Journal articles: 'Sport psychology interventions'

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Henriksen, Kristoffer, Greg Diment, and Jakob Hansen. "Professional Philosophy: Inside the Delivery of Sport Psychology Service at Team Denmark." Sport Science Review 20, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2011): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0043-6.

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Professional Philosophy: Inside the Delivery of Sport Psychology Service at Team Denmark The field of applied psychology has developed rapidly in Europe in the past four decades. In Denmark, the sports psychology profession has been characterized by a diversity of approaches with little overarching consensus on the professional philosophy and interventions strategies among consultants in the field. In 2008, Team Denmark established a sport psychology team with the aim to enhance the quality and consistency of applied sport psychology services. The team began their work by creating a professional philosophy. This paper describes the rationale, content, and implications of this philosophy, including: (a) basic beliefs and values; (b) theories of intervention and behaviour change; (c) objectives of the sport psychology intervention, (d) the content and focus of the interventions, and (e) sport psychological services and methods. High quality service requires coherence across all five levels of the philosophy. Implications of introducing the professional philosophy include a more unified service delivery across Denmark and the fact that sport psychology services are demanded more than ever in Danish elite sport.

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Chungath, Asha Francis, N. T. Sudhesh, Sahen Gupta, and Sanika Divekar. "Efficacy of a Video Modeling and Imagery-Controlled Trial Intervention in a Non-Western Adolescent Population: A Case Study." Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology 6, S1 (January 1, 2022): S1–24—S1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssep.2022-0009.

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There is a dearth of evidence from non-Western populations and contexts in the sport psychology literature. With increasing attention given to the development of cultural sport psychology and decentralizing sport psychology evidence, this is the first study to document the effectiveness of applied interventions in non-Western populations (herein, India). With a rigorous methodological design, we randomly distributed a sample of 90 adolescents into three skill groups (discrete, serial, and continuous) and separated them across the team and individual sports. A random assignment of participants to two experimental groups, that is, imagery and video modeling interventions, and a control group was conducted for the duration of a 66-day intervention. Sport psychology imagery and video modeling interventions were provided in addition to skills training across all groups. Repeated-measures analyses of variance demonstrated that the intervention groups exhibited positive outcomes on skill execution (across discrete, serial, and continuous skills) and anxiety compared with the control group (p < .05). The findings of this study provide novel evidence that video modeling and imagery interventions are effective among a non-Western adolescent population. The context of this high-impact intervention case study, the intervention, and the challenges of developing and delivering the intervention are discussed along with their practical significance for future research and applied practice.

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Giges, Burt, and Albert Petitpas. "Brief Contact Interventions in Sport Psychology." Sport Psychologist 14, no. 2 (June 2000): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.2.176.

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The sport psychology literature provides many examples of the use of mental skills training with athletes. Little attention, however, has been given to those brief interventions that occur frequently when working with athletes in the field. Such interventions are time limited, action oriented, and present focused. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the use of brief contact interventions with athletes in field settings. In particular, we provide a short introduction to such interventions, describe a framework for their use, and present several case examples. We believe that brief contact interventions can be made more effective by following the principles described in this article.

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Lesyk, Jack J. "Brief Contact Interventions in Sport Psychology." Sport Psychologist 17, no. 2 (June 2003): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.17.2.246.

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Henriksen, Kristoffer, Carsten Hvid Larsen, Louise Kamuk Storm, and Knud Ryom. "Sport Psychology Interventions With Young Athletes: The Perspective of the Sport Psychology Practitioner." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 8, no. 3 (September 2014): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0033.

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Young competitive athletes are not miniature elite athletes; they are a distinct client group to whom sport psychology practitioners (SPPs) increasingly deliver services. Interventions with this client group are often undertaken by newly educated SPPs who are in need of good guiding principles. Yet, there is a lack of research informing SPPs’ work with this group. In this current study, semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with four experienced practitioners about their most successful interventions in competitive youth sport. Analysis showed three major themes: (a) young athletes should be equipped with a holistic skills package that enables them to handle a number of existential challenges; (b) young athletes are embedded in an environment (coaches, experts, teammates etc.) that should be involved in the interventions; and (c) interventions with young athletes should maintain a long-term focus. These themes are discussed in the context of current literature on sport psychology service delivery.

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Brewer, Britton W., Judy L. Van Raalte, Albert J. Petitpas, Alan D. Bachman, and Robert A. Weinhold. "Newspaper Portrayals of Sport Psychology in the United States, 1985-1993." Sport Psychologist 12, no. 1 (March 1998): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.12.1.89.

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To assess the way in which sport psychology is portrayed in the media, the content and tone of all articles (N = 574) from three national newspapers in the United States that mentioned sport psychology from 1985-1993 were examined. Although few articles were focused primarily on sport psychology, a wide variety of sports and professionals were identified in association with sport psychology. Interventions noted explicitly were predominantly cognitive-behavioral procedures. Performance enhancement was the primary purpose of sport psychology consultation described in the articles. The vast majority of articles were neutral in tone toward sport psychology, portraying the field in objective terms. The findings suggest that the mass media can be used to promote accurate perceptions of sport psychology to the public.

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Wylleman, Paul, Paul De Knop, Joke Delhoux, and Yves Vanden Auweele. "Current Status and Future Issues of Sport Psychology Consultation in Flanders." Sport Psychologist 13, no. 1 (March 1999): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.1.99.

