Journal articles: 'Sports attendance'

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Armstrong, Ketra L. "An Examination of the Social Psychology of Blacks’ Consumption of Sport." Journal of Sport Management 16, no. 4 (October 2002): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.16.4.267.

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Black consumers' general sport attendance is relatively poor; however, their attendance at historically Black college/university (HBCU) sport events is noteworthy. The purpose of this study was to examine how factors such as general perception of sport, psychosocial involvement with HBCU sports, and intensity of ethnic identification influenced Black consumers' (n = 278) attendance at HBCU sports and their general/non-HBCU sport consumption patterns. Descriptive statistics revealed that the respondents attended HBCU sports more frequently than they did any other type of sport events and were also avid consumers of televised sports. Multivariate multiple regression analyses revealed that intensity of ethnic identification and psychosocial involvement with HBCU sports significantly influenced HBCU sports attendance frequency. Moreover, psychosocial involvement with HBCU sports exerted a profound and positive influence on general sport consumption. This study offered an examination of the social psychology that may under gird Blacks' consumption of sport.

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Schollaert, Paul T., and Donald Hugh Smith. "Team Racial Composition and Sports Attendance." Sociological Quarterly 28, no. 1 (March 1987): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1987.tb00283.x.

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Omondi-Ochieng, Peter. "Profit or loss? On the determinants of net income of United States college football programs." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 17, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 411–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-04-2018-0028.

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Purpose This study aims to predict the determinants of net income of 101 US university football programs. Design/methodology/approach Guided by stakeholder theory, financial capacity model and resource dependency theory, the dependent variable was net income (indicated as profit or loss) and independent variables were measured as the number of women and men’s team sports, average home attendances, win–loss records, conference ranking, endowment funds and age of football programs. Statistical analysis was performed using Kendell tau and binary logistic regression (BLR). Findings Net income was positively and statistically associated with home attendance, win–loss record, conference rankings and endowment funds, but not number of women’s sports, age of football program and number of men’s sports teams. The BLR indicated that home attendance was the best predictor of net income. Research limitations/implications The research was delimited to 101 Football Bowl Subdivision football programs from public universities. Practical implications The findings indicate that home attendance and conference rankings had the highest association with net income, but the former was the best predictor of net income and not football tradition nor number of sports teams. Originality/value The study was pioneering in the predictive evaluation of the possible determinants of loss or profitability in college football programs.

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Ferreira, Mauricio. "Exploring Substitutability Within College Sports through Hierarchical Choice Processes." Journal of Sport Management 23, no. 2 (March 2009): 182–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.23.2.182.

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Understanding how spectators make decisions among the multiplicity of sport alternatives is important to the development of marketing strategies. In this study, a hierarchical choice framework was adopted to help illuminate theprocessin which individuals deal with sport substitution decisions within one university setting. In a forced-choice experiment, 419 college students were presented with existing sport offerings and asked, under constraint-free conditions, to make attendance choices with and without the most preferred alternative available. By observing students’ choices, the choice process was inferred based on the degree of switching that occurred between the two scenarios and tested whether it followed a hierarchical scheme. Results supported a “tree” structure for attendance choices, in which students consider the specific sport before considering the alternatives within the sport. Thus, under the conditions tested substitution was more likely to occur between alternatives of the same sport than either between different sports with the same sex of participants or proportionally across all alternatives.

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Lera-López, Fernando, Andrea Ollo-López, and Manuel Rapún-Gárate. "Sports spectatorship in Spain: attendance and consumption." European Sport Management Quarterly 12, no. 3 (June 2012): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.680897.

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Jewell, R. Todd. "The Effect of Marquee Players on Sports Demand." Journal of Sports Economics 18, no. 3 (August 3, 2016): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002514567922.

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In 2007, Major League Soccer (MLS) changed its salary rules to allow teams to pay over the salary cap to sign high-priced talent. The first Designated Player was David Beckham. This study presents estimates of the influence of marquee players on MLS attendance using data from 2007 to 2012. The results indicate that few of the marquee signings drove higher attendance. Furthermore, these attendance effects tend to diminish over time. Specifically, only Beckham, Blanco, and Márquez generated excess fans in the games they played, with the largest effect in their first year. The results also give evidence of a superstar externality.

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Nicholls, J. A. F., Sydney Roslow, and Henry A. Laskey. "Sports Event Sponsorship For Brand Promotion." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 10, no. 4 (September 22, 2011): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v10i4.5905.

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<span>In investigating the effectiveness of brand promotion at a sports event, respondents were asked to name their preferred brand in nine categories of consumer goods and services. Each category included one brand promoted at the event by a sponsor. Brand preference was analyzed in terms of frequency of attendance. Results suggest that ton-site advertising effectiveness may be more related to the specific brand rather than to frequency of attendance (advertising exposure).</span>

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Fujak, Hunter, Stephen Frawley, Heath McDonald, and Stephen Bush. "Are Sport Consumers Unique? Consumer Behavior Within Crowded Sport Markets." Journal of Sport Management 32, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0318.

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Sport consumers and markets have traditionally been thought to exhibit unique behaviors from traditional consumer products, particularly in respect to perceptions of loyalty. Yet, despite sport landscapes becoming increasingly crowded, there has been scant research measuring consumers’ repeat behavior in the context of the dense sports market. Through this research, we address this gap by applying Dirichlet modeling against the behaviors of 1,500 Australian sport consumers. Two questions are explored: First, do sport attendance markets exhibit purchase characteristics distinct from typical consumer markets? Second, do consumers treat sport leagues as complimentary or substitutable goods? The results provide evidence that consumer patterns within the sport attendance market are consistent to other repeat-purchase consumer markets. This finding further diminishes the long-held notion that sport requires unique methods of management. Furthermore, it was found that fans consume sport teams as complimentary products. As sport teams largely share their fans with other teams, practitioners must reorient their expectations around fan loyalty.

