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1
Dauber, Joanna. "Take me out to the ball game an analysis the of [sic] economic impacts on professional sports /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/3621.
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Jones, Charles W. "The Decline in Student Attendance for Bigtime College Football Programs." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3964.
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Palmero, Mauro, and Kelly Price-Rhea. "Influence of Facility Atmospherics on Spectator Attendance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/842.
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The purpose of this study was to explore spectators’ level of satisfaction toward atmospherics in the sport environment—facility—and to show the influence atmospherics has on spectators’ intention to attend sporting events. A group of undergraduate students (N = 145) attending men’s basketball games at a typical NCAA Division I mid-major university responded to a survey. The respondents indicated that they were satisfied with event security and ticket pricing and close to satisfied with all other variables, but they were dissatisfied with parking and merchandise price. A principal component analysis and a discriminant analysis were conducted to identify which constructs better differentiate respondents attending fewer games (one to five) from those attending more games (six and more). Results show that entertainment and facility atmosphere contribute to attracting spectators to the games, but facility services contribute to avoidance behavior. In addition, implications and future research options are given.
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Arzhilovskiy, Maxim, and Kirill Priyatel. "Factors influencing attendance of ice hockey games in Sweden." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18657.
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Commercialization of sport has been growing since 80s and club owners tend to pay more and more attention not just to cups and titles but to commercial success as well. Nevertheless, fans are still the key source of revenues. Besides direct spending while attending games popular clubs and crowded stadiums grab attention of generous advertisers. That is why the problem of sports attendance becomes more and more important though ice hockey attendance is still not the most popular topic among sports marketing researchers. The majority of them cover Canada and the United States while European leagues suffer from the lack of studies as much bigger attention is paid to sport number one – soccer. In the same time, Sweden is one of the few countries in the world where ice hockey might be as popular as soccer. Swedish ice hockey league is one of the strongest in the world but still many clubs fail to sell out their arenas at every game. So the main purpose of this research is to identify factors that influence attendance of ice hockey games in Sweden and reveal their impact on attendance. The analysis is conducted using quantitative methods, where econometrical and statistical approaches are primary tools. In order to test factors influencing attendance a multiple regression model was set up. The dataset was compiled using secondary data and consisted of 1317 regular season ice hockey matches played during 4 seasons (from 2008/2009 to 2011/2012) of the top Swedish ice hockey league called Elitserien. The main sources for compiling the dataset were game reports provided by Swedish Ice Hockey Association and Elitserien. The present study has shown that several factors have strongly positive effect on attendance. Scheduling (games on Friday, Saturday and during Christmas holidays) and rivalry are the most important factors that bring crowds to arenas. Moreover, it can be concluded that higher prices do not affect attendance negatively and clubs can slightly increase ticket prices to improve match day revenues. Finally, on-ice violence attracts Swedish fans while opposite trend exists in North America.
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Samuelson, Kenneth Huey. "Interscholastic Sports Academic Performance and Attendance of Middle School Student Athletes and Nonathletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1366.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if student athletes were more successful in school than nonathletes at 2 middle schools located in the same school district in Western North Carolina. Each school serves students in grades 6-8; however, data were only gathered from students in grades 7 and 8 because students in grade 6 are prohibited from participating in athletics at the middle school level. The testing variables included number of days absent from school, percentile score on Math End-of-Grade tests, percentile score on Reading End-of-Grade tests, final grade in math courses, and final grade in reading courses. Grouping variables were students in the same cohort with data obtained from 7th grade during the 2009-2010 school year, followed by data obtained from 8th grade during the 2010-2011 school year. Results were analyzed from School A, School B, and Schools A and B combined. Independent samples t-tests were used to make comparisons between student athletes and nonathletes for each of the variables. Based on the findings of this study, middle school students involved in interscholastic sports missed fewer days of school than students who were not involved in athletics. Differences were found in End-of-Grade Math and Reading percentile scores between student athletes and nonathletes in School B. Students who participated in athletics tended to earn higher End-of-Grade percentile scores. No significant differences were found for the same assessments in the other middle school. Data from both schools combined have found no significant difference in Reading End-of-Grade percentile scores; however, students who participated in athletics tended to have a higher percentile scored on Math End-of-Grade exams than student nonathletes. School B had significant differences in student outcomes in final grades for both math and reading courses with the student athletes earning a higher grade. School A did not have a significant difference in final grades for math courses but did have a significant difference in final grades for reading courses with student athletes earning a higher grade. Data from both schools combined found a significant difference between student athletes and nonathletes in final grades for math and reading courses. Student athletes tended to have a higher grade in each subject when compared to nonathletes.
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Juliano, Carmen Douglas. "An examination of various factors effecting [sic] attendance levels at NCAA Division I men's soccer games /." This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-172317/.
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Claxton, Lawrence J. "Factors that Motivate Attendance At NCAA Division II Football Games| A Multiple Case Study." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3623287.