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Academic background, consultation processes, and training and support were assessed with semistructured interviews among 18 sport psychology consultants (60% of total membership) of the Flemish Society of Sport Psychology. A total of 61% of consultants were trained as clinical psychologists, most with limited sport psychology background. Assessments revealed that interpersonal relationships skills and communication (63%) and fear of failure (55%) were the most common concerns, whereas stress management (54%), enhancement of relationship and communication skills (31%), and visualization and goal setting (31%) were used in interventions. Recommendations for enhancing the development of applied sport psychology in Flanders include specialization in sport psychology at the academic level, continued sport psychology consultation training, and a better coordination between sport psychology consultants and the world of sports.

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Devonport, Tracey, Andrew Lane, and Christopher L. Fullerton. "Introducing Sport Psychology Interventions: Self-Control Implications." Sport Psychologist 30, no. 1 (March 2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0120.

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Evidence from sequential-task studies demonstrate that if the first task requires self-control, then performance on the second task is compromised (Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis, 2010). In a novel extension of previous sequential-task research, the first self-control task in the current study was a sport psychology intervention, paradoxically proposed to be associated with improved performance. Eighteen participants (9 males, 9 females; mean age = 21.6 years, SD = 1.6), none of whom had previously performed the experimental task or motor imagery, were randomly assigned to an imagery condition or a control condition. After the collection of pretest data, participants completed the same 5-week physical training program designed to enhance swimming tumble-turn performance. Results indicated that performance improved significantly among participants from both conditions with no significant intervention effect. Hence, in contrast to expected findings from application of the imagery literature, there was no additive effect after an intervention. We suggest practitioners should be cognisant of the potential effects of sequential tasks, and future research is needed to investigate this line of research.

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Anshel, Mark H., and Thomas M. Brinthaupt. "Best Practices for the Use of Inventories in Sport Psychology Consulting." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 8, no. 4 (December 2014): 400–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0045.

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Psychological inventories are ubiquitous and necessary in sport psychology for gathering data to address selected research questions, making clinical diagnoses, and as guidelines for providing effective interventions. However, the improper use of inventories can result in inaccurate or incomplete interpretations of data or diagnoses, thereby compromising the effectiveness of intervention efforts and limiting the contributions of sport psychology consulting. The purposes of this article are to (a) summarize the major terminology associated with the use of psychological inventories, (b) provide an overview of reliability and validity issues relevant to establishing psychometric evidence for psychological inventories, (c) review the most common errors associated with using sport psychology inventories, and (d) provide best practice guidelines for the proper use of psychological inventories in sport psychology. If researchers and practitioners follow these guidelines, they can be more confident in the results and proper use of their interventions and consultations.

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Hansen, Ashley A., Joanne E. Perry, John W. Lace, Zachary C. Merz, Taylor L. Montgomery, and Michael J. Ross. "Development and Validation of a Monitoring Instrument for Sport Psychology Practice: The Sport Psychology Outcomes and Research Tool (SPORT)." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 543–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0063.

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Evidence for the mechanisms of change by which sport psychology interventions enhance performance is limited and treatment monitoring and outcomes measures would assist in establishing evidence-based practices. The present paper fills a gap in sport psychology literature by demonstrating the development and validation of a new measure (Sport Psychology Outcomes and Research Tool; SPORT). Study 1 described test construction and pilot item selection with 73 collegiate student-athletes. Twenty-three pilot items contributed unique variance while maintaining the original constructs and were selected from 80 initial items. In Study 2, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with collegiate student-athletes (n = 220), revealing a 17-item, four-factor model measuringAthlete Wellbeing,Self-Regulation,Performance Satisfaction, andSport-Related Distress. Concurrent validity was supported through correlational analyses. Overall, results supported the SPORT as a new transtheoretical tool for monitoring effectiveness and outcomes of sport psychology interventions.

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Bar-Eli, Michael. "On the Use of Paradoxical Interventions in Counseling and Coaching in Sport." Sport Psychologist 5, no. 1 (March 1991): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.5.1.61.

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This article discusses the use of paradoxical interventions in counseling and coaching in sport. The concepts of first- and second-order change processes are clarified. The logic of the paradox is described in detail. Several examples of paradoxical intervention in sport are presented, together with guidelines for its use. Finally, the possibilities of integrating paradoxical thought processes into educational sport psychology are discussed.

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Davis, James O. "Sports Injuries and Stress Management: An Opportunity for Research." Sport Psychologist 5, no. 2 (June 1991): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.5.2.175.

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Several studies report that psychological factors, especially stress, are related to sports injuries, and while stress management techniques have often been found to facilitate sport performance, these reports have not included information about the effects of stress intervention on injury rates. This article reexamines two sport psychology programs by investigating the injury data collected by athletic training personnel before, during, and after two university varsity teams practiced progressive relaxation during team workouts. Major findings include a 52% reduction in injuries for swimmers and a 33% reduction in serious injuries for football players. Discussion focuses on methods of injury data collection by sport psychologists, questions about the nature of the stress/injury relationship, and possible interventions.

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Diment, Gregory, Kristoffer Henriksen, and Carsten Hvid Larsen. "Team Denmark’s Sport Psychology Professional Philosophy 2.0." Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2 (February 10, 2020): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v2i0.115660.

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In 2008, Team Denmark established a sport psychology team with the aim to enhance the quality and consistency of applied sport psychology services in Danish sport. The team began their work by creating a professional philosophy (Henriksen, Hansen, & Diment, 2011). Since this publication, the team has worked closely with Danish athletes, coaches and sport federations in consultations, training and competitions, including at numerous World and Europeans Championships as well as several Olympic Games. Lessons learnt on the job, the introduction to new theoretical perspectives, insights from supervision, and formal professional education have resulted in the continual development of the team’s professional philosophy. The purpose of this article is to present a revised version of Team Denmark’s professional philosophy; including: (1) the vision for the team; (2) basic beliefs and values; (3) the psychological theories that interventions are based upon; (4) Team Denmark’s Sports Psychological model which describes the content and focus of the team’s work; and (5) the concrete psychological services that delivered. High quality service requires coherence across all five levels of the philosophy.