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Davidson, Nicholas P., James Du, and Michael D. Giardina. "Through the Perilous Fight: A Case Analysis of Professional Wrestling During the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0224.

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The rapidly escalating COVID-19 pandemic has forced the sport industry into unchartered territory. Beginning on March 11, 2020, when the National Basketball Association suspended its season, the American sports landscape has consequently encountered an unprecedented number of temporary suspensions, postponements, and cancellations. Although most major leagues and their pertaining sports have halted to a sudden stop, professional wrestling has surprisingly continued on, including World Wrestling Entertainment’s WrestleMania 36, which was held without fans in attendance. The maintenance of professional wrestling during the COVID-19 crisis has presented a unique situation, in which fans and companies involved in the sport have rallied on social media platforms behind the sport’s relative normality in a time of global uncertainty. Leveraging publicly trackable Twitter data, we analyzed public sentiments toward two of the largest companies (e.g., World Wrestling Entertainment and All Elite Wrestling) in the professional wrestling industry and related trends during the widespread onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The results represent exploratory insights surrounding the continuation of professional wrestling during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Bobrova, Galina Vladimirovna, and Valentina Grigor'evna Kuptsova. "Analysis of the impact of competitive activity upon formation of motivation for sports activities among cadet school students." Современное образование, no. 4 (April 2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8736.2020.4.34634.

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The multi-sport event Spartakiad among the teams of Suvorov, presidential cadet, Nakhimov, cadet and Cossack corps has been held by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation since 2011. Such competitions are intended for familiarization of students with regular sport activities, improvement of their physical conditioning, and formation of military-applied skills. Therefore, such events should be part of the continuing professional military education, fulfilling the tasks of physical training of military schools students of pre-university education. The empirical methods of research allowed the authors to examine the protocols of swimming competitions held within the framework of the Spartakiad of public educational establishments of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, analyze the dynamics of attendance by the students of Orenburg Presidential Cadet School of swimming sports classes, reveal the motives for attending such classes by cadets along with the reasons for termination of regular training sessions. The article reflects the motivational aspects of sports activities among the students of different ages, and the degree of impact of competitive activity upon the attendance of sports classes. The acquired results demonstrate the annual increase in the sports skills of the Spartakiad participants of pre-university educational establishments of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation; at the same time, the inclusion of competitions into the plan of sport events of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and their consistency did not affect the large-scale participation in sports activities among students. The question of formation of strong motivation for intense sports activities among students of public specialized military schools as a stage of continuing education requires further search for the ways to improve the structure of physical training in military schools.

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Dmitruk, Agnieszka, Helena Popławska, Krystyna GÓrniak, and Wojciech Hołub. "The Participation of Girls and Boys from Ages 10 to 18 in Structured Sports and Extra-Curricular Activities in the Aspect of Social and Economic Conditions." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 21, no. 4 (March 1, 2015): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjst-2015-0005.

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Abstract Introduction. The importance of socio-economic factors in differentiating the physical activities of children and teenagers keeps changing. That is why the goal of this research was to identify certain social variables amongst those listed most often which differentiate the level of targeted physical activity of urban children and youths from the Bialskie district. Material and methods. The research was conducted on 1.084 students between the ages of 10 and 18. Three age groups were chosen: 10 to 12, 13 to 15, and 16 to 18. Information about the attendance of respondents in Physical Education classes and structured extra-curricular sport activities, as well as preferred forms of physical activities were collected via a diagnostic survey. The same method was used in the assessment of the socio-economic status of the families of the respondents. The relations between attendance in extra-curricular sports activities and socio-economic factors was assessed by a multifactoral logistic regression model, and the statistical relevance of the differences was calculated by the Wald test. Results. Attendance in structured extra-curricular physical activity depended mostly on income per family member. In the case of type of work performed by parents, the attendance rate in both boys and girls was higher if the parents performed intellectual work. Parents' education and number of children in the family did not have a high influence on the attendance of respondents in structured extra-curricular sport activities. Conclusions. Increasing disproportions in societal prosperity can be an important factor limiting the attendance of the poorest group of children and youths in structured physical activities. The lack of influence on physical activity of such socio-economic variables as parents' education and the number of children in the family can be connected with the change of meaning of those factors in modern society (depreciation of the importance of higher education, decreased fertility).

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Reimers, Vaughan, Chih-Wei (Fred) Chao, and Kim Speechley. "Identifying attendance motives for an international league fixture." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 30, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-11-2016-0216.

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Purpose Whilst the impact of motives on sports attendance has received due scholarly attention, one context that appears to have been overlooked is the growing trend towards playing domestic league fixtures in an international setting. The purpose of this paper is to address this oversight by exploring how four different categories of motives distinguished attendees from non-attendees for an Australian Rules football game played in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach A stadium-intercept method at a St Kilda home game was used for the purposes of data collection. In total, 2,000 survey invitations had been distributed. Of these, 381 usable online surveys were received. The resulting data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Findings This study found that the lower fans’ expectations of their team winning, the less likely they were to travel internationally to watch their team play. Furthermore, it also support that sport tourism is influenced not only by the event itself but also non-event attractions offered by the host destination image. Research limitations/implications The limitation applies to the research context in which the respondents were selected from one of the two competing teams. Practical implications This study confirms the importance of “special occasion” and highlights that an Australian Football League game played in New Zealand on ANZAC Day should continue to serve as a special occasion due to the historical significance of that day. Originality/value The results from this study confirm the importance of adding a fourth category of motives – contextual factors – to the existing list of push, pull and sports motives. The findings also support the obvious distinction between attending a domestic event vs attending an international one.