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Government funding shortages are changing the financial landscape of collegiate athletic programs. Athletic administrators struggling to discover alternative financial sources have frequently focused their efforts on increasing home game attendance, which leads to increased concession and licensing revenues. The problem is that schools sporting programs will continue to lose funds if schools do not attract and maintain a larger fan base at athletic events. The purpose of this multiple case study is to identify and explore the factors that motivate fans attendance at NCAA Division II football games using both a survey and interviews at four universities within the Great American Conference, the Lone Star Conference, and the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association. The research study that is employed is based on multiple case study and triangulated data collected from a small sample group at four universities: Northeastern State, Southeastern Oklahoma State, Southwestern Oklahoma State, and West Texas A & M. Data collection methods included the administration of a Sport Fan Motivation Scale survey to fans at a home game for each university, individual interviews of the sample group athletic directors, and review of online sources. Key results of the study yielded significant insight into optimal methodologies athletic administrators can employ to increase program revenues by increasing home game attendance. The findings were evaluated based upon the data collected utilizing four research questions. Economic factors were most likely to affect motivation of fans to attend home football games. Game attractiveness factors have a positive effect on fans at home football games. Demographic factors affect the motivation of fans to attend home football games. Residual factors affect the motivation of fans to attend football games. Many commonalities were found in the collected data that helped to identify themes and connect this information to previous research described in the literature review. A review of economic, team oriented, demographic, and ancillary factors yielded results indicating that integration of promotional activities, ensuring ample parking space for non-tailgaters, and a feeling of commitment or identification with the team are means to increase attendance.
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Opperman, Evan. "An Analysis of Sports Markets: Franchise Relocation, League Expansion, and Fan Bases." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1512.
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Through sports, cities can reach fans from all different walks of life to rally together and support a competitive cause. Each city’s fan base is distinct—with their individual personalities being reflective of the culture and environment of the home city. The intent of this paper is to study the effect of multiple on and off field factors as they relate to attendance across three major professional sports in city markets. This will determine which city markets have the strongest, or weakest, overall fan bases. Ultimately, this study will end with an educated recommendation for professional sports franchise relocation or a league expansion.
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Jones, Charles W., and Kevin K. Byon. "The Influence of Repeat Attendance and Stakeholder Type on Value Co-creation in Recurring Sport Event Setting." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3966.
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Building on Service-Dominant Logic, the Sport Value Framework, and the Psychological Continuum Model, this study is a micro-level perspective of value co-creation in spectator sport. By examining sport through the VCC lens, the dual role of the customer as both a contributor to and a beneficiary of value is acknowledged and the importance of stakeholder interactions is emphasized. The objective of this study was to develop a conceptual model of sport consumption value co-creation, to analyze the extent to which two theoretically and managerially important factors—attendance frequency (i.e., first-time attendee vs. repeat attendee) and stakeholder type (i.e., local resident vs. domestic traveler)—impact value co-creation in the recurring live sport event setting. Findings suggest that antecedent value propositions may have a stronger association with economic components of value for first-time spectators, but a stronger association with hedonic and social value dimensions for repeat spectators—and for domestic travelers, organization-related value propositions can have a stronger influence on hedonic value than is experienced by local residents.
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Greene, Amanda E. "Waging the War for Fan Attendance: An Analysis of Fan Consumer Behavior at “the Battle at Bristol”." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4953.
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Greene, Amanda E. "Battle at Bristol: Comparing Sponsorship Awareness and Purchase Intentions of NASCAR Fans and Collegiate Football Fans in Attendance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4952.
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McNair, Fiona Michelle. "An analysis of patients referred to a primary care exercise referral scheme : attendance, completion, 12 month adherence and the experiences of overweight participants." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2006. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5825/.
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The purpose of an Exercise Referral Scheme (ERS) is to offer supervised, safe and appropriate group exercise and activities for individuals who can benefit physiologically and psychologically from increasing their level of physical activity. Referral from a health professional for activities is usually to a local leisure centre or alternative location. Assessments are carried out by professional, qualified staff who prescribe activity type and frequency. The activities are usually subsidised over a 10-14 week period, after which the cost is incurred by the individual. In recent years there has been a proliferation of ERS's as a means of increasing physical activity in the UK. Primary Care Trusts have invested in ERS, yet the evidence base for their ability to increase physical activity is debatable. Consequently, the overall aim of this research was to gain a greater understanding of the process of ERS through a case study example. By improving the services an ERS can offer to its participants, attendance and completion are likely to increase, ultimately resulting in increases in physical activity levels and therefore health. The present research has used mutli-methodological design to evaluate a community ERS in the North West of England. Four separate studies have allowed evaluation of characteristics of those who do not attend against those who do attend (study 1); those who complete an ERS against those who do not (study 2) and those who subsequently sustain physical activity 12 months post intervention (study 3). Furthermore, a qualitative tracking study followed participants' experiences whilst on an ERS specific to overweight individuals, over a 12 week period (study 4). Results indicate variances in individuals referred to the scheme; females being more likely to be referred and attend an ERS than males (p < 0.05) and those in the 46-60 year bracket being significantly more likely to attend (p < 0.05). Reason for referral was significant for attendance (p < 0.05), as well as month of referral (p < 0.05). Completion rates on the scheme were 42% at 12 weeks and were greatest for 31-45 year old males. However, overall there was a significant difference between age and likelihood of completing an ERS; individuals aged between 41-75 years were more likely to complete (p < 0.05). Family and friend participation support was significant to completion of the ERS. Gender (p > 0.05), pre-intervention physical activity levels (p > 0.05), family reward support (p > 0.05) and referral category (p > 0.05) were not significant to completion of an ERS. Post-intervention, physical activity levels were significantly increased by 15 METS (equivalent to 3, 15 minute bouts of moderate intensity exercise) (p < 0.05), although this was not significant at any other time over a 12 month period. Participants who perceived themselves to be participating in the nationally recommended levels of physical activity, increased from 41% at baseline, to 84% at 12 weeks (post-intervention), and 72% at 12 months. Qualitative analysis with overweight participants on an ERS showed problematic issues such as others perceptions relating to their inactive lifestyle. Participants gained most support from other overweight participants on the scheme, compared to significant others (e.g. spouse, friends) due to their clinical similarities. 58% of participants monitored completed the scheme, which is greater than completion of the general ERS. Outcomes of success on such interventions are discussed, along with experiences of participation in an ERS. The research has shown that the use of ERSs in primary care can increase the short term physical activity levels of previously sedentary individuals. Characteristics of individuals, who are more likely to attend, complete and sustain physical activity long term, have been determined. Future success of such schemes should involve psychological outcomes, and physiological factors other than increases in physical activity.