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Donohue, Brad, Yulia Gavrilova, Marina Galante, Elena Gavrilova, Travis Loughran, Jesse Scott, Graig Chow, Christopher P. Plant, and Daniel N. Allen. "Controlled Evaluation of an Optimization Approach to Mental Health and Sport Performance." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 234–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0054.

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Athletes experience unique stressors that have been indicated to compromise their mental wellness and sport performance, yet they underutilize mental health services. Indeed, very few mental health interventions for athletes have been developed to fit sport culture, and well-controlled mental health outcome research in athlete populations is warranted. In this randomized controlled trial, a sport specific optimization approach to concurrent mental health and sport performance (The Optimum Performance Program in Sports; TOPPS) was examined. Seventy-four collegiate athletes (NCAA = 42; club = 11; intramural = 21) formally assessed for mental health diagnostic severity were randomly assigned to TOPPS or campus counseling/psychological services as usual (SAU) after baseline. Dependent measures assessed general mental health, mood, mental health factors affecting sport performance in training, competition and life outside of sports, days using substances, sexual risk behaviors, happiness in relationships, relationships affecting sport performance, and contributions of relationship to sport performance. Intent to treat repeated measures analyses indicated that participants in TOPPS consistently demonstrated better outcomes than SAU up to 8-months post-randomization and for mental health/substance use measures, particularly when diagnostic criteria were most severe. Recommendations are provided in light of the results to assist sport-specific mental health intervention development and implementation within athlete populations.

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Botterill, Cal. "Sport Psychology and Professional Hockey." Sport Psychologist 4, no. 4 (December 1990): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.4.4.358.

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This article describes the features and characteristics of a 3-year involvement of SportPsych consulting in professional hockey from 1987 to 1990. Primarily discussion revolves around a 2-year development program with the Chicago Blackhawks. The components of an educational interdisciplinary philosophy of mental skills development and application are outlined and some of the challenges involved in professional team sport are discussed. The range of services described includes involvement in training camp, game preparation, individual development, subgroup work, team meetings, staff development, family support, minor pro development, playoffs, off-season programming, and scouting. The importance of a primary responsibility to players is pointed out, along with some of the advantages and disadvantages of a part-time role. Discussion covers some of the challenges faced and the potential effectiveness of various interventions and services.

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VEALEY, ROBIN S. "Current status and prominent issues in sport psychology interventions." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, no. 4 (April 1994): 495???502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199404000-00015.

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Bryan, Anne J. "Single-Subject Designs for Evaluation of Sport Psychology Interventions." Sport Psychologist 1, no. 4 (December 1987): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.1.4.283.

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The case is made for using single-subject designs in evaluating psychological interventions for sport skills acquisition and performance enhancement. Advantages of single-subject designs are discussed, along with examples and considerations in the use of the A-B-A-B and multiple-baseline designs.

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Bates, Geoff, Emma Begley, David Tod, Lisa Jones, Conan Leavey, and Jim McVeigh. "A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids." Journal of Health Psychology 24, no. 11 (November 2, 2017): 1595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317737607.

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We examined intervention effectiveness of strategies to prevent image- and performance-enhancing drug use. Comprehensive searches identified 14 interventions that met review inclusion criteria. Interventions were predominantly educational and delivered within school sport settings, but targeted a wide range of mediating factors. Identification of effective components was limited across studies by brief or imprecise descriptions of intervention content, lack of behavioural outcome measures and short-term follow-up times. However, studies with components in addition to information provision may be more promising. Interventions outside of sport settings are required to reflect the transition of this form of substance use to the general population.

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Van Raalte, Judy L., Albert J. Petitpas, Lisa Krieger, Carla Lide, Cassaundra Thorpe, and Britton W. Brewer. "Looking for Love in All the Wrong (?) Places: Intrateam Romantic Relationships." Sport Psychologist 25, no. 3 (September 2011): 382–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.3.382.

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Issues related to sexuality, sexual orientation, and romantic relationships have received attention in the sport psychology literature. An area that has not been addressed, however, is that of romantic relationships among sport teammates. Such intrateam romantic relationships may have certain benefits but can also be disruptive to teams and team functioning. The purpose of this manuscript is to (a) address issues related to intrateam romantic relationships, and (b) to propose strategies for sport psychology consultants to consider and use when working with teams when intrateam romantic relationships develop. Specifically, sport psychology consultants who encounter intrateam romantic relationships may find it valuable to consider family system models as a theoretical framework for intervention, clearly identify the client, determine the willingness of those involved to consult, and assess their own abilities to effectively intervene and to receive supervision for such interventions. A well-defined, credible approach may help sport psychology consultants to succeed in complex circumstances and gain the trust, respect, and cooperation of the coaches, teams, and athletes with whom they work.

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Ford, Jessica, and Monna Arvinen-Barrow. "Exploring the Use of Psychological Skills Training Interventions in a Music Domain: A Systematic Review." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2019.4033.