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Won, Dong C., and Young H. Lee. "Optimal dynamic pricing for sports games with habitual attendance." Managerial and Decision Economics 29, no. 8 (December 2008): 639–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.1427.

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Lera-López, Fernando, and Manuel Rapún-Gárate. "Determinants of sports participation and attendance: differences and similarities." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 12, no. 2 (January 2011): 66–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-12-02-2011-b007.

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Popp, Nels, Jonathan A. Jensen, Chad D. McEvoy, and James F. Weiner. "An examination of the effects of outsourcing ticket sales force management." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 21, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-04-2019-0046.

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PurposeThe purpose of the study is to ascertain whether sport organizations which outsource ticket sales force management outperform sports organizations which manage their ticket sales force internally, relative to ticket revenue and attendance.Design/methodology/approachThirteen years of ticket revenue and football attendance data were collected for National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football bowl subdivision (FBS) Division I Athletics Departments (n = 126), as well as data on whether the organization employed an external (outsourced), internal or no ticket sales force. The number of salespeople employed was also captured. Within-subjects, fixed effects regression models, which included several control variables such as number of home contests, prior season attendance, team success and population, were run to assess the relationship between sales force type and both ticket revenue and attendance, for one year, two years and three years after sales force establishment.FindingsAll models were significant. While both internally managed ticket sales forces and those managed by outsourced firms saw significant increases in ticket revenue (compared to not employing a sales force), internally managed departments outperformed third parties. In addition, departments utilizing outsourcing companies reported lower attendance for the first two years after outsourcing, but attendance differences were negligible by the third year of outsourcing.Practical implicationsThe results of the study provide data to help sport managers determine whether outsourcing sales functions within an organization will lead to greater ticket revenue and/or attendance.Originality/valueWhile several sport management studies have examined the decision-making process of outsourcing organizational functions, no prior studies have examined the financial implications of doing so.

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Silveira, Marcelo Paciello, Marcos Vinicius Cardoso, and Filipe Quevedo-Silva. "Factors influencing attendance at stadiums and arenas." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 37, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-02-2018-0048.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to evaluate the factors that influence soccer attendance at stadiums and arenas. Design/methodology/approach The quantitative method based on a structural equation modeling using partial least squares. Findings The results validated the proposed model. The results also showed that the greater the identification of the sports consumer with his team, the greater the impact on his satisfaction, increasing his loyalty to the team and his intention to buy tickets for a soccer match. It was also detected that the higher the risk perception, the lower the purchase intention of tickets. In addition, the study showed that the greater the involvement of sports consumers with soccer, the greater their intention to buy tickets. Originality/value One of the academic implications was to prove that team identification can be a predictor of satisfaction, and that the interrelationship between identification with the team, satisfaction at attending soccer matches at the stadium and loyalty to the team constructs has a high impact on the purchase decision of the sports consumer. In addition, the study tests a model that aggregates several constructs with empirical data for other researchers to better understand the phenomenon of attendance in stadiums and arenas.

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Mateu, Pau, and Eduard Inglés. "Relación entre práctica y asistencia a eventos deportivos: un estudio sobre el caso del judo en España." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 11, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v11i2.4785.

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This research aims to show the profile of attendees to judo competitions in Spain, as well as the relationship between sports participation and attendance to judo events. The sample consisted of 270 people who attended three absolute and senior judo events of different competitive levels. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires which were administered during the celebration of the studied events. Frequency and percentage analysis, means comparisons between sexes and contrast procedures were performed. The information obtained shows the majority profiles of people attending judo competitions in Spain. It also establishes a positive link between sport participation and judo events attendance, just as it shows a high proportion of judo players and former judo players at events in this sporting discipline. This study is a step forward in the field of attending martial arts events and contact sports in Spain, and opens the possibility to continue studying on the subject, both in the case of judo so as in other disciplines.

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Lee, Donghun, and Galen Trail. "The Influence of Personal Values and Goals on Cognitive and Behavioral Involvement in Sport." Journal of Sport Management 25, no. 6 (November 2011): 593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.6.593.

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This exploratory study examined the relationships among personal values, life goals, and individuals’ cognitive and behavioral involvement in sport. Multiple regression analyses revealed that personal values and goals explained a small to large amount of variance in General Sport Fanship (28%), Team Identification (28%), Televised Sports Viewership (19%), Game Attendance (13%), Internet Use specific to Sport (13%), Sport Listenership (12%), Sport Merchandise Purchasing (9%), and Sport Readership (8%). Comprehending the practical implications of identifying personal values, and in some cases personal goals, that influence cognitive loyalty and sport consumer behavior might improve sport marketers’ abilities to predict various types of sport involvement.

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Ryśnik, Jakub. "Identification and evaluation of factors influencing sports fan attendance at international events: volleyball case study." Turyzm/Tourism 29, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.29.2.12.

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The article presents unpublished results of research conducted among fans at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men’s World Championship (1618 respondents to a direct questionnaire survey). Its aim is to describe selected motives and barriers to attendance at international sports events. The analysis attempts to obtain information about the importance of particular factors and barriers for respondents, their relative importance and to derive a model from the correlation between these variables to explain the attendance of fans at international sports events.

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Armstrong, Ketra L. "Self and Product Image Congruency among Male and Female Minor League Ice Hockey Spectators: Implications for Women’s Consumption of Professional Men’s Sports." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 10, no. 2 (October 2001): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.10.2.1.