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Clamon, Travis, Richard L. Wallace, and Nakia J. Woodward. "Is Attendance Really Declining at Games?: An Analysis of Walk-ins Versus Web Counts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4871.
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Objectives: The purpose is to see if there is a relationship between declining walk-in visitor counts and increased library web access. The overall objective is to evaluate library services and find better and more efficient ways to meet the needs of walk-in and virtual patrons. Methods: Compile past five years of walk-in visitor statistics from the library. Retrieve past five years of website statistics from Google Analytics. These two sets of data will be compared and analyzed for any correlation. We hypothesize the data will show a steady decrease in walk-in visitors along with a continued increase in website visitors. We hope to find a period during the past five years where the two values intersect. If a clear relation exists, we will identify possible factors that can be attributed to these changes. Results: The combination of online “visits” combined with walkin visits gives an entirely different picture of the use of libraries by patrons. Conclusion: Librarians should not be wedded to success markers of past eras. By updating measures of recording “attendance,” a more truthful picture emerges about the true popularity of libraries. This type of data is essential, since libraries are under more pressure to justify their existence.
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Juliano, Carmen Douglas. "An examination of various factors affecting attendance levels at NCAA Division I men's soccer games." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41089.
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The purpose of this research was to investigate various
factors that contribute to attendance levels at NCAA Division
I men's soccer games. A questionnaire was sent to all NCAA
Division I men's soccer programs. The final response rate was
84.5 percent with 158 of 187 questionnaires returned. The
questionnaire examined four areas: team success, field
location, promotional activities and ticket price.
The data indicated that there is a significant
relationship between average attendance levels and home soccer
fields that are between .6 and mile away from the
dormitories. Off-campus fields and the existence of an
admission fee were found to have significant relationships
with attendance levels. The use of many promotional
activities and materials were also found to have a
relationship with average attendance levels.
Master of Science
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Nourse, Howard Francis. "A process for determining the influence of television advertising, promoting game attendance for a specific Division I women's basketball program, upon individual spectator decisions to attend a home contest at that institution /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487267546981021.
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Lahvička, Jiří. "Essays in Economics of Sports." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199302.
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This dissertation consists of five articles about economics of sports. The first three articles investigate various types of outcome uncertainty and how they relate to match attendance demand, while the remaining two articles test the efficiency of sports betting markets. The first article presents a new method of calculating match importance. Unlike the previous approaches in the literature, it does not require ex-post information and can be used for any type of season outcome. The second article shows that the additional playoff stage in the Czech ice hockey "Extraliga" lowers the probability of the strongest team becoming a champion and thus increases seasonal uncertainty. The third article demonstrates that the inconsistent findings in the literature about the link between match uncertainty and attendance could be explained by wrongly specified regressions, proposes a new approach to analyzing the effect of match uncertainty and shows that attendance demand is maximized if teams of the same quality play against each other. The fourth article examines the favorite-longshot bias in the context of betting on tennis matches. It shows that the favorite-longshot bias pattern is consistent with bookmakers protecting themselves against both better informed insiders and the general public exploiting new information. The fifth article investigates the supposedly profitable strategy of betting on soccer draws using the Fibonacci sequence. The strategy is tested both in a simulated market and on a real data set and found to lose money.
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Fall, Ibrahima. "Analyse comparative des facteurs de fréquentation d'événements sportifs au Sénégal. Cas de la lutte avec frappe, du football navétane et du football professionnel." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS223.