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AIM: The aim of this paper was to systematically review existing empirical literature addressing the use of psychological skills training (PST) interventions commonly employed in sport applied to a music domain. Included PST studies must have an experimental or quasi-experimental design and no clinical or pharmacological interventions and/or assessments. METHODS: The databases MEDLINE (EBSCO), PsychInfo, Psych Articles, CINAHL Plus with full text, Google Scholar, SportDiscus, and Music Index were searched using a combination of the terms. music*, performance psychology, performance enhancement, music performance, intervention, psychological skills training, and music performance psychology. Due to the novelty of the existing literature, there were no limitation restrictions to publication year, the standard of musician (e.g., expert, novice, professional, amateur), participant age, or type of intervention setting. RESULTS: The initial search revealed 323 published articles. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 articles were deemed sufficient for review. Four additional articles were found via pen-and-paper method by evaluating the reference sections of the included articles. All reviewed studies demonstrated that aspects of PST interventions commonly employed in sport (except Alexander technique) are effective at subjectively enhancing performance in a music domain. The PST interventions varied vastly in duration, as well as the types of (and a theoretical and empirical rationale for) psychological skills employed. CONCLUSIONS: Music performers may benefit from PST interventions typically used in sport; however, unique considerations of the music performance environment must be addressed in the design of such PST interventions.

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Lochbaum, Marc, Elisabeth Stoner, Tristen Hefner, Sydney Cooper, Andrew M. Lane, and Peter C. Terry. "Sport psychology and performance meta-analyses: A systematic review of the literature." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): e0263408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263408.

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Sport psychology as an academic pursuit is nearly two centuries old. An enduring goal since inception has been to understand how psychological techniques can improve athletic performance. Although much evidence exists in the form of meta-analytic reviews related to sport psychology and performance, a systematic review of these meta-analyses is absent from the literature. We aimed to synthesize the extant literature to gain insights into the overall impact of sport psychology on athletic performance. Guided by the PRISMA statement for systematic reviews, we reviewed relevant articles identified via the EBSCOhost interface. Thirty meta-analyses published between 1983 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria, covering 16 distinct sport psychology constructs. Overall, sport psychology interventions/variables hypothesized to enhance performance (e.g., cohesion, confidence, mindfulness) were shown to have a moderate beneficial effect (d = 0.51), whereas variables hypothesized to be detrimental to performance (e.g., cognitive anxiety, depression, ego climate) had a small negative effect (d = -0.21). The quality rating of meta-analyses did not significantly moderate the magnitude of observed effects, nor did the research design (i.e., intervention vs. correlation) of the primary studies included in the meta-analyses. Our review strengthens the evidence base for sport psychology techniques and may be of great practical value to practitioners. We provide recommendations for future research in the area.

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Heyman, Steven R. "Research and Interventions in Sport Psychology: Issues Encountered in Working with an Amateur Boxer." Sport Psychologist 1, no. 3 (September 1987): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.1.3.208.

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Sport psychology has had an internal debate about whether to conduct research in the field or in the laboratory. At the same time, concerns have been raised about interventions (particularly for performance enhancement) being performed without any reasonable evaluation of their outcome. This paper reviews the issues in consultation with an athlete and a coach, the development and modification of interventions, and the attempt to develop a single-case experimental design to assess the utility of the intervention. Although some situations caused the design to be less complete than would be desirable, the data obtained from behavioral observations and subjective ratings showed good reliability and validity and provided useful information. It is suggested that better designs can be developed but that events in the actual sport situation may require adjustments in the intervention and evaluation processes.

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Collins, David, Michael Doherty, and Steven Talbot. "Performance Enhancement in Motocross: A Case Study of the Sport Science Team in Action." Sport Psychologist 7, no. 3 (September 1993): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.7.3.290.

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Using an exemplar case study of an intervention completed in the sport of motocross, the authors attempt to demonstrate the advantages inherent in using integrated multidisciplinary approaches in the application of sport sciences to performance enhancement. The need for comprehensive, detailed, and well-planned interventions, which of necessity take time to both set up and implement, is also highlighted. In addition, the authors furnish examples of practical techniques that can be used to facilitate cognitive behavioral strategies in this type of sport. Implications for the preparation and training of applied sport psychology consultants are briefly discussed.

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Gabana, Nicole. "A Strengths-Based Cognitive Behavioral Approach to Treating Depression and Building Resilience in Collegiate Athletics: The Individuation of an Identical Twin." Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology 1, no. 1 (January 2017): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssep.2016-0005.

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The current case reports the treatment approach used working with an NCAA Division I collegiate rower who initially sought sport psychology services for performance concerns. As the therapeutic relationship grew, the client disclosed stress related to her identical twin sister’s struggle with depression. Over the course of therapy, the client herself began to increasingly demonstrate symptoms congruent with depression. Working with an integrated treatment team including sports medicine and the coaching staff, the sport psychology consultant adopted a strengths-based cognitive behavioral approach that sought to draw on the client’s strengths while identifying the connection between the client’s thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and behaviors and her symptoms of depression. The case is discussed from a biopsychosocial model, and reflections on theoretical applications and interventions are provided. An emphasis is placed on the holistic treatment of collegiate athletes and performers in general. The author concludes by discussing the importance of a well-rounded, positive relationship between exercise science and mental health domains within the field of sport psychology.

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Janelle, Christopher M. "Ironic Mental Processes in Sport: Implications for Sport Psychologists." Sport Psychologist 13, no. 2 (June 1999): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.2.201.

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The theory of ironic processes of mental control (Wegner, 1994) is reviewed in the context of typical issues confronted by sport psychology professionals. The theory maintains that mental control is achieved through the interaction of an operating process directed toward achieving thoughts, emotions, and actions that are consistent with particular goal states, and a monitoring process for identifying inconsistencies with the goal state, insuring that any threat to the operating process is recognized and handled accordingly. Moreover, mental control normally functions at a satisfactory level, but under conditions of cognitive load, the likelihood of effective self-regulation is reduced. Given the load-inducing circumstances of sport and exercise participation, reasons for the occasional failure of mental control in these settings are offered. Traditional and current sport psychology issues and interventions are interpreted considering the theory of ironic processes, with specific reference to imagery, self-confidence, pain perception, mood state regulation, anxiety, and attention.