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Women’s increased interest in and consumption of professional men’s sports have made women a viable target market for men’s sports (Shank, 1999). However, since males comprise the majority of the consumer base for men’s sports, the challenge for men’s sport organizations is to identify the factors that may influence sport consumption among males and females differently. The objective of this paper was to examine image congruency among male and female spectators (n=120) in attendance at a minor league men’s ice hockey event. Image congruency refers to the match or consistency between consumers’ self-images and their images of products they are consuming (Sirgy, 1986). The results revealed differences in the selfimages, product images, and (consequently) level of image congruency experienced between males and females with the overall event. The results also revealed a need for differentiated sport marketing strategies targeted to male and female consumers.

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Ge, Qi, Brad R. Humphreys, and Kun Zhou. "Are Fair Weather Fans Affected by Weather? Rainfall, Habit Formation, and Live Game Attendance." Journal of Sports Economics 21, no. 3 (November 20, 2019): 304–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002519885427.

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We analyze habit formation in sports attendance utilizing rainfall as an unexpected, transitory shock to attendance costs. Using attendance data from Major League Baseball (MLB) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather data, we analyze the impact of variation in game day weather conditions on current and future MLB attendance. The empirical strategy permits identification of both the formation and persistence of habit from exogenous weather shocks. Past adverse weather shocks increase future attendance by about 200 fans per game. This contributes to the literature developing empirical evidence of habit formation in the field and provides policy implications for optimal ticket-pricing strategies.

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Dalkıran, Oğuzhan. "Investigation of Relationship Between Theoretical Practice Course Success and Attendance." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 5 (April 25, 2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i5.3130.

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The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between the attendance of theoretical and applied field courses and the success status of the students attending Sports Science Faculty. The data of the study consisted of 68 female and 88 male students in the Faculty of Sports Sciences; two lectures and two practicals, and 624 grade points and 14 weekly course hours. The data were obtained from course attendance schedules of the instructors and transcripts from the academician information system. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistical analysis in the SPSS (Ver.22) package program, the direction and strength of the relationship between dependent and independent variables in relation by the Pearson product moment correlation analysis, course attendance and academic success test by regression analysis was determined. There was a moderate, positive, and meaningful relationship between attendance and academic achievement (r = 0.528, p <.01). There was a moderate, positive and significant relationship between attendance and academic success in both theoretical and applied courses (R = 0.610, p <.01, r = 0.575, p <.01). As another result; there is a significant relationship between the predictor variable attendance and the academic success, which is the predictor variable (r = 0.528, p <.050). According to this result; it can be said that 28% of the variance related to academic achievement is explained with the attendance.

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Dwyer, Brendan, and Yongjae Kim. "For Love or Money: Developing and Validating a Motivational Scale for Fantasy Football Participation." Journal of Sport Management 25, no. 1 (January 2011): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.1.70.

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The contemporary sport fan has the ability to consume spectator sport through several means including event attendance, television and radio broadcasts, print publications, and Internet applications. Recently, an ancillary sport service, termed fantasy sports, has become one of the most popular activities among sport fans. As a result, the business of fantasy sports is booming. This study examined motivational dimensions underlying fantasy football participation from a Uses and Gratifications perspective. Utilizing Churchill’s (1979) five-step method for developing quality marketing measures, this study identified and validated three motivational dimensions:entertainment/escape, competition, andsocial interaction. The results suggest a pattern of fantasy football participation that is more purposeful and active than traditional media use. Discussed are the gambling associations, future research opportunities, and suggestions for developing fantasy football participation into a more creative and interactive marketing communication tool.

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Hall, John, and Barry O'Mahony. "An empirical analysis of gender differences in sports attendance motives." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 7, no. 4 (July 2006): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-07-04-2006-b008.

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Wallrafen, Tim, Tim Pawlowski, and Christian Deutscher. "Substitution in Sports: The Case of Lower Division Football Attendance." Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 3 (March 28, 2018): 319–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002518762506.

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Commercialization processes in European football are facilitated by reducing concurrent games within the leagues and reallocating kickoff times to prime time slots abroad. Consequently, the number of top division games that temporally overlap with lower division games has increased significantly during recent years. By using attendance data of around 6,000 games in Germany’s fourth division, this article is the first to empirically test whether such overlaps have any adverse demand effects for lower division games. Fixed effects panel regressions reveal that overlapping games indeed reduce the demand for lower division games, suggesting some negative spillovers of commercialization processes in football.

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Kirkwood, Graham, Thomas C. Hughes, and Allyson M. Pollock. "Results on sports-related injuries in children from NHS emergency care dataset Oxfordshire pilot: an ecological study." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 112, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076818808430.

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Summary Objectives To analyse and report on sports-related injuries using enhanced injury data collected by the testbed for the NHS emergency care injury data set and admissions data collected from inpatients. Design Ecological study design. Setting Two Oxfordshire NHS England hospitals. Participants Emergency department attendees and inpatients aged 0–19 years with sports injuries. Main outcome measures Data were analysed from 1 January 2012 to 30 March 2014 by age, gender sport, injury location, injury mechanism and diagnosis including concussion/post-concussion, bone fractures and ligament damage. Admissions data were analysed from 1 January 2012 to 24 January 2015. Results Children and adolescents aged 0–19 years accounted for almost half (47.4%) of sports injury-related emergency department attendances and almost one-quarter (23.5%) of sports injury-related admissions for all ages. The highest rates of attendance occurred at 14 years for boys (68.22 per 1000 person-years) and 12 years for girls (33.72 per 1000 person-years). For male 0–19-year-olds the three main sports were (in order) football (soccer), rugby union and rugby league and for females, trampoline, netball and horse-riding. The largest gender differences were in netball where injuries were predominantly in females and in wheeled motorsports where injuries were predominantly in males. Almost one-quarter of emergency department sports-related injuries recorded were fractures, the highest percentage to the upper limbs. Conclusions Public health departments in local authorities and schools should consider target sports injury prevention at children in the first four years of secondary school. For younger age groups, trampolines in the home warrant improved safety. Rugby and horse-riding should also be a focus for interventions.