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L’étude prend sa source dans une préoccupation qui anime la plupart des dirigeants de fédérations et de clubs sportifs au Sénégal : leur difficulté à mobiliser un public nombreux lors des évènements sportifs qu’ils organisent. Cette situation renvoie à un questionnement sur leur capacité actuelle à répondre aux besoins et attentes des spectateurs, les fidéliser et en conquérir de nouveaux. Dans ce contexte, notre question de recherche principale est de savoir quels sont les facteurs qui influencent la décision des spectateurs d’assister à des évènements sportifs au Sénégal ; en d’autres termes, comprendre les motivations des spectateurs à fréquenter (ou à ne pas fréquenter) les lieux de ces évènements. Pour cela, nous avons analysé les cas de trois types de spectacles sportifs : (1) celui d’un sport moderne d’importation (le championnat de football professionnel) ; (2) celui d’un sport traditionnel (la lutte avec frappe) et (3) celui d’une pratique se situant entre tradition communautaire et modernité - sport moderne « tropicalisé » - (le championnat populaire navétane), afin de mettre en lumière des spécificités explicatives.Les résultats révèlent six facteurs majeurs pouvant influencer la fréquentation d’un évènement sportif au Sénégal : la proximité des lieux de compétition, l’affirmation d’une appartenance identitaire, la passion du sport, la recherche d’interactions sociales, la quête du plaisir et du divertissement, la stimulation émotionnelle. Parallèlement, ils nous ont amené à mettre en évidence quelques critères pouvant conduire à mieux segmenter l’offre de spectacle sportif : la motivation de fréquentation, la régularité, le degré de participation aux actions de supportérisme, le rapport à la violence ; soit autant de critère permettant de construire une offre adaptée aux différentes catégories de publics.D’un point de vue managérial, ce travail de recherche livre des informations utiles aux organisateurs. En effet, elles peuvent leur permettre d’avoir une meilleure visibilité de la demande : d’une part, une identification plus fine des publics sous la forme d’une typologie, d’autre part, une caractérisation actualisée de leurs besoins et attentes et de leurs comportements de consommation ; cette meilleure connaissance du marché devant logiquement les conduire à des stratégies marketing plus efficaces en matière de segmentation de leur offre et de ciblage des différentes catégories de publicsThe study has its source in a concern that drives most leaders of federations and sports clubs in Senegal: their difficulty to mobilize a big audience during the sports events which they organize. This situation raises questions about their current capacity to meet the needs and expectations of spectators, to make them loyal and to try conquer new ones. In this context, the main aim of our research question is to know what are the factors which influence the decision of the spectators to attend sports events in Senegal; in other words, understand the motivations of the spectators to go (or not to go) to these events places. For that purpose, we analyzed the cases of three types of sports shows : (1) that of a modern import sport (the professional football championship); (2) that of a traditional sport (wrestling) and (3) that of a practice between communitarian tradition and modernity - "tropicalized" modern sport - (the popular Navetane championship), in order to highlight explanatory specificities.The results reveal six major factors which can influence the attendance of a sport event in Senegal: the proximity of the competition venues, the affirmation of identity, the passion for sport, the search for social interaction, the pursuit of pleasure and entertainment, emotional stimulation. At the same time, they allow us to highlight some criteria which can lead to better segment the offer of sports show: Their motivation to attend, their regularity, their degree of participation in the actions of “supporterism”, the link with violence , these are enough criteria that can help build an offer adapted to different categories of public.From a managerial point of view, this research work delivers information useful for the organizers. Indeed, they can allow them to have a better visibility of the demand (request): on the one hand a finer identification of public in the form of a typology, on the other hand, a characterization updated by their needs and expectations of their consumer behavior; this good knowledge of the market must lead them logically to more effective marketing strategies regarding segmentation of their offer and targeting of the various categories of public
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Silveira, Marcelo Paciello da. "O comportamento do consumidor esportivo: um estudo sobre os fatores que influenciam o comparecimento do público aos estádios e arenas no Brasil." Universidade Nove de Julho, 2015. http://bibliotecadigital.uninove.br/handle/tede/1292.
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This study aimed to evaluate what factors influence the attendance of the public at stadiums and arenas in Brazil. The study sought to understand the different factors (identification with the team, satisfaction, loyalty, risk perception, involvement, motivation) that affect the attendance in stadiums and arenas in Brazil, measured through the ticket purchase intent for soccer match. The descriptive quantitative method structural was adopted as a methodological procedure and the research was carried out by sending electronic questionnaires. The structural equation modeling (SEM) was the option to characterize the factors and the analysis of partial least squares (PLS) to validate the hypotheses. The results showed that the higher the identification of the sports consumer to his team, the greater the impact on the satisfaction of going to the stadium, increasing their loyalty to the team, making this inter-relationship between these three constructs increase the purchase intention of tickets to a soccer match. In addition, it was found that the higher the perceived risk, the lower the intention to purchase tickets. It was also detected that the greater the involvement of consumer sports with soccer, the greater the intention to purchase tickets. The only construct that had no impact on purchase intent was the motivation. One of the main academic implications was the proof that the identification with the team can be a predictor of satisfaction, and the inter-relationship between the constructs identification with the team, satisfaction to go to the stadium and loyalty to the team has high impact at the ticket purchasing decision by the sports consumer. Another academic implication was detected that the perception of risk negatively impacts the purchasing decision, even among fans who attend stadiums and arenas as well as the realization that the more involved with soccer fan is, the greater the impact on your decision to purchase tickets. Regarding to the managerial contributions, the main suggestion is to create a supporter's intelligence department in the structure of football clubs. This department would be responsible to measure, understand, create relationship with the fans and define strategies according to the level of identification, loyalty, satisfaction and involvement, always aiming to increase based revenues in the behavioral levels of each consumer group.