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Smith, Daniel M., and Sarah E. Martiny. "Stereotype Threat in Sport: Recommendations for Applied Practice and Research." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0134.

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Stereotype-threat theory holds that activation of a negative stereotype has a harmful effect on performance in cognitive and motor domains. This paper provides a literature review of stereotype-threat research in the motor domain followed by recommendations for sport psychology practitioners. The review discusses the most widespread stereotypes that exist in sport, the effects of stereotype activation on performance in different sports, and mechanisms that explain why stereotype threat decreases performance. Recommendations for practitioners include individual- and organizational-level approaches, with the former subdivided into interventions aimed at prevention or coping.

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Steinfeldt, Jesse, Leslie A. Rutkowski, Thomas J. Orr, and Matthew C. Steinfeldt. "Moral Atmosphere and Masculine Norms in American College Football." Sport Psychologist 26, no. 3 (September 2012): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.3.341.

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This study examined on-field antisocial sports behaviors among 274 American football players in the United States. Results indicated that moral atmosphere (i.e., teammate, coach influence) and conformity to masculine norms were significantly related to participants’ moral behavior on the field (i.e., intimidate, risk injury, cheat, intentionally injure opponents). In other words, the perception that coaches and teammates condone on-field antisocial behaviors—in addition to conforming to societal expectations of traditional masculinity—is related to higher levels of antisocial behaviors on the football field. In addition, conformity to traditional masculine norms mediated the relationship between moral atmosphere and on-field aggressive sports behaviors, suggesting a relationship between social norms and moral atmosphere. Results of this interdisciplinary endeavor are interpreted and situated within the extant literature of both the fields of sport psychology and the psychological study of men and masculinity. Sport psychologists can use results to design interventions that incorporate moral atmosphere and conformity to masculine norms in an effort to decrease aggressive sports behaviors in the violent sport of football.

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Poczwardowski, Artur, Clay P. Sherman, and Keith P. Henschen. "A Sport Psychology Service Delivery Heuristic: Building on Theory and Practice." Sport Psychologist 12, no. 2 (June 1998): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.12.2.191.

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This article outlines 11 factors that a consultant may consider when planning, implementing, and evaluating psychological services. These factors are professional boundaries; professional philosophy; making contact; assessment; conceptualizing athletes’ concerns and potential interventions; range, types, and organization of service; program implementation; managing the self as an intervention instrument; program and consultant evaluation; conclusions and implications; and leaving the setting. All 11 factors represent important considerations for applied sport psychology professionals. Although consultants each have their own unique style and approach, these 11 factors are prerequisite considerations that form the foundation of a consultant’s effective practice. These guidelines may provide direction for a practitioner’s professional development, and as such, need time and commitment to be realized.

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Santi, Giampaolo, and Luca Pietrantoni. "Psychology of sport injury rehabilitation: a review of models and interventions." Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 8, no. 4 (2013): 1029–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2013.84.13.

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Randall, Raymond, Karina Nielsen, and Jonathan Houdmont. "Process Evaluation for Stressor Reduction Interventions in Sport." Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 31, no. 1 (September 28, 2018): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2018.1480544.

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Cupal, Deborah Durso. "Psychological interventions in sport injury prevention and rehabilitation." Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 10, no. 1 (March 1998): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413209808406380.

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Wolanin, Andrew T., and Lori A. Schwanhausser. "Psychological Functioning as a Moderator of the MAC Approach to Performance Enhancement." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 4, no. 4 (December 2010): 312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.4.312.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of subclinical psychological difficulties, as assessed by the Multilevel Classification System for Sport Psychology (MCS-SP; Gardner & Moore, 2004b, 2006), on the efficacy of the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC; Gardner & Moore, 2004a, 2007) performance enhancement intervention. Thirteen collegiate field hockey and volleyball athletes participated in a 7-week MAC protocol, and their results were compared to those of a control group of 7 same-sport athletes. Nonparametric analysis of the data offers additional support for MAC as a strategy for enhancing the athletic performance of collegiate athletes and suggests the importance of the accurate assessment of subclinical psychological difficulties to ensure the successful application of sport psychology interventions. In essence, these results suggest that the presence or absence of subclinical psychological difficulties may serve as a moderating factor in performance enhancement efforts.

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Kerr, John H. "An Eclectic Approach to Psychological Interventions in Sport: Reversal Theory." Sport Psychologist 7, no. 4 (December 1993): 400–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.7.4.400.

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In this article, the basic postulates of reversal theory are described, and the potential of the theory for professional practice in sport psychology is clarified. At focus is the reversal theory approach to athlete problem assessment (especially reversal process problems), intervention treatment and strategies, and the behavior of the successful therapist towards the athlete. Reversal theory’s comprehensive conceptual model, together with applications of the theory in psychotherapy, are used to support arguments for an eclectic but systematic approach to intervention work with sport performers.

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Rawat, Kanupriya. "Methodological Challenges for Cross-cultural Research in Sport Psychology: A Review." European Journal of Behavioral Sciences 5, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejbs.v5i1.797.