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Southerland, Jodi L., Shimin Zheng, Mark Dula, Yan Cao, and Deborah Leachman Slawson. "Relationship Between Physical Activity and Suicidal Behaviors Among 65,182 Middle School Students." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 8 (August 2016): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0315.

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Background:The psychosocial benefits of participating in physical activity (PA) are well known; less is known about the relationship between suicidal behaviors and PA among adolescents, especially among middle school-aged youth. This study seeks to fill that gap by assessing the cross-sectional relationship between these variables.Methods:A secondary analysis of the 2010 Tennessee Middle School Youth Risk Behavior Survey data was conducted among 65,182 middle school students. Items examined were PA, sports team engagement, physical education (PE) class, screen time, suicidal behaviors, drug/substance use, extreme weight control behaviors, weight status and weight misperceptions, and selected personal characteristics. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between PA, sports team engagement, and PE class attendance on suicidal behaviors.Results:Sports team engagement was significantly associated with suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts even after controlling for other important variables. There was no relationship, however, between total PA or PE class attendance in univariate or multivariate models, respectively.Conclusions:Findings suggest that sports team engagement is associated with reduced risk for suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts, whereas, no relationships were found for PA or PE class attendance. Asking adolescents questions about sports team engagement may help clinicians screen for risk of suicidal behaviors.

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Lera-López, Fernando, and María José Suárez. "Deporte activo y pasivo: ¿Una relación de conveniencia?" Studies of Applied Economics 30, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i2.3537.

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This empirical paper studies the relationship between individual decisions regarding active and passive sport activities, using a survey conducted in the Spanish region of Navarra in 2007. Firstly, we estimate a bivariate Probit model and a multinomial Logit to analyze sports practice and sporting event attendance. Secondly, we apply a bivariate Tobit model to estimate the determinants of individual expenditures related to both activities. In both participation and expenditures, the results show a significant and positive correlation between active and passive sport activities after controlling for socio-demographic variables.

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Cisyk, Jeffrey, and Pascal Courty. "Do Fans Care About Compliance to Doping Regulations in Sports? The Impact of PED Suspension in Baseball." Journal of Sports Economics 18, no. 4 (May 29, 2015): 323–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002515587441.

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There is little evidence in support of the main economic rationale for regulating athletic doping that doping reduces fan interest. The introduction of random testing for performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) by Major League Baseball (MLB) offers unique data to investigate the issue. The announcement of a PED violation (a) initially reduces home-game attendance by 8%, (b) has no impact on home-game attendance after 15 days, and (c) has a small negative impact on the game attendance for other MLB teams. This is the first systematic evidence that doping decreases consumer demand for sporting events.

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Feng, Yan, Jinbao Wang, and Yeujun Yoon. "Online Webcast Demand vs. Offline Spectating Channel Demand (Stadium and TV) in the Professional Sports League." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 9906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239906.

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This study investigates the online spectating behavior of sports fans. Due to the great mobility and low opportunity/switching costs, webcast sports fans’ spectating behaviors are distinct from those associated with traditional spectating channels such as stadium attendance or TV viewership. We explore the unique characteristics of online webcast demand in professional sports leagues by rigorously modeling all three spectating choices of sports fans. To consider the substitute relationship of the three spectating choices simultaneously, we employ a BLP (Berry–Levinsohn–Pakes)-style random coefficient model. For the analysis, we collect a comprehensive game-level dataset from the Korean Professional Baseball Organization (KBO) League fan samples from three different channels: online webcast viewership, stadium attendance, and TV viewership. We find that the demand for online webcasts is distinctive compared to that of traditional spectating channels. Notably, we find that the impact of team performance is three times stronger than that of TV viewership demand and that the impact of game quality is four times stronger than that of attendance demand. In contrast, a nonperformance variable is relatively less effective in attracting sports fans to online broadcasting. Furthermore, we find evidence of a strong retention effect of online webcast viewers. Our findings indicate that the previous spectating experience of online webcasts increases the next-time choice of sports fans for the webcast because the genuine spectating experience with distinctive webcast services (such as real-time interactive communication or various supplementary programs) can induce consumers to revisit the channel.

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Melnick, Merrill J. "Searching for Sociability in the Stands: A Theory of Sports Spectating." Journal of Sport Management 7, no. 1 (January 1993): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.7.1.44.

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It is argued that the social forces of urbanization, individualism, interpersonal competition, technology, and geographical mobility have brought greater and greater numbers of strangers into people's everyday lives and have made the achievement of primary, social ties with relatives, friends, neighbors, and workmates more difficult. As a result, many are forced to satisfy their needs for sociability in less personal, less intimate, less private ways. It is proposed that sports spectating has emerged as a major urban structure where spectators come together not only to be entertained but to enrich their social psychological lives through the sociable, quasi-intimate relationships available. The changing nature of the sociability experience in America presents sport managers with interesting challenges and opportunities. A number of recommendations are offered for maximizing the gemeinschaft possibilities of sports spectating facilities. By giving greater attention to the individual and communal possibilities of their events, sport managers can increase spectator attendance while rendering an important public service.

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Hansen, Hal, and Roger Gauthier. "Factors Affecting Attendance at Professional Sport Events." Journal of Sport Management 3, no. 1 (January 1989): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.3.1.15.

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Forty attendance items comprised a questionnaire using a Likert 5-point scale to describe the relative importance of each factor from the YÍew of the following sample of 117: CFL (8), NFL (28), NHL (21), NBA (23), M1SL (11); American Baseball (14), and National Baseball (12). It was hypothesized that no difference exists between leagues on attendance factors; on factor categories; between winning, moderately winning, and losing teams; and between indoor and outdoor leagues. ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for significant differences. Factor analysis using the principal component model followed by Varimax rotation was applied to the 40 items. The response rate was 46%. Significant differences resulted. Factor analysis derived 10 factor categories. Baseball and the NFL accounted for most of the differences, followed by the MISL. Items generating differences were scheduling, team roster quality, price, forms of entertainment competition, and convenience for fans. This study provides current status, factor categories, and preliminary trends that point to the need for former study with a larger sample.