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar quais os fatores que influenciam o comparecimento do público aos estádios e arenas no Brasil. O estudo buscou entender os diferentes fatores (identificação com o time, satisfação, lealdade, percepção de risco, envolvimento, motivação) que influenciam o comparecimento de público aos estádios e arenas do Brasil, mensurado aqui por meio da intenção de compra de ingressos para um jogo de futebol. Foi adotado o método quantitativo descritivo estrutural como procedimento metodológico e a pesquisa foi efetuada através do envio de questionários eletrônicos. Optou-se pelo método de modelagem de equações estruturais (MEE) para caracterização dos fatores e pela análise dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) para validar as hipóteses. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que quanto maior a identificação do consumidor esportivo com seu time, maior é o impacto na satisfação em ir ao estádio, aumentando a sua lealdade com o time, fazendo com que essa inter-relação entre os três construtos aumentem a intenção de compra de ingressos para um jogo de futebol. Além disso, foi detectado que quanto maior a percepção de risco, menor a intenção de compra de ingressos. Também foi detectado que quanto maior o envolvimento do consumidor esportivo com o futebol, maior a intenção de compra de ingressos. O único construto que não teve impacto na intenção de compra foi a motivação. Uma das principais implicações acadêmicas foi a comprovação de que a identificação com o time pode ser um preditor da satisfação, e que a inter-relação entre os construtos identificação com o time, satisfação em ir ao estádio e a lealdade com o time possui alto impacto na decisão de compra de ingressos por parte do consumidor esportivo. Outra implicação acadêmica foi detectar que a percepção de risco impacta negativamente na decisão de compra, mesmo entre os torcedores que frequentam estádios e arenas, bem como a constatação de que quanto mais envolvido com o futebol o torcedor for, maior o impacto em sua decisão de compra de ingressos. Em relação às contribuições gerenciais, a principal sugestão é criar um departamento de inteligência do torcedor dentro da estrutura dos clubes de futebol. Esse departamento seria o responsável em medir, entender, relacionar-se com o torcedor e definir estratégias de acordo com o nível de identificação, lealdade, satisfação e envolvimento, sempre com o objetivo de aumentar as receitas baseado nos níveis comportamentais de cada grupo de consumidor.
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Almeida, Erick Bastos de. "O consumo público de eventos esportivos: um olhar para além dos estádios de futebol." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11470.
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The present study investigated the public consumption of live sporting events inside and outside the scope of stadiums. The main goal of the study was to determine if the fan (supporter), perceives a relation of substitution or complementarity between the favorable attitudes towards attendance at the stadium or at other public places to watch football games. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the influence of the identification of a sports fan (supporter) with his team in the attitude and public consumption of the spectacle of soccer in the stadium or in other public places, as well as if demographic characteristics (gender and age group) exert some kind of moderating effect on the relationships studied. To address these issues we sought reference in SIT - Social Identity Theory and SCT - Self-Categorization Theory. A survey was conducted, targeting supporters of the four main soccer teams from Rio de Janeiro, through assisted structured interviews. The sample was intentional and of convenience and data collection totaled 507 valid questionnaires. Data analysis was performed in two stages. The first contemplating an exploratory factor analysis, which aimed at the preliminary observation of the quality of the scales. The second stage included a confirmatory factor analysis in order to purify the scales. Convergent, discriminant and nomological reliability and validity of the constructs were evaluated. To test the substantive hypotheses of the study the structural equation modeling technique and multigroup analysis were used. The analysis results allowed empirical support of three out of the five substantial hypotheses. The results suggest that (a) The identification of the fan with the team exerts a positive influence on the attitude towards watching games at the stadium; (b) The favorable attitude of fans towards the stadium exerts a positive influence on the attendance at the stadium; and (c) The favorable attitude of fans towards public places exerts a positive influence on attendance at public places. However, we could not fully support the hypothesis that (d) identification of the fan with the team influences the attitude towards public places; and (e) The attitude of fans towards the stadium influences the attitude towards public places. The moderating effects of gender and age group were also not supported.
O presente estudo investigou o consumo público de eventos esportivos ao vivo dentro e fora do âmbito dos estádios. O objetivo principal do estudo foi determinar se o fã (torcedor), percebe uma relação de substituição ou de complementaridade entre as atitudes favoráveis ao comparecimento ao estádio ou a outros locais públicos para assistir a jogos de futebol. Adicionalmente, o estudo objetivou a investigação da influência da identificação do fã do esporte (torcedor) com seu time na atitude e consumo público do espetáculo do futebol no estádio ou em outros locais públicos; bem como se as características demográficas (gênero e faixa etária) exercem algum tipo de efeito moderador sobre as relações estudadas. Para abordar estes temas buscou-se referência na SIT – Social Identity Theory e na SCT – Self- Categorization Theory. Foi realizado um levantamento (survey), envolvendo torcedores dos 4 times cariocas de maior torcida, mediante entrevistas estruturadas assistidas. A amostra foi intencional e de conveniência e a coleta de dados totalizou 507 questionários válidos. A análise dos dados foi realizada em duas etapas. A primeira contemplando uma análise fatorial exploratória, que objetivou a observação preliminar da qualidade das escalas. A segunda etapa contemplou uma análise fatorial confirmatória com o objetivo de purificar as escalas. Foram avaliadas a confiabilidade e a validade convergente, discriminante e nomológica dos construtos. Para testar as hipóteses substantivas do estudo utilizou-se a técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais e a análise de multigrupos. Os resultados da análise permitiram suportar empiricamente três das cinco hipóteses substantivas. Os resultados sugerem que (a) A identificação do fã com o time exerce influência positiva sobre a atitude em relação a assistir a jogos no estádio; (b) A atitude favorável do torcedor em relação ao estádio exerce influência positiva sobre o comparecimento ao estádio; e (c) A atitude favorável do torcedor em relação a locais públicos exerce influência positiva sobre o comparecimento a locais públicos. Todavia, não foi possível suportar integralmente as hipóteses de que (d) A identificação do fã com o time exerce influência sobre a atitude em relação a locais públicos; e (e) A atitude do torcedor em relação ao estádio exerce influência sobre a atitude em relação a locais públicos. Também não foram suportados os efeitos de moderação do gênero e faixa etária.