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This review investigates methodological challenges in conducting cross-cultural studies in sport psychology. Over the last few decades, there has been an increase in the number of studies to incorporate culture and cultural identities in research and interventions in this field. As sport grows more transnational and multicultural, the need to explore better research methods and the challenges in conducting these cross-cultural sport psychology studies emerges. For this review, we examined studies that were published between January 1985 and July 2021, written in English, and focused on cross-cultural studies in the field of sport psychology. The literature search was conducted in EBSCO (e.g., MEDLINE, APA PsychARTICLES, Academic Search Ultimate, and ERIC), Sciencedirect, Researchgate, Springer link and Wiley Online library databases. A total of 18 articles matched the inclusion criteria and were selected. The study observed that quantitative approach was the most often used methodology in the studies due to popularity and easy administration. Qualitative and mixed (quantitative and qualitative) approaches are now gradually being used by researchers to overcome the cultural insensitivity in the quantitative research, although these studies are scarce and need to be highlighted more. We discussed research designs formulated by researchers in their quantitative and qualitative studies and methodological challenges they encountered, such as sample representativeness, small and unequal sample sizes, gender inequality, and comparing different kinds of sports across countries. Therefore, this review addressed the gap in the literature and paved the way for future research studies.

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Catenacci, Kelley L., Brandonn S. Harris, Jody L. Langdon, Melinda K. Scott, and Daniel R. Czech. "Using a MG-M Imagery Intervention to Enhance the Sport Competence of Young Special Olympics Athletes." Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2015-0002.

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AbstractOpportunities for athletes with an intellectual disability (ID) to participate in sport are limited by physical and psychosocial barriers. Sport psychology interventions may be able to address these barriers, namely the lack of sport competence that athletes with an ID experience. This study sought to enhance sport competence among athletes with an ID using personalized motivational general-mastery (MG-M) imagery scripts. The six-week study assessed the imagery use, imagery ability, and sport competence of five Special Olympians (M

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Maniar, Sameep D., Lewis A. Curry, John Sommers-Flanagan, and James A. Walsh. "Student-Athlete Preferences in Seeking Help When Confronted with Sport Performance Problems." Sport Psychologist 15, no. 2 (June 2001): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.2.205.

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This study’s purpose was to evaluate athlete willingness to seek help from various sport-titled and non sport-titled individuals when confronted with three common sport performance problem scenarios: midseason slump, return from serious injury, and desire to perform more optimally. Athlete intervention preferences were also assessed. Data were collected on a stratified (by gender) random sample of 60 NCAA Division I athletes. Using an observable one-point difference on a nine-point Likert-type scale and a corresponding moderate to large main effect (Cohen’s d < .40), results indicated that for all scenarios, athletes preferred seeking help from a coach over sport-titled professionals, whereas sport-titled professionals were preferred over counselors and clinical psychologists. Goal setting and imagery were the preferred interventions. Hypnosis and medication were less preferred. The discussion focuses on sport-related professional titles and athlete education to enhance service acceptability.

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Mack, Rory, Jeff Breckon, Joanne Butt, and Ian Maynard. "Practitioners’ Use of Motivational Interviewing in Sport: A Qualitative Enquiry." Sport Psychologist 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2019-0155.

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This study explored the use of motivational interviewing (MI) in sport contexts by experts in that approach. Specifically, the purpose was to understand which aspects of the MI approach are deemed valuable for working in sport and to begin to understand how these aspects are best applied. Nine practitioners participated in semistructured interviews, and thematic analysis identified themes related to core and subcomponents of MI (e.g., relational spirit, technical microskills, applied tools, and the MI communication styles continuum). Additional themes relate to integrating MI with other interventions, the challenges of working with athletes (e.g., mandated attendance, ambivalence about change), and unique aspects of working in sport contexts (e.g., frequency, duration, and location of contact points). The participants also outlined essential ingredients for an MI training curriculum for practitioners in sport. This counseling approach appears to have valuable relational and technical components to facilitate the building of the therapeutic alliance, enhance athlete readiness for change, and support delivery of action-oriented interventions in applied sport psychology.

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Gardner, Frank L., and Zella E. Moore. "Using a Case Formulation Approach in Sport Psychology Consulting." Sport Psychologist 19, no. 4 (December 2005): 430–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.4.430.

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Providing effective sport psychology services requires practitioners to conceptualize the unique issues and concerns of each individual athlete. However, collecting information on the athlete, understanding the athlete’s issues and needs, and determining how to best assist the athlete can be a complex process. Thus, this article outlines a case formulation approach to help the sport psychology consultant assess the athlete, organize and conceptualize assessment data, classify the athlete’s issues, and choose interventions that directly target those factors that are impeding the athlete’s progress in athletics or other life domains. Two case examples are provided to illustrate the case formulation process.

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Hays, Kate, Owen Thomas, Ian Maynard, and Joanne Butt. "The Role of Confidence Profiling in Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions in Sport." Sport Psychologist 24, no. 3 (September 2010): 393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.24.3.393.

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This study examined the applicability of confidence profiling to the development of an individualized intervention designed in accordance with Murphy and Murphy’s (1992) eight step cognitive-behavioral model. The case study design illustrated the potential uses and benefits of confidence profiling when developing an athlete driven intervention to enhance the sport confidence of a female swimmer. Specifically, it showed how confidence profiling can act as an applied measure to accurately assess sport confidence from the athlete’s own perspective, provide the basis of an intervention targeted toward the athlete’s individual confidence needs, and provide feedback to the sport psychologist concerning the effectiveness of the intervention. A postintervention interview with the athlete highlighted the usefulness of the confidence profiling process. Specifically, the profiling process helped to raise the athlete’s awareness of the factors that facilitated and debilitated her sport confidence. Furthermore, the athlete reported feeling more confident and very satisfied with the mental skills training, which she perceived resulted in performance gains.

