group. The implementation of the principle of naturalness will be able to provide stimulation of mental development of preschool children on the basis of purposeful stimulation of attractor structures of the brain formed during human evolution. All this will be able to guarantee the full psychophysical development of the child as a person and in the future its successful socialization. Key words: nature correspondence principle, physical development, preschoolers, phylogenetic sequence, evolutionary method.
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Benvenuti, Cinzia, Carlo Minganti, Giancarlo Condello, Laura Capranica, and Antonio Tessitore. "Agility assessment in female futsal and soccer players." Medicina 46, no. 6 (June 12, 2010): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina46060058.
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Agility is the player’s capability to perform rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus. The aims of this study were as follows: 1) to assess the reliability of a reactive visual stimuli agility field test (RVS-T); and 2) to evaluate differences in RVS-T and planned (PVS-T) agility performances between female soccer and futsal players. Material and methods. Sixty-six female players belonging to Italian teams of regional level were recruited to the study. The experimental apparatus consisted of four lighted spherical visual stimuli connected to a computer able to randomly generate three different sequences. Differences between RVS-T and PVS-T performances were calculated to evaluate the decision-making time (DMT) of players. Results. The intraclass reliability coeffi cient for RVS-T was 0.80. Significant (P<0.05) differences emerged only for RVS-T (futsal, 17.3±0.5 s; soccer, 18.8±1.1 s) and DMT (futsal, 2.6±0.6 s; soccer, 4.1±1.2 s), whereas similar performances between groups resulted for PVS-T (futsal, 14.7±0.6 s; soccer, 14.6±0.6 s). Conclusions. The RVS-T proved to be a reliable tool to evaluate agility in field conditions. Futsal players showed better RVS-T and DMT performances with respect to soccer counterparts, probably due to the higher velocity of actions and faster decision-making of their sport. The lack of difference in PVS-T performances confi rms the importance to evaluate agility capabilities of players in both planned and reactive conditions.
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Kowalczyk, Małgorzata, Natalia Łoboda, Robert Śmigielski, and Marcin Popieluch. "The Effect of Short-Time Pre-Season Intensive, Neuromuscular Training on Postural Stability on Elite Football Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00202.
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Objectives: Adequate neuromuscular training is proven to be of enormous importance in the prevention of injuries. It enhances the ability to use somatosensory information, which improves postural capabilities, reduces injury ratios and improves player’s sport performance. We hypothesized that a short-time (3 week) intensive neuromuscular training would significantly improve postural balance of professional football players. We also hypothesized that the non-dominant leg of football players would show a better level of stability than the dominant leg (kicking leg). Methods: Sixteen professional soccer players participated in the study. They were tested before and after the 3-week training period. The controlled grup consisted of 20 players that were tested twice in 3-week period. The study was performed with a use of stabliographic platform, which is based on the measurement and analysis of center of pressure movement (COP). Players were tested during one leg stance with eyes opened and closed. Results: After a period of neuromuscular training football players show statistically better postural control (p <0.05) for both the dominant and non-dominant leg for the test with eyes open and also comparing to the controlled group. The non-dominant leg did not show a better level of stability than the dominant leg. Conclusion: The postural stability of professional football players was better after the 3-week intensive neuromuscular training. A combination of balance, coordination, agility, core and trunk control appears to be a successful training schedule to improve postural balance and reduce injury in football.
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Gómez-Landero, Luis Arturo, and Juan Miguel Frías-Menacho. "Analysis of Morphofunctional Variables Associated with Performance in Crossfit® Competitors." Journal of Human Kinetics 73, no. 1 (July 21, 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0134.
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AbstractCrossFit® is a competitive sport and fitness modality characterized by multiple physical capabilities and multi-joint movements. This study aimed to analyse and classify variables related to CrossFit® competitors’ specific performance. Fifteen male CrossFit® competitors were selected (n = 15; 30.57 ± 5.5 years; 1.76 ± 0.06 m; 78.55 ± 9.12 kg). Mean values were obtained for body mass index (25.3 ± 2.14 kg/m2), 4 skinfolds, 1 repetition maximum in the squat (137.60 ± 19.65 kg) and the bench press (101.67 ± 10.64 kg), maximum pull-ups (18.87 ± 5.05), sit-ups in 60 s (46.60 ± 4.22), peak power in the countermovement jump (3908.04 ± 423.68 W), VO2max with a shuttle run test (47.70 ± 4.79 ml kg-1·min-1), and time in the Workout of the Day (WOD) “Fran” (337.13 ± 119.19 s) and “Donkey Kong” (417.47 ± 98.44 s) components. Principal component analysis was conducted to classify variables and to select those most related to each new component (“strength and muscle mass”, “adiposity” and “aerobic capacity”). The correlation matrix was analysed, indicating significant correlations between “Donkey Kong” and VO2max (r = -.675; p “ .01), suprailiac skinfold (r = .713; p “ .01) and sit-ups (r = -.563; p “ .05); and between “Fran” and squat (r = -.528; p “ .05). Three important components characterizing CrossFit® competitors were identified: “strength and muscle mass”, low “adiposity” and “aerobic capacity”. Significant relationships between morphofunctional variables and Crossfit® performance were found in Crossfit® competitors.