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Yazawa, Daigo. "Environment Change: An Analysis of College Football Operations." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1404234244.
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Ferreira, Mauricio. "The effects of contextual factors and attribute importance on college students' sport event preference and attendance /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486398195324756.
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Sozeri, Baris. "Motivational Factors Affecting Spectators." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606891/index.pdf.
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Interest in sport, especially in soccer has been increasing in Turkey. Consequently, sport clubs should ascertain the reasons why people attend sporting events and what motivates them to attend in order not to lose their interest. From this pointthe purpose of this study was to examine the motivational factors affecting spectator attendance of soccer games in Turkey. In order to measure the sport fan motivations of the spectators, the Turkish version of Motivational Scale for Sport Consumption (MSSC) was distributed to 602 spectators in three different Super League Soccer games with the systematic sampling procedure. Results of this study indicated that the physical skills of the athletes, aesthetics related with the game of soccer and the achievement motives are the most effective motives in explaining spectators&rsquo
decisions to attend soccer games in Turkey. On the other hand, escape, drama, and social interaction motives were found to be the least important motives of the Turkish soccer spectators. The findings of this study also revealed that the more frequent ticket consumers&rsquo
achievement and acquisition of knowledge motivations were higher than the other consumer types in spectator segmentation. Multiple regression analysis revealed that 27 % of the variance in future ticket consumption intentions can be accounted for by the linear combination of 6 of the 12 variables including past ticket consumption frequency, fan identification with the team, and the motives of achievement, acquisition of knowledge, aesthetics, and social interaction. These findings indicated that Turkish spectators are mainly motivated by the core product of the sport, the game itself. However, previous studies indicated that overarching motives (escape, social interaction) should be one of the aspects of the game attendance. Thus, findings of this study showed that Turkish spectators do not perceive the attending a sport game as a social and stress releasing activity. In conclusion, motivations are the needs of the sport consumers, therefore, Turkish sport clubs should try to fulfill the needs of their customers, in this case, acquiring skilled soccer players, playing good team soccer, and playing combatively to win games should be the prerequisites of the sport clubs to not to lose their spectators&rsquo
interest in following their team from the stadium.
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Karlsson, Pär, and Fredrik Skännestig. "Swedish Football Clubs : A study of how to increase the revenues in Allsvenskan." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12156.
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The focus of the thesis is how football clubs can increase their revenues through brand equity and different marketing activities. The purpose is to develop a professional attitude towards football brands among the Swedish clubs and to increase the awareness of aspects possible to improve. Due to current regulations the Swedish league differs in some aspects from other leagues in Europe. Therefore this thesis will provide guidelines of how Swedish football clubs could increase their revenues. The theoretical framework includes concepts such as brand equity, stakeholders and the European revenue model. In addition to this a general discussion about sport marketing and its differences from regular marketing will be provided. In order to answer the main research question; "How can Swedish football clubs increase their revenues through marketing activities in order to keep a competitive squad?" interviews with people associated to Swedish football have been conducted. Different aspects have been identified that will provide the Swedish football clubs with important insights of how to improve their revenue stream. Recommendations will be given of how to proceed with increasing the clubs revenues.
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Mofoka, Makha Agatha. "The role of servicescapes in spectators' attendance at selected soccer stadia." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/117.
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Thesis. (M. Tech. (Dept. of Marketing, Faculty of Management Sciences)) -- Vaal University of Technology, 2011.Spectators are key constituents of sport organisations’ success as a large spectator base attracts sponsors. Once a spectator enters a sport stadium, the physical environment and the experience of the game may lead to a relationship with the environment and a team resulting in the spectator either revisiting a sport stadium, recommending the venue to others or avoiding the environment. Spectator attendance at sports stadia is also a primary sources of revenue for sport events. Stadium attendance also brings different benefits for spectators as a stadium can add excitement and atmosphere to an event experience and opportunities for socialisation within the environment. The main purpose of this study was to determine the role of servicescapes in spectators’ attendance at selected sport stadiums in Gauteng. Since sport depends on the facility for its production and service delivery, place (distribution) is an essential component in the marketing mix, as it can lead to approach or avoidance behaviours. The study was conducted at two different stadiums namely (Soccer City (formerly FNB) and Orlando stadiums) in the Gauteng Province. A quantitative research approach was used. A structured questionnaire was administered to 200 spectators using non-probability convenience sampling. Data from a total of 170 completed questionnaires were analysed. Data analysis was undertaken in two phases: firstly by pilot testing the questionnaire and secondly by the consolidation of the main survey findings through a more detailed analysis. The data was analysed with a view to address the objectives of the study. In order to ensure high quality analysis, all evidence was considered and all major rival interpretations were also addressed. Factor analysis was used to determine the various servicescape dimensions. Seven factors of servicescape were extracted, namely scoreboard quality, refreshment provisioning, facility aesthetics, space allocation, stadium accessibility, seating comfort and stadium cleanliness. The findings in this study indicate that there is significant positive correlation between the seven factors and future attendance and also a desire to stay within the stadium. The regression analysis reported significant predictive relationships between the stadium servicescape, future attendance and also a desire to stay within the stadium. Regression models depict that spatial allocation and functionality followed by stadia cleanliness made the greatest impact on spectators’ desire to stay within a servicescape and seating comfort and facility aesthetics significantly contributes to future patronage. Recommendations in this study suggest that stadium management and sport marketers should not concentrate on one factor but on several servicescape factors in order to maintain spectator patronage on sport stadium. By fulfilling spectators’ expectations, sport marketers and stadium management should ensure that spectators are satisfied with the stadium facilities and the physical environment to maintain their retention and loyalty to the stadium.