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Leffingwell, Thad R., Steven P. Rider, and Jean M. Williams. "Application of the Transtheoretical Model to Psychological Skills Training." Sport Psychologist 15, no. 2 (June 2001): 168–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.2.168.

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In an effort to apply the transtheoretical model of change to the area of psychological skills training, questionnaires measuring stage of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy were developed and cross-validated on two samples of NCAA Division I intercollegiate student-athletes. The measures showed good internal reliability and construct validity and exhibited hypothesized functional relationships with each other. In addition, the stage of change measure predicted sport psychology consultations initialed by athletes during the year following questionnaire administration and may prove to be a useful tool in predicting subsequent initiation of individual sport psychology consultation. Several potentially useful lines of research are discussed and recommendations are made regarding the development of sport psychology interventions tailored according to athletes’ stage of change.

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Puig, Juliette, and Beth Pummell. "‘I can’t lose this match!’: CBT and the sport psychologist." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 8, no. 2 (September 2012): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2012.8.2.54.

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The present article provides an illustrative case study of how sport psychologists can adopt a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) approach in their work with clients. It provides a step-by-step overview, based upon the recommendations of Padesky and Greenberger’sMind Over Mood(1995), to illustrate how CBT techniques can be used with an athlete experiencing performance anxiety. The authors argue that CBT texts such asMind Over Moodcan strengthen and guide interventions in sport psychology, as they currently do in counselling psychology.

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McNeill, Kylie, Natalie Durand-Bush, and Pierre-Nicolas Lemyre. "Can Learning Self-Regulatory Competencies Through a Guided Intervention Improve Coaches’ Burnout Symptoms and Well-Being?" Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0019.

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While coaches are considered at risk of experiencing burnout, there is an absence of intervention studies addressing this syndrome. The purpose of this qualitative study was to conduct a self-regulation intervention with five Canadian developmental (n = 2) and elite (n = 3) sport coaches (three men, two women) experiencing moderate to high levels of burnout and examine the perceived impact of this intervention on their self-regulation capacity and experiences of burnout and well-being. The content analysis of the coaches’ outtake interviews and five bi-weekly journals revealed that all five of them learned to self-regulate more effectively by developing various competencies (e.g., strategic planning for their well-being, self-monitoring) and strategies (e.g., task delegation, facilitative self-talk). Four of the coaches also perceived improvements in their symptoms of burnout and well-being. Sport psychology interventions individualized for coaches are a promising means for helping them manage burnout and enhance their overall functioning.

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Gardner, Frank L. "Efficacy, Mechanisms of Change, and the Scientific Development of Sport Psychology." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 3, no. 2 (June 2009): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.3.2.139.

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The development and acceptance of any scientific discipline requires an ever-expanding and maturing empirical base. Yet despite vast scientific progress in allied domains of professional psychology, the field of sport psychology has remained fairly stagnant in its research progress and has overlooked major advances that could aid in the advancement of the discipline. This article discusses important issues related to the lack of efficacy of the traditional and long assumed “gold-standard” interventions for the enhancement of athletic performance, and compares the field’s empirical base to sister disciplines in psychology. Further, the lack of empirical studies examining rate of change, moderators of change, and mediators (mechanisms) of change is discussed, and suggestions are provided for a new research agenda in sport psychology that could expand its professional credibility and enhance its overall scientific development.

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Mañas, Israel, Jesús Del Águila, Clemente Franco, Mª Dolores Gil, and Consolación Gil. "Mindfulness y rendimiento deportivo." Psychology, Society, & Education 6, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/psye.v6i1.507.

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Resumen: La inclusión del mindfulness en el deporte es un campo reciente. Mientras que la psicología del deporte ha dependido principalmente de la “segunda ola” de intervenciones cognitivo-conductuales durante las últimas cuatro décadas, una nueva aproximación que incluye al mindfulness se ha desarrollado recientemente: la “tercera ola”. Esta nueva aproximación asume la idea de que el rendimiento es un estado que no se basa en el auto-control o cambio del comportamiento, sino que es un estado que emerge del reconcomiendo y aceptación de los pensamientos, emociones y sensaciones corporales. La práctica del mindfulness permite aprender a observar y aceptar los pensamientos, emociones y sensaciones corporales sin intentar eliminarlos o modificarlos. Este trabajo revisa los dos principales programas de mindfulness para el rendimiento deportivo, ambos de la “tercera ola”: el Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) y el Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC). Mindfulness and sport performance Abstract: Mindfulness in sports is a recent field. While sport psychology relied mainly on “second wave” cognitive-behavioural interventions for the last four decades, a new approach has recently been developed in sport psychology including mindfulness: a “third wave” approach. This new approach assumes that ideal performance is a state that is not based on self-control or change in behaviour, but rather a state that arises from recognition and acceptance of thoughts, emotions and bodily sensations. Practicing mindfulness allows learns to observe and accept the thoughts, emotions, and body sensations, without making any attempt to eliminate or modify them. This paper reviews the main programs of mindfulness in sport performance both from the “third wave”: Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) and Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC).

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Lundqvist, Carolina, Linda Ståhl, Göran Kenttä, and Ulrika Thulin. "Evaluation of a mindfulness intervention for Paralympic leaders prior to the Paralympic Games." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 1 (January 18, 2018): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117746495.