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Armstrong, Ketra L. "A Quest for a Market: A Profile of the Consumers of a Professional Women’s Basketball Team and the Marketing Implications." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 8, no. 2 (October 1999): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.8.2.103.

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Women’s sports is at an all-time high, as evidenced by the emergence of a number of professional women’s sport leagues (such as basketball, baseball, and fast-pitch softball). Notwithstanding the growth and popularity of women’s sports, these leagues will have to compete with other forms of leisure for consumers’ discretionary time and resources. Since financial stability is vital to the longevity of the developing women’s leagues, the competition for consumers will require a greater need for the marketers of women’s professional sport organizations to understand the variety of factors that influence sport consumers’ behavior and shape the composition of their respective markets. Presented in this article are the results of a study in which the consumers of one of the professional women’s basketball teams that competed in the American Basketball League (ABL)were investigated. The teams’ spectators are profiled as sport consumers, factors that influenced their attendance, are identified and implications for effective marketing strategies are noted.

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Kowalski, Christopher L., and Wade P. Kooiman. "Comparative Analysis of Coaches’ Self-Efficacy and Parents’ Perception of Coaches’ Efficacy." Journal of Coaching Education 6, no. 1 (May 2013): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.6.1.4.

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Coaches influence children’s experiences in sports and have a significant impact on the psychosocial development of young athletes. It is important to understand the coaching-related components of youth sports, including game strategy, motivation, teaching technique, and character building. Coaching efficacy is multidimensional, has a number of sources, and highlights relationships that exist between the coach, athlete, and team. In the present study, parents and coaches’ perceptions of coaching efficacy were examined to see what variables may affect their responses. Coaches’ character-building efficacy was influenced by previous playing experience. Parents’ perceptions of coaches’ efficacy were collectively influenced by parents’ previous playing and coaching experience, attendance at sport-specific educational sessions, and the perceived ability of their child’s team.

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MILLS, BRIAN, and RODNEY FORT. "LEAGUE-LEVEL ATTENDANCE AND OUTCOME UNCERTAINTY IN U.S. PRO SPORTS LEAGUES." Economic Inquiry 52, no. 1 (October 18, 2013): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12037.

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Dale, Barrie, Jos van Iwaarden, Ton van der Wiele, and Roger Williams. "Service improvement in a sports environment: a study of spectator attendance." Managing Service Quality: An International Journal 15, no. 5 (October 2005): 470–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09604520510617310.

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Fazal-E-Hasan, Syed Muhammad, Larry Neale, Harjit Sekhon, Gary Mortimer, Ian Brittain, and Jaswinder Sekhon. "The path to game-day attendance runs through sports fan rituals." Journal of Business Research 137 (December 2021): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.024.

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Tsui, CT, M. Leung, CP Chow, KH Chan, and ACH Lit. "A One-Year Hospital-Based Analysis of Sports Injuries." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 14, no. 4 (October 2007): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790701400403.

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Objectives (1) To survey and analyse the pattern of sports injuries; (2) to make implication from the results. Methodology Subjects with sports injuries attending the emergency department of Princess Margaret Hospital in 2006 were retrieved via the Injury Surveillance System. The characteristics of the subjects and their injuries were evaluated. Results In 2006, 709 subjects had sports injuries, from which 83% were male. The median age was 19. Age below 20 accounted for 53% of the attendance. Football (35%), basketball (25%) and cycling (9%) were the three commonest sport-injury activities. All sports injuries had the maximum AIS ≤3 and 83% had MAIS of 1 only. Overall, 39% had contusion and scrape, 36% with sprain and strain, and 18% had fracture. Nearly half (47%) had lower limb injury; 30% and 24% had upper limb injury and head injury respectively. Contusion and scrape of the head, and sprain and strain of the lower limb were the two commonest injuries in football and basketball. In cycling, two-thirds suffered from contusion and scrape of any body region and 57% of those involved the head. Conclusion Sports injury surveillance with characterised patterns of injuries helped to devise prevention measures.

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Foroughi, Behzad, KhairulAnuar Mohammad Shah, Davoud Nikbin, and Sunghyup Sean Hyun. "The impact of event quality on fan satisfaction and game attendance in the context of professional soccer in Iran." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2014): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-15-03-2014-b005.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between event quality and fan satisfaction and consequent fan attendance of soccer matches in Iran. Data on game quality, augmented service, interaction, outcome, environment, fan satisfaction and attendance were gathered from 260 spectators attending an Iranian premier league soccer match by means of a survey. The results show that, except for interaction, all dimensions of event quality have a significant relationship with fan satisfaction. Moreover, the effect of game quality on fan satisfaction is stronger than other dimensions. The results also confirm the significant relationship between fan satisfaction and attendance. Fan satisfaction is shown to be partially mediating the relationship between event quality and game attendance. Practical implications for facility managers and sports marketers are discussed.

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Trinh, Giang Tue. "The attendance at sporting events: A generalized theory and its implications." International Journal of Market Research 60, no. 3 (May 2018): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785318774677.

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This article generalizes the well-known negative binomial distribution (NBD) theory to attendance behavior at sporting events. Using data from a large national survey across a range of sporting events in Australia, including Australian football, rugby league, soccer (outdoor), horse racing, motor sports, rugby union, cricket (outdoor), netball (indoor and outdoor), basketball (indoor and outdoor), harness racing, and dog racing, we show that the NBD is very robust in describing sporting event attendance behavior. This result has implications for sporting event marketing activities, such as which attendee segments should be targeted, how to increase ticket sales, as well as predicting future attendance behavior.