Central Research Committee. Vaal University of Technology.
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Bae, Sang Woo. "Attitudes, interests and sport spectator profiling : variables affecting game attendance in a NHL franchise." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16193.
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ATTITUDES, INTERESTS AND SPORT SPECTATOR PROFILING: VARIABLES
AFFECTING GAME ATTENDANCE IN A NHL FRANCHISE
This study examined the literature on spectator profiling and evaluated current
survey methodologies being used to profile hockey spectators and their preferences
regarding NHL hockey game attendance. The research had two inter-related objectives.
One was to investigate the consumer profiles of sport spectators associated with a
specific NHL franchise, the Vancouver Canucks, and to relate these to game attendance.
The second objective was to test and evaluate a questionnaire designed to incorporate
latest thinking on variables that affect professional sports game attendance. Survey data
were collected from 907 attendees at four Vancouver Canucks games and from 203
students at the University of British Columbia during the 2001-2002 NHL season. Two
separate studies were conducted using the data. Study 1 investigated reasons for game
attendance, and respondents' activity patterns and interests. Data analyses for study 1
included a confirmatory factor analysis for testing the validity of the game attendance
items (reasons for game attendance), and a decision tree analysis for classifying
spectators based on their reported game attendance frequencies, activity patterns, and
interests. Results of study 1 indicate that the respondents' game attendance rates were
affected by income, use of hockey websites, playing baseball when young, job, being
accompanied by co-workers, ethnic background, perception of T.V. as the best
promotional medium, personal fan history, and playing hockey when young. Study 2
investigated the relationship between spectators' opinions about sports and their game
attendance, and attempted to identify potential predictors of game attendance levels. A
confirmatory factor analysis was used in Study 2 to test the validity of the sport opinion
items (opinions about sports), and a cluster analysis was used to identify unique
spectator groups. Three distinctive spectator segments were identified, and the three
groups varied on a number of dimensions including game attendance rates, sports
participation history, and their opinions about the benefits of sports, community pride,
cynicism about professional sports, attitude toward professional athletes, perceived time
costs, role of government, and attitude toward amateur sports. The research found
evidence of national cultural differences between Canadian sports spectators and their
American counterparts. It is recommended that future research investigate national and
regional cultural differences as well as differences between major and minor league
sports and competitive factors in local sports markets.Education, Faculty of
Kinesiology, School of
Graduate
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Almeida, Júlio Miguel Moreira. "Sports spectatorship in Lisbon: how leveraging consumers' motivations can increase attendance and community spirit." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/18237.
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This dissertation provides a thorough investigation on the variables that influence Lisbon
citizens on their intention to attend a sports event.
It starts by analysing the existent literature on the subject, finding four major propositions
on which the theoretical model was based: infrastructures, communication, internal
motivation factors (push) and external motivation factors (pull) influence a consumer’s
intention to attend a sports event. Comprised within these four categories, twenty-four
variables were considered.
To validate the model, a questionnaire was developed, refined and performed across
different sports events and their respective venues. The sample (N=432) was
characterized in demographic, psychological and behavioural vectors, allowing for a 360º
understanding of Lisbon citizens’ process of thought when deciding to attend a sports
event.
The quantitative analysis the sample went through indicated that the typical persona that
attends sports events is male, has between 16 and 34 years of age and consumes sports
information either through newspapers or digital channels. The most important variable
in the infrastructures category is the necessity for more city sports halls, whilst in the
communications category it is the influence of an emotive style. For the internal
motivations, the one who influences the most is the athletic skill of the contestants, whilst
the chance to witness something unique has the heaviest weight on the external
motivations category.
The analysis of the variables which comprise each proposition allowed all four
propositions to be validated and the main research question to be deemed affirmative:5
infrastructure, communication, internal motivations (push) and external motivations
(pull) influence a consumer’s intention to attend a sports event.
The main managerial implications found are the necessity for a new city sports hall, better
sports events’ communication and the creation of incentives for sports practicing, as that
leverages engagement with sports and, consequentially, leads more persons to attend
sports events.
Regarding academic implications, some of the indicators established are related to the
elements that compose venue quality, the variables which comprise an emotional
communication and ticket prices and their evolution through time when indexed to
economic indicators.
The most important limitations found were the availability of the individuals inquired to
answer during sports events and the possible bias derived from the 2016 Rio de Janeiro
Olympic Games.
Guidelines for future research were also developed, as are examples sports events’
attendance in other Portuguese cities, sports practitioners in high school/university and
their relationship with professional athletes, as well as further research within the
propositions validated.
The purpose of this dissertation was fulfilled, in the sense that it contributed to Lisbon
winning the application for European Capital of Sport in 2021.