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This article presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of an applied mindfulness intervention for stress reduction delivered to Paralympic leaders prior to the Paralympic Games. The intervention group of Swedish Paralympic leaders ( n = 10) received a mindfulness intervention of eight web-based seminars, while a Norwegian reference group ( n = 6) received no intervention. Three assessments were performed for both samples: at baseline, post-intervention and six weeks post-intervention. The evaluation indicated intervention effects of higher psychological flexibility ( p = .03), less rumination ( p = .02) and lower perceived stress ( p = .001), and offers initial support for the applied usefulness of a web-based mindfulness training program as a supplement in stress-reduction programs for elite sport leaders. General challenges from an applied sport psychology perspective related to the implementation of mindfulness interventions in samples with experienced high levels of stress and perceived time-constraints are discussed.

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Hong, Xiaobin, Yingying Liao, Yan Shi, Changzhu Qi, Mengyan Zhao, and Judy L. Van Raalte. "An Empirical Test of the Self-Talk Dissonance Hypothesis: The Effects of Self-Talk Overtness and Personality on Performance." Sport Psychologist 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2019-0134.

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According to the sport-specific model of self-talk, self-talk dissonance occurs when a mismatch between gut feelings/impressions and self-talk creates discomfort and disrupts performance. The purpose of this study was to test the sport-specific model of self-talk’s dissonance hypothesis by examining the effects of self-talk on introverts (n = 28), who may be uncomfortable speaking their self-talk aloud, and on extraverts (n = 30). Each participant completed a dart-throwing target task using (a) overt and (b) covert self-talk in a counterbalanced order. Results of analysis of covariance indicated a significant interaction that supported the sport-specific model of self-talk’s dissonance hypothesis. Introverts performed better when using covert (private) self-talk, and extraverts performed better when using overt self-talk. The results of this research show that self-talk dissonance adversely affects performance and suggests that tailoring self-talk interventions by incorporating personal factors into intervention designs could enhance intervention effectiveness and performance outcomes.

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Kornspan, Alan S., and Mary J. MacCracken. "Psychology Applied to Sport in the 1940s: The Work of Dorothy Hazeltine Yates." Sport Psychologist 15, no. 3 (September 2001): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.3.342.

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The purpose of this article is to present the work of Dorothy Hazeltine Yates. Yates was a clinical psychologist who applied psychology to practical problems. One area in which Yates applied her knowledge was psychology applied to athletics. Thus, this article presents Yates’ work with a collegiate boxing team in the early 1940s. This paper will describe Yates’ psychological interventions, teaching, and research with college athletes.

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Sappington, Ryan, and Kathryn Longshore. "Systematically Reviewing the Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Enhanced Athletic Performance." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 9, no. 3 (September 2015): 232–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0017.

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The field of applied sport psychology has traditionally grounded its performance enhancement techniques in the cognitive-behavioral elements of psychological skills training. These interventions typically advocate for controlling one’s cognitive and emotional processes during performance. Mindfulness-based approaches, on the other hand, have recently been introduced and employed more frequently in an effort to encourage athletes to adopt a nonjudgmental acceptance of all thoughts and emotions. Like many applied interventions in sport psychology, however, the body of literature supporting the efficacy of mindfulness-based approaches for performance enhancement is limited, and few efforts have been made to draw evidence-based conclusions from the existing research. The current paper had the purpose of systematically reviewing research on mindfulness-based interventions with athletes to assess (a) the efficacy of these approaches in enhancing sport performance and (b) the methodological quality of research conducted thus far. A comprehensive search of relevant databases, including peer-reviewed and gray literature, yielded 19 total trials (six case studies, two qualitative studies, seven nonrandomized trials, and four randomized trials) in accordance with the inclusion criteria. An assessment tool was used to score studies on the quality of research methodology. While a review of this literature yielded preliminary support for the efficacy of mindfulness-based performance enhancement strategies, the body of research also shows a need for more methodologically rigorous trials.

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Bruner, Mark W., Mark Eys, Jeremie M. Carreau, Colin McLaren, and Rachel Van Woezik. "Using the Team Environment AssessMent (TEAM) to Enhance Team Building in Sport." Sport Psychologist 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2018-0174.

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Team building (TB) is recognized as one of the most prevalent and promising group-development interventions applied in sport. However, most coaches lack the necessary information to effectively and efficiently target and enhance specific group characteristics and processes. The aim of this study was to develop and apply the Team Environment AssessMent (TEAM) to better inform a TB intervention. Twenty-three male adolescent athletes (mean age 17.9 years) from an elite hockey team completed the TEAM and measures of cohesion before and after a TB intervention. Based on initial TEAM scores, role acceptance and leadership were identified and purposefully targeted in the TB intervention. Athletes’ perceptions of role acceptance, leadership, and task cohesion were stronger after the TB intervention. Furthermore, follow-up interviews with team members and coaches provided additional empirical support for the utility of the TEAM to assess and enhance the efficiency of a TB intervention in sport.

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Neil, Richard, Brendan Cropley, Kylie Wilson, and Andrea Faull. "Exploring the value of reflective practice interventions within applied sport psychology: Case studies with an individual athlete and a team." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 9, no. 2 (September 2013): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2013.9.2.42.

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Despite the reported value of reflective learning in the sport literature, the efficacy of reflective practice remains in doubt due to the paucity of applied examples of its value in practice. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to provide case study examples of reflective practice interventions delivered to an individual athlete and a team. The first case presents a reflective practice intervention designed to improve the self-efficacy of an elite, male cricketer. The second case outlines the utility of individual and shared written reflections, conducted by an international age grade rugby squad to construct and evaluate team goals. In both cases emphasis is placed on in-depth social validation procedures used to assess the detail of effectiveness post-intervention. The value of utilising reflective practice as an approach to intervening with athletes is discussed along with the practical implications of making reflection a more integral aspect of applied sport psychology practice.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sport psychology interventions'

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