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Volkova, S., and G. Bilinska. "Physical therapy of children with cerebral palsy in an inclusive class." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 7(138) (July 27, 2021): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.7(138).05.
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The article demonstrates the possibility of teaching a child with cerebral palsy in an inclusive class of secondary school.
The article substantiates the availability of inclusive classes in each school so that a child with special educational requirements can attend it at the place of residence. It is shown that inclusive education is an individualized system of teaching children with special needs in psychophysical development in a secondary school, which provides for the creation of an educational environment that would meet the needs and capabilities of the child regardless of its mental development.
The article presents the methods of group and individual physical therapy classes. Group classes were held twice a week for 40 minutes and an additional 20 minutes for a child with cerebral palsy.
Fitball exercises were used to reduce muscle spasticity and improve motor function. Passive exercises were used in the classes to increase the mobility of the joints. Duration is 7-15 minutes, number of repetitions - 8-10 times for each joint. Exercises were used to strengthen the child's muscular corset. Duration 5-10 minutes, number of repetitions - 8-10 times. Gymnastic exercises, exercises with sports equipment, exercises on fitball were also used. For the development of fine motor skills used games: "Lacing", "Mosaic", "Lego", "Beads" and others. Breathing exercises were used according to the method of A.N. Strelnokova (duration 5-7 minutes). Exercises for the performing household movements (dressing and taking off clothes, etc.) and gait training were also used. The article analyzes the results of adaptation of first grade children to school in comparison with those of a child with cerebral palsy.The article demonstrates the positive effect of physical therapy on the adaptation of a child with cerebral palsy in school. His motivation increased from 0.9 to 1.5 points.
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Serra-Olivares, Jaime, Sixto González-Víllora, Luis Miguel García-López, and Duarte Araújo. "Game-Based Approaches’ Pedagogical Principles: Exploring Task Constraints in Youth Soccer." Journal of Human Kinetics 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0053.
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AbstractThis study tested the use of two pedagogical principles of Game-based approaches, representation and exaggeration, in the context of game performance of U10 soccer players. Twenty-one players participated in two 3 vs. 3 small-sided games. The first small-sided game was modified by representation. The second small-sided game was modified by enhancing the penetration of the defense tactical problem for invasion games. Decision-making and execution were assessed using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool. No significant differences were observed between games in the number of decision-making units related to keeping possession, nor in those related to penetrating the defense. No significant differences were observed in any execution ability (ball control, passing, dribbling and get free movements). The findings suggested that both games could provide similar degeneracy processes to the players for skill acquisition (specific and contextualized task constraints in which they could develop their game performance and the capability to achieve different outcomes in varying contexts). Probably both games had similar learner-environment dynamics leading players to develop their capabilities for adapting their behaviours to the changing performance situations. More research is necessary, from the ecological dynamics point of view, to determine how we should use small-sided games in Game-based approaches.
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Costes, Antony, David Villeger, Pierre Moretto, and Bruno Watier. "Transferability between Isolated Joint Torques and a Maximum Polyarticular Task: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Human Kinetics 50, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0136.
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AbstractThe aims of this study were to determine if isolated maximum joint torques and joint torques during a maximum polyarticular task (i.e. cycling at maximum power) are correlated despite joint angle and velocity discrepancies, and to assess if an isolated joint-specific torque production capability at slow angular velocity is related to cycling power. Nine cyclists completed two different evaluations of their lower limb maximum joint torques. Maximum Isolated Torques were assessed on isolated joint movements using an isokinetic ergometer and Maximum Pedalling Torques were calculated at the ankle, knee and hip for flexion and extension by inverse dynamics during cycling at maximum power. A correlation analysis was made between Maximum Isolated Torques and respective Maximum Pedalling Torques [3 joints x (flexion + extension)], showing no significant relationship. Only one significant relationship was found between cycling maximum power and knee extension Maximum Isolated Torque (r=0.68, p<0.05). Lack of correlations between isolated joint torques measured at slow angular velocity and the same joint torques involved in a polyarticular task shows that transfers between both are not direct due to differences in joint angular velocities and in mono-articular versus poly articular joint torque production capabilities. However, this study confirms that maximum power in cycling is correlated with slow angular velocity mono-articular maximum knee extension torque.