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Skuhrovec, Jakub. "Geografie sportu a podmíněnosti návštěvnosti ledního hokeje v Česku." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-446629.
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This academic work is devoted to the examination of the relationship between geography and sport. Firstly, it presents the geography of sport as a subdiscipline in the system of geography. Afterwards it discusses the relationship between geography and sport in general in different environments and at different scale levels. After the general introduction, the work deals with sports attendance as a possible characteristics of the position of sport in the area. The analytical part examines the relationship between geography and sport on specific mechanisms in a particular environment. The research studies ice hockey in the Czechia. In the first part of the analysis, ice hockey is generally presented from the beginning to the present in the area, then the attendance of the highest domestic hockey league in the period not marked by significant changes in spatial administration (from 1993, when Czechoslovakia ceased to exist, or from 2000, when the self-governmental regions were established), until 2019, when the league under investigation was not affected by the coronavirus pandemic. The analyzed data come mostly from official internet sources. The position of sport in society is changing in time and space. Sport is creating the identity and social community. The attendance of the league is growing...
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Husák, Lukáš. "Marketingový výzkum motivace k návštěvnosti fanoušků FK Dukla Praha na zápasech." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353302.
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Title: Marketing research of motivation to attendance of fans FK Dukla Praha on matches. Objectives: The main target of this thesis is to reveal the cause of low attendance at local matches of FC Dukla Praha, based on marketing research. Methods: Marketing research consists of qualitative methods. For acquiring the necessary data, methods of electronic questionnaire, personal enquiry and interview were used. FC Dukla Praha fans inquiry was conducted by a method of electronic questionnaire on server Vyplňto.cz. During FC Dukla Praha fans motivation factor measurement, a part of Al-Thibiti (2004) questionnaire was used. The people enquiry was conducted by a method of personal enquiry. The interview was conducted as an in-depth individual talk supervised by Ing. Vladimír Šmíro, marketing manager. The statistics analysis was implemented for the gained data interpretation. Results: The results of this research revealed many reasons that lead to descending number of the audience of FC Dukla Praha matches. The most serious ones are unsuitable terms and times of the matches, the whole generation of FC Dukla Praha fans outflow, unsuitable premises, quality of performances and difficult access to the pitch/stadium. The club received sufficient information and at present, they try to remedy this negative...
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Ding, Wen-Zhong, and 丁文忠. "The Relationship between Competitive Balance, Market Commonality and Attendances in Professional Sports." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61441356005083604603.
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碩士國立東華大學
企業管理學系
100
The gate revenue is the most important source of revenue in the professional sports, and it was calculated from attendance. In the history of CPBL, the game-fixing incidents always occasioned the decrease of attendances in the seasons. However, this study attempted to investigate another factor that influenced attendances, after excluding the game-fixing incidents. Therefore, this study used the competitive balance variable, which means the dispersion of winning percentage, and was measured by the standard deviation of winning percentage. In addition, this study adopted the concept of competitive asymmetry to investigate the relationship between market commonality and the attack volume. Finally, this study used the competitive tension variable in the view of competitive dynamics, and attempted to investigate the relationship among competitive balance, competitive tension and attendances. According to the results of this study, there was a significantly positive impact between competitive balance and attendance in the match and league-level. Furthermore, there was a significantly positive impact between market commonality and the attack volume. Finally, there was no significantly impact among competitive balance, competitive tension and attendances. Given all the results of the above, the manager of the professional sports league should pay much more attention on the competitive balance, and adopt appropriate policies to maintain it. Besides, the manager of the team could use the market commonality to predict the threat of other teams, and distribute the resource well.
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Shen, Yuchung, and 申豫忠. "A Study of Senior Tee Ball Sport Information, Attendant Cognition, and Health Experience." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61676456815973515681.
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碩士南開科技大學
福祉科技與服務管理所
101
The purpose of this study was to investigate the situation of Tee Ball sport information, attendant cognition, and health experience, the subjects were seniors from Taichung areas, and to explore the differences and relationships among sport information, attendant cognition, and health experience. The statistics were applied describing analysis, factor analysis, MANOVA, and correlation analysis. The results showed: in the “sport information” aspect, the lower aging people were superior than higher aging seniors in “information received”, the seniors who lived in Changhua area were more agreeable than those who lived in Nantou area in “information sharing”. The “attendant cognition” aspect indicated that the males in “realize the activities” were positive than female seniors, the Changhua area seniors were favorable to the “watch and learn” than the seniors in Nantou area. In the “health experience” aspect, the lower aging senior in “enjoyment experience” and “psychological condition” expressed the positive opinions than higher aging seniors, and those who lived in Taichung area revealed the strong agreeable of “psychological condition” than the seniors live in Changhua and Nantou areas, all above showed the significant differences. The correlation analysis indicated the factors with the positive relationships with other factors among “sport information”, “attendant cognition”, and “health experience”. The recommendations are correcting the rules and regulations of Tee Ball by the seniors’ physical conditions, put the information about Tee Ball and promote the activities to the seniors in different areas, by simplify the figures and tables about the Tee Ball’s introductions to the seniors, and bring the carried and movable medical measuring equipments to the Tee Ball field to test and give the promotion of the seniors’ physical condition before, between, and after the activities, on the other hand, through many related and different activities to promote the Tee Ball.