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Paul, Rodney J., Andrew P. Weinbach, and Daniel Robbins. "Fighting, winning, promotions, and attendance in the ECHL." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 5, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-09-2012-0035.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of fighting (in addition to other variables) as it relates to attendance at minor league hockey games (ECHL). Design/methodology/approach – Building upon previous research on hockey attendance, a regression model is specified with attendance as the dependent variable and fighting (measured as a running average of fights-per-game) as an independent variable. The sign and statistical significance of fighting is tested through the regression model. Findings – Despite recent tragedies in the hockey world and public outcries against fighting, fighting is found to have a positive and significant effect on attendance at ECHL games. Practical implications – Findings suggest that if fighting is removed from hockey in North America that teams will suffer attendance wise and it will hurt the overall profitability of teams and leagues. Teams in the ECHL that do not fight often may wish to have more “enforcers” on the team which would increase the number of fights and increase attendance. Social implications – Despite calls for its outright ban, fighting is popular with hockey fans. Even in a world where many game-day promotions are aimed at families, fighting appears to have a place in the game and is a desired attribute of this sport in terms of its entertainment value to fans. Originality/value – First study of the ECHL (AA-equivalent minor league for professional hockey) on a game-by-game basis. This paper examines the role of fighting and violence in the world of professional sports. The regression model also includes highly detailed data on game day promotions used by all of the teams. The value of the paper lies in the public debate about fighting in hockey. The findings and implications of this paper are also of value to team and league management as it relates to fighting in hockey.

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Martinez, Misael, and Jonathan Willner. "Competitive Balance and Consumer Demand in the English Football League." Applied Finance and Accounting 3, no. 2 (June 7, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/afa.v3i2.2411.

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Competitive balance in sports leagues is often used to justify revenue sharing agreements. The justification is that competitive balance leads to higher attendance and higher attendance generates more revenues. By sharing revenue, small market teams can afford to pay for high quality talent, assuring more equal distribution of that talent. Unlike US professional leagues, English football operates under a system of relegation and promotion so that at the end of each season the worst performing teams are "relegated" and the top performing teams in the next level down are "promoted". This may serve as an alternative to revenue sharing to maintain competitive balance.Using data from the top English football league (currently the Premiership) from 1888-89 through the 2014-15 season we calculate multiple measures of league competitive balance for each year using both 3-1-0 and 2-1-0 point systems. We then use these measures with available macroeconomic control variables to examine the relationship between competitive balance and match attendance.We find that, counter to related work in US sports leagues, competitive balance in English football is negatively associated with attendance. This is particularly true in the case of the Premiership era, wherein only five teams have won the championship and in the past 10 seasons, the top 4 places of the championship has been dominated by 7 clubs, yet attendance has steadily increased. This result raises questions about the utility of revenue sharing in increasing attendance in English football.

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Jeong, Yunduk, Suk-Kyu Kim, and Jae-Gu Yu. "Examining the Process Behind the Decision of Sports Fans to Attend Sports Matches at Stadiums Amid the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: The Case of South Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 3403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063403.

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The spread of SARS-CoV-2 has taken a toll on the sports industry worldwide. One of the key challenges for team managers or marketers is to understand how it affects the decision-making process of sports fans. This study examined the process behind the decision of sports fans to attend sports matches at stadiums amid the pandemic using the theory of planned behavior (TPB), which includes the moderating roles of team identification. Responses were obtained from 269 undergraduate and graduate students who had attended a sports match in 2019. Structural equation modeling was performed to evaluate three factors: the attitude toward attending sports matches, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on the decision to attend. In addition, a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to test the moderating effects of team identification. The findings displayed the positive influences on attendance intention from the perspective of (a) attitude, (b) subjective norm and (c) perceived behavioral control. On the other hand, team identification did not have a moderating effect on the relationships among attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control regarding the intention to attend a sport event. These findings suggest that it is important to grasp the role of volitional and non-volitional processes to explain the how the decision to attend sports matches is made.

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Mumcu, Hasan Erdem, Mehmet Acet, Osman Kusan, Ömer Zambak, and Mustafa Can Koç. "Examining to see elite sight-disabled athletes according to the dimensions of the scale of motivation in sport." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 3 (September 6, 2017): 2590. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i3.4395.

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Made the purpose of this study is to examine to see disabled athletes according to the dimensions of the scale of motivation in sport. The study group is comprised of 168 visually impaired athletes in total, including 51 females and 117 males, identified by the targeted sampling method, between the ages of 15-25, who do sports at elite level. The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) was developed by Pelletier (1995) basing on the Theory of Self Determination by Deci and Ryan (1985). The purpose of SMS is to determine the level of "internal motivation, external motivation and nonmotivation” of the person in the sports environment and to identify the source of motivation of the person (Kazak, 2004). Validity and reliability of the scale for Turkish athletes was studied by Kazak (2004). In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that to know and succeed and to experience stimuli and identification subdimensions are effective in sports attendance of visually impaired athletes engaged in sports at elite level. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that age, education level and sports branch variables have an impact on tendency for sports. It can be concluded that compared to older athletes, younger athletes have low tendency for sports because of anxiety and embarrassment and are not conscious about why they do sports. It has been concluded that athletes of weight lifting and judo, which have contribution to physical development at the top level, believe the nature of their sports branch contributes more to their physical development and their strength is acknowledged and appreciated by other people.// Annotate Highlight

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Paul, Rodney, and Andrew Weinbach. "UNCERTAINTY OF OUTCOME AND TELEVISION RATINGS FOR THE NHL AND MLS." Journal of Prediction Markets 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2013): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v7i1.587.

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Although there is mixed evidence of the role of uncertainty of outcome as it relates to attendance at stadiums, the limited evidence available for television ratings has shown that fans tend to prefer more uncertainty of outcome when it comes to watching live sports on television. Given the often substantially higher customer investments associated with live event attendance compared to television, fan preferences may differ across the two. This study examines Nielsen ratings for two previously unstudied sports in North America, the National Hockey League (NHL) and Major League Soccer (MLS). The uncertainty of outcome hypothesis is supported by the results in both samples using two separate measures of uncertainty of outcome. In addition, expected scoring is shown to positively impact television ratings in the NHL.

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Oldridge, N. B., and B. Ragowski. "PREDICTION OF ATTENDANCE IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, Supplement (April 1989): S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198904001-00335.

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Feng, Yan, Jia Lu, and Yeujun Yoon. "Impact of international sports events on the attendance of domestic sports league games using Chinese Super League data." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 19, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 258–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-06-2016-0036.

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PurposeExperiences of high quality games between top-class sports teams could influence sports fans’ decision to attend the domestic sports games. For example, soccer fans who watched the World Cup games between the best national teams are likely to be disappointed with the performance of their domestic league teams after the World Cup event, while more people might be attracted to watch a soccer game because of their increased interest in soccer games. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the international sports event (i.e. the World Cup) influences the demand of the domestic sports league games in the non-hosting country.Design/methodology/approachTo test these antithetical hypotheses, the authors collect the Chinese Super League game-level data from 2004 to 2011. For analysis, the authors propose two empirical models rigorously developed based on previous sports marketing theories.FindingsThe findings are surprising compared to previous studies for the hosting countries or countries that performed spectacularly during the World Cup tournaments. The authors find that the international event negatively influences the attendance of domestic games. Specifically, it gives salience to the competitive quality of a match and helps enhance the impact of star players. Furthermore, the authors find evidence of dynamic effects of the international event.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the previous sports literatures by expanding our understanding of the effect of international sports events. Particularly, the results shed light on international events’ impact on the domestic sports league demand in more general conditions based on its influence on people’s behavior, rather than focusing on the effect caused by facility development or dramatic performance during the international event.

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Wakefield, Kirk. "Using Fan Passion to Predict Attendance, Media Consumption, and Social Media Behaviors." Journal of Sport Management 30, no. 3 (May 2016): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0039.

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Passion drives sport consumption, but we lack valid relevant measures of passion. The results of two studies provide evidence of a reliable and valid multiple-item passion scale that may be used in the study of sports-related consumption behavior. In Study 1 a multi-item fan passion scale was compared with established social identification fan classification scales to provide evidence of discriminant and predictive validity. Because the passion scale outperformed other relevant fan classification measures, in Study 2 the fan passion scale was compared with current single-item measurement practices employed by National Football League and Major League Baseball teams, and some academics, to classify fans. Findings confirmed the veracity of the multi-item passion measure over categorical and interval fan avidity measures used by leagues and syndicated research providers. Taken together, the studies validate an accurate measure of fan passion that may be used to segment and predict fan behaviors, including consumption of traditional media (television, radio, news, and the team’s website) and consumption of the team’s official social media outlets.

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Shore, Colin B., Gill Hubbard, Trish Gorely, Robert Polson, Angus Hunter, and Stuart D. Galloway. "Insufficient Reporting of Factors Associated With Exercise Referral Scheme Uptake, Attendance, and Adherence: A Systematic Review of Reviews." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 16, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0341.

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Background: Exercise referral schemes (ERS) are prescribed programs to tackle physical inactivity and associated noncommunicable disease. Inconsistencies in reporting, recording, and delivering ERS make it challenging to identify what works, why, and for whom. Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guided this narrative review of reviews. Electronic databases were searched for systematic reviews of ERS. Inclusion criteria and quality assessed through A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). Data on uptake, attendance, and adherence were extracted. Results: Eleven reviews met inclusion criteria. AMSTAR quality was medium. Uptake ranged between 35% and 81%. Groups more likely to take up ERS included (1) females and (2) older adults. Attendance ranged from 12% to 49%. Men were more likely to attend ERS. Effect of medical diagnosis upon uptake and attendance was inconsistent. Exercises prescribed were unreported; therefore, adherence to exercise prescriptions was unreported. The influence of theoretically informed approaches on uptake, attendance, and adherence was generally lacking; however, self-determination, peer support, and supervision were reported as influencing attendance. Conclusions: There was insufficient reporting across studies about uptake, attendance, and adherence. Complex interventions such as ERS require consistent definitions, recording, and reporting of these key facets, but this is not evident from the existing literature.

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Gong, Hua, Nicholas M. Watanabe, Brian P. Soebbing, Matthew T. Brown, and Mark S. Nagel. "Do Consumer Perceptions of Tanking Impact Attendance at National Basketball Association Games? A Sentiment Analysis Approach." Journal of Sport Management 35, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2020-0274.

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The use of big data in sport and sport management research is increasing in popularity. Prior research generally includes one of the many characteristics of big data, such as volume or velocity. The present study presents big data in a multidimensional lens by considering the use of sentiment analysis. Specifically focusing on the phenomenon of tanking, the purposeful underperformance in sport competitions, the present study considers the impact that consumers’ sentiment regarding tanking has on game attendance in the National Basketball Association. Collecting social media posts for each National Basketball Association team, the authors create an algorithm to measure the volume and sentiment of consumer discussions related to tanking. These measures are included in a predictive model for National Basketball Association home game attendance between the 2013–2014 and 2017–2018 seasons. Our results find that the volume of discussions for the home team and sentiment toward tanking by the away team impact game attendance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sports attendance'

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